Shaida daga Renaissance tana magana ne akan shari'ar manyan hakororin burbushin kayan tarihi a kasashe da dama na Turai. Tun da farko, waɗannan haƙoran an dauki su tabbatattun harsunan dodanni ko macizai - manyan ƙasashe.
Dan asalin kasar Niels Stensen ne ya gabatar da cikakken bayanin binciken wanda ya gano a shekarar 1667: ya fahimci hakoran sharrin da ke cikinsu. Ya zama sananne ga hoton shugaban 'yar shar da ke dauke da irin wannan hakora. Wadannan binciken, da kuma misalin wani hakori megalodon, shi ne ya wallafa shi a cikin littafin "The Head of the Fossil Shark".

Megalodon, Carcharodon megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon), daga Girkanci "babban haƙora" - ɗan fashin teku wanda ragowar burbushinsu ana samun su a cikin ɓarna daga lokacin Oligocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 25 da suka gabata) zuwa lokacin Pleistocene (shekaru miliyan 1.5 da suka gabata).

Nazarin Paleontological ya nuna cewa megalodon ya kasance ɗayan mafi girma da kuma mafi ƙarfin kifin kifi a cikin tarihin tsinkaye. Anyi binciken Megalodon ne musamman daga kashin kasusuwan kasusuwa, binciken wanda ya nuna wannan kifin shark yana da girman gaske, wanda ya kai tsawon mita 20 (a cewar wasu majiyoyi - har zuwa 30 m). Masana kimiyya sun sanya Megalodon izini ga umarnin Lamoids, duk da haka, rarrabe halittar megalodon ya kasance abin tattaunawa. An yi imani cewa megalodon yayi kama da babban farin shark. Gano burbushin halitta yana nuna cewa megalodon ya kasance yanki mai faɗi a duk duniya. Babban dako ne a saman sarkar abinci. Binciko a kan kasusuwa na kasusuwa wadanda abin ya shafa sun nuna cewa ya ciyar da manyan dabbobin ruwa.

Masanin kimiyya na kasar Switzerland Jean Louis Agassis ne ya ba da sunan kimiyya da Carcharodon megalodon a shekara ta 1835 a cikin Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (Nazarin burbushin kifi), wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1843. Sakamakon cewa hakoran megalodon suna kama da hakoran babban farin shark, Agassis ya zaɓi nau'in Carcharodon na megalodon.

Kasusuwa na megalodon, kamar sauran kifayen kifayen, ya ƙunshi guringuntsi, ba ƙashi ba. Saboda wannan, burbushin halittu gabaɗaya an kiyaye shi sosai. Cartilage ba kashi ba ne; lokaci ne zai lalata shi.
Abubuwan da suka fi yawa a cikin megalodon sune hakora, waɗanda suke daidai da hakoran babban farin shark, amma suna da daɗewa kuma suna aiki a ko'ina, kuma, ba shakka, sunfi girma a girman. Dogaron tsayi (tsayin diagonal) na hakoran megalodon na iya kaiwa zuwa mm 180, hakoran wani nau'in kifayen da aka sani da kimiyya sun kai wannan girman.

Hakanan ana samun wasu kayan kariya na megalodon kamar haka. Sanannen sanannen irin wannan shine wanda aka kiyaye shi amma har yanzu an haɗa shi da akwati mai zurfi na samfurin guda ɗaya, wanda aka gano a Belgium a 1926. Ya ƙunshi vertebrae 150, mafi girma wanda ya kai mil 155 a diamita. Rayayyar kashin bayan megalodon yana nuna cewa yana da mafi yawan kasusuwa, idan aka kwatanta da kifin sharks na zamani.

An gano ragowar Megalodon a yawancin sassan duniya, ciki har da Turai, Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Afirka, Malta, Grenadines da Indiya. Hakanan an gano haƙoran Megalodon a cikin yankuna masu nisa daga nahiyoyi (alal misali, a cikin Mariana Trench a cikin Tekun Pacific).
Megalodon na farko da ya ragu ya kasance ne daga Late Oligocene strata. Kodayake ragowar megalodon kusan ba a cikin ɓarna ba ke biyo bayan adadi na Kwaleji, an ma same su a cikin abubuwan Pleistocene.

An yi imani da cewa megalodon ya mutu a cikin Pleistocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.5 - 2 da suka gabata.

Batutuwan kimantawa game da girman girman megalodon a cikin al'ummar kimiyya na ci gaba da yin muhawara, wannan batun yana da matukar rikitarwa kuma yana da wahala. A cikin ƙungiyar kimiyya, an yi imanin cewa megalodon ya fi girma fiye da kifin kifi Whale, Rhincodon typus. Farfesa Bashford Dean ya yi ne a cikin shekarar 1909 wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin sake gina muƙamin megalodon. Dangane da girman girman jaws da aka sake ginawa, an samo kimanta tsawon jikin megalodon: kusan mita 30 ne.
Bayan haka, burbushin halittun da aka gano daga baya da kuma sabbin nasarorin binciken halittar dabbobi masu shakatawa game da dorewar wannan sake gini. A matsayin babban dalilin rashin kuskuren sake ginawa, rashin cikakken isasshen ilimin game da lambar da wurin hakoran megalodon ya nuna a lokacin Dean. Dangane da ƙididdigar masanan, ainihin samfurin samfurin megalodon wanda Bashford Dean ya gina zai zama kusan 30% ƙasa da girman asali kuma zai dace da tsawon jiki daidai da binciken na yanzu. A halin yanzu, an gabatar da hanyoyi da yawa don kimanta girman megalodon, dangane da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tsakanin girman haƙora da tsawon tsayin jiki.

A halin yanzu, ana karɓar gabaɗaya a cikin ƙungiyar kimiyya cewa megalodon ya kai mita 18.2 - 20.3 tsawon.
Don haka, bincike ya nuna cewa megalodon ita ce mafi girman masaniyar da aka sani da ilimin kimiyya, sannan kuma ita ce mafi girma daga cikin kifayen da suka taɓa rayuwa a tekunan duniyarmu.

Megalodon yana da hakora mai ƙarfi sosai, adadinsu ya kai 276, i.e. kamar, babbar farin shark. An shirya hakora a cikin layuka 5. A cewar masana binciken burbushin halittu, yawan muƙamuran mazandon manya manya na iya kaiwa mita 2.
Hakoran Megalodon na musamman masu karfi sun yi rauni, wanda hakan ya bashi sauki yaga tsokar nama daga jikin wadanda abin ya shafa. Masanin ilimin kimiyyar binciken dabbobi B. Kent yayi nuni da cewa waɗannan haƙoran suna da kauri matuqar girman su kuma suna da sassauci, kodayake suna da ƙarfi a flexural. Tushen hakoran megalodon suna da yawa matuƙa idan aka kwatanta da jimlar haƙoran haƙora. Irin waɗannan hakora bawai kawai kayan aikin yankan kyau bane - suma an daidaita su sosai don riƙe ganima mai ƙarfi, kuma da wuya su fashe ko da lokacin da aka yanke kasusuwa.

Don tallafawa manya-manyan hakora masu ƙarfi, ja megalodon shima ya zama yana da babban iko, mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Irin waɗannan ƙananan jaws masu tasowa sun ba da izinin megalodon a matsayin "alade" mai ban sha'awa.

Sun kuma yi nazarin ikon cizon megalodon. Masanan ilimin dabbobi suna da alaƙa da masana lissafi da masana kimiyyar lissafi zuwa wannan lissafin. Sakamakon bincike da lissafi, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa karfin kumburin megalodon shine ya zarce tan goma sha takwas! Wannan babban iko ne.
Misali, karfin cizon shark megalodon ya ninka har sau biyar ya fi na azzalumi, kuma babban farin kifin yana da karfi da yasha kusan tan 2.

Dangane da abubuwan da muka ambata a baya, masanin kimiyyar Amurka Gottfried da abokan aikinsa sun sami damar sake gina cikakkiyar sikelin megalodon. An nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Calvert Marine (Solomon Islands, Maryland, Amurka). Siffar da aka sake ginawa tana da tsawon mita 11.5 kuma ya dace da wani ɗan wasan kifayen matasa. Masana kimiyya sun lura cewa canje-canje na dangi da na daidaituwa a cikin sifofin kasusuwa na megalodon idan aka kwatanta da babban kifin shark sune kekene a cikin yanayin, kuma ya kamata ya faru a cikin manyan manyan sharks tare da kara girman.

