Idan ya zo lokacin haihuwar, ammophile ya haƙa mink a cikin ƙasa.
Daga nan sai ta nemi ƙaramin ɗamara ta diba ƙura a cikin ƙasa ta sa allurar da yawa ba ta hana ta.
Daga nan sai ammophile din ya dauke mai shanyayyen ya shiga gida inda ya sanya kwai a jikin igiyar. Bayan wannan, mahaifiyar da ta kula tana barin mink, ta rufe shi da pebbles da yashi.
Myosotis (myosotis) a cikin Latin yana nufin "kunnen linzamin kwamfuta". Lokacin da abin da aka manta da ni-ba ya fito daga koda, yana kama da kunnen linzamin kwamfuta.
Wasp Odiner (Odynerus)
Wadannan 'yar wasps ɗin sun ja hankalina da kyawawan launinsu na launuka - baki tare da tsarin rawaya, fuka-fuki mai launin shuɗi, yaɗuwar launi, baƙar fata.
A wurin tattaunawar molbiol, sun gaya mani cewa waɗannan tabbas masu warkarwa ne. Na kasance ina mai da hankali kawai ga jan wasps, saboda haka ban yi tsammanin zan ga baƙar fata ba.
Wadannan wasps suna gina bututun yumbu mai ban sha'awa sosai a cikin gangara. Ga hoto:
Wadannan shagunan sune ƙofar shiga rami na mink, wanda lamb ɗin ta tono a gangaren. Jan wando na a ciki gidan. Dabbar da kanta tana cin naman ƙwaya, kuma tana ɗaukar ƙwayar cuta na ganye, da vilan itacen ɓoyayyiya ga childanta. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa jirgin Odiners yayi shiru - ba sa rawar wuta kuma ba ƙaiƙayi akan kunne.
A wannan shekara akwai ƙuna da yawa, suna tashi zuwa cikin baranda kowane lokaci kuma sannan, kuma na kama su a cikin akwati kuma na sake su.
A yau wata babbar nutsuwa ta tashi zuwa gare mu - ba abin kunya ba ce a gabana. Dankandar ɗin ta nufi ƙafar baranda, inda cikin rami a cikin taga ta fara gina ciyawa daga yumɓin da aka yi da kanta! A cikin jaws ta kwashe kayan gini.
Bayan yaudarar cikin rami kuma ya bar yumɓu a can, sai ciyawar ta tashi zuwa wani sabon yanki.
Ba duk kwari bane sun sami hanyar fita daga baranda mai tsananin haske (da furanni da haske suna jawo hankalinsu anan), amma turbar tayi saurin-santa - ta san inda ƙofar da fita.
Don haka sai ta yi ta birgima gabaɗaya gaba ɗaya, tana ba ni dariya da fusata mahaifiyata - ta damu da dan uwanta, wanda yake son yaɗa hannuwanta wanda kwari ba sa so.
Tabbas, rarar takarda mai haɗari yana da haɗari, amma ɗakin washe-oder, yana shirin haɓaka ɗa ɗaya, ba shi da matsala ta musamman.
Masu siyar da kayan abinci yawanci suna zaune a ƙasa ko a bangon gine-ginen da suka lalace. A ƙarshen aikin, sun sa alamar ƙarfi kuma suna kawo larvae na huhun ganye da ƙwayoyin ganye - 10-30. Daga nan sai suka kakkafa mazaunin suka gina ƙarin ma'aurata a wani wuri, har sai lokacin da sojojin suka bar su, har kuma da kaka lokacin huɗar da aka yanke.
Jariri tsutsa mai shayar da kayan abinci, sai ɗalibai. Yaro na hunturu a cikin mink, kuma a lokacin bazara wani sabon abu mai wanzami ya fito zuwa farfajiya.
Sand Ammophila (Ammophila sabulosa), dangin digging (Sphecidae)
Yana da alaƙa da mahaya kuma yana nuna halaye iri ɗaya. Ammophila ya haƙa karamin mink kuma ya rufe shi da ƙanƙara. Sai ta nemi mashin na hunturu ko wata diba, ta tono ta daga ƙasa.
Pungiyoyin da ke wanzuwa sun yi saurin kamewa a cikin kowane sashi, a kowane kumburi, har sai an raunata wanda aka cutar da shi gaba daya. Ammophila tana ɗaukar ɗamara cikin mink, ta sa kwai a kanta sannan ta rufe shi da kananzir.
Ta yaya zanzaro dabbobin zai sami mink? Tana tuna wurin da abubuwa ke kewaye da su - duwatsu, cones, ciyawa.
Nama tsintsiyar dabbar da aka harba zata ciyar da “abincin abincin gwangwani”.
Wannan dutsen da aka shimfiɗa da yamma a daren. Ta ci gaba da baya, ta daure kafarta a cikin wata fure mai launin zinari, tana kare ciki da rataye kamar haka. Wasps da ƙudan zuma sau da yawa suna barci a cikin wannan matsayi.
Iyalin suna da nau'ikan 800. Insectswararrun kwari suna ciyar da kan nectar. Tsawon - har zuwa 2.8 cm. Wasikun marasa aminci, Na ɗauka a hannuna.
Na yi tafiya a gefen hanya, sai na ga gefen ammofil, wanda yake jan ayarin diro. Na jingina ta. Dandalin ya tsoratar sannan ya watsar da gugar. Amma daga baya ta dawo ta fara nemanta. Ta kasa same ta a ciyawa, sa’annan na sa caterpillar a hanya a gaban ammophile. Ta kama ta ta ja shingen.
Wasikun Wasikun Wasikun (Polistes dominula)
A lokacin da wasps gina takarda gida ko tsare 'ya'yansu a cikin gida - shi ne mafi alh notri ba unnerve su. Amma wasps wasuna suna iyo cikin furanni suna da kwantar da hankali idan ba ku cire dogo ba kuma kuɗa hannayensu. Wannan dansandan na da sha'awar tara kogin nem daga cotsfoot. Yatsata kuma yayi dan dadi, dan haka ta yanke shawarar lasa shi.
Af, mace adren ƙudan zuma ta farka. Yanzu maza ba wai kawai suna gudana tare da birch ba, har ma suna tsalle akan mata lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Tsuntsaye tuni suna waka da daddare! Blackbirds, zanyanki, da warblers sun isa.
Bullfinches duk suna zaune kusa da masu ciyarwa. A yau suna da abin kunya a cikin kyakkyawan iyali - namiji ya yi rawa a gaban mace, ya murza wutsiyarsa. Ta zauna tana dariya, tana mai cewa ita ba ta da sha'awa. Sannu a hankali wata mace ta zauna kusa da ita. Matar halal nan da nan ta tashi ta makale abokin gaba tare da baki a kai! Ta gudu.
Dusar ƙanƙara ta narke a cikin gandun daji, kore sedge, kofato da strawberries sun bayyana. Wace rana wannan wasu tsuntsayen ravenous suna kururuwa, suna kururuwa kamar ya rasa budurwarsa ko kuma wani abu.
Campsoscolia, dangin Scolia / India
Campsoscolia (Colpa), dangin Skolia, Hymenoptera. Manya suna ciyar da lardin na gwoza.
Skolii suna da kwanciyar hankali. Theiraukar su itace kayan aiki kawai fiye da takobi na soja: suna lalata shi da kayan abincin sa kuma a wasu lokatai suna tsayawa don kare kansu. Bugu da kari, jikin scoliosis bashi da sassauci, kuma yana da sauki mutum zai iya gujewa allura mai maiko ta hanyar shan ruwan wanki a hannunsa. Idan gefen ya tsage, to zafin daga allurar yayi kadan. Wannan halayyar kusan dukkanin masu shan inna: gubarsu ba ya haifar da zafi mai zafi.
Saurari muryar wang
Bayan wannan, matar ta sake rufe gidan kuma ba ta koma wurinta kwanaki da yawa. A wannan lokacin, tana riga ta gina gida na uku, tana duba gida na biyu kuma ta sake dawowa ta farkon, ta kawo wa waɗancan waƙoƙin suna rufe ta har abada. A wannan lokacin, ba wai kawai ta lullube shi da tsiran lemo ba, har ma ta tilasta su da kanta, kamar guduma. Kuma wani lokacin sai ta ɗauki ƙanƙara tare da mandibles kuma ta ramsar da ƙasa. Wannan ɗayan hanyoyi biyu ne da aka sani da amfani da kayan aiki ta hanyar kwari.
Jirgin kusa-kusa: wani dako a cikin yashi yana shirya tono gida.
Lokacin da mace ta zama ɗanta na farko, za a sami ran abin da ta haihu: yana da isasshen abincin da za a ba shi don kammala matakin lardin kuma ya juya ya zama babban gidan da ke kulle. Bayan wannan, mahaifiyar da ta kula ta ci gaba da jujjuya kayan abinci a gida na biyu, sannan a na ukun. Kuma wasu mata sun fara aikin ginin na huɗu.
Kuma ga shi nan an gama gida.
Lokacin da ya juya, yashi-lyubka yana kula da aƙalla ƙirar gida uku waɗanda suke matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. Nan da nan tana neman kowane gida, kodayake suna ɓoye a hankali kuma suna cikin yawancin ɗarbi iri ɗaya. Bugu da kari, ta san sarai a wane lokaci ne ya zama dole a ziyarci hurumi. Kuma yana tuno da wane gida yake sanya kwan a ciki, wanda zai sake cika wadatar abinci, wanda a ƙarshe ya clog. Bugu da kari, shrew wasp daidai yake tantance wanne gida ya saka mata caterpillar a ciki, kuma wanne - biyu.
Saboda haka, bayanin game da gida ɗaya na ammophile yana adana daban daga bayani game da wani gida. Mace koyaushe tana ziyartar gida wanda a halin yanzu yake buƙatar kulawa dashi, watakila tana karɓar wani irin ƙarfafawa daga gare shi. Daga wani gida, za ta iya karɓar wani abu dabam na daban, amma ba za ta manta da inda sauran mazauna suke ba da abin da ake buƙatar yi musu.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Sanarwar kamuwa da cuta
- 1 Bayanin kwari
- 2 Iri-iri
- 3 Amfana da cutarwa
Girman narke wasps na iya zama daban-daban: tsawon jikin mutum ya bambanta a cikin jinsuna daban-daban daga 2 zuwa 55 mm. Daga sama, gefe na gaba na pronotum ya zama rago, wanda shine alamar wannan rukunin rukunin wasps. Kuma a tarnaƙi akwai manyan maganganu - waɗannan su ne bututun ƙarfe waɗanda ba su kai ga tegul ba. Daga sunan ya zama a bayyane cewa yawancin jinsunan wasps na wannan rukunin sun tono minks a cikin yashi ko ƙasa, amma akwai waɗanda suka fi dacewa su zauna a itace, da kuma wakilan ƙananan nau'ikan cikin tushe.
