Saurin baƙar fata ya fi girma haɗiye - tsawon jikinsa har zuwa 18 cm, nauyi har zuwa 40 g. Wings sun kasance babban ƙarafa, wutsiya mai yatsu ne. Kamar dai baki ɗaya ne, amma ana ganinsa kusa da makogwaronsa ya fi sauƙi kuma akwai wasu launuka na baƙi da launin toka a cikin maɓallin. Idanun suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, baki yana da baki, kafafu sune launin ruwan kasa. Maza da mata ba sa bambanta.

Jirgin yana da sauri (saurin jirgin sama kwance 120-180 km / h), wani ɓangare yana tashi, wani ɓangare tare da saurin fuka-fukai, yawanci a sama yake. Liesaura inda kwari suke cikin iska, yawanci akan biranen. Zai iya kasancewa a cikin iska ba tare da tsayawa ba na tsawon shekaru 2-3, a wannan lokacin yana ci, sha da matansu ba tare da zama a ƙasa ba, kuma ya mamaye nisan mil 500,000. A cikin ƙasa, gaba daya m. Dalilin da yasa wadannan tsuntsayen suka fadi kasa shine sanya qwai da kyankyasar kwan.

Gidaje a cikin kayan daki na bango, a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin gidajen ganyayyaki da kanduna. Abokan haɗin gwiwa sun gina gida daga fuka-fukan da ruwan wukake da aka zaba a cikin jirgin, wanda suke haɗa cikin kwano mai farashi. Kawai a ƙarshen Mayu 2 ko 3 fararen ƙwai bayyana, kuma bayan kwanaki 18-19 kajin tsirara ƙyanƙyashe. Suna zama a cikin gida na kusan makonni 6. Amma idan a ƙarshen Yuli suka tashi daga gida, sun riga sun kasance masu 'yanci gabaɗaya kuma suna iya tashi zuwa kilomita 1000 a rana. A farkon, ana iya bambanta su da iyayensu ta f fika fuka-fukan.

Yana ciyar da kwari a cikin iska.

Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin

Saurin girman matsakaici, wanda ya fi girma kadan da saurin da rabin girman alluran-wutsiya. Jimlar tsayi (mm) - 160-170, fikafikan 420-480.

Launi galibi duhu ne, ba tare da wani bambancin launi ko rabe-rabe ba. Firayim mai launin shuɗi ne mai launin shuɗi, tare da gashin fuka-fuki na farar fata da sarrafa fuka-fukai, ba a san inda aka fito da launin toka mai launin fari ba a cikin maƙogwaron, cikin sauri, baƙar fata ya bambanta da sauran kyaututtukan launuka masu duhu da kuma rashin halayen kamala kamar farin jabu ko farin ciki.

Ana lura da saurin baƙar fata musamman a cikin jirgin, ba sau da yawa a wuraren da ake farawar ko a gida, a lokuta na musamman a ƙasa. A cikin iska, yana da kama da ƙaƙƙarfan birni, amma yana da fiɗa-fiɗewa, jirgin yana da sauri, mai sa'a, yana da matuƙar tattalin arziƙi saboda bambancin amfani da nau'ikan jirgin sama (waving and slide, vibrating da soaring), tare da matsanancin tashin hankali, convection da a kwance iska mai gudana (Luleyeva, 1970 , Dolnik, Kinzhevskaya, 1980). Kyaututtuka yawanci ba sa yin garken tumaki mai yawa, amma a lokacin mating da kafin tashi suna tashi a cikin ƙaramin rukuni kusa da saurin zuwa 250 km / h (a nan, da alama kusancin yana sarrafawa ta siginar sauti mai kaifi da ke ci gaba).

Muryar wani sautin kumbura na launuka daban-daban, da wahalar isarwa a cikin kalmomi. A garken yayi sauti mai kaifi, sokin, tare da matsanancin muryar “koguna. da. da kuma ”, a lokacin dabbar da ta dace da rana (kuma a wasu lokuta da daddare), kyaututtukan da suke zaune a gida suna fitar da kararrawar farin ciki, suna nuna alama ga abokan tarayya a cikin iska. Yayin ƙaura, dare da rana, sun yi shuru ainun.

Da zarar kan doron ƙasa, baƙar fata tayi sauri tare da wahala, rarrafe akan ciki, yana taimakawa kanta da gajeru, amma kafafu masu ƙarfi masu kaifi, haƙoran faifai, da ƙarshen dogayen fikafikan. Kyakkyawan tsuntsu mai lafiya yana tashi daga ƙasa tare da taimakon ƙarfi na roba na fuka-fukansa zuwa ƙasa. Siffar da swift, tunda tayi ƙasa, ba zata iya ɗaukar ta ba, ya samo asali ne daga yanayin haɓakar kajin daga tsuntsaye, waɗanda a zahiri sun bambanta da ɗan tsuntsaye.

