Wataƙila, kowannenmu aƙalla sau ɗaya ya tambayi kansa wannan tambayar, kuma a cikin neman amsar mun sami juzu'i da yawa na saɓani. Wasu suna jayayya cewa yau ta tattara a cikin raƙumi, wasu suna magana game da babban ajiyar ruwa, saboda yaya kuma zai bayyana ikonsu na rayuwa a cikin hamada mai zafi? Abin baƙin ciki ga mutane da yawa, duka juyi ba daidai ba ne. Amma idan haka ne, to menene raƙuma suke ɓoye a cikin mafi mahimmancin jikinsu?
Me yasa rakumi ya nutsar?
Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa dabbobin raƙumi sune kwantena na musamman don ruwa wanda jirgin ruwan "hamada" yake ajiyar ɗakunan danshi idan anyi dogon ƙaura. Kowa ya san cewa in ban da ruwa, rakumi na iya zama cikin nutsuwa na tsawon makonni a cikin yanayin Afirka mai zafi ko Gabas ta Tsakiya. A gefe guda, akwai wasu gaskiya a cikin, amma a zahiri wannan gaskiyar ba gaba ɗaya gaskiyane ba.
Tsarin rakumi
A zahiri, raƙuman raƙumi ba su adana ruwa, amma adana kitse, watau tanadin abinci idan akwai yanayi da ba tsammani ba da kuma lokacin gaggawa.
Ana haila raƙuman dabbobi ba tare da hanyoyin kashin baya ba, tun da ƙarancin kitse ya bayyana bayan jariran sun wuce daga madarar uwa zuwa abinci mai ƙarfi. Babban abincin rakumi shine ƙamshi iri ɗaya, wanda ba wasu dabbobi ke ci ba.
Fasali na jikin rakumi
Mafi kyawun bayyanannen fasalin jikin rakumi kwatankwacinsu. Dangane da nau'in, za'a iya samun ɗaya ko biyu.
Mahimmanci! Wani fasalin jikin rakumi shine iyawarsa na sauƙaƙa zafin zafi da ƙarancin zafi. Tabbas, a cikin hamada da maɓuɓɓugan kwari akwai bambance-bambancen zazzabi da yawa.
Mayafin raƙuma yana da kauri da kauri, kamar dai an daidaita shi ne don yanayin mahalli na hamada, da farare da kuma matsakaici. Akwai nau'ikan raƙuma guda biyu - Bactrian da dromedary. Bactrian yana da suturar denser da yawa fiye da dromedary. Tsawon da yawa na gashi a sassa daban-daban na jikin mutum ya bambanta.
A matsakaici, tsayinsa kusan 9 cm ne, amma yana yin jinkiri mai tsawo daga ƙarshen wuya. Kyakkyawan gashi kuma yana girma a saman humps, a kai, inda yake nuna kamannin crest a saman da gemu a ƙasa, da kan wuyan wuyan wuyan.
Masana sun danganta wannan da cewa a wannan hanyar dabba tana kare mafi mahimmancin jikin mutum daga zafi. Gashin kanannan na cikin ciki, wanda hakan ke basu isasshen isasshen zafin. Wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwa a wuraren da akwai bambancin zafin jiki na yau da kullun.
An kare hanci da idanun dabba daga yashi. Don adana danshi a cikin jiki, raƙuma kusan basa yin gumi. Kafafu na raƙumi kuma an daidaita su don rayuwa cikin jeji. Ba su zamewa a kan duwatsu ba kuma suna yin haƙuri da yashi mai zafi.
Guda biyu ko biyu
Akwai nau'ikan raƙuma iri biyu - tare da ɗayan humps biyu. Akwai manyan nau'ikan rakuma guda biyu, yayin da ban da girma da yawan humps, raƙuma ba su da bambanci. Dukkan jinsunan an daidaita su sosai don rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Raƙumi ɗaya mai raƙatar da asali ya rayu ne kawai a Afirka.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Raƙuman daji a cikin ƙasarsu Mongolia ana kiransu Haptagai, kuma waɗanda muke cikin gida ana kiransu Bactrians. An ba da jerin nau'in daji na raƙumi mai raƙumi biyu a cikin Littafin Farko.