Za'a iya gane tarin turɓayar tono gabanin kasancewar goshinn ƙarfe da wuya a ɗauka masu kama da crest kuma suna aiki a matsayin wata matattar sheka don kwance ƙasa. Kowace mace da wasu maza suna da wannan crest. Bangaren apical a cikin mafi yawan nau'ikan tonon yana da fadi, yanki mai laushi wanda ruwan inabin ya zuga ƙasa kuma yana ɗaura katangar hanyar haƙa.
Siffofin Yaduwa
Burbushin wasps suna halin kula da zuriya. Ya ƙunshi gina gida da shirya abinci don larvae, wanda wasps mafi yawanci sun fi son kwari da ke zaune a wuraren buɗe. Zai iya zama gizo-gizo, kwari, matafila, aphids, malam buɗe ido da sauran su. Dukkanin sauran tonon maharbi ne, kuma kowane nau'in ya zabi wata kwari a matsayin ganima.
A lokaci guda, yana da ban mamaki yadda wasps masu fasaha ke cikin farauta kuma menene daidaito suna ba da hukunci mai mahimmanci. Narkar da ciyawa ta gurgunta ta hanyar allura da harbi a cikin jijiya, wanda kwari ya kasance sabo ne na dogon lokaci.
Wannan rukunin wasps bashi da aure.watau suna gina mazauni kuma suna kula da zuriyar ba tare da wasu mutane ba. Bayan ya tono ɗan mink a cikin gida kuma ya cika shi da kayan abinci, sai ciyawar ta kwan kwai ya kwance ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙyali, wanda yake sanyawa daga abin da ke kewaye da shi. A ƙarshen aikin kuma, an rufe ƙofar zuwa gida.
Wasu nau'ikan ɓarkewar ɓarna suna ba da ƙarin halaye masu rikitarwa. Kowace safiya sukan bincika maƙillansu kuma suna kawo abincinsu kamar yadda larvae ke ci. Wasps sun sami damar kula da naru da yawa.
Wasp larra anathema
Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar yan Agaji a fagen yaki da beyar. Kwaro ne mai baƙar fata kuma shine keɓaɓɓen rashi.
Neman da beyar a cikin layin karkashin ƙasa, sai adon ta kai shi ƙasa. A nan, larra tare da daidai daidai na uku na harba a cikin wasu sassan thoracic sassa na dan lokaci gurguntar wanda aka azabtar. Bayan haka, a gaban gaban bear, ciyawar tana kwan kwai. Bayan kamar mintuna 5, cutar kukan beyar ta ɓace, sai ta sake rarrafe zuwa kanta ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda ta jagoranci rayuwarta ta yau da kullun.
Tsutsa da ke fitowa daga kwan daga lokacin ƙyamar zuwa ɗalibi yana fuskantar matakai 5 na ci gaba a cikin kwanaki 12-30. Duk wannan lokacin tana rayuwa ne a jikin beyar a matsayin gurbace ta waje. Bearan karamar bear ya mutu jim kaɗan kafin tsutsa tsutsa ya juya zuwa cikin ƙwayar cuta.
Yankunansu
Sandy ammophile - kwaro mai launin baƙar fata tare da bakin ciki mai bakin ciki mai haske, wanda ke kan sandunan bakin ciki, da kuma ƙafafu masu tsayi. Ya yi girma babba, ya kai 4 cm a tsayi.
Wannan dabbobin wanzaba shine ya zaɓi silar da ke zama a cikin ƙasa azaman abinci don zuriyar caterpillars. Nemo matafila da tuki a saman, ammophile yana gurguwa wanda aka azabtar. Daga nan, sai mink ɗin kanta, dabbar za ta ja abincinta, wanda sau da yawa yafi nauyi fiye da mafarauci, a ƙasa kanta.
Bayan ta isa inda ta nufa, sai ta jawo mashin din a cikin kwayar gaba, ta sanya kwai daya a kanta, ta rufe tantanin ta a hankali ta sake shi.
Filantar - ƙyar kudan zuma
Filantar itace ɗayan nau'ikan wasps. Kwari ne babba babba mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi, yana girma cikin girman daga 12 zuwa 15 mm. Yana da girma da yawa kai idan aka kwatanta shi da jiki da kuma ƙarfin jaws. Chestaƙƙarfan kirji yana da launin baƙi, ciki na da rawaya mai haske, a bayan sa akwai farare ɗaya daga uku zuwa uku. Sun kira shi da ƙyar kudan zuma domin yaƙar ƙudan zuma.
Yana faruwa kamar haka. Ma'aikatan agaji sun yi tururuwa zuwa kudan zuma lokacin da ta, ba tare da zargin komai ba, ta tara fure daga wata fure. Kudan kudan kudan zuma ya rungume shi da abin da ya kashe, sai kyarkewar kudan kukan ta buge wanda aka kashe a wuyansa ya kashe.
Cikin sauri yatsa tare da kafaɗinsa, yana narkar da ƙurar da take karɓa daga goiter ɗin, wacce take magana da harshe. Don haka kudan zuma ya lalace gaba daya kuma ya tafi da mink dinsa don amfani dashi a matsayin abinci don tsararraki.
Mutumin kirki zai iya haifar da babbar illa ga masu kiwon kudan zuma idan ya zauna kusa da amya, tunda ga ƙudan zuma ya daina yawo don zuma, ya zauna a cikin amya. Sarauniyar kudan zuma ta daina kwanciya qwai kuma dangin sannu a hankali sun raunana.
Idan zanzaro ya ciji
Dangane da kididdigar, yawan tsalle-tsalle na dusar ƙanƙan ya faɗo akan ranakun watannin Yuli da Agusta, lokacin da akwai furanni da yawa, da kuma adadin fruitsa andan itaciya da berries. Me za a yi idan ɗan kwaro ya ciji?
- Da farko, wajibi ne a bincika raunin don ragowar abin da ke ciki. Mafi yawan lokuta, ba ya wanzuwa a cikin rauni, saboda, ba kamar kudan zuma ba, an aminta shi da aminci ga ciki da kwari kuma ba shi da alaƙa. Tushe yana iya kasancewa a cikin rauni idan an kashe dabbobin yayin cizo. Don haka, idan an gano wata maƙami, dole a cire shi da kyau.
- Don haka kuna buƙatar wanke rauni tare da kowane bayani mai warwarewa, alal misali, hydrogen peroxide, wani bayani na potassiumganganate diluted tare da ammoniya ko ma aidin, m kore. Bayan jiyya, ya kamata a shafa fakitin kankara akan rauni, wannan zai taimaka rage jinkirin shan guba. Babu yadda za'ayi a fitar da shi, tunda yana yiwuwa a gabatar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin jiki da tsoratar da ci gaban kumburi.
- Idan babu magungunan kashewa a hannu, zaku iya hada takardar da plantain din da rauni, a baya an wanke shi sosai. Ganyen Dandelion zai yi.
- Yakamata wanda aka azabtar ya tabbatar da tsarin shaye shaye. Don yin wannan, ana iya ba shi shayi mai ɗumi ko ruwa.
- Idan za ta yiwu, ya zama dole a sha magungunan rigakafi don hana ci gaban halayen.
Duk waɗannan shawarwarin sun dace idan mutumin ya sha wahala daga cizo guda.
Game da rauni na maimaitawa, haka kuma idan an ji rauni, harshe, da maƙogwaronsu, ya kamata ku nemi shawarar likita nan da nan!
Sakamakon ciwan kwari
Paƙƙarfan wasp ɗin an gyara masarufi ne. Amma lokacin da aka kawo hari, kwari suna amfani dashi azaman makami. Idan an ciji ta a mafani, ana fitar da wani guba a fata, a sakamakon wanda kumburi ya bayyana, tare da jin zafi, cunkoso da redness.
Sakamakon zai iya zama mafi muni idan wanda aka azabtar ya kasance mai rashin lafiyan mutum. Sakamakon bugun ciyawa, yana iya fuskantar hauhawar zazzabi, jin sanyi, amai, amai, gudawa, da mafi muni - girgiza ƙwayar cuta, wanda, cikin hanzari yana haɓaka, na iya haifar da cakulan.
Akwai haɗarin haɗarin cizon wasps a cikin harshe, cheeks da maƙogwaro. Of musamman barazanar ne zanzaro itace ga yara da tsofaffi. A wannan yanayin, nemi likita kai tsaye. Raba: Babu sharhi
Babbar da aka tono, ko yashi-luba ko ammophile itace ce wacce ke tono ramuka a cikin ƙasa, busasshiyar ƙasa. Wani fasalin da ya fito daga zurfin tono shine jikinta mai siririn siriri. A matsayinka na mai mulki, launi mai launi baƙi ne, tare da haske mai launin ja ko ja-lemo mai haske a saman ƙasan ciki mai zurfi.
A digging wasp ne sosai gwani digger. A yayin aiwatar da hakan, tana amfani da kayan aikin guda biyu: mai ƙarfi, bayanin jigon da ke taimaka wa ɗan turɓayar ƙasa kuma ta kwance shi, da kuma goshin da taƙama, waɗanda ke goge ne waɗanda ke taimakawa rake ƙasa. Kurciya baya barin barin aiki a kusa da shi.
Narkar da digo (Crabronidae).
Pesko-lyubka yana toshe sandunan kasar a tsakanin kirji da kai, kuma yana kai su daga gida zuwa santimita 10.
Tana fitarda yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali kwatankwacin tsawon jikinta, kuma a kasan ta ya samar da wani katafaren dakin da zuriyarta zasu kasance. A lokacin irin wannan aikin, zancen zai kasance yana ɗauke da ƙasa mai yawa, yayin kowane lokaci kuma yana jujjuya shi cikin ƙananan guntun wando. Irin wannan babban aikin yana ɗaukar mintuna 45 ne kawai don tonon bugun.
Wani suna don tono wasps shine yashi wasps.
Lokacin da gida ya shirya, ammophile yana neman wanda aka azabtar. Kafin ya tashi, ƙudan zuma ya rufe gida tare da twigs, pebbles da lumps na duniya. Tana kama caterpillar, yayin da igiyar zata iya wuce girmanta.