Masu binciken burbushin halittu sun gudanar da binciken burbushin halittu don tantance hanyoyin da dabarun kai hari ma'adanar megalodon. Sakamakon bincikensa ya nuna cewa hanyoyin kai hari na iya bambanta dangane da girman ganima. Burbushin halittar kananan kaset ya nuna cewa sun sami iko sosai ta hanyar lalata, daga baya aka kashe su suka ci abinci. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan binciken - ragowar burbushin mita 9 ya ɓoye na ƙarshen Miocene, ya ba da damar yin nazarin yanayin ƙididdigar yawan megalodon. Maƙaddara galibi sun kai hari ga wuraren ɓarna na jikin wanda aka azabtar (kafadu, firiji, kirji, kashin baya), wanda manyan sharffan fata ke guje wa.

Dokta Bretton Kent ya ba da shawarar megalodon yayi kokarin karya kasusuwa kuma ya lalata gabobin jiki (kamar zuciya da huhu) da aka kulle a kirjin abin farauta. Harin da ke kan waɗannan gabobin jiki masu ƙyamar ganima, wanda ya mutu da sauri saboda mummunan rauni na ciki. Waɗannan karatun kuma sun nuna dalilin da yasa megalodon ya buƙaci hakora masu ƙarfi sama da babban farin Shark

A lokacin Pliocene, cetaceans mafi girma da ci gaba sun bayyana. Megalodons sun inganta dabarun kai hare-hare don magance waɗannan mafi yawan dabbobi. An samo kasusuwa da yawa na kasusuwa na firi-firi da murfin vertebrae na manyan ƙasashe Whales na lokacin Pliocene, suna da alamun cizo da suka rage ta hanyar harin megalodon. Wadannan bayanan binciken dadaddun halittu sun nuna cewa megalodon ya fara kokarin hana babbar ganuwa ta hanyar lalata shi ko cizon sassan jikinta, sannan kawai sai ya kashe ya ci shi.

Megalodons ya zama kusan shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata. Sun zauna mafi dadewa a Kudancin Hemisphere. Su mafarauta ne na babban kifi Whales, musamman ma cetoteriums (ƙananan tsoffin kifayen whales). Wadanda abin ya shafa sun zauna cikin matattarar ruwan tekun baƙi. A lokacin sanyayawar yanayin a cikin Pliocene, dusar kankara ta “daure” dimbin dumbin ruwa da tekuna da yawa suka bace. Taswirar igiyoyin teku sun canza. Teku yayi sanyi. Whales din sun sami damar tsira, suna ɓoye cikin ruwan sanyi mai wadataccen kwari. Don megalodons, wannan ya zama hukuncin kisa. Orcas wanda ya bayyana a lokaci guda, wanda ya ci matasa 'yan megalodons, suma zasu iya taka rawa.

Akwai wata ka'ida mai ban sha'awa cewa megalodon ya lalace saboda fitowar Isthmus na Panama tsakanin nahiyoyin Amurka. A wancan lokacin, abubuwa masu ban mamaki suna faruwa a duniya - shugabancin raƙuman ruwa na duniya suna canzawa, yanayin yana canzawa. Don haka wannan ka'idar tana da cikakken bayani game da kimiyya. Tabbas, rabuwa ta tekun biyu wanda Isthmus na Panama ya kasance na din-din-din ne. Amma gaskiyar ta bayyana sarai - megalodon ya ɓace, Panama ya bayyana, tare da babban birnin Panama City.
Abin sha'awa ne cewa a kan yankin Panama an samo garken hakora ga ƙanana megalodon, wanda ke nufin cewa a nan ƙaramin ɗan megalodon ya ƙare lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. A cikin duniya babu inda suka sami wani wuri mai kama. Wannan baya nufin basa zuwa, kawai Panama ce farkon wanda ya samo wani abu mai kama da haka. A da, an sami wani abu mai kama da haka a Kudancin Carolina, amma idan a cikin Jamhuriyar Panama an samo haƙoran underan underan da ke ƙasa, to a cikin South Carolina an sami haƙoran tsofaffi, da kwanyar babban kifi Whales, da ragowar sauran halittu. Akwai wani abu gama gari, duk da haka, tsakanin waɗannan binciken guda biyu - a cikin Jamhuriyar Panama da kuma a Kudancin Carolina, an samo abubuwan da aka yi a matakin sama da na motar.
Ana iya ɗauka cewa megalodon yana rayuwa cikin ruwa mara zurfi, ko kuma ya hau jirgin ruwa zuwa nan don kiwo.

Wannan gano ma yana da mahimmanci saboda masana kimiyyar farko sun yi imanin cewa sharks megalodon basu buƙatar kariya gaba ɗaya - saboda megalodon shine mafi ƙaddara a duniya. Hasashen da aka bayyana a sama ya nuna cewa ainihin wuraren ɗakin keɓaɓɓu ne cikin ruwa mara ƙanƙan da matasa suka kirkira domin su iya kare kansu. Bayan haka, yan Sharks na shekaru daban-daban sun kasance a nan, duk da cewa mafi karancin mutum megalodon (namiji) yayi tsayin mitoci biyu. Yankin shark mai nisan mita biyu, koda megalodon, da ke iyo daga 'yan uwanta, na iya zama abincin manyan jinsunan kifayen.

Amma duk da haka, me yasa irin wannan babbar kumfardon mai girman kuma mai ƙarfin iko ya ɓace daga fuskar duniya? Akwai shawarwari da yawa game da wannan. Kodayake megalodon kansa ba shi da abokan gaba a cikin zurfin teku, amma duk da haka, yawan jama'arsa yana cikin haɗarin mutum.
Manyan kifayen kifi sun bayyana, karfin da ya sa ba kawai a cikin hakora masu iko da kuma cikakkiyar jikin mutum ba, har ma da halin jama'a. Wadannan kifayen kisa suna farauta cikin fakitoci, suna barin irin wannan dodo mai kama da megalodon babu damar samun ceto. Kisan kifi Whales galibi yana farautar matasa megalodon kuma ya ci zuriyarsa.
Amma wannan ba shine dalili ba kuma ba shine kawai hasashe da ke bayanin lalata megalodon ba. Ka'idojin game da canjin yanayi a cikin tekuna bayan rarrabuwar ruwan Tekun Atlantika da tekun Pacific ta hanyar isthmus shima ya zama mai gamsarwa, kuma cewa megalodon kawai bashi da abun ci a cikin ruwa na tekun.
A cewar ɗayan waɗannan ka'idojin, megalodon ya mutu kawai saboda ba shi da abinci. Kuma abu shine girman wannan maharbin. Bayan duk wannan, wannan babbar jikin yana buƙatar abinci mai ɗorewa kuma mai yawan gaske! Kuma idan manyan kifayen khalifan sun sami damar rayuwa, saboda su, kamar su na zamani, suna ciyar da plankton, to a fili megalodon ba su da abinci mai girma da abinci mai gina jiki don rayuwa mai daɗi.

Wanne ne daga cikin dukkan waɗannan ka'idojin gaskiya ne, ko kuma dukkansu gaskiya ne tare, ba za mu taɓa sani ba, tunda megalodon kanta ba za ta iya faɗa mana komai ba, kuma masana kimiyya ba za su iya yin hasashe, hasashe da kuma labarin ba.

Idan megalodon ya rayu har zuwa yau, to mutum zai iya lura dashi sau da yawa. Babban shakar dake zaune a bakin ruwayen bakin teku ba zasu iya lura dashi ba.
Kodayake. komai na iya zama.
A Nuwamba 2013, bayanin mai ban sha'awa ya bayyana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa game da hoton bidiyo da Bapaniyanci ya harbe a cikin Mariana Trench a cikin zurfin zurfafa. Ana ganin babban kifin shark a jikin firam ɗin, wanda marubutan bidiyo suka shirya yadda ya zama megalodon wanda ya rayu har zuwa yau. Moreara koyo game da wannan anan.

A ƙarshen labarin - bidiyo game da megalodon, hanyar tashar Birtaniya ta Nat Geo Wild HD ce ta harbe shi.

Bayanin Megalodon

Sunan wannan babban siliki da ke zaune a Paleogene - Neogene (kuma bisa ga wasu bayanai, kai ga Pleistocene) an fassara shi daga Girkanci a matsayin "babban haƙora". An yi imanin cewa megalodon ya sa mazaunan ruwa a cikin tsoro na dogon lokaci, yana bayyana kimanin shekaru miliyan 28.1 da suka gabata kuma sun shiga cikin matsala kusan shekaru miliyan 2.6 da suka gabata.

Bayanin Kaya

Ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da Renaissance sun ambaci lokuta na gano manyan hakoran triangular a cikin tsarin dutse. Da farko, an dauki waɗannan hakoran a matsayin wadatattun harsuna na dodanni ko macizai kuma ana kiransu “glossopeters” (daga Girkanci “harsunan dutse”). Dan masanin dabi'ar halitta Niels Stensen ya gabatar da bayanin daidai a cikin 1667: ya fahimci hakoran manyan kifin sharhuna a cikinsu. Hoton da shugaban kifin ya ke dauke da irin wannan hakoran ya samu karbuwa. Daga cikin hakora, hotunan da ya wallafa, akwai hakoran megalodon.