Har ya zuwa yau, mutane kaɗan ne kawai suka rage. Waɗannan dabbobi manya-manya ne, haɓakar namiji mai girma ya kai 3 m, kuma nauyi zuwa 1000 kg. Koyaya, irin waɗannan girma ba na kowa ba ne, tsayin da ya saba da shi ya kai kimanin 2 - 2.5 m, da nauyin kilo 700-800. Matan sun yi dan kadan, girman su bai wuce 2.5 m ba, kuma nauyin daga 500 zuwa 700 kg.
Dromedaries raƙumi ɗaya-humped sunyi ƙasa kaɗan da takwarorinsu biyu masu madaidaici. Halinsu bai wuce kilogiram 700 ba, kuma tsayinsa ya kai m 2.3. Amma waɗannan da sauran mutane, ana iya yanke hukunci game da yanayin su ta hanyar humps. Idan suna tsaye, to dabba tana cike da lafiya. Idan humps din sun jingina, to wannan yana nuna cewa dabbar ta dade tana fama da yunwa. Bayan raƙumi ya kai ga abinci da ruwa, sai an sake dawo da siffar humps ɗin.
Rayuwar Camel
Garkunan dabbobi dabbobi ne. Yawancin lokaci ana yin su cikin rukuni na 20 zuwa 50. Yana da matukar wahalar samun rakumi na mahaɗa, a ƙarshe an ƙusance su ga garken. A tsakiyar garken kuwa mata ne da cubasan. Tare da gefuna sune mafiya ƙarfi maza. Don haka, suna kare garke daga waje. Suna yin jigilar dogon lokaci daga wuri zuwa wuri har zuwa kilomita 100 don neman ruwa da abinci.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Rakumi galibi suna zaune a hamada, hamada da kuma kwari. A matsayin abinci, suna amfani da hatsin rai, ciyawa, ƙaya raƙumi da saxaul.
Duk da cewa raƙuma na iya rayuwa har zuwa kwanaki 15 ko sama da haka ba tare da ruwa ba, har yanzu suna buƙatar ta. A lokacin damina, manyan rukunin raƙuma suna taruwa a bankunan koguna a ƙasan tsaunuka inda takaddama na ɗan lokaci.
A cikin hunturu, raƙuma na iya kame ƙishirwa da dusar ƙanƙara. Wadannan dabbobin sun gwammace da ruwa mai tsafta, amma jikinsu an tsara shi ne domin su iya sha da gishiri. Lokacin da suka isa ga ruwa, zasu iya shan fiye da lita 100 a cikin mintuna 10. Yawancin lokaci dabbobi masu nutsuwa ne, amma a lokacin bazara zasu iya zama masu tayar da hankali, akwai lokutan da maza manya ke bin motoci har ma da kaiwa mutane hari.
Me yasa raƙumi yake buƙatar nutsarwa
Na dogon lokaci, an yi imanin cewa raƙuma suna buƙatar humps kamar shagunan ruwa. Wannan sigar ta shahara sosai kuma mai gamsarwa cewa sun musanta ta kwanannan. Masana ilimin kimiyya bayan jerin karatun sunyi nasarar tabbatar da cewa humps din basu da wata alaka da ajiyar danshin bada rai na jiki. Danshi a bayan raƙumi wani irin shago ne na kayan abinci.
A takaice dai, waɗannan manyan jaka ne na kitse mai ƙyalƙyali da rakumi “ke amfani da shi” a lokutan yunwar. Wadannan humps sune tushen abinci mai mahimmanci ga mutane a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna inda ake amfani da kamal a matsayin kayan abinci. Bugu da kari, humps din suna aiwatar da mai zazzabi, saboda wanda rakumi bai cika zafi ba.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Don raƙuma waɗanda ba sa buƙatar abinci, humps suna tsaye a tsaye, suna alfahari suna tashi sama da bayan mai su. A cikin dabbobi masu jin yunwa, suna sag. Guraren rakumi na iya yin kashi 10-15% na dabbar, shine kilogram 130-150.