Bayanin

Canza launi. Banbancin jima'i da lokacin yanayi ba su bayyana sosai, don haka ana haɗa ƙananan sigogi da nauyi. Maza da mata da suka manyanta sun kusan duhu launin ruwan kasa a launi, da duhu, kusan fikafikan baƙi da wutsiya. A tsoffin tsuntsayen (farawa daga shekara ta uku kalandar), tsananin murfin baƙar fata a cikin ruri yana ƙaruwa, a kai, a baya da kafadu, haka kuma a saman gashin fuka-fuki, yana samun ƙyalli-kore mai ƙarfe mai haske. A cikin sabo, tsuntsayen overripe kuma sun bambanta a cikin iyakar da ke cike da matsanancin tashi. A tsoffin tsuntsayen, babban abin fashewa yayi plowing kadan yayi duhu, kuma reshe yayi duhu. Tsuntsayen manya ma sun banbanta da na samari a kamannin ƙarshen firam fuka-fukai (Cramp, 1985) da matsanancin gashin fuka-fukai (Luleeva, 1986). Bakan gizo launin ruwan kasa, baki da kafafu baƙi ne. Kajin a cikin kaya mara nauyi suna da duhu, da launin toka, kafafu da baki, kamar yadda a cikin manya suke, baki ne.

A cikin tufafin farauta, samari masu duhu ne masu launin shuɗi, tare da fayyace fuloti masu kyau da aka bayyana akan kowane gashin tsuntsu. Bayan hunturu, 'yan shekaru na farko sukan samu saukin launin shuɗi, kamar yadda ɗayan su ke tona asirinsu, suna kwance iyakokin fararen hular su wani lokacin kuma suna ƙonewa. An nuna ƙarshen matsanancin kwari masu ƙarfi, kazalika da ƙarshen matsanancin tuƙi.

Saurin gama gari

Na kowa Swift - Apus apus - A saukake mai launin shuɗi-baki mai haske tare da ƙara farin wuya. Girman matsakaici - tsawon tsayin 15-16 cm, fikafi 42-48 cm, nauyi 36-52 g. Gagggen yanayi yana zaune a yankin Eurasia mai tsaunuka, Yammacin Afirka da tsibirin Canary zuwa tsakiyar tsibirin Siberia, Transcaucasia, Gabashin China, Tibet, Iran.

Wata madaidaiciyar mai nasara a cikin Saharar Afirka, Madagascar. Daga hunturu yana farawa a cikin Maris, ya tashi zuwa tsakiyar Rasha a watan Mayu. An ƙaura ƙaura ta bazara, tsawon lokacin isowa ya bambanta daga kwanaki 18 zuwa 27 dangane da yanayin yanayi. Ya iso cikin kananan kungiyoyi. Nesting yana farawa mako daya bayan isowa. A masonry, yawanci 2, ƙasa da sau 3 (a matsayin keɓaɓɓu, 1 ko 4). Haɓakawa dangane da yanayin yanayi yana ɗaukar kwanaki 11-16. Idan yanayin ya yi birgima, swifts sauke masonry kuma fara sake zagaye na biyu na nesting. Kwanan tashi na kajin ma sun dogara da yanayin kuma sun bambanta sosai - daga kwanaki 33 zuwa 56.

Jikin zafin jikin kajin na iya sauka zuwa digiri 20 C, amma suna iya tafiya ba tare da abinci ba na dogon lokaci, na barin manya suyi ƙaura yanayi a nesa mai nisan mil 70 daga wurin, wanda zai kai har sati guda ko ya fi tsayi. An kiyasta cewa nisan da mai sauri yake tashi yau da kullun don neman abinci ya yi daidai da kewar Duniya a filin St. Petersburg. A cikin lokutan hasken rana na bazara (kusan awanni 19), saurin sauri yakan kawo abinci zuwa gida 34, kafin tashin kajin - sau 3-4 ne kawai. Kowace abincin da ke tattare da abinci yana dauke da kwari kimanin 400-1500; a kowace rana, kajin na cinye kwari har dubu 40. Kyankyasai suna samun matsakaicin nauyi a ranar 20 na rayuwa, sannan a hankali suka rasa nauyi (misalin kwalliya mai ban sha'awa tare da ciyar da kajin daga albatrosses da petrels).

Hijira na kaka yana farawa a ƙarshen watan Agusta da farkon Satumba, kusan dukkanin kyauta a cikin wani yanki, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya ɓace daga wuraren farauta a tsakanin kwanaki 1-2. A farkon bazara, tsuntsayen matasa sukan kasance cikin wuraren hunturu.

Kodayake saurin hanzarin baƙar fata a tsakiyar layin yana kama da tsuntsu na birni mai tsabta, har ila yau yana daidaitawa a cikin mazaunun halitta, nara a cikin kantuna, kwari, ƙwanƙwasaye, kayan tarihi da kankara na kankara, kuma a wasu wuraren ana amfani da shimfidar wuri da birane daidai wa daida. A cikin karkarar gida, ya fi son manyan gine-gine na dutse - belfries, majami'u.

A Transbaikalia, a wuraren juyayi tare da farin-bel bel, wanda ya maye gurbin baƙar a Gabas Siberiya da China, saurin baƙar fata yana zaune a cikin tsaunuka, cikin birane - kawai farin-bel bel. A duwatsun Tibet, wani shinge mai hanzari a cikin kankara a wani tsaunin da ya kai 5700 m sama da matakin teku. Wannan abu ne na kowa, har ma da yawa tsuntsu, akai-akai yana ƙaruwa da lambarsa dangane da karuwa a fannin yankuna na birni. Sai kawai a Rasha 1-5 miliyan nau'i-nau'i.

