Masana kimiyya sun bayyana cewa, zebra shine mafi tsohon wakilcin tsarin daidaituwa, yayin da ake rarrabe ta da tsarinta na musamman. 'Yan uwanta na kusa za a iya ɗaukar su kamar doki da jaki.

Wakilan farko na rukunin halittar 'artiodactyl' sun bayyana a duniyarmu kimanin shekaru miliyan 54 da suka gabata Waɗannan su ne magabatan dawakai na zamani, da jakuna da jakai. Girman su ya fi waɗanda suke na zamani zur, kuma lalle sun bambanta sosai da na ƙarshen.

An dauki shekaru miliyan 52 kafin wakilan wannan haramcin su dauki matakin karshe. Daga nan aka rarraba ƙasar zuwa ƙungiya ƙungiya, suka bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Yanayin da kowane rukunin ya rayu ya canza tsawon lokaci, gungun rukunin da kansu sun zama masu nisa da juna, kuma a ƙarshe sakamakon irin wannan rarrabuwa shine kasancewar waɗancan nau'in halittar artiodactyl waɗanda a halin yanzu mun sani.

Zebroid

Don haka ba shi da wata matsala a faɗi cewa ire-iren wadannan ire-iren ire-iren wadannan dabbobi wadanda ke rayuwa a gefe tare da mu (kuma wadannan dawakai, jakai ne da zebras) sune sakamakon cigaban halitta, wanda yake gudana shekaru miliyan 54. Mutumin ya ba da wakilai da yawa na wannan aikin, amma zebra ta tsere daga wannan almarar. Wataƙila dalilin wannan shine ƙananan haƙurin waɗannan dabbobi. Wannan yanki ne na duniyar dabba - yana da ikon haɓaka haɓaka mai girma, amma ya gaji da sauri. Kuma yanayin wannan dabba ba sukari bane! Amma a waje na zebra na da kyau kwarai da kyan gani.

Zebroids samfuri ne na ƙetare nau'ikan dabbobi daga asalin halittar doki.

A bayyane yake cewa waɗannan halayen ne - saƙo da kyakkyawa - waɗanda suka sa mutum ya mallaki gidan dutsen zebra. Ba a yanke shawarar yin wannan ba a hanyar da ta fi dacewa, ita ce, ta hanyar ƙetara wannan kyakkyawar daji tare da wasu daidaitattun abubuwa, waɗanda suke dangin zebras. A sakamakon irin wannan maye, an samo dabbobin da ba ba a sani ba sunayensu. Sunayensu na kowa shine zebroids. Wannan sunan ya fito ne daga haɗuwa da kalmomi biyu: zebra da matasan.

Damakar zebra da jaki.

Anan akwai misalan irin wannan giciye:

Idan kun ƙetare zebra da doki, sakamakon shine zakari (Zorse, wanda aka kafa shi daga kalmomin Turanci "doki" - "doki" da "zebra" - "zebra".

Damakar zebra da doki.

Jakar ze haye tare da jaki a sakamakon haka yana bayar da zonka (Zedonk ko Zonkey hade da Turanci “zebra” - “zebra” da “jaki” - “jaki”).

Game da batun tsallake zebra da kuru, kun sami zoni (Zony hade ne da turanci “zebra” - “zebra” da “pony” - “pony”).

Zebroids ana bred don inganta wasu halaye na dabbobi daban-daban don amfani dasu a gona.

Sanannen sanannen zonk (jakin jakin-jakin) ya kasance ne a cikin Gidan San Sanon Sangoon na Lancashire. Wannan zebroid din ya tuka keken a gefen titi har zuwa mutuwarsa.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.

Duniya

Yin kwaikwayon motsin jikin dabbobi wani abu ne da ya dawwama a wurin injiniyoyi. Motar tana da ƙafafun huɗu don daidai wannan ainihin dalilin da yasa madaidaitan ƙasa ke da ƙafafu huɗu. Robots na Android, a gaskiya, suna yin kwaikwayon motsi na jikin mutum, masu amfani da robotic masu masana'antu suna kwafin duk digiri shida na 'yancin ɗan adam, kuma injiniyoyin Dan Dashinan na Boston za su iya zama kuskure ga dabbobi yanzu.

