Binciken halayyar 'ya' yan chimpanzee a cikin shekarar 1913 zuwa1916. ya zama muhimmin abin aukuwa a tarihin kimiyyar N.N. Ladyginoy-Cots. Abubuwan da aka samo a cikin lura da Ioni da gaske sun ƙaddara jagorancin abubuwan sha'awar kimiyya na Nadezhda Nikolaevna har tsawon rayuwarta. A karo na farko a tarihin kimiyya, halayyar hauka da rashin lafiyar ɗan adam, wanda har zuwa wannan lokaci shine farin gaba, wanda ya zama abun lura da lura. Shekaru biyu da rabi na rayuwa, Ioni ya tara babban kayan. Dubun-dubun shafukan takaddun rubutu da ladabi sun rubuta duk fasalulluka na halayyar chimpanzee, ko, kamar yadda wani lokaci Nadezhda Nikolaevna ya rubuta, wani biri. Godiya ga waɗannan abubuwan lura, halayen tsinkaye, ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwa, har ma da duk abubuwan da za su iya bayyanar da ilhami, motsa jiki, ayyukan wasan, an ba su. An yi nazarin fannoni daban-daban na ilimin ilimin halittar jiki da ilimin halittar jiki, musamman, an bayyana tsarin ilimin halittar fata na gabobin chimpanzee. Ba ƙari ba ne a ce Ladygina-Kots ta kasance kan gaba a tsarin mulkin Rasha.

Babban kayan da Nadezhda Nikolaevna ya tsara an kuma tsara shi kusan shekaru 20: an buga littafin farko "Nazarin Hikimar Ilimin Chimpanzees" a cikin 1923. A cikin wannan littafi na farko, Ladygina-Kots ta taƙaita kayan akan abubuwan iya magana na abubuwan Chimpanzees. Da farko ta gwada irin gudummawar da ke tattare da tsarin nazarce-nazarce daban-daban ga kungiyar halayyar a cikin wannan jinsin, kuma ta tabbatar da fifikon aikin tantancewar na hangen nesa fiye da na daya. Amma mafi mahimmanci, a cikin wannan littafin, Ladygina-Cots ta bayyana a karo na farko cewa chimpanzee ba kawai rarrabe tsakanin halayen gani ba kamar launi, siffa da girman abubuwa, amma kuma yana da ikon samun ma'amala mai rikitarwa. Koyar da Ioni don zaɓar abin da ya dace da tsarin, ta gano cewa a cikin tsarin koyo, sannu a hankali yana nuna ikon haɓaka, i.e. wa daidaituwa ta tunani game da abubuwa daidai da abubuwan da ake amfani dasu na yau da kullun don su. Ko kuma, kamar yadda Nadezhda Nikolaevna da kanta ta rubuta, “a sakamakon yawaitar gwaje-gwajen na yau da kullun da suka bayyana a sarari kuma sakamakon ilimin azanci. a daidaita abubuwa, chimpanzee yana iya samar da cikakkiyar ma'ana. "

Wannan ƙarshen magana ita ce mafi mahimmancin tarihin ilimin kimiyya na N.N. Ladygino-Cots, wanda, da rashin alheri, yawanci ba a gane shi. A halin yanzu, wannan shine farkon shaidar gwaji na farkon tunani a cikin dabbobi, tunda samarda abubuwa shine mafi mahimmancin ayyukan tunani. Tare da aikin V. Köhler, wanda ya gano kwarewar chimpanzees zuwa lokaci guda, ƙarasawar ta Ladygina-Kots ta kafa harsashin bincike na gaba na wannan aikin na tunani mai zurfi a cikin dabbobi. Aikin Nadezhda Nikolaevna ya zama ɗayan tushen kimiyyar wayewar kai, ɗayan farkon nassoshi game da asalin tushen ilimin halittar mutum.

Gano abubuwan tunani a cikin chimpanzees sun kara tabbatar da bukatun kimiyya na Nadezhda Nikolaevna. Dangane da sakamakon aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwaje a gidan kayan tarihi na Darwin, da farko ta bayyana fifikon hujjoji da parrots akan dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin ikon yin nazari da kuma samarda alamar “lamba”. An ba da waɗannan bayanan a cikin ƙaramin fim ɗin da aka riga aka ambata game da ayyukanta waɗanda aka adana a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Darwin, kuma a cikin labarin a 1945, 5 kuma an bayyana su daki-daki a cikin asarar da aka yi hasara “Ikon chimpanzees don rarrabe tsakanin sura, girma, adadi, adadi, bincike, da a kira. "

Nazarin bindigogi da abubuwa masu fa'ida
ayyukan chimpanzee na Paris
(na Ladygina-Cots, 1959)