Miƙa

Kayan fure mai saukar da kaya suna bayyana a ranar 8th - 9th na ci gaban postembryonic, kuma a ranar 14 zuwa 17th, ƙaƙƙarfan katako mai ƙyalƙyali mai launi na launin toka mai duhu, 5-6 mm mai tsayi, yana kewaye da gashin tsuntsu na babban ƙwayar cuta (Collins, 1963) kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa hana daukar nauyin, rufe fatar da kajin. Samuwar riguna na yara yana ƙare akan ranar 35-3th 8th na ci gaban postembryonic. Koyaya, ci gaban matsanancin yanayin tashi (II-IV) yana jinkirta wani kwanaki 3-4. Birdan tsuntsu baya barin yankin ƙaƙƙarfan har sai tsuntsayen tsuntsaye, da suke samin saman fikafikan, an sake su gaba ɗaya daga suttukan a ƙasan gashin tsuntsaye (shari'ar mutuwar samari masu tasowa waɗanda suka bar gida kafin haɓakar tsuntsaye mai tashi, da kafaɗa fikafikan, an san su).

Thearfafa a cikin fikafikan ƙaramin saurin yana canzawa ne kawai a lokacin hunturu na biyu, hanyar da dole ne ya shawo kansa sau biyu. A lokacin motsin “bazara” da “yanayin” sama da dubun-dubun kilomita, farar fuka-fukan yarinyar sun cika yawa (a wasu halaye, tare da karɓar kyautar shekara ɗaya, fuka-fukai sun karye kuma sun cika sanda), wanda ke sa samari suka bambanta sosai daga kyautuka na wasu tsarurrukan da suka canza jujin fikafikan su kuma suna da kyau kiyaye shi har zuwa molt na gaba. Farkon farkon molt na karamin yaro reshe na reshe yana farawa a watan Agusta-Satumba na kalandar shekara mai zuwa, gaba da asarar aure a cikin sharuddan aure. Abubuwan saukar da baƙi na fari da aka yiwa alama a cikin kwallan. Congo ranar 18 ga Agusta. Anan, zazzage tsuntsayen tsuntsaye a cikin tsuntsayen wannan nau'in yana faruwa a zahiri. Tsarin tsalle-tsalle na tsakiya na farko da farko. Ana aiwatar da gajeren zango na farko a cikin gashin tsuntsaye 2-3 a wata, kuma doguwar - gashin tsuntsaye na 1-1.5 a wata daya (De Roo, 1966).

Zuwa Nuwamba, yawancin swifts suna da lokaci don canza ƙwallafa bakwai. Sharuɗɗan canjin jirgi tsayayye ne, canjin plumage shine synchronous (sw sw matasa, wanda aka samu a latitude a lokaci guda, canza lokaci guda feather feather). A farkon Fabrairu, duk tsararrun kwari, in banda matsanancin, ana maye gurbinsu da sababbi; a ƙarshen Fabrairu, an lura da cikakken canjin kumburin. Idan a wannan lokacin matsanancin jujjuyawar jujjuyawar bai canza ba, to, akwai jinkiri a cikin zancensa har zuwa Agusta-Satumba, i.e. kafin na gaba wintering. Canji ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa daga sama zuwa sama an aiwatar da su a hankali - gashin tsuntsu ɗaya a wata. Saurayi, matasa masu haɓaka a nesa 2 ° 35 ′ N da Longitude 23 ° 37 ’E, zazzagewa daga cikin matsanancin iska mai tashi a cikin ƙarshen Fabrairu da farkon Afrilu (De Roo, 1966, Cramp, 1985). Kyauta masu girma suna jinkirtawa tare da molting na kusan wata daya. A cikin wadatattun kyaututtuka (shekara ta 3-4 na rayuwa), molting ya cika yayin da aka canza kayan juyi zuwa na aure. Mummunan tsalle-tsalle sau da yawa suna tsufa, kuma babban juzu'i na tsutsotsi na sakandare, wanda ya bambanta da sabon gashin tsuntsu a cikin launin farar fata, ba sa canzawa. Canjin kayan farkon dabbar ta hanyar canjin kayan farawa a wajan farawa da fara tashi, wanda bai shude ba lokacin hunturu na karshe, lokacin wintering na uku. Bayan molting, da sabon I flywheel farko samu wani zagaye zagaye tare da daraja apical, maimakon mai kaifi. Gabaɗaya, ɗaukarwar murfin kyautuka na shekara ta uku da mafi girma ana saninsa da sautin baki mafi yawa, duk da haka, wasu daga cikin sakandare na sama na nau'in tashi-mai launin shuɗi sun kasance tare da ƙarshen yanke, kuma tsakiyar fikafikan fuka-fuki ya bambanta a cikin sautin launin ruwan kasa, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da farko. Godiya ga waɗannan siffofin marasa amfani, kawai tare da zurfin bincike na sw kyauta zamu iya bambance mutane na farkon, na biyu, da na uku na rayuwa daga tsoffin tsuntsaye waɗanda aka fifita ƙwaƙwalwar su a cikin sautin baƙi mai haske, musamman kai, baya, fikafikan, da wutsiya daga sama.

Kudin shiga haraji

A halin yanzu, akwai kasada biyu ko uku:

1.Aliyousus apus

Hirundo apus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed 10, shafi 192, Sweden.

2.Apus apus pekinensis

Cypselus pekinensis Swinhoe, 1870, Proc. Zaki. Soc. London, shafi 435, Beijing.