Amma yaro-ba- babin suna ci gaba da jujjuya yanayi don wahayin, kuma kwanan nan barayin baranda sun ja hankalin su. Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Harvard sunyi nazari kan yadda yanayin kwari ke tafiya, sakamakon abin da suka gano cewa kwarangwal din maɗaukakiyar waje na zakara yana ba shi damar shawo kan matsalolin ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Da farko, barayin sun yi karo da gaske a cikin cikas, wanda daga baya ya canza alkibla ba tare da rasa saurin gudu ba (a takaice dai, yana cinye kuzari sosai a fannin tattalin arziki). Godiya ga wannan kadara, ankara samun sauƙin cuku cuku cuku-cuwa daga cikin marassa kyau. Babban ban sha'awa ga injiniya shine ikon kwari don ratsa taɓataccen gibin, duk da kasancewar ƙwayar chitinous mai ƙarfi.

Da yake magana game da fasahohin da dabbobi ke amfani da shi, mutum ba zai iya ambaci jirgin sama ba: waɗanda suka kirkiro jirgi na farko sun yi ƙoƙarin yin koyi da tsuntsayen har ma a zahiri, suna tilasta motocinsu su ninka fikafikansu. Amma lokaci ya sanya komai a wurinsa: daga tsuntsaye, mutane sun fara koyon yanayin motsa jikinsu kuma suna amfani dashi koda a cikin sufuri na ƙasa.

Injiniyoyi masu saukar ungulu da ke Japan sun ci karo da matsala saboda yanayin tsaunin wannan kasar. Yawancin tashoshi dole ne a gina su don sanya layin, amma a ƙofar gare su, tsakar gida tana damfara iska a gabanta. Ficewar daga kofofin da aka yi da mutane tare da babban kara, yana tsoratar da fasinjoji da masu sa ido a waje.

An warware matsalar an gode wa injiniyan, wanda, ban da aikin, yana da sha'awar ornithology. Ya lura cewa kayan sarki, ruwa a cikin ruwa, a zahiri basa haifar da fashewar ruwa. A cewar injiniyan, wannan ya faru ne saboda siffar gashin baki. Tabbas, don bunkasa wannan tunanin, ya dauki gwaje-gwajen da yawa a cikin ramin iska, amma siffar begen tsuntsu shine mafarin gwaje-gwajen. Sakamakon haka, maharban suka karbi hancin tsuntsu kuma suka fara fita daga cikin tashoshin da suka rage nesa ba kusa ba.

Za'a iya amfani da wata fasahar dabbobi masu tashi a cikin littattafan e-littattafai. Masana kimiyya sunyi amfani da ka'idodin tunani na haske ta hanyar sikeli akan fuka-fukai na narkakken bishiyoyi na nymphalide, suna haɓakawa bisa ga kayansa don canza launin toka na lantarki Mirasol. Kari akan haka, dukiyar da fikafikan buɗe ido ke canza launi dangane da yawan zafin jiki zai samar da tushen ƙirƙirar na'urori masu motsa jiki masu zafi.

Lambar tushe

Wutar lantarki da janareto har yanzu gaskiya suke yi. Wadanda suka kirkira basu iya ganin asalinsu a dabi'a ba: a cikin karni na 19 babu wani microscopes na lantarki wanda ya sanya damar yin bincike dalla-dalla game da na'urar da ka'idodin aiki na enzyme na ATP, injin kwayoyi game da dubunnan nanomita a girma. A halin yanzu, akidar yin amfani da injin lantarki yana cikin wannan furotin tare da wata matacciyar alheri.

Matsakaicin sashi (analog na stator) an gyara shi a cikin membrane na mitochondria ko chloroplast, kuma ciki shine ɓangaren juzu'in kwayoyin - rotor. Wannan injin din motsi yana amfani da bambanci mai girma a cikin membrane: ana fitar da ion hydrogen masu inganci daga cikin ƙwayar mitochondria yayin lokacin motsawar salula. Daga can, suna da wuya su shiga cikin ciki, inda cajin ba su da kyau, amma hanyarsu guda daya zuwa mitochondria ita ce ta hanyar kwayar halitta ta ATP synthase. Ta hanyar juya "rotor", protons suna haifar da furotin ya haifar da kwayar halitta ta ATP - man inshocellular. ATP synthase na iya samun wata hanyar yin aiki: lokacin da akwai yawan ATP kuma ƙwaƙwalwar membrane bai isa ba, enzyme na iya amfani da mai da famfon a sabanin hakan, yana ƙaruwa da bambanci mai yuwuwar. Saboda haka, injin kwaya guda ɗaya mai girman nm 20 yana haɗaka da kayan janareta da injin lantarki.

Mutum na iya fata kawai cewa kwastomomin kirkirar abubuwan halitta sun ƙare ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekarun da suka gabata, kuma za mu sami damar ɗanɗano sabbin sabbin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa.