Shahararrun falcon a tsakanin mutane marasa ilimin kimiyya shine peregrine falcon. Sanannen duniya na wannan nau'in an kawo shi ne ta ikon da yake da shi na haɓaka mai girma zuwa mita 90 a sakan na biyu (322 km / h) - ba wai tsuntsu mafi sauri ba ne, amma kuma mafi ƙanƙantar halitta a duniya.
Watsa shirye-shirye daga peregrine falcon kallon kyamarar kan layi a cikin Cathedral na St. Michel da St. Gudula a Brussels.
Oneaya da watanni watanni kafin saka ƙwai, namiji ya fara ciyar da mace ƙarfi (nasarar haifuwa ya dogara da kitsonta). Canjin peregrine falcons shine kyakkyawar gani: Namiji a kan tsuntsu ya wuce abin da yake ci ga mace, wanda ya juya a sararin sama don ɗaukar abinci daga kugunsa zuwa ga ta kudinta. Kwanciya-kwanciya, gwargwadon rigar gidan, yana farawa daga ƙarshen Fabrairu har zuwa tsakiyar Mayu (arewa, daga baya). Yawan masonry yawanci 3-4 (1 zuwa 5), qwai suna zagaye. Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 34-38. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 45, yara masu tsayi suna komawa ga fuka-fukai, amma daga makonni hudu zuwa shida suka zauna tare da iyayensu a yankin da suke zaune, daga baya suka sami 'yanci gaba daya. Matsakaicin rayuwa game da peregrine falcons shine shekaru 18.
Mutane da yawa sun yi amfani da Peregrine Falcons a matsayin tsuntsayen farauta. A zamanin da, sarki ko sarki ne kaɗai ke da irin wannan tsuntsu. Amma har yanzu farauta tare da peconrine falcon aiki ne mai tsada, wanda ba kowa bane zai iya ba.
Bayyanar Peregrine Falcon
Tsawon tsayin jiki na peregrine falcon ya bambanta tsakanin santimita 35-58. Maza suna kanana fiye da mace. Girman jikin mace shine kilogram 0.9-1.5, kuma maza ba sa samun gram sama da 450-750.
Watau, mace tayi sau 2 fiye da maza. Tsakanin matsakaici a cikin mace, bambanci a cikin nauyi na iya zama gram 300. A matsakaici, banbancin nauyi tsakanin mace da namiji shine kashi 30%. Girman fuka-fukan ya kai daga 75 zuwa 120 santimita.
Launin launin shuki daidai yake ga mace da maza. Ga kowane ɓangaren jiki, bambancin launi halayen ne. A cikin tsofaffi, fikafikan, baya da ƙashi biyu suna da launin shuɗi-baki. A kan wannan yanayin, ana iya ganin raunin launin shuɗi. Ciki ciki yana da duhu launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata mai duhu. Hannun fikafikan baƙaƙen fata ne. Wutsiya kunkuntar kuma dogo ce, gashinta yana zagaye kuma yana da launin baƙi tare da farin edging.
Peregrine Falcon ta ci ganima.
Yawancin kai baƙi ne. Gashin gashin baki yana shimfiɗa daga gashin baki zuwa makogwaron - fuka-fukan gashin launi. A kirji da gaban jiki suna da haske, sabanin asalin bakaken fata da suke kama da bambanci. Kafafu suna launin rawaya tare da fararen fata. Tushen gemu mai launin rawaya, kuma baki ne. Gashin ya ƙare da ƙananan hakora, wanda maƙiyin ya ciji kashin wanda aka azabtar. Idanun suna da girma, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, babu gashin fuka-fukai kusa da su - wannan fatar fata ce ta launin shuɗi.
Matasa mutane basu da bambanci sosai. Cikakkun bakinsu launin shuɗi ne ajikinsu mai launin shuɗi. A ɓangaren ƙananan ciki na ciki akwai gudana.
Halin Peregrine Falcon da abinci mai gina jiki
Falgrine falcons ta fi son zama nesa da mutane - a cikin kwari mai zurfi, cikin kwari mai zurfi, a gabar kogunan dutse da tabkuna ko kuma cikin yankuna masu nisa. Wadannan masu farautar suna ba da fifikon fifiko ga duwatsu, wanda a ciki zaka iya ɓoyewa daga manyan mafarauta. Wadannan falcons da kuma manyan wurare a cikin fadama, amma ba sa son a buɗe sararin samaniya da kuma wasu daga cikin dazuzzukan daji.
Migratory sune kawai waɗannan ƙasƙanci waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin yanki mai tsauri na Arctic. Don hunturu, suna zuwa kudu - zuwa Brazil, Amurka, Kudu maso gabas Asia. Kasuwancin da ke zaune a Indiya, Australiya, Afirka da Kudancin Amurka suna rayuwa duk shekara a cikin wannan yankin.