A cikin farkon biyan kuɗi, launuka gaba ɗaya sunyi duhu, goshin launi iri ɗaya tare da baya ko dan kadan mai sauƙi. Wurin amai ya karami da duhu. Na biyun yana da launin launi mai haske, goshi yana da launin toka mai haske, ya fi wuta baya, tabo yana da girma kuma yana da farin fari (Stepanyan, 1975).

Rarraba

Matsakaicin yankin. Idan ban da ƙasashe masu sanyi, saurin ɓarnar baƙar fata ta yaɗu cikin Eurasia kusan ko'ina. Yana da yawa musamman a duwatsun Tsakiyar Asiya da Caucasus (siffa 35, 36).

Hoto na 35. Yankin rarrabawa cikin sauri na baƙar fata:
a - yankin farauta, b - yankin hunturu, c - kwari, d - yanayin ƙaura na kaka (bisa ga: Voos, 1960). Tallafi: 1 - A. a. apus, 2 - A. a. bawan pekinensis.

Hoto na 36. Kewayon saurin baƙi a Gabashin Turai da Arewacin Asiya: a - kewayon farauta.

An zaɓi ƙananan rakodin Apus na wakili daga Arewa maso yamma. Afirka (Morocco da Gabas. Tunusiya) kudu zuwa Sahara Atlas. A Eurasia, daga bakin tekun Atlantika gabas zuwa rafin Olekma, Nerchinsky Range, gabashin Mongolia, kudu da Hei-Longjiang, Shandun Peninsula. Zuwa arewa a Scandinavia zuwa ta 69 a layi daya, a kan Kola Peninsula zuwa ta 68 a layi daya, zuwa yankin Arkhangelsk, a cikin bass. Pechora har zuwa layi na 66 (Stepanyan, 1975), a cikin bass. Ob har zuwa 63rd, a cikin bass. Yenisei zuwa na 57 a layi daya, a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyar Olekma zuwa ta 60 a layi daya. Ta Kudu zuwa bakin Tekun Bahar Rum, Palestine, Iraq, South. Iran, Kudu Afghanistan, Arewa Balochistan, da Himalayas, saman da ke Kogin Rawaya, Kogi Ku-Kunor, Ta Kudu Gansu, Middle Shansi, Shandong Peninsula. Jinsi a tsibiran Tekun Bahar Rum da a Biritaniya. A Gabas Turai da Arewa. An rarraba Asiya daga iyakar jihar yamma ta Moldova, Ukraine, kasashen Baltic gabas zuwa Lake Baikal. Arewa zuwa iyakokin nau'ikan. A kudu a cikin yankin Turai da kuma a Transcaucasia zuwa iyakar tsohuwar USSR, gabas zuwa ƙananan tudun Emba, Mugodzhar, tsakiyar ɓangarorin ƙananan tsaunukan Kazakh, Zaysan, gaba kudu zuwa iyakar iyakokin tsohuwar USSR. A cikin babban yanki na Zap. da Arewa. Kazakhstan, a iyakar iyakar rarraba, ya haɗu da A. a. bawan pekinensis. Ba za a iya fitar da ɗaya ɗaya ga yankin ba-pre-Baikal ba.

Apus pekinensis na zaune a tsakiyar Asiya daga tekun Caspian zuwa gabas da kudu zuwa iyakar Iran, Afghanistan da China. Zuwa arewa zuwa ƙananan tudun Emba, Mugodzhar, tsakiyar ɓangarorin ƙananan tuddai na Kazakh, Lake. Zaysan kuma daga Baikal zuwa gabas zuwa kwarin Olekma da Rakun Nerchinsk. A cikin babban yanki na Zap. da Arewa. Kazakhstan, a iyakokin arewa na rarrabawa, yana hade da apus. A cikin yankin na Prebaikalia da basir. kai Lena mai yiwuwa ne kuma ya haɗu da apus (Stepanyan, 1975). Rarraba cikin Pamir-Alai (nesting ko span), a adadi mai yawa a Range na Alai. (Ivanov, 1969), musamman a cikin kwarin Alai kusa da Daraut Kurgan (Molchanov, Zarudny, 1915), an same shi a cikin dutsen. Nuratau ya zama ruwan dare a Samarkand akan gine-ginen birni (Meklenburtsev, 1937). A wajen kudu, a kan kera ko'ina cikin tsaunin daga tsaunin. Kugi-tang zuwa matakan ƙafa na Darvaz, kan iyakar Badakhshan da Pamirs, a kan kogin. Shahdara. A cikin kwarin kogin. Zeravshan ya hau zuwa 2,400 m (Abdusalyamov, 1964), tare da kwarin kogin. Kyzylsu - har zuwa 3,100 m. Yana faruwa a lokacin jirgin a cikin Pamirs (Severtsov, 1879, Abdusalyamov, 1967, Bolshakov, Popov, 1985). Za'a iya danganta bayanan jirgin sama a yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya nan da nan zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu (Abdusalyamov, 1977).

Hijira

Black Swift baƙi ne mai ƙaura zuwa ƙasar. Yana yin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na shekara-shekara daga yankin farawa zuwa yankin yawon shakatawa na hunturu, yana rufe nesa daga 10,000 kilomita. Daga hunturu, ya tashi a tsakiyar kuma a ƙarshen Maris. Tashi ya tashi (wani bangare saboda molting) har zuwa karshen Afrilu, amma "tsuntsayen" masu haɓaka "suna cikin Kudu. Spain riga a karshen Maris. A lokacin bazara, babban hanyar ƙaura na ƙaura shine arewa maso yamma, sannan arewa maso gabas, tare da tekun Atlantika.