Haraji

Sunan kimiyya Carcharodon megalodon A shekarar 1835 wani masanin kimiyyar dabi’ar kasar Switzerland Jean Louis Agassis ya sanya shi cikin wannan shark Recherches sur les poissons fossiles ("Nazarin burbushin kifi", 1833-1843). Sakamakon kamannin hakoran megalodon tare da hakoran farin shark, Agassis ya danganta megalodon da dabi'ar. Carcharodon . A shekara ta 1960, wani masanin binciken dan kasar Belgium Edgar C Easy, wanda ya yi imanin cewa wadannan sharudan sunada nesa ba kusa ba, sun gano megalodon da nau'ikan jinsin da ke cikin halittar. Procarcharodon. A cikin 1964, masanin kimiyyar Soviet L. S. Glikman, yana yarda cewa megalodon bashi da alaƙa ta kusa da farin kifin, ya ɗauke shi da kuma kusanci, yanzu da aka sani da suna Carcharocles / chubutensis na ƙwallon ƙafa (Turanci), ga sabon salo Megaselachus, da wasu nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa waɗanda ke da haƙoran haƙora na haƙoran haƙoran haƙora a hakorarsu Otota . A cikin 1987, masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kasar Faransa, Henri Cappetta ya lura da hakan Procarcharodon Shin ƙaramin magana ne game da irin wanda aka bayyana a shekarar 1923 Carcharocles, da ɗaukar megalodon da wasu nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa (tare da haƙoran haƙoran haƙora, amma ba tare da la’akari da kasancewar hakoran gefen ba) Carcharocles . Wannan zabin (Carcharocles megalodon) an karɓi mafi girman rarraba, sigar Glikman (Megaselachus megalodon) A cikin 2012, Cappetta ya gabatar da sabon saiti: ya dauki megalodon tare da duk wasu nau'ikan kusancin ga asalin Otota, wanda ya gano ƙananan ƙananan 3: Otota, Carcharocles da Megaselachusdon haka ra'ayin ya sami suna Otota megalodon . A cikin juyin halittar sharks na wannan dabi'ar, an sami haɓakar hankali da haɓaka hakora, faɗar bakunan incisal, kuma daga baya - asarar haƙoran haƙƙora na gefe. Babban banbanci tsakanin tsarin Glickman (1964), Cappetta (1987) da Cappetta (2012) shine inda sharadin yanayi tsakanin janare yake a wannan canjin yanayin juyin halitta, amma bisa ga dukkan wadannan tsarin, megalodon mallakar Otodontidae ne.

Tsohon sifa na kusancin megalodon da farin shark bashi da magoya baya a tsakanin manyan masana kimiyya. Koyaya, waɗanda suka tsaya ga wannan sigar suna kiranta Carcharodon megalodon kuma, gwargwadon, suna cikin iyalin Lamnidae.

Burbushin hakora

Mafi yawan burbushin halittar megalodon sune hakora. Daga cikin manyan sharks na zamani, farin kifin yana da hakora masu kama da kama, amma hakoran megalodon sun fi girma (har zuwa sau 2-3), sunada yawa, da karfi kuma suna yin laima. Tsaunin da ya yi daidai (tsayin diagonal) na hakoran megalodon na iya kaiwa zuwa 18-19 cm, waɗannan sune mafi girman sanannun haƙoran haƙora a cikin tarihin duniya.

Megalodon ya bambanta da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa, musamman, ta hanyar rashin haɓakar hakoran kuliyoyi a gefen hakoran manya. Yayin cigaban halitta, hakora suka lalace sannu-sannu, suna daɗewa a tsakanin samarin kifayen sharri da hakora a gefen bakin bakin. A Karshen Oligocene, rashin halayen haƙori a cikin tsofaffi ya kasance togiya, kuma a cikin Miocene ya zama al'ada. Matasa megalodons sun riƙe cloves, amma farkon Pliocene sun rasa su.

Burbushin vertebrae

Akwai da yawa binciken na rabin kashin kashin kashin megalodon. An gano mafi shahararrunsu a cikin Belji a 1926. Ya ƙunshi vertebrae 150 tare da diamita na har zuwa 15.5 cm. Koyaya, matsakaicin diamita na megalodon vertebrae na iya wuce 22.5 cm, alal misali, a cikin 2006 a Peru, an samo cikakken layin vertebral tare da matsakaicin vertebrae na kusan 26 cm. Vertebrae na megalodon suna daɗaɗa nauyi don yin tsayayya da taro da kuma abubuwan da ke ɗauka daga ƙanƙarar tsoka.

Ragowar Rarrabawa

Kasantuwar burbushin megalodon ana samunsu a yankuna da dama na duniya, da suka hada da Turai, Arewacin Amurka, Ta Kudu Amurka, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Africa, Malta, Grenadines da India. Hakanan an gano haƙoran Megalodon a cikin yankuna masu nisa daga nahiyoyi (alal misali, a cikin Mariana Trench a cikin Tekun Pacific). Ya rayu cikin wurare masu zurfi da tsafta na hemispheres guda biyu; zazzabi ruwan a yankin da aka rarraba shi an kiyasta shi yakai 12-27 ° C. A cikin Venezuela, an san hakoran megalodon da aka samu a cikin hanyoyin ruwa, wanda hakan na iya nuna cewa megalodon, kamar kifin shark na zamani, an daidaita shi da zama cikin ruwa mai tsafta.

Dangane da binciken da aka yi a cikin 2016, mafi girman abin dogara wanda aka gano game da megalodon ya koma ƙananan Miocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 20 da suka gabata), amma akwai rahotannin Oligocene har ma da Eocene. Wasu lokuta ana danganta bayyanar nau'in halitta zuwa Tsakiyar Miocene. Rashin tabbas yanayin bayyanar nau'in halitta yana da alaƙa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, tare da haɓaka iyakar iyaka tsakanin sa da magabatanta mai yiwuwa. Carcharocles chubutensis (Turanci): canji a cikin alamun hakora yayin juyin halitta ya ci gaba a hankali.

Megalodon mai yiwuwa ya mutu ne a iyakar Pliocene da Pleistocene, kimanin miliyan 2.6 da suka gabata, kodayake akwai rahotannin da yawa na Pleistocene ya samo. Wani lokaci ana kiran shi shekaru miliyan 1.6 da suka gabata. Ga hakoran da aka tashe daga kasan teku, wasu masu binciken, dangane da haɓakar ci gaban kwarkwata, sun sami dubun dubata har ma da ɗaruruwan shekaru, amma wannan hanyar tantance shekarun ba ta da tushe: ɓarnar zata iya girma a matakai daban-daban har ma a sassa daban daban na hakori ɗaya, ko wataƙila dakatar da haɓaka saboda dalilai marasa tushe.

Anatomy

Tsakanin nau'ikan halittar zamani, mafi kama da megalodon a baya an dauke su a matsayin wani farin shark. Saboda rashin kiyaye lafiyayyen kasusuwa na megalodon, an tilastawa masana kimiyya su kafa gininsa da zato game da girmansa akasari akan yanayin farin farin. Koyaya, kara binciken ya nuna cewa otodontids (dangin da megalodon suke dasu) basu da alaƙar kai tsaye da sharks herring, kuma a zahiri su reshe ne na manyan ƙasashen kifayen sharri, da alama suna kiyaye alamomin alamomin lamiformiformes. Don haka, wataƙila megalodon yayi kama da yashin bakin teku, kuma wasu fasalolin sifofin hakoran, abubuwan tunawa da na babban farin shark ne, wataƙila sune misalin juyin halitta. A gefe guda, sifar da sifofin jikin megalodon suma suna iyawa, suna kama da na babban ƙifin shark, tunda irin waɗannan ɗimbin sune gama gari ga manyan dabbobi masu ruwa ruwa.

Girman ma'auni

Tambayar matsakaicin girman megalodon abu ne mai matukar birgeshi. A cikin ƙungiyar kimiyya, an yi imani da cewa megalodon ya kasance daidai da girman kifayen kifi na zamani (Rhincodon typus) da kuma lalata kifin kasusuwa da ake kira liddsihtis (Leedsichthys) Farfesa Bashford Dean ya yi ne a cikin shekarar 1909 wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin sake gina muƙamin megalodon. Dangane da girman nau'ikan jaws da aka sake ginawa, an samo kimanta tsawon jikin megalodon: kimanin mita 30 ne. Bayan haka, burbushin halittu da aka samu daga gaba da cigaban ilimin halittar dabbobi sun nuna shakku kan amincin wannan ginin. A matsayin babban dalilin rashin kuskuren sake ginawa, rashin cikakken isasshen ilimin game da lambar da wurin hakoran megalodon ya nuna a lokacin Dean. Dangane da ƙididdigar masanan, ainihin samfurin samfurin megalodon wanda Bashford Dean ya gina zai zama mafi ƙarancin 30% fiye da girman asali kuma zai dace da tsayin jiki daidai da binciken na yanzu. A halin yanzu, an gabatar da hanyoyi da yawa don kimanta girman megalodon, dangane da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tsakanin girman haƙora da tsawon tsayin jiki.