Da yake magana game da iyawar waɗannan tsuntsayen don nutsewa cikin babban gudu, yana da daraja a lura da sabon tsarin halittar baki. A cikin saurin girma, juriyawar iska yana ƙaruwa sosai, irin wannan matsanancin matsin lamba na iya haifar da fashewar huhu, amma peregrine falcon ba ya faruwa saboda suna da ƙwararrun ƙashi na musamman a kusa da hancin hancin da ke aiki a matsayin matattarar iska mai gudana, yana karkatar da shi zuwa gefe . Godiya ga wannan, peregrine falcons yana numfashi sauƙaƙe koda a lokacin faɗuwar sauri.
Jirgin Peregrine Falcon yana da sauri da sauri.
Idanun waɗannan falmoins ɗin ana kuma kiyaye su ta membranes na musamman, waɗanda ake kira karni na uku. Don haka, yanayi yayi tunani ta kowane abu zuwa mafi kankanta daki-daki domin peregrine falcons ta samu kwanciyar hankali koda ta fadi da gudun kilomita 620 a awa daya. Amma matsakaicin saƙo da aka rubuta wanda tsuntsayen nan masu ganuwa suke nisan kilomita 389 a awa daya. An yi wannan saurin a cikin 2005.
Saurari muryar peregrine falcon
Peregrine Falcons sune masu farauta na gaske, saboda haka, ba tare da karamin nadama ba, suna lalata wasu tsuntsayen. Abincinsu ya hada da adadi mai yawa na tsuntsaye. Yawansu ya kai dubu daya da rabi, waɗannan su ne kyaututtuka, damisa na daji, wayoyi, hummingbirds, magpies, starlings, cranes, crows, blackbirds da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari ga tsuntsaye, waɗannan falncin cin abinci baƙaƙen frooals Hakanan a cikin zancen wadannan mafarautan sune squirrels, hares da jemagu. Peregrine falcons da kwari suna ci, amma suna girka wani sashi na abincin. Peregrine falcons farauta, a matsayin mai mulkin, da safe da maraice, amma kuma suna iya ciyar da dare.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Wadannan tsuntsayen da ke cin ganyayyaki sunada aure, suna yin nau'i biyu domin rayuwa. Ma'aurata suna lalata ne kawai bayan mutuwar mace ko namiji. Wurare don tsuntsaye masu farauta iri ɗaya ne shekaru. Peregrine Falcons bata tara wuri daya ba. Kowane ma'aunin yana da nasa yanki, wanda tsuntsayen ke kiwo da kiwo. Tsakanin tsakanin kogon peregrine, nisan ya kai kilomita 2-3.
A yankuna daban-daban, lokacin canjin yana faruwa a lokuta daban-daban. Misali, peregrine falcons da ke zaune akan kayan kwadagon sunada masar daga watan Yuni zuwa Disamba. Pearin ƙananan peregrine falcons suna kwance ƙwai daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni. A mazaunan Kudancin hemisphere, wannan lokacin ya faɗi ne a kan Fabrairu-Maris.
Idan farkon ɓoye na farko ya ɓace saboda wasu dalilai, to, mace tana yin sabo. Yawanci, waɗannan falcons suna gina sheƙunansu a saman saman ƙasa, a kan tuddai mai zurfi ko cikin tsaunin bishiyoyi. Ya dogara da inda tsuntsaye suke zama. Wadannan tsuntsayen da ke cin abincin suna watsi da mazaunin sauran tsuntsayen.
Peregrine Falcon tsuntsu ne na ganima.
Kafin dabbar, tsuntsaye suna wasa mating, namiji yana yin wasu nau'ikan iska a gaban mace. Idan mace ta zauna a ƙasa kusa da namiji, wannan yana nuna cewa tana ɗauke da hankalinsa, don haka, an kafa biyu. Sanannen abu ne cewa maza za su iya ciyar da zaɓaɓɓun su a cikin iska, yayin da mace ta juya mahaifarta sama don cin abinci.
Clutch ya ƙunshi qwai 2-5. Dukkan iyayen suna da hannu a katangar zuriya. Amma mafi yawan lokuta mace tana ciyarwa a cikin gida, namiji kuwa yakan sami abinci. Lokacin shiryawa ya wuce sama da wata daya.
Kare sabon kajin an rufe shi da fararen fata da launin toka a ƙasa. Da farko, yaran ba su da taimako. Mace ta goge su da jikinta. Bayan watanni 1.5, kajin sun zama fuka-fuki. A ƙarshen wata na 2 na rayuwa, ƙananan dabbobi suna samun 'yanci gaba ɗaya kuma sun bar iyayensu.