Ana aiwatar da motsin ruwa mai zurfi yayin rana yayin tsananin zafi (ba kasa da + 10 ° С) ba, tsananin hasken rana, da kuma iskar gabas da gabas. Rationaurawar dare tana faruwa a cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali ko tare da matsakaicin wutsiya na kwata ta kudu da yawan zafin jiki wanda ba ƙasa da + 10 ° С ba, wanda aka kafa a cikin yankuna da yawa na kilogiram wanda yawo. A dare, kamar yadda yake cikin rana, wayoyi suna amfani da nau'ikan jirgin sama masu aiki da ƙarfi. A cikin teku da tsauni na kewayon kewayo, faɗuwar iska yana da halin musamman. Yin amfani da hanyoyin iska don tafiya mai nisa alama ce ta nau'in halittar biyu da rana da dare. A yayin motsi na rana, an rubuta kyautar baƙi a tsawwala daga 10 zuwa 1,700 m, kuma da dare - daga 200 zuwa 3,000-6,000 m (wanda 60-70% a girman 200 zuwa 800 m, 15-20% - daga 800 zuwa 1,500 m, kuma 1-1.5% - 3000-6000 m). A cikin sa'a ta farko, rabin sa'a bayan faɗuwar rana, mafi yawa daga cikin kyautar baƙi waɗanda suka fara zuwa sararin samaniya ana gudanar da su a cikin saman iska (200-300 m high), a cikin sa'o'i biyu masu zuwa, yanayin tashi na tashi yana ƙaruwa, yana kaiwa matsakaicin 480 m saman matakin teku. . (Bulyuk, 1985; Luleyeva, 1983).

Kwanakin isowa a wuraren farauta da kuma lokacin ƙaura yawan ƙawance sun tabbata (a cikin kwanaki ± 5).A tekun Bahar Maliya na Crimea, baƙar fata ya bayyana a ƙarshen Maris - a farkon Afrilu (Kostin, 1982), kuma an lura da fitowar farkon bazara ta farko a Armeniya a lokaci guda (Sosnin, Leister, 1942). A arewa. A cikin Caucasus, an rubuta fitowar baƙi masu farin ciki sama da shekaru 12 tsakanin Afrilu 17 (1986) da Mayu 3 (1984) (Khokhlov, 1989). A bangaren kwallon kafa na Arewa. Kyaututtukan baƙar fata na Ossetian sun bayyana a kan matsakaici a kan Afrilu 20 (fiye da shekaru 24), a cikin ƙauyukan tsaunuka - ranar 2 ga Mayu (shekaru 13) (Komarov, 1991). A Yamma. A cikin Ukraine, tsuntsaye na farko sun bayyana a ƙarshen Afrilu - farkon Mayu, kuma an yi rajistar isowa bayan kwanaki 2-4, a Lviv na tsawon shekaru 17 - Afrilu 30 - 1 ga Mayu, kuma a cikin shekaru masu sanyi bayan makonni biyu daga baya (Strautman, 1963). A cikin kwarin Vakhsh na Tajikistan, kyautuka suna tashi daga Maris 10 zuwa 5 ga Mayu 5, kuma an lura da gangarawar ƙaura akan kwana biyar na Maris (Abdusalyamov, 1977), a cikin kwarin Gissar ya bayyana Afrilu 11 (Ivanov, 1969), kuma a cikin kwazazzabon kogin. Varzob na farko garken an yi rikodin shi a ranar 24 Afrilu (Boehme, Sytov, 1963).

A cikin Kokand, an lura da shigowa da kyaututtuka a ranar 16 ga Maris, a Margilan - a ranar Maris 15 da 22, a Samarkand - a ranar Maris 14-15 (Bogdanov, 1956), a Termez - a ranar 17 Maris (Salikhabaev, Ostapenko, 1964). A tsakiyar yankunan Kazakhstan, a bakin tafkin. Kyaututtuka na Kurgaldzhin sun isa Mayu 17-19 (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985), a cikin sawun Zap. Tien Shan a Chok-Pak Pass an ba da kyaututtukan farko a kan matsakaita na shekaru 9 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, ƙaura mafi tsananin ƙarfi (84.6% na jimlar) ya faru a cikin shekaru goma na uku na Afrilu - ƙarnin farko na Mayu, ƙare kan matsakaici akan 14 Mayu (Gavrilov, Gissov , 1985). A cikin Mordovia, kusa da Saransk, kayan kyauta sun bayyana a ranar 5 ga Mayu 5-15 (Lugovoi, 1975), a yankin Nizhny Novgorod. - Mayu 15-17 (Vorontsov, 1967), kuma fitowar jama'a a takamaiman wuraren kiwo ya faru 2.7 da kwanaki 10 bayan bayyanar manyan kyaututtuka (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). An lura da sauƙin bayyanar kyauta a cikin yankuna da yawa na tsakiyar ɓangaren Turai na Rasha. Don haka, an yi masu rajista a ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1963 a cikin garuruwan Gorky, Moscow da Ryazan, kazalika a Oksky Zap., A daidai wannan matsayi a 1946-1960. an lura dasu, a matsakaita, a kan Mayu 15 (S. G. Priklonsky, sadarwa ta sirri).

Rationsaura ta bazara ta yau da kullun baƙar fata tana fitowa a Zap. Turai, a cikin kasashen Scandinavia da Baltic States daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa tsakiyar Yuli (Magnusson, Svardson, 1948, Koskimies, 1950, Svardson, 1951, Luleyeva, 1974.1981.1993, Kashentseva, 19786). Yunkurin ƙaura na bazara ya bambanta da bazara cikin yanayin sharuɗɗa na sharuddan, mafi yawan ƙaura daga ƙauyuka (har zuwa 94% na adadin adadin a kowace kakar) da kuma canjin yanayi mara daidaituwa a cikin motsi na tafiyar tsuntsaye. Ana yin ƙaura lokacin bazara ne dare da rana (67-70% na baƙon baƙon da aka rubuta akan asalin faifai na wata akan kasance daga tsakiyar dare zuwa awanni 2 da mintuna 30 na dare). Tsarin tsufa na ƙaura na bazara har yanzu bai sami cikakkiyar bayani ba, amma bayanan akan kama kyaututtuka a wurin ƙaura suna nuni da halartar samari masu yin kyauta, galibi ɗan shekara daya da shekaru biyu, a cikin ƙaura lokacin bazara (Luleyeva, 1986).

Tashi daga kyautar baƙi daga wuraren farauta yana faruwa yayin da matashi yayi ƙaura, wanda ke tashi ba tare da tsayawa a nan ba, kai tsaye bayan barin gida. A fili tashin da aka za'ayi ne da dare, tare da m maraice farkon hali na jinsin (Luleyeva, 1983). An kara kwanakin tashi na farauta daga ƙarshen Yuli zuwa Oktoba kuma galibi suna da kan iyakoki masu hazo. A cikin gundumar Oksky Taron ƙarshe na baƙar fata, wanda za'a iya ɗauka azaman taron baƙi, a cikin 1956-2001. da aka lura daga Agusta 8 zuwa 19 (Priklonsky, sadarwa ta sirri).

A cikin kaka, baƙi masu launin baƙi sun tashi a cikin jagororin southeasterly (an yi ringi a Sweden kuma an samo su a Estonia, yankin Kaliningrad da Tervropol Territory (Dobrynina, 1981) Hijira ta wuce daga Yuli 20-25 zuwa 10 ga Oktoba 10, kuma wasu tsuntsaye suna yin layya a cikin kewayon farauta har zuwa Nuwamba (Ptushenko, 1951, Jacobi, 1979).

A yankin Leningrad yawancin swifts sunyi ƙaura tare a tsakiyar watan Agusta, a cikin St. Petersburg a cikin manyan yankuna 60% na swifts tsakanin Tsarin 13-19 ga Agusta, kuma na ƙarshe - Satumba 1-2 (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). A gefen tekun Gabar na Finland da Ladoga, an lura da motsin shugabanci a farkon watan Agusta (Noskov, 1981). Sabbin tarurruka na baya-bayan nan a yankin Leningrad. kuma a cikin yankuna kusa da rajista a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1978, Satumba 30, 1900, 15 ga Oktoba, 1879, 20 ga Oktoba, 1979, a Ladoga - 1 ga Nuwamba, 1981, Oktoba 29 - Nuwamba 7, 1979, daga baya aka hadu har bayan dusar ƙanƙara (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ana iya la'akari da dalilan jinkirta baƙar fata a cikin mazaunin shagon ba kawai yanayin motsa jiki ba ne, har ma da ƙaurawar ƙaura bayan motsa jiki, gami da motsi masu wuce gona da iri (gushewa) tare da raunin iska, sakamakon abin da daidaikun mutane suka bayyana a wuraren da ba halayen su ba na tsawon lokaci (Jacobi, 1979). Zabi yanayin halayyar dan adam (Koskimies, 1961), kazalika da ikon tsarawa da hanzarta dawo da nauyin jiki da asarar mai (Keskpayk, Luleyeva, 1968, Luleyeva, 1976) yakamata a bar swifts su rayu cikin matsanancin yanayi a garesu tare da mayar da aiki mai mahimmanci lokacin da dumin yanayi ya shigo.