Duk tsawon rayuwarta, Nadezhda Nikolaevna ta tabbatar da kasancewar dabbobi cikin nau'ikan tunani iri-iri. Ya kamata a jaddada cewa ta yi amfani da kalmar "tunani". Don haka, a daya daga cikin ayyukan ta na farko, ta rubuta cewa lokacin da ake nazarin manyan ayyukan dabbobin, "yakamata a zubar da dukkan dabarun hadewar rai, kamar hankali, hankali, dalili, da maye gurbinsu da kalmar" tunani, "ma'ana ta karshen kawai ma'ana "tunani mai zaman kanta, tare da matakai na zage-zage, samar da dabaru, hukunci, yanke hukunci." Yana da halayyar cewa daidai waɗannan ayyukan tunani sun kasance cikin yanayin kulawa da bincike mai zurfi tun cikin 1970s. kuma zuwa yau. A lokaci guda, Nadezhda Nikolaevna ya jaddada cewa "dabarun da dabbobin za su iya tabbatarwa ta hanyar dabbobin da sabbin hanyoyin cudanya da juna a cikin sabon yanayi."

Daya daga cikin ayyukan N.N. Ladyginoy-Cots a cikin 1940s ya kasance mai sadaukar da tambayar har zuwa abin da dodo ba su da ikon amfani ba kawai, har ma da tsaftacewa da kera kayayyakin aikin. Don wannan, Nadezhda Nikolaevna ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje 674 tare da chimpanzee Paris. Kowane lokaci ana ba shi wani sabon abu don karɓar koto, wanda aka sanya a gaban idanunsa a tsakiyar karamin bututu. Ya juya cewa Paris ta magance irin waɗannan matsalolin kuma tana amfani da duk wani kayan aikin da ya dace don wannan: cokali, katako mai lebur, tsintsiya, maɓallin madaidaiciyar katako, ƙwaya, matattarar toy waya da sauran abubuwa masu yawa.

An buga wannan labarin tare da tallafin gidan yanar gizon Jami'ar Jihar Tyumen. Kwalejin jami'a - Cibiyar ilimin kimiya da aikin jarida, Chemistry, Al'adu ta jiki, Masanin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, Biology, Ilimin lissafi da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, Tattalin Arziƙi, Shari'a, Kasuwanci da tattalin arziƙi, Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa, Psychology da Pedagogy, State and Law, Distance Education da sauransu. Kazalika da rassa a cikin Tobolsk, Novy Urengoy, Ishim, Cibiyar Gudanar da Surgut, Gudanar da tattalin arziki da Doka. Kuna iya ƙarin koyo game da jami'a, game da shigarwar, abubuwan musamman da kuma wuraren yin nazari a shafin, wanda yake a: UTMN.ru.

Misalan “blanks” da aka gabatar ga Paris
don amfani azaman kayan aikin da
ya canza daidai
(na Ladygina-Cots, 1959)

Tare da shirye-shiryen da suka dace, kayan aikin da suka dace, Paris ta kuma yi amfani da ire-iren hanyoyin amfani da su don “gyara” kayan aikin zuwa jihar da ta dace, i.e. ya nuna ikon yin ayyukan kirki. Ya sunkuyar da ba rubutu, ya huce rassan da suka wuce, ya sanya abubuwan kwance, ba a amfani da waya, ya fitar da sassan jikin da bai bada izinin saka sanda a cikin bututu ba.

Koyaya, ba zai iya kirkirar kayan aiki daga kananan abubuwan chimpanzee ba. A cikin littafin tarihin "Tsarin aiki da kayan aiki na manyan birai" (1959) N.N. Ladygina-Kots ta ba da shawarar cewa wannan ba saboda wahalar aiwatar da daidaitattun manipulations ba ne, amma ga takamaiman da kuma iyakancewar tunani - "Rashin chimpanzee yana aiki da hotunan gani, wakilci, a hankali ya haɗa waɗannan wakilcin dangane da matsalar da ake warwarewa, saboda don samun tsayi ɗaya daga abubuwa biyu na gajeru, kuna buƙatar fahimtar ma'anar, i.e. a causal dangantakar irin wannan dangane. " Daga baya, ta yi rubutu game da kasancewar chimpanzees kuma haɓaka ra'ayoyi, waɗanda suka ƙaddara halaye a cikin halin da ake ciki lokacin da ake magance ayyukan faɗaɗa da bindiga.

Wannan fahimta ta karfin fahimta na rashin lafiyar anthropoids dabi'a ce ta wannan zamani na ci gaban ilmin kimiya mai kwakwalwa; an samo shi ne a yawancin ayyukan wancan lokacin. Takaita wadannan ayyukan, N.N. Ladygina-Cots ta rubuta cewa "birrai suna da tunani na asali na tunani (hankali), suna da ikon jan hankali da kuma bayyana su, kuma wadannan fasalolin suna kawo kwakwalwar su ta kwakwalwar dan adam," yana jaddada cewa "hankalinsu yana da inganci, a zahiri kuwa ya sha bamban da tunanin tunanin mutum" (Ladygina-Kots N.N. Bayani ga littafin Y. Dembovsky, Ilimin halin ofan Adam na Apes. - M., 1963).