Peregrines a cikin peregrines suna faruwa shekara 1 bayan haihuwa. A shekaru 2-3 na rayuwa, waɗannan falcons farawa da yawa. A cikin shekara guda, mace tana yin kama 1. Matsayin rayuwa a cikin daji shine matsakaita na shekaru 25, amma an yi imanin cewa falsafa suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 100-120. Yana iya zama haka, amma shaida ga wannan ka'idar babu wanzu.
A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, kusan kashi 60-70% na kananan tsuntsaye ke mutuwa. Wannan lambar ana rage ta zuwa kashi 30% a shekara. Yawancin waɗannan tsuntsayen ganima suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15-16, saboda suna da maƙiya da yawa.
Abokan gaba na peregrine falcon
Dukkanin magabatan ƙasa da sauran tsuntsaye waɗanda suka fi girma girma daga peregrine falmo sune abokan gabansu. Hauren giwa, mara fata, dawakai da ke kawo barazanar falke. Waɗannan mafarautan suna ɓata mazauni kuma suna cin masarar.
Amma babban makiyi ga peregrine falcon shine mutumin da ke fadada filin noma kuma yayi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, waxanda suke da mutu'a ba wai kawai ga kwari bane, har ma ga tsuntsayen da ke lalata wadannan kwari. Hakanan, mutane suna lalata yanayin rayuwa na peregrine falcons.
A wannan batun, a wasu ƙasashe peregrine falcons an jera su a cikin littafin Red. A yau wajibi ne don haɓaka matakai don kiyaye adadin nau'in halittu. Mutane sun saba da falsafan peregrine fal dubunnan shekaru, mutane sun yi amfani da waɗannan dabbobin da ke da dabara a cikin falconry, saboda suna da mutuƙar sauri da sauri.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Peregrine Falcon Incubator
Don hana peconrine falcon ya zama nau'in haɗari a cikin babban birnin, Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta shirya aiwatar da matakan dawo da yawan wannan tsuntsu mai saurin lalacewa a cikin shekarar Tsarin Halittu.
A kan umarnin sashen a Kwalejin Bincike na Duk-Rasha, wata babbar cibiyar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa, a farkon shekara fiye da 15 peregrine falcon falcons aka karɓa daga nau'i-nau'i na iyaye.
Bayan zaɓi na hukumar ƙwararru, 15 daga cikin waɗannan kajin an sake su cikin mazauninsu na asali. Kajin da suka girma daga baya suka zauna a cikin gine-ginen babban birnin, amma da farko tsarin aikin jinya na gaba.
Iyaye da kansu ba su tsinke ƙwai da tsayi ba: galibin lokacin da ƙwai suke cikin incubator. Kuma a farkon shekara, ƙananan falloli sun ga hasken.
"Duk da haka, wadannan ba ducks ba ne ko kaji da ke afkawa shekara-shekara. Ga peregrine falcons, wannan abune mai saurin faruwa, saboda tsuntsu babba ne, tsuntsu mai saurin gaske wanda ke buƙatar 'yancin walwala da' yancin walwala," in ji Sergei Burmistrov.
Duk da cewa an haifi kajin a zaman talala, kwararru sun yi komai don tabbatar da cewa sun samar da yanayin da ya dace da yanayin.
Kuma ko da yake a lokacin haihuwa waɗannan kyawawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu laushi suna kama don haka yana da wuya a iya kamewa kuma kada a bugi su, an haramta yin hakan.
"Abu mafi mahimmanci ga kajin, ba wai kawai ga kajin ba, amma ga kowace dabba, ita ce farkon ra'ayi. Saboda haka, an ciyar da su ta hanyar buɗe kofofin na musamman a cikin akwatunan don kada su yi tunanin cewa mutumin dangi ne," in ji Sergei game da subtleties na aiwatar.
Housewarming a cikin Kremlin
Bayan kajin sun girma kadan kuma suka canza gashin gashinsu kamar su kwarara, an kwashe su zuwa akwatunan, an sanya su a wurare da yawa a Moscow.
Daga cikin su akwai hasumiyar Konstantin-Eleninsky na Kremlin da rufin gidan No. 41 akan titin Profsoyuznaya. A ranar Lafiyayyen halittu, Ministan albarkatun kasa na Rasha da Lafiyar Sergey Donskoy da Anton Kulbachevsky, shugaban sashen Kula da Yanayi na Moscow sun “sake tura kajin” zuwa Kremlin.
Sergei Burmistrov ya ce kafin a saki kajin a cikin daji, sun kwashe kimanin makonni biyu a cikin sabbin kwalaye. Wannan kuma wani bangare ne na fasahar kere-kere a cikin mazaunin halitta.