A jan zancen dole ne ya jawo nauyi mai nauyi zuwa wurin kansa, kawai can zai iya ɗan huta kaɗan.Tsakanin yawan adadin kuɗaɗen, mace ta bayyana takamaiman nata, ba ta buɗe shi, kuma tana jan wanda aka cutar a ciki. Wasanƙarar ɓawon itace yana sanya kwai ɗaya akan jikin mashin, bayan haka yana shimfiɗa gida.
Uwar dabbar da ke zubar da ciyawa a cikin yashi, sai ta sanya ƙwai a ciki.
Masanan ilimin halitta sun daɗe suna sha'awar himmar wannan ciyawar, amma kawai yanzun nan masu binciken masana biyu na Dutch sun fara nazarin wannan kwaro. Yayin nazarin, an lura da fasalin ban mamaki na ammophila. Lokacin da mace ta rufe gida, za ta iya fara gina sabon, ko kuma buɗe gida.
Wannan hali ne mai ban mamaki, kamar yadda yawancin wasps ɗin ba sa komawa zuwa rufe maɗaudan. Wani lokacin mace kawai tana bincikar gida, wani lokacin kuma sai ta dawo da ita da sabon abincin, ta sake tsabtace tsutsa da abinci mai kyau.
Zafin rana
Hornet (Vespa crabro), Real Wasp dangi
Wani lokaci na ga ƙaho mai tashi, amma ba sa zama, saboda haka ba zan iya cire shi ba. A yau ina tafiya tare da gefen gandun daji, ba zato ba tsammani sai na ga ango yana tashi. Yakan kama dabbar sunflower daga ruwan ciyawa ya rataye shi a gefe. Tare da murƙushe kakkausar murya, tsoho yana ci a antennae da elytra, sun faɗi cikin ciyawa.
Daga nan sai guduwar ta tashi da kayan farauta. A bayyane yake, ya tafi ciyar da yaran. Ranan sa suna ciyar da larvae tare da kwari. Kakakin da kansu ke ciyar da abinci na nectar, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da kuma sirrin aphid. Suna zaune a cikin gida a takaddun bulo a cikin rami da kuma a alaƙa.
Fuskar fuskoki da yawa ba sa taɓa mutum idan bai hau kan turbar su ba. Yawancin lokaci ƙaho biyu suna kan tsaro daga gida kuma idan akwai haɗari a kira sauran.
Mafi haɗari shine guba na ƙahonin Asiya.
Bee Wolf, Philanthus triangulum
Wolf wolf, philanthus (Philanthus triangulum), Gidan Sand (digging) wasps (Crabronidae)
Na yi tafiya a kan hanya sai na ga wani kyakkyawan ruwa yana yawo a cikin sama. Tana da babban kai kuma gabaɗaya ta ba kamar ƙwaƙwalwar talakawa ba ce. Na tsaya ina jira jan zancen zauna a jikin tonon masara. Ta fara tsabtace kafafun ta.
A gida, na karanta abin da ke fari kuma na fahimci cewa tana neman ƙudan zuma.
Ma'aikatan agaji na jinkai suna ciyar da nectar, amma macen tana ciyar da lardin ƙudan zuma. Don ciyar da tsutsa guda ɗaya, ana buƙatar ƙudan zuma 4-6.
Kwaro ya tono mink a cikin yashi, ya ba ƙwai. Lokacin da tsutsa ke cikin damuwa, uwa mai kulawa tana farauta. Tana tuna wurin da gida yake ta ɗebo da sauran abubuwa kewaye.
Samun da kudan zuma, ɗan ciyawa yakan yanka kuma yana matso ƙwaya - ƙwanƙarin nectar guba ne ga tsutsa, kuma maganin ciyawa magani ne. Sannan ciyawar tana ɗaukar ganima zuwa tsutsa.
Af, jiya na sake kallon farauta. Ya kama kwaro, ya tsaftace shi da fikafikan sa, ya yi kwallon kwando ya dauke shi.
Wasikun tukwane
Eumenes, subfamily na eumene wasps (bangon zanzaron, mai maginin tukwane, kwaya - Eumenidae)
Waɗannan kyawawan wasps suna yin gidaje ga ina inan su a cikin nau'ikan juƙar yumɓu - kowane nau'in yana da tsalle-tsalle irin nasa.
A cikin garken, an rataye ƙwaya a kan katako kuma an sanya katako mai rauni ko ƙwanƙwasa ƙwaro - abincin abincin tsutsa na ciyawa.
Ina so in san komai
Da farko, zan ba ku labarin mummunan labarin ta matsayin ka'idodi, wanda ya fara da alama da al'ada. Wani mutum daya ya so ya rataye wani chandelier kuma ya sami rami a cikin rufin. Me zai iya zama mafi gama gari? Kayan aiki ya shiga cikin wani abu kuma ya yanke shawarar tambayar menene ...
Hankali! Ga mutane masu hankali, don Allah a yi tunani game da sakamakon faruwa ta cat
Anan an gano irin wannan takaddama a wurin, amma menene? Wajibi ne a dauko shi ...
Aaaaaaaaaa! Ina mai zafin nama!
Wasu gizo-gizo! MUTU!
Ina daga nan! Nan da nan ya tuna ...