Da yake magana da hankali, Nadezhda Nikolaevna a lokaci guda, daga monograph zuwa monograph, a kai a kai ya kawo tushen asali ga ra'ayin cewa a cikin kwakwalwar anthropoids akwai "abubuwan da ake buƙata don tunanin ɗan adam" - kuma shine abin da ta kira ta na ƙarshe ta muhalli a cikin ayyukan hankali na chimpanzees, wanda aka buga bayan ta mutu (Ladygina-Kots N.N. Asalin tunanin ɗan adam. - M.: Nauka, 1965).

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, tare da nazarin tunanin magabata, Ladygin-Cots bai rasa sha'awar nazarin kwatankwacin halayen ilhami ba. A cikin 1925, wani damar ya bayyana don fahimtar wannan sha'awar: ma'auratan Cots suna da ɗa Rudolph (Rudy), kuma an yi nazarin halayensa kafin shekara 5 kuma an bayyana shi sosai kuma a duk yanayin guda ɗaya na halayen Ioni. Daruruwan hotuna da zane-zane (tare da dubunnan shafuka na ladabi) sun kama jikin dukkan nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsin mutane.

N.N. Ladygina-Cotes tare da ɗanta. 1925

Binciken waɗannan keɓaɓɓun bayanan ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin tushen cikakken kwatanci na kusan dukkan fannoni na keɓancewar halayyar ɗabi'un ɗabi'un da kuma tunanin ɗan anthropoid da yaro. Ya kafa tushen sanannen sanannun aikin da ya kawo sanannen Ladigina-Kots, taken duniya "ofan Chimpanzee da ofan Mutum a cikin Halinsu na Motsa, Wasanni, Halaye da Bayyanar Motsawa" (1935). Wannan aiki ne na asali - 37.5 zanen gado, allunan 22 tare da zane-zane daban-daban da Ioni ya yi ta sanannen mashahurin ɗan wasan dabbobi V.A. Vatagin. Daruruwan hotunan hotunan chimpanzees idan aka kwatanta da yaro suna wakiltar darajar 'yanci ne, sashi mai mahimmanci wanda A.F. Zamani An haɗa su cikin allunan 120 na daban, ƙara na biyu. Wadannan tebur suna ba da misalin kusan dukkanin bangarorin halayen Ioni da Rudy. A hade tare da zane-zane na Vaticanagin, ana iya ɗaukarsu azaman nau'in ethogram na yara na chimpanzee da yaro. Ta hanyar cikar halayyar halayen abubuwan guda biyu, keɓaɓɓen bayanin daga N.N. Ladyginoy-Cots kusan ilimin kimiyya ne.

Manyan manyan gungun kwayar halitta aka alakanta su kai tsaye zuwa yaruka da dama na Turai kuma suka tayar da sha'awa mai yawa, wanda ya kasance a cikin kimiyyar duniya tsawon shekarun da suka gabata tun daga wannan lokacin. Wannan tabbatacce ne ta hanyar cikakkiyar fassarar littafin zuwa Turanci, wanda aka aiwatar a cikin 2000 a kan ƙwararren masanin ilimin gargajiya na Amurka F. de Waal, tare da gabatarwa da labarinsa, da kuma gabatarwar ta ma'aurata A. da B. Gardner.

Dole ne in yarda cewa 'yan ƙasa suna cikin babban bashi ga Nadezhda Nikolaevna, saboda bayan mutuwarta, ba ɗayan tarihinta da aka sake bugawa. Wannan tsallake za a gyara shi a wani ɓangaren godiya saboda tallafin Rector na Cibiyar Harkokin Internationalasa ta Moscow, masanin Kwalejin Ilimi ta Rasha S.K. Bondyreva, da kuma a 2009 za a buga fitowar ta 2 na "ofan Chimpanzee da ofan Mutum". Muna fatan wannan shine kawai matakin farko na mayar da littattafan ta ga masu karatu.

Don ba da ra'ayi game da yanayin da girman kayan da aka gabatar a cikin littafin tarihin "Childan Chimpanzee da ofan Mutum a Halinsu, Motsin rai, Wasanni, halaye da Bayyanar Motsawa", muna gabatar da (tare da ƙananan ragi) abubuwan da ke cikin ɓangaren farkon littafin.