Hanyar John E. Randall

A shekara ta 1973, masaniyar kimiyyar halittar dabbobi John E. Randall ya gabatar da wata hanya don tantance girman babban farin shark da karin salo don tantance girman megalodon. Dangane da Randall, tsawon megalodon a cikin mita yana ƙaddara ta hanyar dabara:

L = 0.096 × tsawo na enamel na hakori a cikin millimita.

Wannan hanyar an kafa ta ne sakamakon girman enamel (tazarar tsaye daga gindi daga cikin bakin da ke cikin hakora zuwa bakin ta) na manyan hakora na gaban jawab din ya kasance yana da hade da duka tsawon jikinsa.

Tun da girman enamel daga cikin manyan hakora megalodon wadanda suke wa Randall a wancan lokacin yakai mm mm 115, ya zama cewa megalodon ya kai tsawon mita 13. Koyaya, a 1991, masu bincike na shark guda biyu (Richard Ellis da John E. McCrocker) sun nuna kuskuren yiwuwar hanyar Randall. Dangane da bincikensu, tsinkayar daskararren haƙoran haƙoran haƙoran ba koyaushe yake daidai da jimlar kifin ba. Dangane da bayanan wadannan nazarin, an samar da sabbin hanyoyin ingantattun hanyoyin kayyade girman farin kifaye da nau'in nau'in kifayen kifayen nan gaba.

Hanyar gottfried da sauransu

Hanyar masana kimiyya sun gabatar da hanyar ta gaba ta hanyar Michael D. Gottfried, Leonard Compagno, da S. Curtis Bowman, waɗanda, bayan binciken da aka yi a hankali game da samfurori masu yawa na babban farin kifin, sun gabatar da sabon salo don tantance masu girma dabam. C. carcharias da C. megalodon, an buga sakamakon su a 1996. Dangane da wannan hanyar, tsawon jikin megalodon a cikin mita an ƙaddara shi da tsari:

L = −0.22 + 0.096 × (matsakaicin tsayi na hakori gaban babba a cikin millimita).

Babban hakoran gaban hakori na megalodon, wanda yake a hannun wannan rukunin masu binciken, yana da matsakaicin (i.e., incigu) tsayi na milimita 168. Lissafi ne ya gano shi a shekarar 1993. Sakamakon lissafin bisa ga tsari don shi yayi daidai da tsawon jiki na 15.9 m. Matsakaicin tsayin haƙori a cikin wannan hanyar ya dace da tsawon layin tsaye daga saman kambi na haƙora zuwa ƙananan raunin tushe mai layi ɗaya zuwa dogayen hakori, i.e. matsakaicin tsayin haƙoran yayi daidai da tsayin dakarsa.

Girman jiki

Gottfried et al. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da wata hanya don tantance yawan jikin babban farin kifayen, bayan ya yi nazari game da adadin jimlar mutane 175 na wannan nau'ikan daban-daban, kuma suka tsara shi don sanin adadin megalodon. Yawan jiki na megalodone a cikin kilo, bisa ga wannan hanyar, ana lissafta shi ta hanyar dabara:

M = 3.2 × 10 −6 × (tsayin jiki a cikin mita) 3.174

Dangane da wannan hanyar, tsawon mutum mita 15.9 zai kasance yana da nauyin jiki kusan tan 47.

Hanyar Kenshu Simada.

A shekara ta 2002, wani masanin ilimin burbushin halittu Kenshu Simada daga Jami'ar DePaul, kamar Randall, ya sami damar kafa dangantakar dake tsakanin tsinkayen hakoran da duka tsayin daka ta hanyar gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da wasu samfuran samfuran fararen kaya. Wannan ya ba da damar yin amfani da haƙora na kowane matsayi a cikin hakora. Simada ya bayyana cewa hanyoyin da aka gabatar a baya sun samo asali ne daga zatowar hakora tsakanin megalodone da farin shark, kuma cewa ci gaban kambi da tushen hakori ba isometric bane. Yin amfani da samfurin Simad, babban haƙoran babba na sama, tsawon mai riƙe da abin da Gottfried da abokan aikinsa suka ƙaddara a cikin mita 15,9, zai dace da babban kifin tare da jimlar mita 15. Gyara lissafin 2002, wanda Kenshu Simada ya aiwatar a shekarar 2019, bugu da suggestsari yana ba da shawarar cewa tsayin da ƙimar hakora ta haɗu ta kasance ta ƙaranci. A cikin 2015, ta yin amfani da babban samfurin hakoran megalodon, S. Pimiento da M.A. Balk ta yin amfani da hanyar Keneschu Simada sun ƙaddara matsakaicin matsakaitan megalodons da misalin mita 10. Abin mamaki ne cewa manyan samfuran da aka yi nazarinsu an ƙaddara su a 17-18 m. Koyaya, a cikin 2019, Kenshu Simada ya nuna kuskure a cikin lissafin S. Pimiento da M.A. Balk, ya kara da cewa manyan hakora megalodon da aka sani da duniyar kimiyya tabbas sun kasance ne ga dabbobi ba su wuce mil 14.2-15.3 ba, kuma cewa irin wannan mutane suna da wuya sosai.

Hanyar Clifford Jeremiah

A 2002, Clifford Jeremiah mai bincike shark ya ba da wata hanya don ƙayyade girman babban farin kifaye da nau'in kifin sharks. Dangane da wannan hanyar, jimlar yawan jikin Sharki a cikin ƙafafun ana lissafta su ta hanyar dabara:

L = nisa daga tushe na babba na hakori a cikin santimita × 4.5.

Dangane da K. Irmiya, yanayin muƙamin shark yana daidai gwargwado daidai da tsawonsa, kuma girman Tushen manyan hakora yana ba mu damar kimanta kewaye da muƙamin. Yankin haƙori mafi girma da aka samu ga K. Irmiya yana da faffadar tushe na kimanin santimita 12, wanda yayi daidai da tsawon tsayin jiki 15.5.

Lissafin Vertebra

Ofayan ingantattun hanyoyin don kimanta girman megalodons, ba tare da amfani da hakora ba, ya dogara da girman vertebrae. Ana ba da shawarar hanyoyi guda biyu don yin lissafin vertebrae ga wannan nau'in. Gottfried da marubutan marubutan sun gabatar da ɗayan ɗayan su a cikin 1996. A cikin wannan aikin, dangane da nazarin wani ɓangaren vertebral ɓangare daga Belgium da farin shark vertebrae, an gabatar da tsarin da ke ƙasa:

L = 0.22 + 0.058 size girman vertebra

Hanyar ta biyu don yin lissafin vertebrae an gabatar da ita ta hanyar Simada et al. A shekara ta 2008, sun kimanta tsawon jikin babban tabar wiwi. Cretoxyrhina mantelli. Dabara shine kamar haka:

L = 0.281 + 0.05746 size girman vertebra

Bambanci tsakanin Sakamakon sakamakon amfani da wannan dabarun ya yi kadan. Duk da rarrabuwa na mertedon vertebrae, waɗannan hanyoyin suna ba da damar ƙididdige girman wasu samfuran manya-manya. Sashin kashi na megalodone, wanda aka samo a cikin Denmark a cikin 1983, yana da vertebrae 20 mai sauri tare da mafi girman diamita na kusan 23 cm. Dangane da dabarun da aka gabatar, wannan megalodon mutum yakai kimanin 13.5 a tsayi, duk da cewa mafi girman sanannun hakorar wannan samfurin yana da girman kusan cm 16. Wannan yana nuna cewa manyan hakora na megalodons ba lallai ba ne su nuna girman waɗannan sharks a cikin rayuwa.

Kundin karshe na matsakaicin girman

A halin yanzu, a cikin jama'ar kimiyya, mafi yawan kimantawa na matsakaicin girman megalodon yana da kusan mita 15. Matsayin megalodon wanda ake tsammani zai iya yin numfashi kamar 15.1 m. Don haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa, duk da kasancewa ɗan ƙarami fiye da yadda aka zata a baya, megalodon shine mafi girman shark wanda aka sani da ilimin kimiyya, yana fafatawa ga wannan taken kawai tare da babban kifin kifi na zamani, har ila yau kuma shine ɗayan kifi mafi girma da ya taɓa rayuwa a tekunan duniyarmu. .