To menene shi kuma wa ya aikata shi? Amma wannan kyakkyawa Mud daubers :
Hoto 1.
Tushewar ciyawa, sphecids (Sphecidae), dangin kwari na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyin cuta. Tsayin jikin mutum daga 5 zuwa 60 mm, launin launi baki, sau da yawa tare da tsarin rawaya ko jan, pronotum kunkuntar. Kimanin nau'ikan 12,000 suna bazu ko'ina cikin yankin tsohon USSR, kusan nau'ikan 1000.
Hoto na 2.
Manyan wasps suna ciyar da nectar da pollen. Dukkan nau'o'in Burrowing Wasps sun inganta kulawa da zuriyarsu. Mace da aka yi wa ciki ta gina gida tare da ƙwayoyin ɗaki ɗaya ko da yawa, galibi galibi ƙyalli ne a cikin ƙasa, ƙasa da sauƙin - motsawa a cikin haushi ko itace ko gida mai ƙura daga yumɓu.
Hoto na 3.
Abincin larvae yana da iyakantaccen adadin nau'in kwari, mara ƙarancin arachnids, wanda yawancin jinsunan Burrowing dabbobi ke gurɓatacciya tare da ƙyallen ƙwayar jijiyoyi (a cikin wannan nau'in, ana kiyaye ganima sabo na dogon lokaci). Mace ta cika kowane sel na gida tare da abinci don tsutsa nan gaba, tana sanya kwai 1 kuma tana buɗe tantanin. Speciesan ƙanana suna ba da abinci ga gida a cikin cigaban tsutsa.
Maganganun halittar Larra, paralyaring bear, basa gina gida, sai dai su bar kwaro da kwai a kansa a mafaka.
A m mahimmancin digging wasps ne karami, a ƙyar kudan zuma ƙyamar yi wasu lahani ga kiwon Kudan zuma, ciyar da larvae da zuma ƙudan zuma.
Hoto na 4.
Ammophila, wanda ke nufin yashi-luba, - saba da yawa diging wasp gina minks a bushe, ƙasa bakararre. Ammophilus yana da sauƙin ganewa ta jikinta mai santsi, yawanci baƙar fata, tare da jan gaba mai launin ja ko ruwan lemo mai ƙare a ƙarshen wani ɓacin rai mai ciki. Wannan kwararren digger yana amfani da kayan aiki guda biyu: iko, mandibles mai nuna ƙarfi, wanda komp ɗin turɓaya ya shiga cikin ƙasa don kwance shi, da ƙafafun gaba da keɓaɓɓe mai ƙarfi na bristles, wanda ruwan ɗambin rami yake nufi da dunƙule ƙasa.
Babu alamar fashewa a kusa da gida. Dabbar tana toshe sandunan ƙasa tsakanin kai da kirji - don a yi magana, a ƙarƙashin hular - kuma yana ɗauke da su gefe, tashi daga ma'adanin ta dozin santimita. Bayan ya fitar da wata madaidaicin madaidaiciya tare da zurfin kusan tsawon jikinsa, dabbar tana da faffadan ɗakinta a gindin, inda zai sanya matafiloli da jikokinta da dama. Kodayake wajibi ne don fitar da ƙasa da yawa, ɗaukar hatsi da yawa kowane lokaci, ginin gida yana ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 45 ne kawai zuwa ga ammophile.
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Sannan mace ta shiga neman ganima, amma kafin ta fita sai ta rufe gidan kuma ta ɓoye bakin ƙwanƙolin da ƙyallen ƙasa, ko huɗun. Bayan kama kifin, wani lokacin ma fiye da kansa, sai ciyawar ta kwashe ganima zuwa gida tare da jan, kawai a wasu wuraren tana sarrafa kadan. Daga cikin yawancin kuɗaɗen, macen ta aminta da nata, ta buɗe ta shigar da ganima a cikin ɗakin. A jikin matar, sai ta sanya kwai ɗaya tak ta rufe gidan. A wannan karon, ba wannan hanyar ba wai kawai tana rufe ƙofar rami ba ne, har ma yana jefa yashi da tsakuwa a ciki don haka har ƙasa ta zama don haka zai iya yiwuwa ƙasan ƙofar shiga gaba ɗaya.
Hoto na 7.
Zearfafa da xarfafawa na ammophiles sun daɗe da jawo hankalin masu ra'ayin halitta, amma kwanan nan kusan masana kimiyyar Dutch biyu waɗanda suka yi nazarin wannan ɗaba'ar daki-daki, sun gano fasali guda na ban mamaki game da halayensa. Sun lura cewa, bayan rufe hatimin gida, macen zata iya ɗaukar aikin na gaba ko buɗe buhun da aka gina tun farko. Wannan a jikinsa baƙon abu bane - yawancin mayaƙa ba su koma zuwa ɗakin rufe rufinsu ba. Masu binciken sun koya, ban da cewa, wasu lokuta mace kawai tana ziyartar gida yayin ziyarar ta biyu, wani lokacin kuma, bayan an bincika ta, sai ta tashi ta koma gida, amma da ganima: tana wadatar da wadataccen kayan abinci ga tsutsa wanda ya riga ya ci ɗan fari. Bayan an sake sabonta, sai ciyawar ta zama mazaunin, sai ta bar shi kwanaki da yawa. A halin yanzu, ta ci gaba da aiki a gida na uku, ta bincika na biyu, sannan ta koma ta farkon, ta ƙara waƙoƙi da yawa a ƙarshe kuma ta rufe shi.