Me yasa raƙumi ya nutsar da abin da ke cikin?
A zahiri, kitse ya tara cikin rigar raƙumi, daidai da wanda nake da, da kai, da sauran mutane da dabbobi da yawa. Yawanci, dabbobi masu shayarwa suna tara tsohuwar nama a cikin tsokoki ko a cikin fata, amma raƙuma dabbobi ne na musamman, suna tara kitse a cikin ciyawar, wanda ke ciyar da su yayin tafiye-tafiye mai nisa. Ruwan raƙumi yana iya nauyin kilo 35, saboda haka suna da ikon yin har zuwa makonni 2. Idan raƙumi ya ciyar da lokaci mai tsawo ba tare da abinci ba, hump ya fara raguwa sosai kuma zai faɗi a gefe ɗaya. Don kawo tsari, raƙumi yana buƙatar hutawa da haɓaka abinci mai kyau na kwanaki.
Duk da duk abubuwan da ke sama, Tashin mai a cikin raƙumi yana aiki kawai azaman abinci kuma baya iya yin ruwa mai daɗi.
A ina raƙuma suke samun ruwa daga ina suke ajiyewa?
Idan girman raƙumi a zahiri ba ya taka rawa wajen kiyayewa da samar da ruwa, tambaya mai ma'ana ta taso: "Daga ina raƙuma suke samun ruwa daga ina aka ajiye shi?" Ana iya amsa wannan tambaya cikin sauƙi - raƙuma suna sha kawai kuma suna shan ruwa sosai, a lokaci dabba zata iya shan ruwa kusan lita 75. Duk da wannan, raƙuma suna shan ruwa ne kawai domin shayar da ƙishirwarsu da kuma dawo da matakan ruwa na yau da kullun a cikin jiki, yayin da ba sa iya ajiye ruwa don gaba.
Rakumi tare da Ciwon ciki
Yadda raƙuma suke yi ba tare da ruwa ba
Sirrin raƙuma ya ta'allaka ne a jikinsu na musamman.
Da fari dai, raƙuma na iya rage asarar danshi daga jiki, da wuya a raunata su, kuma fitowar su ta bushe sosai, kuma fitsari yana mai da hankali sosai. Haka kuma, rakumin rakumi an tsara shi ta wannan hanyar danshi ba ya barin jiki da iska mai ƙoshin iska, amma yana ɗaukar kan bango na hanci da gudana baya. Muhimmiyar sifa ta sashin halittar wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa ita ce damar dawwama da manyan canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki. A lokacin rana, zafin jikin rakumi na iya bambanta daga 32.2 ° C zuwa 40.6 ° C, kuma kawai lokacin da ya isa mafi girman jure yanayin raƙumi yakan fara yin ɗumi. Don kwatantawa, zafin jikin mutum na al'ada shine 36.6 ° C kuma idan kuka ƙara shi da 1 ° C kawai, yana iya rigaya yana nufin cewa ba ku da lafiya.
Abu na biyu, raƙuma suna da tsayayya wa rashin bushewar jiki: suna iya jure wa shan kashi 30-40% na ruwan jiki. Don kwatantawa, asarar 20% na ruwa ga mutum yana da mutuwa, yayin da, tare da asarar 10%, raunin raunin ya fara.
Me yasa rakumi ya nutsar da baya?
Bayan karanta wannan labarin, mutane kaɗan ne ke da wannan tambayar, saboda mun riga mun fahimci cewa hump ɗin shine tushen abinci ga raƙuma. Amma idan kayi tunani game da shi, dabbobin da yawa suna da kitse, ana rarraba su ko'ina cikin jiki, kuma raƙuma kawai suke adana shi a cikin ciyawar. Me yasa? Kamar yadda ka sani, yanayi baya yin komai a komai, kuma rigar rakumi hakika yana da wasu kaddarorin masu amfani. Tunda rana take haskakawa daga sama, rakumin rakumi ya zama garkuwa a gareshi, yana kare dabbobi daga hasken rana. Bugu da kari, tunda kitse yana cin amana fiye da ruwa, gurgun yana hana jiki sanyaya cikin hasken rana kai tsaye. Hakanan ana kare jini daga zafi: saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin mai ba su buƙatar iskar oxygen, tasoshin jini sun ƙetare ƙasa da hump, a cikin yanki na sanyin sanyi. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, wasu nau'ikan raƙuma suna da sutura mai kauri a bangon baya, yayin da a duk sauran sassan jikin mutum sutturar ta fi ƙyalƙyali. Wannan tsarin jikin yana taimakawa fitar da zafi daga hasken rana kai tsaye daga sama kuma sanyaya rakumi daga kasa.