Tsarin hakori da injin jajayoyi

Wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar Jafananci (T. Uyeno, O. Sakamoto, G. Sekine) a 1989 ta bayyana burbushin gwanayen megalodon da aka samu a lardin Saitama (Japan) da kusan cikakkiyar haɗin hakora. Wani kusan cikakkiyar saiti an dawo dashi daga Tsarin Yorktown a Lee Creek, North Carolina, Amurka. Ya zama tushen tushen sake gina tsokoki na megalodon a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halittar Amurka a New York. Wadannan binciken sun sami damar sanin lamba da wurin hakora a cikin jaws, wanda ya sanya aka samu damar kirkirar ingantattun hanyoyin jaws. Daga baya, aka gano sauran abubuwan tarihin megalodon. A cikin 1996, S. Applegate da L. Espinosa sun ba da bayanin tsarin haƙƙin haƙori: 2.1.7.4 3.0.8.4 < nunistyle < fara< frac <2.1.7.4> <3.0.8.4 >> ƙare>> (daga hagu zuwa dama - adadin gaban, tsaka-tsaka, gefen baya da hakoran hakora a cikin kowane rabin muƙamuƙi na sama (saman) da ƙananan (ƙasa)). Mafi kyawun ƙayyadadden zamani na jaws na megalodone ya dogara da wannan dabara.

Megalodon yana da hakora mai ƙarfi sosai, adadinsu ya kai 276. An shirya hakora a cikin layuka 5. Dangane da masana burbushin halittu, tsoffin manyan mutane na megalodon sun kai mita 2.

Ciji ƙarfi

A shekara ta 2008, wata tawagar masana kimiyya karkashin jagorancin Stephen Uro ta kirkiro wani tsarin kwamfuta na jaws da chewing muscle na farin shark wanda yakai kilogiram 240 kuma yayi lissafin cewa karfin cizo a wasu wuraren bakinta ya kai 3.1 KN. An fitar da wannan darajar zuwa megalodon (a zaton cewa tana da rabo daidai) ta amfani da kimantawa biyu na adadinta. Tare da taro na tan 48, aka lissafta ƙarfin 109 kN, kuma tare da adadin 103 tan - 182 kN. Farkon waɗannan ƙimar suna da cikakkiyar dacewa daga ra'ayi na ƙididdigar adadin megalodon na zamani, ya kusan sau 17 fiye da ƙarfin cizo na dunkleosteus (6.3 kN), sau 9 fiye da na babban farin Shark (kimanin 12 kN), Sau uku fiye da mai rikodin zamani - combed kada (kimanin 28-34 kN) kuma ɗan ƙaramin sama da na pliosaurus Pliosaurus kevani (64-81 kN), amma ƙasa da ƙarfin cizon cizon deinosuchus (356 kN), wani tyrannosaurus (183 - 235 KN), masallacin Hoffman (fiye da 200 kN) da makamantansu. Don haka, megalodon, saboda girmanta, yana da ɗayan ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda aka sani ga ilimin kimiyya a yau, kodayake wannan alamar tana ƙanƙantar da ita game da nauyi saboda ƙananan kasusuwa da ƙasusuwa da ƙarfi.

Aikin hakori

Enougharfin isa, amma haƙora na hakora megalodon suna aiki da ƙarancin yankan fanko. Masanin ilimin burbushin halittu Bretton Kent yayi nuni da cewa wadannan hakora suna da kauri sosai a kan girman su kuma suna da sassauci kadan, amma ingantacciyar kara karfin gwiwa. Tushensu sunada yawa idan aka kwatanta su da duka girman hakori.Irin waɗannan hakora bawai kawai kayan aiki ne na yankan kyau ba, ana samun su da kyau sosai don buɗe kirji da ciji vertebrae na babban dabbar, kuma da wuya su fashe ko da lokacin da suke shiga cikin kasusuwa. Don haka, lokacin ciyarwa a kan babbar gawa, megalodon zai iya isa ga sassan wannan sashin da basu isa ga sauran kifayen sharks.

Axle kwarangwal

Ta hanyar nazarin sassan jikin da aka adana daga megalodon daga Belgium, ya zama a bayyane cewa yawan vertebrae a cikin megalodon ya wuce adadin vertebrae a cikin manyan samfuran kowane nau'in kifin. Kawai adadin vertebrae na babban farin kifin yana kusa, wanda ke nuna wata dangantaka ta jiki tsakanin waɗannan jinsunan. Koyaya, dangane da matsayin megalodon, ana tsammanin cewa daga waje yayi kama da wani babban yanki na shar, maimakon babban kifin shark, tunda jiki mai tsayi da kuma ƙaramar ƙwalƙwalwar ƙaho ce alama ce ta muhimmi ga wannan rukunin.

Cikakken kwarangwal

Dangane da halayen da aka ambata a sama, Gottfried da abokan aikinsa sun sami damar sake gina cikakkiyar sikelin megalodon. An nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Calvert Marine (Solomon Islands, Maryland, Amurka). Siffar da aka sake ginawa tana da tsawon mita 11.5 kuma tayi daidai da matsakaicin balagaggu. Indicatesungiyar ta nuna cewa canje-canje na dangi da daidaituwa a cikin halayen kasusuwa na megalodon idan aka kwatanta da babban kifin shark sune kekashe a cikin yanayi, kuma yakamata faruwa a cikin manyan manyan sharks tare da haɓaka.

Manyan matsalolin girma

Megalodon shine mafi girma daga cikin duk kifin da ya taɓa kasancewa, tare da lidsichtis da babban kifin kifi na zamani. Koyaya, mafi girma shark na annabta shine megalodon, mafi girman na'urori masu tacewa, lidsichtis da kifin kifi, ba su kai girman babban kifayen kifaye ba kuma basu wuce nauyin nauyin kusan tan 40 ba. Wannan saboda saboda girman girman jikin mutum, ƙarar yana girma da sauri fiye da yankin da yake faɗi. Yayinda jikin kifin yake iyakance ta hanyar farfaɗo wanda yake tattara oxygen (gills). Yayin da babban kifin ya kai girman girma kuma girman su ya karu har zuwa yanki mai girman gaske, sun fara fuskantar matsalolin musayar gas.

Don haka, waɗannan manyan kifayen, gami da megalodon, ba za su iya zama masu iyo ba da sauri - suna da ƙananan jimiri, jinkirin aiki. Theaukar motsi da haɓakar megalodon za su fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta da na babban Whale, kuma ba babbar farin shark ba. Ba a san ko megalodon ta haɗu da cikakke mai haɗuwa ba, wanda farin kifin ya yi amfani da shi don rikicewa da kuma hanzarta haɓaka, wanda kuma mahalli na yanki ke amfani dashi. Megalodon wataƙila yana da fin ɗin heterocercal, wanda ake buƙata don jinkirin yin iyo da kuma walƙiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma da alama ba za a sami farin jini ba. Wata matsala ita ce cewa guringuntsi yana da ƙanƙantar da ƙarfi ga ƙas whensuwa har ma da yawan kuzarinsa mai mahimmanci, sabili da haka tsokoki na babban kifin, da aka haɗa su da wannan gurnatin, bazai iya samar da isasshen ƙarfi don rayuwar mai aiki ba.

Dangantaka da ganima

Abubuwan da suka haifar da girma kamar girman girma, jaws mai girma da manyan hakora tare da kyakkyawan yanki, suna nuna cewa megalodon ya sami damar kai hari kan manyan dabbobi fiye da duk wani sharks na zamani. Kodayake kifayen kifayen, a matsayinka na mai mulki, masu cin zarafin samun damar ne, masana kimiyya suna ba da shawara cewa megalodon, a fili, yana iya samun ƙwarewar abinci kuma ya zama baya ga wannan dokar. Saboda girmanta, wannan maharbin ya iya fuskantar dabaru masu yawan gaske, duk da cewa hanyoyin ciyarwa basu da inganci sosai, alal misali, manyan masallatai. Competan takara kaɗai da abokan gaba na megalodons tsawon lokacin rayuwarsu sun kasance kawai ƙafar ƙanƙan ƙanƙara, kamar leviathans da zygophysites, da kuma wasu manyan kifin sharks (ciki har da wani wakilin halittar ɗan adam. Carcharocles — Carcharocles chubutensis ) Burbushin ya nuna cewa megalodon ta ciyar da cetace, gami da ƙananan maniyyi, whales na farko, cetoterias, taguwar, dabbar dolfhins, dabbobin ruwa da kifin, sirens, pinnipeds da kunkuru. Girman manyan megalodons suna nuna cewa abin da ake cin abincinsu yawanci dabbobi ne daga tsayin mita 2.5 zuwa 7 - zuwa babba, waɗannan na iya zama ƙananan kifayen whales. Kodayake ƙananan kifayen baleen ba su da sauri kuma ba sa iya ɗaukar maƙarar kare, amma megalodon ya buƙaci makamai masu lalata da dabarun farauta don abin da suka kama. A halin yanzu, an samo adadin kasusuwan kifi Whale tare da alamomi bayyananne daga manyan hakora (ƙwaya mai zurfi) wanda ya yi daidai da haƙoran megalodon, kuma a lokuta da yawa ana samun haƙoran megalodon kusa da burbushin kifayen kifi tare da alamomi iri ɗaya, wani lokacin ma hakora suna makale a cikin irin waɗannan burbushin. Kamar sauran kifayen kifayen, megalodon dole ne ya ci kifi a adadi mai yawa, musamman ma lokacin da yake ƙarami.