A cikin yankin na Moscow kuma a cikin yankuna makwabta, an yi rikodin jirgin samari a ranar 30 ga Yuli - 10 ga Agusta, tashi - daga 1 ga Agusta zuwa 18 ga Agusta, kuma an sami tsuntsayen ƙarshe a ranar 27 ga Agusta - 7 ga Satumba (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). A cikin yankin Ryazan, a cikin Oksky zap. An lura da haɓakar matasa zuwa ga reshe musamman daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta, tashi - a tsakiya - rabin na biyu na wannan watan. A cikin yankin Nizhny Novgorod swifts tashi daga kan Agusta 15-20, kuma, a cewar E. M. Vorontsov (1967), wani lokacin bar ga rahamar ƙaddara m halin tashi. Matasa da daɗewa ba sa barin yankin ƙasar mallaka (Kashentseva, 1978). Sun tashi daga Belarus a ranar 12-22 ga Agusta (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). Kyaututtuka suna bacewa daga matashin ƙasan ƙafa na Ossetia a matsakaita a ranar 4 ga Agusta (3 ga Agusta, 1981 - 6 ga Agusta, 1988). Jirgin sama mai tashi a cikin Jirgin Ruwa na Babban Caucasian. a cikin Ossetia an lura da shi a ranar 18 ga Agusta, 1980 (Komarov, 19916). Farin baƙin baƙi daga Stavropol yana faruwa ne a cikin kwanakin farko na farkon watan Agusta (Khokhlov, 1989) A cikin Mordovia, ana nuna alamar kaka a farkon kwanakin farko da na biyu na watan Agusta: a cikin Mordovia app. an rubuta kyaututtuka na ƙarshe a ranar 14 ga Agusta, a cikin Saransk an jinkirta musu tsawon shekaru: na shekaru 19 na lura, ranar da ta fara ƙaura daga garin ita ce 2 ga Satumba, sabuwar ita ce 15 ga Satumba (Lugovoi, 1975). A Lviv, tashin matasa yana faruwa ne a ranar 29 ga Yuli - 2 ga Agusta, da tashi daga yankunan Zap. Ukraine - daga Agusta 6 zuwa 12 (Strautman, 1963). A cikin jihohin Baltic, a kan Curonian Spit, farkon kyaututtukan samari na farko sun hau zuwa ga reshe a ranar 22-25 ga Yuli, matasa sun tashi zuwa taro kuma sun tashi daga Agusta 1-7, kuma an lura da tsuntsayen ƙarshe a kan yankin da ke cikin kiwo a watan Agusta na 10-15 (idan akwai wani mummunan yanayi, kwanakin tashi tashi na iya motsa sati biyu). Rationaurawar kaka ta shekara-shekara yana faruwa daga 27 ga Yuli zuwa 10 ga Agusta kuma ya kai adadi mai yawa kawai a wasu ranaku (alal misali, 29 ga Yuli a 1971, 31 ga Yuli a 1972 da 7 ga Agusta a 1973) (Luleyeva, 1981).

Tashi daga yankuna masu farauta shine farawa ta hanyar samari masu tasowa, wadanda galibi suka dogara da mulkin mallaka yayin lokacin kiwo (Weitnauer, 1947, 1975, Cutclife, 1951, Rashin gado, 1955), sannan kuma ka shiga cikin rukunin marasa saurin kiwo wadanda suke yin hijirar bazara a wannan shekarar, farawa tun tsakiyar watan Yuli. A farkon kwanakin tashi na matasa masu ba da kyauta suna ba da izinin sarrafawa ta hanyar farkon ƙa'idar ƙaura, wanda zai fara a ƙarshen Yuli da farkon farkon watan Agusta don shekara ɗaya da shekara biyu na kyauta (De Roo, 1966). A kan Span Curonian Spit da keɓaɓɓun yankuna, motsi na bazara na baƙi yana da yawa musamman a cikin shekaru masu wahala, lokacin da aka tarwatsa zagayen haihuwa kuma waɗanda suka manyanta suka yi jima'i sun shiga taron samari na matasa (Yuli 15-18, 1974 - Luleyeva, 1976). A nan a watan Yuli da Agusta ana motsawa na omnidirectional na swifts na hali ne, yana faruwa dare da rana (babban ƙimar karkatar da karkata daga matsakaiciyar azimuth na 247 ± 68 °, sananne don zirga-zirgar dare na sw kyauta a wannan lokacin, yana tabbatar da rashin daidaitattun daidaituwa). Jirgin saman da aka yiwa daidaitaccen yanayi shine na Agusta da Satumba, lokacin ƙaura na kaka.

A yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Kazakhstan, an fara amfani da motsin kaka da baƙon baƙi a ƙarshen Yuli - farkon watan Agusta. A cikin ɓarna na Tengiz-Kurgaldzhin a watan Agusta, da maraice, ana lura da ƙayyadaddun sanarwa a cikin ƙananan garken. A nan, tare da tsaftataccen sanyi (+ 8 ° С) bayan ruwan sama mai sanyi tare da iska mai ƙarfi ta arewa, yawancin kyaututtukan sun mutu daga gajiya, an karɓi kyauta 50 a cikin mazars, garken shanu da kayan kwalliyar ginin mazauna a ƙauyen Karazhar (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985) . A kan Kurgaldzhin, an yi rajistar sabon haɗuwa na sw kyauta a ranar 2 ga Satumba (Vladimirskaya, Mezhenny, 1952). A cikin wasan kwaikwayon Zap. Tien Shan yana farawa a tsakiyar watan Agusta (Kovshar, 1966). Yawancin kyaututtukan kyaututtukan da aka karɓa a tashar Chok-Pak (84.8%) sun lissafta lokacin daga tsakiyar watan Agusta zuwa farkon shekarun Satumba. Daga cikin wadanda aka kama a wannan lokacin (n = 445), manya manya sun mamaye (73.9%), daga baya an sami karancin manya - 9.8% (n = 61). Hijira ta kammala ne daga cikin samarin wannan shekara ta haihuwa (shekarun shekara), waɗanda aka kama da yawa a cikin tsakiyar watan Satumba fiye da manya (gabaɗaya, rabon manya zuwa shekara zuwa 2: 1). Hijira ta ƙare a nan, a kan matsakaici, a kan Satumba 30 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985). A cikin kwarin Vakhsh kwalliyar kwalliya ta tashi cikin manyan garke a tsawan kilogram 100, daga ƙarshen watan Agusta zuwa ƙarshen Satumba, tare da ganiya a cikin kwanaki biyar na biyar na Satumba (Abdusalyamov, Lebedev, 1977). A cikin Pamirs, A. N. Severtsov ya lura da tashi daga cikin kyaututtuka a ƙarshen watan Agusta 1897, a cikin Arai Valley daga Agusta 25 zuwa Satumba 20, 1981, ƙungiyoyi na yau da kullun na manyan kyaututtuka na A. a. pekinensis a bakin kogin. Kyzyl-Su da rana, kafin faɗuwar rana da dare. A cikin rana, sun tashi a nisan sama da 100, a cikin dare har zuwa 6000 m (a kan matsakaici, a tsawon 1000 m, idan ba ku la'akari da wurin kwarin Alai na 3100 m sama da matakin teku). Yawancin tsuntsayen sun tafi tare da kwarin, ƙaramin ya tashi ta tsakiyar Pamir (kusan yana ƙyalli zuwa babban jirgin jirgin daren). A lake Rangkul I.A. Abdusalyamov ya gamu da wasu kananan kungiyoyi na kyaututtuka a rabin na biyu na watan Agusta. A cikin kwarin Gissar (Kogin Kashkadarya), an lura da ƙaurawar garken mutum har zuwa 26 ga Satumba (Ivanov, 1969).