Kashi na 1 (kwatanci). Halin Chimpanzee

Fasali na 1. Bayanin bayyanar chimpanzees

a) fuskar chimpanzee a cikin ilimin ilimin kididdiga
b) Hannun na chimpanzee
c) Chimpanzee kafafu
d) Jikin chimpanzee a fagen lissafi
e) Jikin chimpanzee cikin kuzari
f) Fuskar chimpanzee a cikin kuzari

Fasali na 2: Motsin chimpanzees, bayyanarwar waje da kuma motsawar su wanda ke haifar dasu

a) Motsin rai daga cikin ɗarin magana
b) Motsin farin ciki
c) Ciwon baƙin ciki

Fasali na 3. Huɗu na Chimpanzee

a) Halin ginin gyara kansa cikin chimpanzee lafiya da rashin lafiya
b) ilhami na wutar lantarki
c) Asalin ikon mallakar
d) Ilmi na ginin gida
e) Ilmin jima'i
f) Mafarkin Chimpanzee
g) Kaunar yanci da gwagwarmayar neman yanci
h) Ilmin kiyaye kai (tsaro da kai hari)
i) Ilimin sadarwa

Fasali na 4. Wasannin Chimpanzee

a) wasannin waje
b) Aikin tunani na chimpanzees
c) Nishaɗi mai kyau
d) Wasannin gwaji
e) Wasannin lalata

Fasali na 5. Bayyanar halayyar chimpanzees (yaudara, wayo)
Fasali na 6. Amfani da Kayan aiki
Fasali na 7. kwaikwayo
Babi na 8. ofwafin chimpanzees (halaye, halayen sassauci)
Fasali na 9. Yanayin mahalli (karin magana da sauti)
Fasali na 10. Saututtukan abubuwa na zazzalumi

A sashi na 2 na littafin, an bayyana halayen ɗan yaro tare da yin cikakken bayani.

Yana da halayyar cewa kwatancin cuban kwaya ɗaya da yake cikin yanayin zaman talala sosai daga yanayin ɗabi'ar ya zama cikakke. Ka tuna cewa Nadezhda Nikolaevna ya rubuta wannan aikin a cikin 1930s, a lokaci guda lokacin da ethology ke fara ɗaukar hoto a matsayin kimiyya mai zaman kanta, kuma babu magana game da ilimin mutumtaka da komai. Kuma kawai daga baya, a cikin shekarun 1960, takamaiman dabi'ar halittar anthropoids a cikin mazaunin dabi'un, sannan halayen mutane, ya zama babban abin kula da masu ilimin dabbobi. J. Goodall 6 shine farkon a cikin masana ilimin dabi'un dabbobi waɗanda ke yin nazarin halayen chimpanzees, amma sun riga sun sami kansu cikin yanayin halitta. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ɗaruruwan ayyuka a kan kan layi na halayyar hauka da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyin chimpanzees sun bayyana, wanda aka tabbatar da haɓaka bayanan Nadezhda Nikolaevna.

Binciken kwatancenmu game da halayen wasan na masu chimpanzees, bisa ga bayanan Ladygina-Kots (1935), kuma a cikin yanayi, bisa ga Goodall (1992) da sauran masu ilimin dabi'a, sun nuna cikakkiyar daidaituwa 7. Zan ba da misali guda ɗaya kawai a nan - Nadezhda Nikolaevna aka bayyana dalla-dalla sashen "wasan gwaji," wanda K. Gross ya nuna. Ioni na zuba ruwa daga kofi a cikin kofi na dogon lokaci, yana zuba hatsi daga hannu zuwa hannu, da sauransu. Ana iya ɗauka cewa irin waɗannan ayyukan wani abu ne wanda ke wucin gadi, sakamakon rayuwar "biri" a zaman bauta, tare da mutanen da zai iya kwaikwayon su daga baƙin ciki. Koyaya, ya juya cewa a yanayi, yara cuban wasan chimpanzee suna wasa a wannan hanyar. J. Goodall ya baiyana yadda budurwa ta yaudari silsilar tururuwa tare da ita, ba ƙoƙarin cin su, wato lura da yadda suke gujewa ayyukanta. Wani misali shine wasanni tare da abubuwa masu hasashe, wanda masana ilimin kimiya na kasa suka yi bayani akai akai.

Kwatanta lura da N.N. Ladigina-Kots don bayyanar motsi a cikin chimpanzees da yara tare da ayyukan ethological na zamani ana aiwatar da su a cikin wani labarin da aka gabatar daga hannun Par Par et et.

Na musamman darajar cikakken bayani ne "mataki-mataki-" bayanin kwatancen cikakken nau'in hali na yaro da kuma chimpanzee na wannan shekaru da Nadezhda Nikolaevna suka gabatar a sashe na 3 na littafin. Wannan bayanin yana haɗuwa tare da teburin da aka ambata na girma na biyu, wanda ke nuna kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin jikin mutum, tushen asali, canji na tsaye da tafiya (ƙafa biyu), haɓakawarsa na yaro, alfanun chimpanzees lokacin hawa tsayi, kwatancen kulawar mutum a cikin yaro da chimpanzee . Tebur da yawa sun nuna kamanni a cikin bayyana motsin zuciyar mutum da banbanci a wasu wurare masu zurfin tunani, kazalika da irin kwarewar motar firamare da lalatattun abubuwan chimpanzees a cikin haɓakar ƙwarewar mallakar kayan aiki da kayan kwalliya.