Hoto 8.
A wannan yanayin ammophile ba wai kawai yana sanya ƙofar zuwa gida tare da pebbles ba, har ma da kansa, kamar guduma, yana motsa su cikin karfi da karfi. Wani lokacin ma sai ta kama ɗambi tare da mandibles kuma tana raka ƙasa tare da su - ɗayan lokuta sanannu ne na amfani da "kayan aikin" ta hanyar kwari. Yanzu gida yana kulle sosai, mace tayi dukkan abin da zatayi na danta - ta isar masa isassun tanadi don kammala matakin lardin sa na dalibi a cikin kariya mai kariya. Sannan ammophile ya sake cika kayayyaki a gida na biyu, ya gama tara kayan abinci a na ukun, wani lokacin kuma ya fara gina na huɗu.
Hoto 9.
Don haka ya juya cewa wannan karamin zanzaro a lokaci guda yana kulawa da akalla aƙalla uku a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. Da sauri ta sami kowane gida, kodayake duk suna zagaye da ɗimbin gida iri ɗaya. Ta san lokacin da zai ziyarci wane gida. Bayan kowace ziyarar, a bayyane yake cewa ciyawar za ta tuna daidai da abin da ya kamata a yi: inda za a sa kwan, a inda za a rufe kwanar da ba a gama aiki ba, inda za a kawo ɗumbin yaƙi na mata na biyun. Haka kuma, dabbar ta san inda za a kawo matafila guda, a ina zuwa dayawa, kuma babu inda ake bukatar kawo komai. Bayanin da wasp din ya samu daga wannan gida ana adana shi daban da bayanin da aka karba daga wurin sauran mazaunan. Mace yawanci tana ziyartar gida, wanda ke buƙatar sake cin abinci fiye da wasu, a fili, tana karɓar ƙarfafa daga gare shi don bincika caterpillars. Bayan ta ziyarci kai tsaye bayan wannan gidan, tana iya karɓar wani abu daban na daban a can kuma duk da haka ba za ta manta ko dai da sauran mazaunan ba ko kuma bukatunsu.
Hoto 10.
Shahararren malamin nan na kasar Faransa, malamin karkara Jean Henri Fabre (1823-1915) yayi nazarin wadannan wasps din, kuma an buga abubuwan da ya lura dasu da sauran kwari a cikin littattafan girma guda goma. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan bincike da ake yawan lura da shi shi ne hadarin tono, yashi ammophile (Ammophila sabulosa ) Wannan dabbar tana zaune a wani wurin buɗe kuma baya dame mutane, tsawon jikinta siriri ya kai mil 28. Awanni da aka kwashe ina lura da ita, Na dauki daya daga cikin kyawawan halaye kuma masu karantarwa a aikin na kimiyya.
A karshen Mayu, digging wasps fara dabbar ta hanyar canjin. A ranar bazara mai zafi, matar ta fara tashi a kan ciyawar Heather, har sai da ta sami fili na ƙasa mai yashi, sai ta zauna ta tono rami mai ɗauke da ƙaramin kyamara a ƙarshenta. Daga nan, ta kwanciyar kofar wannan “mazauni” da ke da yashi, ko kuma yashi, sai ta sake tashi sama a makiyaya. Kuma a sa'an nan wani abu mai ban mamaki ya faru. Bayan lura da masassarar koren kore, ammophile yana tashi sama da shi, ya kama shi da baya na jikinsa da kuma sandar saƙo (duk wannan an gani a bayyane a hoton da ke ƙasa) zuwa kumburin jijiya da ke ƙasa.
Guba kawai yana gurgunta masassarar, amma ba ya kashe ta. Daga nan komp ɗin ya kwashe abinsa zuwa gida, ya sanya shi a ƙofar, ya buɗe rami, ya hau zuwa cikin gida kamar in tantancewa, rarrabuwa kuma, koma baya, yana jan mashin a can. Kwaya ciyawa tana kwance kwai a kan ɗambin macen da ta binne, kuma ta sake fita zuwa saman sannan ta kawo wani mahaifa da aka haƙa a daidai wannan hanyar, da sauransu har sai gida ta cika da abinci don zuriyar nan gaba - takwas har yanzu suna cikin ƙwararan rayayyun. Bayan wani lokaci, larvae zai fito daga qwai, wanda zai pupate a cikin fall, kuma gaba bazara riga cikakken ci wasps zai nuna hali kamar iyayensu.
Hoto na 11.
Halin yanayin motsa jiki mai ban sha'awa (tare da banbanci ɗaya mai mahimmanci) ya ƙunshi sassaucin yanayi wanda wasu ke motsawa, alal misali, lokacin ganin yashi mai yalwar ciyawa ko matafila. Fabre ya tabbatar da yanayin rashin tabin hankali game da asirin da ya gabata sanannen sanannen gwajin da ya yi, wanda ya gudanar a kan ciyayin da ke ciyar da ciyayi. Lokacin da irin wannan ciyawa ta kawo abincinta zuwa gida, sai ta sanya shi a ƙofar kuma sai ta ɓace a cikin rami, Fabre ya tura ciyawa (ƙafafun) wasu nesa daga mazaunin. Dabbar ta fita, ta fara nemo ganima, ta ja ta zuwa ƙofar gida inda ta sake hawa dutsen don duba ƙyallen. Fabre ya sake ɗaukar ciyawar daga ƙofar, kuma an maimaita tsarin duka. Sau arba'in a jere, ganimar tashi daga ƙofar, kuma a cikin duka maganganun arba'in ɗin kwatankwacinsu sun yi daidai.