Kuna iya gano tsawon kwanakin rakumi zai iya rayuwa ba tare da ruwa ba, kazalika da sauran tabbatattun hujjoji masu ban sha'awa game da waɗannan dabbobin, daga cikin labarinmu a ɓangaren Labaran Fahimta.
Bayyanar raƙuma
Kamar yadda ka sani, akwai nau'ikan raƙuma guda biyu: ɗaya-humped da biyu-humped. Sau da yawa ana kiransu Dromedary da Bactrian, bi da bi. Dabbobin da suka manyanta suna yin awo, a matsakaita, daga 500 zuwa 800 kg, kuma haɓakar manya ya kai mita 2.1.
Raƙumi-da-humped guda biyu-biyu sun banbanta da adadin humps kaɗai, har ma da launin launi. Tsoffin suna da gashi mai launin shuɗi-ɗaya, ɗayan kuma mai launin duhu ne. Raƙuma suna da dogon wuya, arched, kunnuwa ƙanana ne da zagaye.
Tsarin ƙafafunsu yana ba raƙuma damar motsawa tare da yashi ba tare da faɗuwa ba. Yatsun raƙuman suna da haɗin gwiwa kuma suna haɓaka tafin hannu guda. Ideafa ƙafafun yatsa biyu - don motsi a kan yashi da aka sako ko ƙananan duwatsu.
Habitat
Rashin binciken archaeological ya ba masana kimiyya damar yanke hukuncin cewa raƙuman daji suna zaune a cikin yankuna na babban yanki na Asiya ta Tsakiya. Dabbobi sun yaɗu cikin Gobi da wasu yankuna na hamada na Mongolia da China. A gabas, mazaunin su ya kai babban gaɓar Kogin Rawaya, kuma a yamma - zuwa iyakar Kazakhstan ta tsakiya da tsakiyar Asiya.
Ana kiran raƙuman daji haptagai. An adana su a cikin sassan 4 na keɓaɓɓun yankuna na Mongolia (Zaaltai Gobi da ƙananan matakan Edren da Shivet-Ulan, har zuwa kan iyaka da Sin) da China (a yankin Lake Lobnor). A yau kusan babu raƙuman daji, adadinsu bai wuce ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan mutane ba kuma yana jin daɗin raguwa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaban aiki na yankuna.
Rayuwa & Abinci
Garkunan dabbobi dabbobi ne. Suna riƙe da rukuni na 5 zuwa 20 (wani lokacin har zuwa 30) shugabannin, wanda mata da yawa tare da zuriya suna da namiji ɗaya da ke jagorantar garken. Sau da yawa samari ma kan shiga garken, amma a lokacin kiwo sukan fita daga kungiyar.
Raƙuman daji a cikin yanayi suna yawo daga wuri zuwa wani. Mafi yawansu suna zaune a wuraren dutse, wuraren da ba kowa, a cikin kwari da kuma a cikin shimfidar wurare, tare da ciyayi mai ƙarancin ciyawa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. Rakumi dabbobi ne. Suna ciyar da hodgepodge, tsintsiya, ƙaya raƙumi da saxaul.
Duk da gaskiyar cewa raƙuma zasu iya yin ba tare da ruwa ba har zuwa sati biyu, yana da mahimmanci a gare su. Manyan rukunin raƙuma suna tarawa bayan an yi ruwan sama a gabar koguna ko kuma a tsaunin tsauni, inda zub da jini na ɗan lokaci. A cikin hunturu, raƙuma na iya shayar da ƙishirwa da dusar ƙanƙara, kuma in babu ingantaccen ruwa su ma suna iya shan gishiri.