Kulawar mutum a cikin mutane da chimpanzees
(na Ladygina-Cotes, 1935)

Nadezhda Nikolaevna ya rubuta cewa: “Haɓakar ɗan ƙarancin chimpanzee tare da abokin ɗan adam ana samun ta fannoni da dama, amma tare da lura da ɗabi'un jariran biyu a cikin ilham, wasa, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum, yana da girma musamman idan aka kwatanta halayen su a wuraren tsaka tsaki na ayyukan - a wasu nau'ikan wasannin ( wayoyin hannu, halakarwa, wasanni, wasanni na gwaji), a cikin bayyanar waje na manyan motsin zuciyarmu, a cikin ayyuka na son rai, a wasu fannoni na shakatawa, a cikin tsarin ilimin farko. sah (son sani, kallo, ganewa, assimilation), cikin sautunan tsaka tsaki, .. amma da zaran mun fara zurfafa bincikenmu kuma mukai kokarin samar da alamu daidai tsakanin nau'ikan halayen guda biyu a jariran, mun gamsu cewa bamu iya yin wannan ba, kuma ana tilasta mana don sanya alamun rashin daidaituwa, an juya shi da cokali mai yatsa a cikin shugaban chimpanzee, sannan a cikin jagorancin mutum. Kuma a karshen sakamakon, muna lura da rarrabuwar rarrabuwar halittu duka biyu. A qarshe kuma ya bayyana cewa mafi mahimmancin halayen halitta da muka dauki kwatankwacin su, yayin da chimpanzee ke samun gaba a kan mutum, kuma mafi girman halaye na hankali suna zuwa tsakiyar yadda muke yin nazari, galibi chimpanzee yana ba mutum hanya a cikin su. ”

Duk wannan yana nunawa a cikin cikakken teburin a ƙarshen littafin, inda aka tsara bayanan daidaitattun bayanai akan kwakwalwar chimpanzees da jaririn. Teburin ya hada da halaye 51. Dukkan halayen sun kasu kashi takwas:

• kwatancen matsayi da motsa jiki,
• kwatanta yanayin zuci na waje,
• kwatancen abubuwan motsawa wanda ke haifar da motsin zuciyar mutum,
• kwatanta abubuwan ilhami,
• kwatancen wasa
• kwatankwacin kyawawan halaye,
• kwatancen halayen hankali,
Kwatancen ƙwarewa - canjin yanayin.

Ga kowane hali, "halayen halayen musamman ne ko kuma na chimpanzees", "halayen makamancin juna a cikin chimpanzees da takwarorin mutane", "halayen da ke takamaiman ko mafi yawan mutane". Abubuwan da aka kamance da bambance-bambance na yanayin wasu wasannin an nuna su a tebur.

Tebur. Kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance a yanayin wasu wasannin a cikin chimpanzees da mutane

Kwatanta wasannin a cikin chimpanzees da mutane

Dabi'un halaye, musamman ko galibi ɗan adam

Abubuwa masu kama daya a cikin chimpanzees da takwarorin mutane

Halayen halaye ne na musamman ko kuma na chimpanzees gabaɗaya

Yayi kuka mai karewa

Gasar a guje, kamawa, ɗauka, yaƙi, fifiko don gudu daga mai ƙarfi, bin abokin adawa mai rauni

Malice ba a gama aiki ba

Fi son ɓoyewa maimakon nema

Oye mafi kyawu

Boye kuma nema
(na Ladygina-Cotes, 1935)

An ga cewa, alal misali, lokacin wasa wasa da neman, imaridar chimpanzee a matsayin abin rufe fuska, yayin da yaron ya ɓoye zalla alama.

Irin wannan ƙungiya ta kayan ba wai kawai yana ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar girma da yanayin mahimman bayanai da aka samu ba, amma ga mai binciken zamani zai iya kasancewa a matsayin wani nau'in matrix, wani "tebur na lokaci" wanda a cike ɗimomin sel cike da lokaci zuwa lokaci ko kuma aka ƙayyade abubuwan da aka sani. Don haka, binciken zamani ya ba mu damar karawa kan shafi "halaye masu kama da juna a cikin chimpanzees da takwarorin mutane" gaba ɗayan jerin hanyoyin rikice-rikice na rikice-rikice waɗanda ba su cikin ƙananan halifofi, amma sun fi ko similarasa da kamarsu cikin rashin lafiyar dabbobi da yara underan shekaru 3. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sanin kai da fahimtar manufar abokan tarayya (ka'idar tunani), ikon "ma'amala da zamantakewar jama'a" da "yaudarar ganganci", ikon gano alamomi da wasu nau'ikan tunani. Ikon zana, wanda N.N. aka fara bayyana shi, shima wannan rukuni ne. Ladygina Cotes. A halin yanzu yana aiki ta hannun M.A. Vankatova (M. Vancatova) ya nuna cewa halayyar zana ta bayyana a duk nau'ikan halittar anthropoids, kuma zane-zanensu ya yi kama da zane-zane na yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 3.