"Yanzu tsoffin falsafa sun yi kama, farauta, dubawa kuma nan da nan za su kara zuwa lokacin zafi don lokacin hunturu. Idan wadannan tsuntsayen sun dawo bazara mai zuwa, da alama za su zauna cikin wadannan akwatina," in ji masanin.
Tare da kyakkyawar haɗuwa da yanayi, ma'aurata zasu iya bayyana a tsakanin waɗannan peregrine falcons, sannan ɗiyan tsuntsaye masu zuwa zasu ga akwatunan.
Amma, ba shakka, tsoffin maƙwabta "komin dabbobi" ba za su zauna tare ba, kamar yadda a cikin ɗakin kwanan dalibai, tsuntsaye masu jinsi-biyar daban-daban a cikin dambe. Sabili da haka, ana kuma sanya irin waɗannan ginin a cikin wasu manyan gine-ginen Moscow - waɗanda wuraren da peregrine Falcons suka fi zama a ciki.
Duk da cewa akwai manyan gine-gine masu yawa a cikin babban birnin, ba kowane ɗayansu ya dace da rayuwar fallar peregrine.
Burmistrov ya ce: "Idan wani ya yi ta tafiya a kai a kai, tsuntsayen za su tashi da sauri. Irin wannan yanayin bai dace da su ba cikin zaman lafiya," in ji Burmistrov.
Wani abu mai kama da haka ya faru tare da fasalin ginin ma'aikatar harkokin waje da kuma babban dutsen Stalinist akan Kotelnicheskaya Embankment. Da zarar wani lokaci, peregrine falcons shima ya zauna a can, amma saboda maye gurbin mashin a ginin ma'aikatar harkokin waje, lallai ne su tashi. Duk da wannan, bayan kammala aikin gyara, tsuntsaye na iya komawa can.
Kuma a cikin ginin Lomonosov Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, tsuntsaye sun daɗe suna rayuwa. A wannan shekara, mutanen da ke lura da halayensu sun ji sautin ƙananan kajin. Sai ya zama cewa wasu 'peregrine falcons suna da jarirai uku. An sake kiran su, bincika su kuma an sake sanya su a cikin gida.
Alamar muhalli
Peregrine Falcon tana a saman saman abinci, don haka idan yana zaune wani wuri, duk sauran tsararru na flora da fauna suna cikin tsari.
A cikin Moscow, falcon yana ciyar da kusan duk abin da ya tashi. Daga cikin abincinsa akwai kurciya, pigeons.
Abubuwan beraye kamar bera da beraye basa ciyar da peregrine falcons sabili da hanyarsu ta farauta - koda irin wannan mahimmin jirgin sama bazai iya ɗaukar gaggawa ba a ƙasan ƙasa da sauri sama da 300 km / h.
Kwarewar yamma
A cikin wata hira da ya yi da wakilin Moscow 24, Sergey Burmistrov ya lura cewa, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun ta Moscow na shirin ci gaba da aiki kan yadda za a iya dawo da yawan masu cutar ta peregrine. Ya kuma raba kwarewar abokan aikinsa na Yammacin duniya, waɗanda suka sami damar jawo hankalin talakawa 'yan ƙasa ga masu cutar fal.
"A Amurka, idan akwai peconrine falcon a saman rufin gidanka, to lallai ne su sanya kyamarori da tarkunan kyamara wadanda ke yada hoton ta hanyar yanar gizo akan plasma a harabar ginin. Mafi kyawun tsarin," in ji masanin.
Daga gine-ginen babban birnin da suka dace da daidaita tsuntsayen, Sergei ya yi jerin gwanon gine-ginen Moscow City, yana kiransu wuri mafi dacewa da pecrin falcon ya rayu.
Falcon farauta
Peregrine Falcon ita ce tsuntsaye mafi sauri a duniya, kuma babu wani nau'in da zai iya yin gasa da shi. Mutane sun san wannan game da zamanin da kuma suna amfani da falsafan farauta don farauta.
A Rasha, an kira falconry farautar manyan manyan abubuwa saboda dalili. Gaskiyar ita ce cewa waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da muhimmiyar rarrabe alama - ba sa wasa masu kama-da-ido tare da waɗanda ke fama da su kamar yadda masu shayarwa iri ɗaya suke.
Falcon yana rayuwarsa daga abincinta daga sama, yana haɓaka saurin sama da kilomita 300 / h kuma yana yankan shi da hudubarsa mai kaifi. Yana da matukar ban mamaki sosai, don haka falconry ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya kuma har yanzu ya kasance ɗayan wasanni masu fitattu.