Halin farauta

Sharks yan zamani suna amfani da dabarun farauta dabarun farauta yayin kamun kifi. Wasu masana ilimin burbushin halitta suna ba da shawara cewa dabarun farautar farin kifaye na iya ba da ra'ayi game da yadda megalodon ke farautar babban abincin da take da shi ga danko (misali, kifayen whales). Koyaya, burbushin halittu ya nuna cewa megalodon zai iya yin amfani da ɗan daɗaɗa da inganci sosai don farautar cetaceans. Bugu da kari, a fili ya afkawa wanda aka azabtar da shi daga wani kwanton bauna kuma bai taba yin kokarin ya kara himma ba, saboda ya kasa bunkasa saurin gudu kuma yana da tsayayyen yanayi.

Don sanin hanyoyin harin megalodon akan hakar ma'adanan, masana burbushin halittu sun gudanar da wani bincike na musamman game da burbushin halittu. Sakamakon bincikensa ya nuna cewa hanyoyin kai hari na iya bambanta dangane da girman ganima. Burbushin halittar kananan kaset ya nuna cewa an bi su da raguna mai yawa, bayan an kashe su kuma aka ci su. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan binciken - burbushin kifi mai nisan mita 9 na zamanin Miocene - ya ba da damar ƙididdige yawan kai hare-hare na yanayin megalodon. Maƙaddara galibi sun kai hari ga wuraren ɓarna na jikin wanda aka azabtar (kafadu, firiji, kirji, kashin baya), waɗanda farin sharks ke hana su. Dokta Bretton Kent ya ba da shawarar megalodon yayi kokarin karya kasusuwa kuma ya lalata gabobin jiki (kamar zuciya da huhu) da aka kulle a kirjin abin farauta. Harin da aka yiwa wadannan gabobin jiki masu rauni, wanda ya mutu da sauri sakamakon mummunan rauni na ciki. Wadannan karatun kuma sun sake nuna dalilin da yasa megalodon yake bukatar hakora mai karfi sosai fiye da babban farin kifin.

A cikin Pliocene, ban da ƙaramar kifayen baleen, manyan cetaceans kuma masu tasowa sun bayyana. Megalodons sun inganta dabarun kai hari don mu'amala da wadannan dabbobin. Yawancin ƙasusuwa na ƙeƙashin ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar fata da ke cikin manyan kifayen Pliocene tare da halayen cizon megalodon. Wannan na iya nuna cewa megalodon ya fara yunƙurin hana ganima farauta ta hanyar lalata ko lalata shi gabobin jikinsa, sannan kawai sai ya kashe ya ci shi.

Arin bayani game da lalacewar ƙas bones haan Whale

Siffar da, saboda jinkirin aiki da ƙarancin ƙarfi na zahiri, manyan megalodons sun fi kama da masu fa'ida fiye da mafarautan masu aiki, hakan ma yana da tabbas. Lalacewa kasusuwa na cetacean bazai iya nuna dabarar da megalodons suka yi amfani da su don kashe ganima ba, amma hanyar da suke fitar da abinda ke cikin kirji daga gawawwakin gawawwakin da kananan kifayen kifayen ba za su iya kaiwa ba, yayin da lalacewar daga harin ramuwar gayya na megalodons kan A zahiri, ana iya samun kifayen whales a lokacin gwagwarmayar al'ada kuma ya haifar da mutuwar dabbobi. Tooƙarin riƙewa da kashe koda ƙaramin kifi ta hanyar cije shi a baya ko kirji shine ɓangaren da yafi kariya, zai zama da wahala kuma rashin hankali, tunda megalodon zai iya kashe wanda ya kashe shi da sauri, yana bugunsa a ciki kamar sharks na zamani. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gaskiyar haɓakar ƙarfin haƙori na tsoho megalodon mutane sun zo daidai, yayin da haƙoran matasa (waɗanda galibi masu farauta ne) da kuma farkon dangin megalodon sun fi kama da haƙoran farin sharks na zamani.

Tsagewa

Wadannan sharks sun lalata shekaru miliyan 3 da suka gabata. Dalilin rushewar, a cewar masanan ilmin halitta, shi ne tsawaita gasar da wasu magabata lokacin rikicin abinci, duk da cewa a baya canjin yanayin canjin yanayi ya shahara sosai. Megalodons sun sami nasara saboda sun rayu a lokacin da yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwar ruwa ke tafiya a cikin teku, kuma kusan babu wata gasa da kifayen ƙwayayen da ba su inganta ba a lokacin. Mafarautan ƙananan kifaye ne, misali cetoteriums, kuma sun dogara da wannan kayan abinci. Irin waɗannan dabbobi suna zaune amintaccen shiryayyen tekuna. Megalodon tabbas galibi ana iyakance shi ne a cikin ruwa mai tsananin zafi. Lokacin da yanayin yayi sanyi a cikin Pliocene, glaciers sun “ɗaure” manyan ɗumbin ruwa, kuma tekuna da yawa na tebuwar sun ɓace. Taswirar igiyoyin teku sun canza. Teku yayi sanyi. Kuma wannan ya nuna ba yawa game da megalodons kansu ba, amma a kan ɗan ƙaramin dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda ya kasance babban tushen abinci a gare su. Abinda ya biyo baya na lalata megalodons shine bayyanar kifi Whales - magabatan khalifofin kisa na zamani, suna jagorantar garken rayuwa da samun ingantaccen kwakwalwa. Saboda girman su da jinkirin aiki, megalodons ba sa iya iyo da rawar jiki da waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Hakanan basu iya kare ikonsu ba kuma wataƙila zasu iya fadawa cikin lalata ta hanyar kamar yan takobi na zamani. Saboda haka, kisa kifayen za su iya cin abinci na megalodons, kodayake galibi sun ɓoye a cikin ruwan teku, kuma ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa har ma sun sami damar kashe manya. Megalodons mafi tsawo da aka rataya a kudancin hemisphere.

Megalodon a cikin cryptozoology

Koyaya, wasu masana kimiyyar cryptozoo sun gaskata cewa megalodon zai iya rayuwa har zuwa yau. Suna komawa zuwa wasu tabbatattun abubuwa masu matukar shakku: da farko, binciken wasu hakora megalodon biyu ba da gangan ba suka same su a tekun Pasifik kamar dai ya nuna cewa manyan gibiyoyin sharri ba suyi asarar miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata ba, amma kimanin shekaru 24,000 da 11,000 kowacce, wacce a zahiri “zamani ce” "Daga yanayin hangen nesa da ilimin kimiyar ƙasa. Abu na biyu kuma, wanda masanin ilimin kimiyyar masanin kimiya na Australiya David George Stad ya rubuta, batun taron masunta na Australiya wanda ake zargi da girman babban kifayen abin mamaki. Koyaya, ba a tabbatar da amincin irin wannan bayanin ko'ina ba, sai dai shafukan yanar gizo game da abubuwan ban mamaki da abubuwan ban mamaki. Yawancin gaskiyar sun bayyana a fili cewa megalodon ya lalace kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka gabata, kuma ya ce "kashi 5% na teku ne kawai aka yi nazari kuma megalodon za a iya ɓoye wani wuri" kar a tsaya ga zargi na kimiyya.