Daya daga cikin misalai masu bayyana irin yadda N.N. Ladigina-Kots yanzu tana karɓar haɓaka da ƙari - wannan tambaya ce game da iyawar harshe na anthropoids na zamani. Nadezhda Nikolaevna ta bayyana "yanayin harshe" na sadarwar ta da Ioni. Kamar sauran masu binciken na waɗannan shekarun, ba ta sami wata alamar fahimtar magana mai sauti ba (banda iyakataccen adadin dokokin da aka haddace), ko wani ma'ana a farkon tsarin sigina na biyu, wanda ta lura a cikin littafinta.

Karatun Amurka na wannan zamani ya tilasta mana mu sake tunani game da wannan batun. Sai ya juya aka ce birran anthropoid, wanda aka “karɓa” tun daga zamanin Ioni, da kuma habaka cikin yanayin zamantakewa mai cike da rikice-rikice, na iya sanin madaidaiciyar yare - mafi sauƙin alamun sonic na harshen mutum (Amslen, Yerkish) don sadarwa tare da mutum da juna. aboki. Abinda yafi burgewa shine cewa zasu iya kwatsam (kamar yadda yara sukeyi) fara fahimtar sautin mutum, bugu da ƙari, sun fahimci kalmomin mutum kaɗai ba, har ma da jimlolin jimami, fahimtar yadda ake magana da magana game da maganganun ɗan adam a matakin shekaru masu shekaru 2.

Ladygina-Kots a cikin bincikenta shine farkon wanda ya gwada da amsa ga tunani game da tunaninta a cikin madubi na anthropoid da yaro, gano 7 matakai daban-daban na farkon haɓakar wannan ikon kuma ya nuna cewa har zuwa shekaru 4 chimpanzees basu amince da kansu a cikin madubi ba, wanda ya dace da bayanan zamani. Da farko ta gano cewa chimpanzee tana amfani da alamar nuna alama.

Amfani da yatsan sigogin ɗan yaro da bututun chimpanzee (bisa ga Ladygina-Cots, 1935)

Ba shi yiwuwa a ambaci cewa Nadezhda Nikolaevna ya ba da shaida mai yawa cewa Ioni a farkon lokacin (har zuwa shekaru 4) akai-akai la'akari da halayen mutanen da ke kewaye da shi, har ma da niyyar su, abubuwan da ake zarginsu da aikatawa. A cikin yanayi daban-daban, ya nuna, a cikin bayanin ta, "ayyukan da gangan, yaudara, wauta." Nadezhda Nikolaevna bai rubuta game da duk wani bambance-bambance tsakanin yaro da chimpanzee ba, duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ita ce farkon wanda ya jawo hankali ga wannan gefen chimpanzee psyche. Kamar yadda a wasu lokuta da yawa, a nan ta kasance a gaban ta na dogon lokaci, saboda nazarin daidai wadannan fannoni na halayyar - ka'idar hankali (yanayin tunani), fahimtar zamantakewa, hankali machiavellian, yana daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin yanki da bincike na zamani kamar yadda ethologists (in yanayi), da masu ilimin halayyar dan adam.

Ci gaba da nazarin kwatancen na kwakwalwar yaro da chimpanzees, N.N. Ladygiga-Cots ya rubuta cewa: "Daga karshe, mun sami irin wannan dabi'a ta mutum da ba za mu iya samu ba a cikin chimpanzees kuma wanda ya fado daga fagen kwatancenmu, wadannan sune: daga rukunan dabi'un dabi'a da kimiyyar lissafi - a tsaye suke da kuma rike hannu, a fagen ilhami - onomatopoeia ga muryar mutum, a fagen motsin rai - halin kirki, altriistic da jin dadi, a fagen ilmin son kai - saukin mallakar dukiya, a fagen ilha ta zamantakewa - sadarwa mai tsari ta hanyar lumana a kasa kansu halittun da ke tsaye, .. a fagen wasanni - kere kere, wasanni na gani da na kirki, a fagen hankali - hasashe, magana mai ma'ana, kirgawa, a fagen halaye - haɓaka mahimmancin yau da kullun, kasancewar auditory-mai hankali-sauti da gani-da hankali -sawon yanayin motsa jiki.

A gefe guda, abin al'ajabi ne cewa ba mu sami ɗan hali ɗaya ba a cikin gidajen chimpanzees wanda ba zai zama halayen ɗan adam a mataki ɗaya ko wani ci gaba na su ba. ”

Duk da yawan kamanceceniya da ke tattare da yanayin rashin lafiyar mutumtaka da dan adam ya bayyana ta, Nadezhda Nikolaevna bai yarda da ra'ayin R. Yerks ba cewa chimpanzees “kusan mutum ne”. Ta jaddada cewa "babu shakka su dabbobi ne kuma ba ta yadda mutane suke ba, sai dai dabbobi da ke tsaye kusa da farkon matakalar matakan, da ake kira anthropogenesis."