Me yasa rakumi zai iya tafiya ba tare da ruwa na dogon lokaci ba?
Ta wace hanya raƙumi yake cika ruwa da kuma biyan buƙatarsa ta danshi yau da kullun Wataƙila mai ruɗin biyu zai iya yin ba tare da shan komai ba ... Ya juya cewa raƙumi sigar haɓaka ce da ke isa da kansa. Dabbobin suna karbar ruwa ta hanyar sarrafa kitse da aka tara cikin hump by oxidation. Sakamakon abin da aka yi, ana fitar da milili 107 na ruwa daga gram 100 na kitse na ciki.
Da alama hakan zai iya zama da sauki - oxidized kitsen da ke jikin mutum, kuma cinye ruwan da kanka, ba tare da zuwa wurin ba. Me yasa sauran dabbobi basu iya daidaitawa da rayuwar hamada? Don hada hadawan kitse na kitse na jiki, ana bukatar manyan oxygen a jikin su, wanda dabbar na bukatar shakar iska sosai. Tare da irin wannan numfashi mai ƙarfi, bushe da iska mai zafi zasu shiga jikin wakilin talakawa na duniyar dabba, kuma cike da danshi zai tafi.
Rakumi ya yi sa'a a wannan batun. Lokacin da ya sha ruwa, ya riƙe tafin hancin sirri ta madatsar da shi kuma ana tattara shi a can, bayan haka ya koma bakin, daga inda ya bazu ko'ina cikin jiki. Don haka, asarar ƙwayoyin ruwa mai mahimmanci an hana shi.
Amma rakumi baya raina ruwa. Idan za ta yiwu, zai iya cinye kusan lita 200 a zaune guda, kuma yana sha da sauri - a cikin mintuna 10 har zuwa lita 100. Kuma a cikin zabi na ruwa, mai-humped-biyu ba abin kunya bane. Zai dace da sabo da ruwan gishiri. Kuma wannan sigar musamman fasali na "jirgin ruwan hamada". Hisarfinsa na rage hasarar danshi zuwa ƙaramin abu shima yana taimaka wa rayuwa ta yanayin zafi.
Wasu masana kimiyyar suna da tabbacin cewa danshi wanda ya shiga jikin rakumi an rarraba shi a ko'ina cikin kyallen, kuma baya cikin tara kwatancen. Idan wannan gaskiya ne, to idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobin, haɗuwa da gishiri a cikin raƙuma zai zama tsari ne na ƙanƙan da girma. Yau an san shi da tabbas cewa wannan ba haka bane.
Raƙumi dabba ce mai daɗin jini, amma tana da fasali guda ɗaya. Idan yawancin wakilan fauna suna kula da yawan zafin jiki guda a cikin yini, to, raƙuma suna iya daidaita yawan zafin jikinsu gwargwadon lokacin rana da yawan zafin jiki na yanayi. Rakumi ya bambanta a tsakanin digiri 35-45 Celsius. Ta wannan hanyar, dabbar za ta iya rage asarar danshi ta gumi tare da karuwa da yawan zafin rana a hamada.
Kuma duk da haka, raƙuma ba sa taɓa shan wahala daga rashin ruwa, sabanin yawancin dabbobi, waɗanda kan iya mutuwa sakamakon karancin ruwa a jiki idan asarar ruwan ya kai kusan 20% na jikin mutum. Rakumi, da ya ɓace ko da kashi 40% na kayan ruwansa, zai ci gaba da ɗaukar jikinsa ba kawai ba, har ma da nauyin da aka sanya ma sa zuwa mafijin mafi kusa ba tare da wani sakamako na musamman ba.
Me yasa raƙumi ya nutsar?
Yanzu ya zama a bayyane dalilin da yasa wasu mutane suke da humps guda ko biyu da aka rataye a gefansu. Rakumi ya yi asara mai sauƙi: duk mai mai da ya canza asirin ya tafi sha. Da zaran rakumi ya sarrafa don murmurewa, samun nauyi na yau da kullun, watau sha da ci, ragowar “faɗuwa” zai sake komawa matsayinsa na asali.