A cikin 2013, Tashar ganowa ta nuna wani aiki na musamman da aka sani da Megalodon: Monster Shark Is Rayuwa ne, wanda da alama ya samar da wasu shaidun cewa har yanzu megalodon yana raye, kuma ya yarda da aƙalla kashi 70% na masu sauraro cewa manyan shahrarrun shark sun kasance yana zaune wani wuri a cikin teku. Koyaya, wannan watsa labaran da aka watsa yana da sauri masana kimiyya da masu kallo suka soki lamarin saboda kusan dukkanin bayanan da aka ambata a ciki karya ne. Misali, dukkan “masana kimiyya” da aka nuna a fim din hakika ma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne masu matukar daukar hankali. Kusan kowane hoto ko bidiyo na megalodon kawai montage ne, kuma ba ta halin da ya fi kyau ba. A cikin 2014, Discovery yayi fim mai kyau, Megalodon: Sabon Hujja, wanda ya zama babban fim ɗin Shark na mako, wanda ya sami masu kallo miliyan 4.8, sannan kuma ƙarin shirin, daidai gwargwado da ake kira Sharks of Dark: Submarine Fury aka saki cewa a takaice, ya haifar da ƙarin mummunan ra'ayi daga kafofin watsa labarai da jama'ar kimiyya.

Bayyanar

An sake daukar hoton hoto na hoto na wani megalodon (wani kifi ne mai kaman kifi, wanda ba shi da kasusuwa) a hakoran sa, yana watsuwa ko'ina cikin tekun. Baya ga hakora, masu binciken sun gano vertebrae da kuma duka ginshiƙan vertebral da aka kiyaye saboda yawan ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa (ma'adinin ya taimaka wa vertebrae don tsayayya da nauyin sharkin da wahalar da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar tsoka ta haifar).

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Kafin 'yar asalin kasar Dan masanin kimiyyar halittar dan kasa kuma masanin kimiyar kasa Niels Stensen, hakoran shark an dauke su talakawa ne har sai ya bayyanar da tsaunin dutse a matsayin hakoran megalodon. Wannan ya faru ne a cikin karni na 17, bayan wannan ne aka kira Stensen farkon masanin binciken burbushin halittu.

Da farko dai, sake fasalin muƙamin shark ne (tare da layuka biyar na haƙora masu ƙarfi, waɗanda adadin su ya kai 276), wanda, bisa ga tsarin paleogenetics, mita 2 ne. Sannan suka saita jikin jikin megalodon, suka bashi mafi girman, wanda yayi kama da na mata, sannan kuma akan zaton kusancin da dabbar ke dashi da farin kifin.

Sikelin da aka dawo da shi tare da tsawon 11.5 m yayi kama da ƙasusuwan babban farin kifayen, wanda ya ƙaru sosai a faɗi / tsawon, kuma yana tsoratar da baƙi zuwa ga gidan kayan tarihin Marlandime na Marland (Amurka). Kwanyar da ta shimfida fadi, doguwar jaws da kuma gajeren rauni - kamar yadda likitocin dabbobi suka ce, "megalodon alade ne a fuskarsa." Gabaɗaya abin kyama da ban tsoro.

Af, a zamaninmu, masana kimiyya sun riga sun nisanta kansu daga labarin game da alaƙa da megalodon da karharodon (farin shark) kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa a waje ɗaya ya fi kama da babban yashin teku. Bugu da kari, ya zama cewa yanayin megalodon (saboda girmanta da kuma yanayin tsinkayenta na musamman) ya banbanta da na manyan yankuna na zamani.

Megalodon Girma

Har yanzu akwai mahawara game da matsakaicin girman super-predator, kuma an samar da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance girmanta: wani ya ba da shawarar farawa daga yawan vertebrae, wasu suna zana daidaituwa tsakanin girman hakora da tsawon tsayin jiki. Har yanzu ana samun haƙoran haƙoran megalodon a cikin kusurwa daban-daban na duniyar, wanda ke nuna irin ɗumbin sharuddan kifayen a cikin tekun.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Carcharodon yana da hakora iri ɗaya waɗanda suka fi kama da juna, amma hakoran dadaddun arean uwansu sun fi yawa, ƙarfi, kusan sau uku mafi girma kuma suna yin aiki a ko'ina. Megalodon (ba kamar jinsin da ke da alaƙa ba) ba shi da hakoran ƙarshe, waɗanda a hankali suka ɓace daga haƙoransa.

Megalodon yana dauke da makamai tare da manyan hakora (idan aka kwatanta da sauran rayayyun halittu da kuma kifayen sharks) a cikin dukkan tarihin Duniya.. Tsayinsu mai tsayi, ko tsayin daka, ya kai 18-19 cm, ƙaramin fang ɗin ya girma zuwa 10 cm, yayin da haƙori ɗan farin kifin (gizan duniya na shark na zamani) bai wuce 6 cm ba.

Kwatantawa da kuma nazarin ragowar megalodon, wanda ya ƙunshi burbushin vertebrae da haƙora da yawa, ya haifar da tunanin girman sa. Ichthyologists sun gamsu da cewa wani megalodon ya kasance yana yin hawa zuwa 15-16 mitt tare da yawan kimanin tan 47. Parin abubuwan sigogi masu ban sha'awa ana ɗaukar rikitarwa.

Halin hali da salon rayuwa

Manyan kifi, wanda megalodon ke ciki, ba su da saurin iyo-masu sauri - saboda wannan ba su da kuzarin da ake buƙata na gina jiki. Haɓaka ƙarfin su yana raguwa, kuma motsin su ba mai kuzari sosai ba ne: a hanyar, megalodon yana da alaƙa ba kawai tare da fari ba, amma tare da babban kifin kifi Whale a cikin waɗannan alamun. Wani lalura ta super-predator ita ce karancin karfin guringuntsi, mara karfi a cikin kasusuwa, har ma la’akari da karuwar kwayar su.

Megalodon kawai bazai iya jagorantar rayuwa mai aiki ba saboda gaskiyar cewa babban adadin ƙwayar tsoka (tsokoki) an haɗe shi ba tare da ƙasusuwa ba, amma ga guringuntsi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa dodo, ke neman abin da ya kama, ya gwammace ya zauna wurin yaƙi, ya guji biɗar da ke tafe: an hana megalodon ta ƙarancin gudu da wadatar jim kaɗan. Yanzu an san hanyoyin guda 2, tare da taimakon wanda kifin ya kashe wadanda abin ya shafa. Ta zaɓi hanyar, tana mai da hankali kan girma na abubuwan gastronomic.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Hanya ta farko ta rago ne, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ga ƙananan cetaceans - megalodon sun kai hari kan wuraren da ke da kasusuwa masu ƙarfi (kafadu, kashin baya, kirji) don su karya su kuma cutar da zuciya ko huhu.

Kasancewar ya ɗan buge da gabobi masu mahimmanci, wanda aka azabtar ya rasa ikon motsi da sauri kuma ya mutu sakamakon mummunan rauni na ciki. Megalodon ya kirkiro hanyar ta biyu ta gaba mafi yawa daga baya, lokacin da manyan cetaceans, wadanda suka bayyana a cikin Pliocene, sun shiga iyakokin farautarsa. 'Yan Ichthyologists sun samo fata da kasusuwa da kasusuwa daga kasusuwa mallakar manyan kifayen na Pliocene, tare da gurbatar da cizon megalodon. Wadannan binciken sun kai ga yanke hukunci cewa babban magabaci ya fara hana wani ganima farauta, ya ciji ko yage ƙashinsa ko ƙyallen, sai kawai ya gama duka.

Tsawon rayuwa

Shekarun megalodon ke da wuya ya wuce shekaru 30 zuwa 40 (wannan shi ne yadda yawancin sharks ke zaune). Tabbas, a cikin waɗannan kifin na kifin ma akwai mazan ƙarni, alal misali, babban shark, wanda wakilan sa sukanyi bikin karni. Amma sharks na pola suna zaune a cikin ruwan sanyi, wanda ke ba su ƙarin keɓancewar aminci, kuma megalodon na zama cikin ƙauna. Tabbas, babban magabacin yana da kusan babu abokan gaba, amma shi (kamar sauran yan sharhunan) yana da kariya daga cututtukan kwayoyi da kwayoyin cuta.

Habitat, mazauni

Burbushin halittun megalodon ya bayyana cewa ajalin duniya yana da yawa kuma ya mamaye kusan duk Tekun Duniya, ban da yankuna masu sanyi. A cewar masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu, an samo megalodon a cikin tsaftataccen ruwa mai zurfi biyu na hemispheres, inda zazzabi ruwan ya canza zuwa kewayon + 12 + 27 ° C.

Hakora da vertebrae na babban dabbar shar an samo su ne a wurare daban-daban na duniya, kamar:

• Amirka ta Arewa,
• Ta Kudu Amurka,
• Japan da Indiya
• Turai,
• Ostiraliya,
• New Zealand,
• Nahiyar Afirka.

An samo hakoran Megalodon nesa daga manyan nahiyoyi - alal misali, a cikin Mariana Trench na Tekun Pasifik. Kuma a cikin Venezuela, an samo haƙoran mai kula da magudanan ruwa a cikin rigakafin ruwa, wanda ya ba mu damar yanke hukuncin cewa megalodon yana dacewa da rayuwa a cikin ruwan tsarkakakken ruwa (kamar ɗan itacen shark).