Masu binciken na zamani suma suna da bangarori daban-daban na ra'ayi kan wannan batun. Muhawara game da matsayin daidaituwa da bambance-bambance a cikin kwarewar ilimin anthropoids da ɗan adam zai ci gaba na dogon lokaci kuma ba makawa zai ƙare. Sabili da haka, a ƙarshe, Ina so in faɗi kalmomin matan aure A. da B. Gardner, ɗaya daga cikin majagaba a cikin ilimin dabarun ilimin dabbobi, wanda aka rubuta a ƙarshen karni na ashirin: Akwai yankin da ba a bincika ba kawai wanda ke buƙatar bincika shi ”(Gardner B.T., Gardner R.A., Van Catfort T.E. Koyar da Harshen Alamar ga Chimpanzees. NY, 1989).

Sakamakon taƙaitaccen bayanin aikin Nadezhda Nikolaevna Ladygina-Kots, kamar dai a gare ni, yana nuna cewa ta ba da babbar gudummawa ga binciken "ƙasa da ba a sani ba" - tushen asalin ilimin halittar mutum.

Hotunan girmamawa ne na gudanar da Gidan tarihin Darwin.

5 Ladygina-Kots N.N. Bambanci a cikin adadin chimpanzees. - Ed. Kwalejin Kimiyya na GSSR, 1945. An fassara wannan labarin zuwa Turanci, kuma godiya ga wannan, gudummawar Ladyginoy-Kots ga nazarin ikon dabbobi don ƙayyade ya zama sananne a ƙasashen waje.

6 Goodall J. Chimpanzees a Yanayi: Hali. - M.: Duniya. 1992.

7 Duba, alal misali, Zorina Z.A. Wasannin dabbobi // sanin halitta, 2005. A'a 13-14.

Ikon maganin chimpanzee na taimakon juna ya fi yadda ake tsammani

Yayin gudanar da gwaje-gwajen, tsoffin maganan Amurkawan sun cimma matsaya cewa chimpanzees, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi na yau da kullun, yana da babban iko na ayyukan haɗin gwiwa.

Masana kimiyya sun buga sakamakon aikinsu a cikin jaridar PNAS. Kamar yadda Farfesa Faransa de Val ya ce, duk gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a baya wadanda aka yi akan chimpanzees ba makasudin gabaɗaya bane, tunda basu bawa dabbobi damar nuna cikakkiyar ikonsu na ayyukan gama kai. Dalilin haka, a cewar farfesa, shi ne cewa birai ba su da damar hukunta waɗanda danginsu na kabilanci waɗanda suka ɗauke sakamakon aikinsu daga sauran birai.

Chimpanzees sun nuna babban iko don taimakon juna.

Don inganta wannan rata, farfesa da abokan aikinsa sun sanya chimpanzees goma sha ɗaya a cikin ɗakin kula da mai ciyar da su. An shirya mai ba da ciyarwa ta wannan hanyar wanda ya buɗe ne kawai lokacin da igiya da aka jan ta da igiya da aka haɗa da murfi. A cikin awoyi 96 da gwajin ya gudana, magabatan tarihi sun yi kararraki sama da dubu uku da rabi wanda birrai suka sami nasarar hada gwiwa. A lokaci guda, yaƙe-yaƙe da wasu rikice-rikice sun fara bayyana sosai sau da yawa fiye da da.

Wadancan birai wadanda suka ci amfanonin kwadago daga wasu mutane suna shan azaba daga membobin biranen baki daya.

Tare da wannan, chimpanzees ba kawai nuna ikon su ba don haɗin gwiwa tare da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, har ma sun nuna tunanin zamantakewa. Don haka, sun fara azabtar da “masu keta haddin doka da taimakon kututture da cizo. A cewar masana kimiyya, sakamakon binciken da suka yi ya nuna cewa hadin gwiwa tsakanin chimpanzees yana da tsohuwar asali da kuma mahimmancin juyin halitta.

Idan ka aske gashin chimpanzee, a ƙarƙashinsa zaka iya samun tsokoki masu ƙarfi.

An tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar cewa chimpanzee abu ne mai ban mamaki, ta matsayin matsayin mutum, a cikin iko (wani mutum mai girma Chimpanzee mai nauyin kilo 70 zai iya haɓaka game da ƙoƙarin guda ɗaya kamar yadda saurayin da yake da nauyin sau biyu). Idan ana so, zai iya lanƙwasa sandunan ƙarfe tare da diamita na 1.5 cm. Tare da irin wannan yanayin, ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (kawai baboons da mutane sun fi ƙarfin rikici tsakanin magabata), za su iya yage masu cin zarafin guntu, waɗanda a wasu lokuta sukan yi idan ana maganar yakar mutun a tsakanin masu neman jagoranci. Koyaya, a wannan gwajin, an iyakance su ne kawai ta hanyar tasiri na zahiri, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa burin su ba hukunci bane, amma ilimin "masu laifi."

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.

Birai basu iya fahimtar hadadden kalmomin, yayin da ƙaramin yaro zai iya jure aikin.