Babu wasp da zai iya koyon abin da yake yi. Halin nata a gaban karamin yashi mai haske, wata mahaifa (akwai, duk da haka, akwai maƙarƙancin ɓarna da ke farautar gizo-gizo) ko ƙofar zuwa gida, halayenta a gabanin da bayan bincika gida ba komai bane illa hadadden yanayin da babu kamarsa. Halin da ake ciki - gida wanda shanyayye yake kwance a gabanta - yana haifar da bincike a kowane yanayi, koda kuwa an riga an gudanar da wannan bincike sama da sau ɗaya kuma ga mai kallo yanayin halayen yana da alama ba lallai bane. Kowane abu yana faruwa kamar dabba yake aiki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tilastawa yana fitowa daga mai karawa. Don bambance sassauci mai sauƙi daga aiki mai rikitarwa, ana kiran wannan halin dabi'a.
Ilhami tsari ne wanda aka haife shi kamar yadda aka tsara. Sabili da haka, a cikin bincike na yau, muna magana ne game da shirin ɗabi'a na ɗabi'a. Yin karatun ilham, wajibi ne a gudanar da lura iri biyu. Da farko, don nazarin kwalaji da ke aiki akan dabba, wadanda ake kira trigginging stimuli of instinant jobs. Abu na biyu, don nazarin halayen waɗannan ayyukan da kansu. A dukkan halayen guda biyu, tambayar ta taso: shin haihuwa ce ko kuwa an samo ta ne? Lokacin da ammophile ya kama mashi ya toshe shi, dole ne a daidaita ayyukan murfin tsohuwar hanyar a wani hanya. Conrad Lorentz ya kira aikin daidaitawa mai aiki na tsokoki da yawa aikin haɗin gwiwa. Tuni shekaru da yawa bayan binciken Fabre, masanin ilmin halitta dan kasar Netherlands Nico Tinbergen ya sami damar amsa wannan tambaya: ta yaya mai digging wasp yake sarrafa gano hanyar sa ta a hankali da yake ta ɓoye shi, wanda yake a yankin yashi, yawanci ya mamaye Heather?
Hoto na 12.
Ga idon mutum, hanyar shiga gida ba ta da bambanci daga yashi da ke kewaye. Koyaya, ɗakin zai gano shi daidai. Abokina na Dutch ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa wasiƙar ta sami ƙofar zuwa gida, wadda wasu nau'ikan wuraren magana na waje suka jagorance su. A cikin gwaje-gwajen da ya yi, ya cire ko motsa alamomin da ba za su iya ba - ruwan wukake na ciyawa, baƙuwa, da madawwamiya - don haka ya ɓatar da komp ɗin da ke komawa tare da ganima: ta yi ƙoƙarin nemo ɗinta a wurin da babu. Irin wannan gwajin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa musamman: yayin da aka binne mink, ƙofar da ke ciki an yi ta da ƙananan shinge na katako waɗanda zasu iya zama jagora masu mahimmanci. Bayan gama aikin, asirin, kamar koyaushe a irin waɗannan lokuta, ya rufe ƙofar zuwa gida ya gudu don farauta. Komawa tare da ganima, sai ta ruga zuwa wurin da ya dace kuma ta nuna hali kamar yadda aka saba. Amma idan a cikin rashi ba za a sake kula da gidajen ba, ta kasa samun inda take.
Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa ɓarkewar dutsen, yana barin gida, yana tuna wuraren da yake kewaye sannan kuma ya mai da hankali ga ƙwarin gwiwar da ake samu a yankin. Don haka, halayenta yayin dawowa sharadin. Kwaro ya nemi gida inda duk abin da ya gani a kusa da gida bai canza ba. Amma wasp ɗin tana mayar da martani ga wasu abubuwan rarrabuwar, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, tare da wasu matsanancin canji. Don haka, bincika ganowa ko kuma gano asalin gida togiya ne a cikin ɗimbin ayyukan ɗarin dabbobin da ke nufin tabbatar da cigaban halittar. Yawancin rakiyoyi masu canzawa da yawa wadanda basu da halin magana sun hada da sau dayawa na shakatawa.
Zamu iya cewa turɓaya, tashi daga gida, koya wani abu. Koyaya, ba zai yiwu kowa ya yi tunanin cewa duk abin da ya same ta a cikin jirgin ba kuma idan ta dawo da ganima tsari ne na tunani. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci menene ke tattare da koyo a wannan yanayin. Wannan shi ne kawai hali da lalacewa ta hanyar mayar da martani wanda butar ya sami gogewa. Sauran ayyukan da ke wanzuwa - tono gida, sanya ƙofar zuwa gare ta, hanyar hana biɗar ganima, da dai sauransu - ana yinsu da saukin haka. Wadannan ayyukan ana iya kiransu daidaitawar tsoka mai gado ko, a cewar Pavlov, canjin cancantar.
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