Abincin Megalodone

Har sai manyan kifayen kifaye kamar masu kifayen kifi suka bayyana, dabbar dabbar dabbar, kamar yadda yakamata ta kasance ga babban dillali, ya zauna a saman dala ɗin abinci kuma bai iyakance kansa ba wajen zaɓin abinci. Da yawa daga cikin megalodon da aka bayyana su da yawa halittu masu rai a dunkule a dunkulewar dunkulalliyar dunkulalliya, da manyan faifan hakoransa da manyan hakora wadanda ke da rauni mai rauni. Saboda girmanta, megalodon ya yi fama da irin waɗannan dabbobi waɗanda babu ƙyanƙyalen sharrin zamani da zai iya shawo kansa.

Yana da ban sha'awa! Daga hangen masaniyar masu ilimin kimiyyar halittar dabbobi, wani megalodon tare da gajeren jawansa bai iya (sabanin wani babban masallaci) bai iya daurewa sosai da kuma manta da babbar ganima. Yawancin lokaci yakan datse gabobin fata da tsokoki na waje.

Yanzu an tabbatar da cewa ƙananan kifayen kifaye da kunkuru, waɗanda sheafunansu suka hau kan matsanancin ƙarfin tsokoki da kuma ƙarfin hakora masu yawa, sun kasance abincin megalodon.

Abincin megalodon, tare da kifayen kifaye da kunkuru

• kifayen whales
• kananan maniyyi Whales,
• dabbar Whale
• An yarda da su,
• cetoteria (baleen kifaye),
• porpoises da sirens,
• dabbobin ruwa da pinnipeds.

Megalodon bai yi wata-wata ba wajen kai farmaki kan abubuwa daga tsayi 2.5 zuwa 7 m, alal misali, baleen whales, wanda ba zai iya tsayayya da mai girman kan ba kuma bai bambanta da babban saurin tserewa daga gare shi. A cikin 2008, ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Amurka da Ostiraliya sun kafa ikon cizon megalodon ta amfani da simintin kwamfuta.

Sakamakon lissafin an gane shi mai ban mamaki ne - megalodon ya matse mai rauni sau 9 ya fi duk wani ɗan shark na yanzu, kuma sau 3 sananne fiye da macijin da aka hako (mai riƙe rikodin na yanzu don ikon cizo). Gaskiya ne, megalodon har yanzu yana ƙasa da wasu nau'in halittu masu ƙarewa dangane da cikakkiyar ƙarfin cizo, kamar su deinosuch, tyrannosaurus, masallacin Hoffmann, sarcosuchus, purusaurus da daspletosaurus.

Abokan halitta

Duk da matsayin da babu makawa na babban magatakarda, megalodon yana da manyan abokan gaba (su ma gasa ne na abinci). 'Yan Ichthyologists suna rarrabe kifayen kifi, ko kuma, maniyyi kamar zygophysiters da Melville leviathans, da kuma wasu manyan kifayen, alal misali, Carcharocles chubutensis daga halittar Carcharocles. Erwararru Whales da kisa na whales ba sa tsoron tsofaffin manyan kifayen kuma galibi suna farauta ne da samari megalodon.

Sanadin lalata

Masana binciken burbushin har yanzu ba za su iya ba da sunan daidai ba wanda ya zama yanke hukunci game da mutuwar megalodon, sabili da haka magana game da haɗuwa da abubuwan (sauran manyan masu hasashen yanayi da canjin yanayin duniya). An san cewa a cikin Pliocene epoch, tushe ya tashi tsakanin Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka, da Isthmus na Panama ya raba tekun Pacific da Atlantika. Bayan an canza kwatance, raƙuman ruwa mai sanyi ba zasu iya isar da adadin zafin da ake buƙata ba ga Arctic, kuma arewacin helisphere yana daɗaɗa sanyaya.

Wannan shine farkon mummunan yanayin da ya shafi rayuwar megalodons, waɗanda suka saba da ruwan dumi. A cikin Pliocene, manyan kifi Whales sun isa wurin ƙananan kifayen Whales, waɗanda suka fi son yanayin arewa mai sanyi. Manyan kifayen Whale sun fara ƙaura, suna iyo a cikin ruwa mai sanyi a lokacin bazara, kuma megalodon ya rasa abincin da ya saba gani.

Mahimmanci! A kusa da tsakiyar Pliocene, ba tare da samun damar cin abinci ko'ina cikin shekara ba, megalodons sun fara fama da matsananciyar yunwa, wanda hakan ya haifar da karuwancin mutane, wanda ya shafi ci gaban matasa musamman. Dalili na biyu game da mutuwar megalodon shine bayyanar magabatan kifayen whales na zamani, yatsun kifi, gogewar kwakwalwa da haɓaka da jagorancin rayuwar rayuwa baki ɗaya.

Sakamakon girman ƙarfinsu da hana aikin metabolism, megalodons sun ɓace ga ƙoshin kifi a cikin sharuddan saurin ruwa da motsawa. Megalodon ya kasance mai rauni a cikin sauran matsayi - bai iya ba da damar kare kwayoyi, kuma a lokaci-lokaci ya fada cikin maye (kamar yawancin kifayen fata). Ba abin mamaki bane cewa kisa mai kifi sau da yawa yana jin tsoro akan megalodons (yana ɓoye a cikin ruwan teku), kuma lokacin da suka haɗu, sun kashe mutane manya. An yi imanin cewa mafi yawan 'yan megalodons na kwanan nan waɗanda suka rayu a kudancin hemisphere.

Shin Megalodon yana da rai?

Wasu masana kimiyyar cryptozoo sun tabbata cewa dabbar dabbar dabbar dabbar zata iya rayuwa har zuwa yau. A karshe, sun ci gaba daga sanannun labarin: ana ganin jinsin ya lalace idan ba'a ga alamun kasancewar sa a duniyar ba sama da shekaru dubu 400.. Amma ta yaya a cikin wannan yanayin don fassara binciken masana ilimin binciken burbushin halittu da masana ilimin halittar fata? Harshen "sabo" na megalodons da aka samo a cikin Tekun Baltic kuma ba su da nisa daga Tahiti an gane su a matsayin "ƙuruciya" - shekarun hakora waɗanda basu da lokacin da za su iya tabbatar da su gaba ɗaya shekaru dubu 11.

Wani abin mamakin kwanannan wanda ya fara tun daga 1954 shine manyan hakora 17 wadanda suka makale a fagen jirgin ruwan Australiya Rachel Cohen kuma aka gano lokacin da aka tsallake harsashi daga kasa. An bincika hakora kuma an yanke hukunci cewa sun kasance a cikin megalodon.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Masu sukan mutane suna kiran abin da ya gabata “Rachelle Cohen” ajujuwa. Abokan adawar su basu gaji da maimaitawa cewa har zuwa yanzu 5-10% na nazarin Yankin Duniya, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a cire gaba daya ma'anar megalodon a cikin zurfinsa.

Mabiyan akidar megalodon na zamani dauke da muggan maganganu na ƙarfe suna tabbatar da sirrin ƙabilar dan shar. Don haka, duniya kawai ta gano game da batun kifayen kifaye a cikin 1828, kuma kawai a cikin 1897 gidan shark ya fito ne daga zurfin teku (a zahiri da kuma a zahiri), wanda aka sanya shi a zaman wani nau'in halitta mara lalacewa.

Ya kasance ne kawai a cikin 1976 cewa ɗan adam ya sami masaniya da mazaunan ruwa mai zurfi, manyan sharks, lokacin da ɗayansu ya makale a sarkar dabbar idodi da jirgin ruwa na bincike ya kusan. Oahu (Hawaii). Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana ganin manyan kifayen kifaye fiye da sau 30 (yawancinsu ana ɗaukar kaya a bakin tekun). Cikakken bincike na tekun bai yiwu ba tukuna, kuma babu wanda ya tsara wannan babban aiki. Kuma megalodon kanta, wanda ya saba da ruwa mai zurfi, ba zai kusanci gaɓar teku ba (saboda girman girmanta).

Hakanan zai kasance mai ban sha'awa:

Abokan hamayya na dindindin na babban dabbar shark, maniyyi whales, sun saba da matsanancin matsin lamba na ruwan kuma suna da kyau, suna tazarar kilomita 3 kuma lokaci-lokaci suna iyo don hadiye iska. Megalodon kuma yana da (ko kuwa yayi?) Yana da fa'ida ta fiskar kimiya ta jiki - tana da wadatar dake samar da iskar oxygen ga jiki. Megalodon bashi da kyakkyawan dalili don gano kasancewar sa, wanda ke nufin cewa akwai fata cewa har yanzu mutane zasu ji labarin sa.