Masana ilimin harsuna daga Jami'ar Edinburgh (Scotland) sun nuna cewa chimpanzees bazai iya fahimtar harshen ɗan adam kamar yadda masana kimiyya suke tunani ba. Rahoton bincike yana cikin sanarwa Kimiyya. Ana iya samun amintaccen bayanin labarin anan.

Masana ilimin halittar dabbobi a baya sun baiyana cewa mutane suna da ikon fahimtar ma'anar jumla a cikin jumla mai rikitarwa, yayin da wasu dabbobi, har ma da sanin ma'anar kalmomin mutum, ba su da ikon sanin waɗannan jumla da kuma kyakkyawan tsarin jumla. Dangane da wannan akidar, ana kiran mutane da “dendrophils,” yayin da dukkan sauran abubuwa masu rai da ke da karancin kwakwalwa to ana kiranta “dendrophobes”.

Ana amfani da tushen "dendro" a nan saboda tsarin rarrabuwa ana iya wakilta a matsayin bishiya, rassan su ƙungiyoyi ne masu haɗin kai - ɓangare na jumla wanda a cikin kalmomin suna da alaƙa da juna. Misali, ana iya raba kalmar "John buga ƙwallon" a cikin kalmar suna "John" sannan kuma kalmar fi'ili "buga kwallon". An rarraba rukuni zuwa fi'ili da suna. A cikin maganganu masu rikitarwa, ƙungiyar magana ta na iya haɗawa da sunaye da yawa, misali, “shayi da kofi”. A sauƙaƙe mutane suna gane irin waɗannan gine-ginen masu rikitarwa, amma ba dabbobi ba wanda, a cewar Fitch, sunaye suna koyaushe cikin rukuni daban-daban: "sun kawo shayi" kuma daban, "kofi" kanta.

Don tabbatar da wannan lafazin, masana ilimin ilimin harsuna sun gwada da amsawar bonobo pygmy chimpanzees ( Maganin kwanon ruɓa) lakabi mai suna Kanzi tare da yaro na shekaru 2-3 don ƙungiyoyi 660, alal misali, "nuna ruwan zafi" ko "zuba ruwan sanyi a cikin tukunya." Dabbar ta kammala daidai kashi 71.5 na ƙungiyar, yayin da yarinyar - kashi 66.6. Irin wannan babban sakamako ga biri, a cewar masana kimiyya, ana iya bayanin shi ta hanyar fahimtar ma'anar kalmomin mutum, amma ba duka jumla ba.

Don ware wannan yiwuwar, masana ilmin kimiyya sun gudanar da wasu jerin gwaje-gwajen wanda aka gabatar da gungun masu hade, alal misali, “a sanya tumatir cikin mai” ko “saka mai a tumatir”. Sun nemi fahimtar jerin kalmomin. Kanzi ya samu nasarar kammala irin waɗannan ayyuka a kashi 76.7 cikin ɗari na lamuran. Wannan ya nuna cewa chimpanzees suna iya fahimtar tsarin magana, wato hanyoyin haɗa kalmomi. Koyaya, iyawar Kansi a wannan fannin an iyakance shi. Kanzi ba zai iya aiwatar da umarni daidai idan suka hada mutane da yawa suna: “nuna mani madara da kare” ko “fito da Rose ɗan wuta da kare”. A kusan kowane yanayi, chimpanzee ya yi watsi da ɗayan kalmomin kuma ya nuna, alal misali, kawai ga kare ne ko ya kawo wuta kawai. A cikin duka, Kansi ya sami damar aiwatar da hukuncin daidai kawai kashi 22 na ƙungiyoyi masu rikitarwa, yayin da yaro - kashi 68 cikin dari. Masana ilimin harshe suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan sakamakon ya faru ne sakamakon gaskiyar cewa chimpanzee tana ɗayan ɗayan suna a matsayin kalma dabam, ba a haɗa da sauran jumlar ba. Ma'anar daidai tana buƙatar fahimtar cewa sunaye suna cikin rukuni ɗaya. Saboda haka, masanin kimiyyar ya kammala, Kanzi "dendrophobic" ne. Kanzi wani mutum ne mai danshi mai chimpanzee ko bonobo wanda ya shiga bincike kan koyan yare don biri. A cikin hankali, yana kama da ƙaramin yaro. Dabba tana magana da masana kimiyya tare da amfani da maballin tare da lexigrams - alamomin da ke nuna kalmomi. A cikin duka, Kanzi ya san fiye da lexicogram 348, kuma yana fahimtar kalmomi sama da 3,000 ta kunne. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa chimpanzees suna da ikon yin tunani da alama kuma suna iya amfani da alamun da aka saba da su a cikin sabon yanayi.Koyaya, masanin ilimin ilimin harsuna, masana kimiyyar ilimin dabbobi da kuma masana ilimin dabbobi sun nuna gazawar birai na gina jumla da kuma raunin iya haddace kalmomi.