A Yamma. A Tsakiya Siberiya, ana samun kyauta har zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta (Ravkin, 1984); a cikin yankin Minusinsk, an ga tsuntsayen ƙarshe a Agusta 2 (Sushkin, 1914).

Jirgin sama zuwa kaka zuwa wuraren hunturu ana aiwatar dashi, ga alama, a cikin hanyoyi biyu: ta hanyar Iberian Peninsula, Maroko, a yamma. bakin tekun Afirka, sai Najeriya ta hanyar Kongo da Afirka ta Kudu ko zuwa Madagascar, wani sashi na bakin haure suna ta kwarara ta Kudu. Faransa, Turkiya, Chadi (Carry-Lindhal, 1975).

Habitat

Dangane da A.S. Malchevsky (1983), baƙar fata baƙi daga cikin abubuwan da ke ba da tallafi sun sami yanayin mafi kyau don nesting a cikin yanayin ƙasa, duk da haka, sun yarda da son zuciya a cikin zurfafawar bishiyoyi, kuma suna haifar da ƙananan ikon mallaka ko da a cikin mafi kururuwar gandun daji (a tsohuwar gandun daji na Aspen, cikakke daji spaine a tsibirin katako na arewacin Ladoga - dubun kilomita daga garuruwa mafi kusa). An fi son kaji daga wuraren da ke kusa da gandun da ke kusa da tafkuna ko kuma manyan wuraren faduwa (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

Nesting a Tsakiyar Asiya da Kazakhstan A. a. An lura da pekinensis ga mai yawa a cikin tsaunuka: yana da yawa a cikin yankin Alai. (Ivanov, 1969), Dutsen Nuratau (Meklenburtsev, 1937) da cikin tsaunukan Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1970). A kan koguna Zerafshan, B. da M. Naryn, kyaututtukan Susamyr sun tashi zuwa 2400-3000 m (Yanushevich et al., 1960, Ivanov,

1969). A nan, tsuntsaye suka fi girma a cikin kabarin dutse (Yanushevich et al., 1960), a cikin tsaunin dutse na manyan koguna, a cikin kogo da maɓallin (Korelov, 1970). A Tsakiyar Asiya, baƙuwar cikin sauri a cikin manyan biranen Samarkand da Osh (Bogdanov, 1956, Yanushevich et al., 1960), a tsaunin 400-700 m sama da matakin teku.

Abokan gaba, dalilai masu illa

Thearancin waɗanda ke da saurin rarrabuwa cikin baƙin fata shine keɓaɓɓen muni - alamar Ptilonyssusstrandtmanni ta ciki, wanda Feng (Fain, 1956) ya bayyana daga Kafe daga Ruwanda-Urundi. A Rasha, an samo shi a cikin tsuntsaye a Oksky Zap. (Butenko, 1984).

A cikin bukkoki, musamman ma a cikin rabin na biyu na lokacin bunƙasa kajin, ana samun larvae na kwari da ƙosassu (Koshreg, 1938), wani lokacin maƙanƙanƙara, a farkon kwari (Cutcliffe, 1951).

Bugu da kari, kwari da aka yiwa kwalliya akan tsuntsaye an samo su a cikin nurayoyi: masu yin jini Ornitomyia hirund.in.is, Crataerhina pallida, C. melbae, Hippobosca hirundinis, Stenopteryx hirundinis, fleas Ceratophyllusgallinae, C.fringilla, C. delichinis, C. hundinis, C. avium, wakilin dangi mai cutar parasitic (Cimicidae) - Oeciacus hirundinis. Baya ga su, an gano kwari da ke amfani da zuriyar dabbobi, tarkace abinci, da sauran abubuwanda ke da halin shugabansu. Waɗannan su ne, da farko, kwari masu kwari: Tinea bisseliella, T. pelionella, Borkhausenia pseudospretella, da staphylins, masu cin fata, masu sirrin fata, da sauransu. villiper, P. tectus, Tenebrio molitor, Omphrale senestralis, Dendrophilus punctatus (Hiks, 1959). Speciesarshen jinsunan suna halin mazauninsu a cikin ramuka da kuma tsuntsayen tsuntsaye.