Antarctica wani yanki ne na duniyar da ke da mummunan yanayin yanayi. Yanayin iska a cikin yawancin ɓangaren duniya bai taɓa zama bisa sifili ba, kuma duk duniya ta cika da kankara. Amma daidai saboda irin wannan yanayin yanayin na musamman, dabbobi masu ban mamaki suna zaune a Antarctica, waɗanda suka sami damar daidaitawa da yanayin rayuwa mai wahala. Saboda gaskiyar cewa duniyar dabba ta Antarctica ta dogara da sauyin yanayi, duk halittun da suke rayuwa a wannan nahiya suna nan inda akalla akwai ciyayi.

Kusan duk ƙasar Antarctica ƙauyen Antarctic sanyi ce, watau, saman ƙasa mai ba da ruwa tare da matsanancin yanayi don ci gaban rayuwa. Rayuwa akan nahiyar ta wanzu ne kawai a yankin gaɓar teku, a tsibiran ƙasa da igiyar ruwa da kuma sassan kankara mai ƙoshin kankara, waɗanda ke mamaye kusan 2% na nahiyar.

Yawancin dabbobi na Antarctica ƙaura ne, tunda yanayin ƙasa shine mawuyacin halin zama na dindindin da lokacin hunturu. Haka kuma akwai wasu nau'in halittun da aka samo kawai a cikin Antarctica. Sun sami damar daidaitawa da mummunan yanayin rayuwa.

An gano Antarctica ne kawai shekaru 200 da suka gabata, nau'in dabbobi na gida ba su saba da mutane ba, wanda ke haifar da ɗayan abubuwan ban mamaki na dabbobin daji na nahiyar sanyi: mutane suna da sha'awar su kamar yadda suke da mutane. Ga masu binciken, wannan yana nuna cewa fauna na nahiyar zai iya yin nazari sosai. Kuma ga baƙi da suka tafi tafiya zuwa Antarctica - wannan wata dama ce don kusanci da dabbobin, kuma ba za su gudu ba. Amma a lokaci guda, baƙi zuwa ɓangaren duniya dole ne yin la'akari da gaskiyar cewa an taɓa taɓa dabbobi dabbobin Antarctic.

Masana ilimin kimiyya waɗanda ke nazarin dabbobin Antarctica, sun kasu kashi biyu: na ruwa da ƙasa. A lokaci guda, babu wakilan ƙasa na fauna a nahiyar gaba ɗaya. Wadannan dabbobin sune mafi yawan dabbobi a Antarctica.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa na Antarctica

Seal Aure samu sunan ta godiya ga kwamandan kwastomomi na jirgin ruwa James Weddell a daya daga cikin tekun Antarctica. Wannan nau'in dabba yana rayuwa a duk faɗin yankin gefen gabar teku. A halin yanzu, adadin bukukuwan aure weddell kusan 800,000 ne.

Sealwararren weddell na iya kaiwa tsawon 3.5 m. Weightaukar tsofaffi sun sha bamban da nauyin 400-450. Suna ciyar da akasari akan kifi da ceflopods, waɗanda aka kama a zurfin har zuwa 800. An bambanta hatimin bikin aure ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa zasu iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ruwa na awa ɗaya.

A cikin hunturu, waɗannan ɗumbin ba su yi ƙaura ba, amma su kasance a ƙarshen gabar ruwan nahiyar. Sukan shafe tsawon lokacin sanyi a ruwa, su yi rami a kan kankara wanda suke yin numfashi kuma lokaci-lokaci suna fitowa saman ruwa. Saboda haka, tsoffin dabbobin sun fashe hakora.

Hatimi na Crabeater shine mafi yawan nau'ikan seals ba kawai tsakanin waɗanda ke zaune a Antarctica ba, har ma a duk faɗin duniya. A cewar kimomi daban-daban, yawansu ya kai miliyan 7 zuwa 40 mutane.

Duk da sunayensu, waɗannan tambarin ba su ciyar da tarnaki. Abincinsu galibi ya ƙunshi Antarctic krill. Sun dace sosai don kama krill godiya ga haƙoransu, wanda ke haifar da sieve don kama ganima daga ruwa. Tun da hatimin kayan adon kwanon ruɓi suna ciyar da krill sosai, basa buƙatar nutsar da zurfi. Yawancin lokaci suna nutsewa zuwa zurfin 20-30 m, kuma yana ɗaukar mintuna 11, amma an yi rikodin lokuta a cikin zurfin 430 m.

Girman tsofaffin mutane na gilashin walƙiya ya kasance daga 2.2 zuwa 2.6 m, nauyi - 200-300 kg. Mace sun ɗan girma fiye da maza. Jikinsu yana da elongated kuma mai santsi. Murfin wadannan dabbobin na da tsawo da fadi. Bayan molt na shekara-shekara, fur ɗin ɗamarar zane ya yi launin duhu, amma bayan faduwa ya zama fari fat.

Muhimmin sifa na hatimin zane shine kawai zasu iya tattara kankara a manyan manya-manya kungiyoyin. Mazaunin waɗannan dabbobi shine tekun marginal na Antarctica. A lokacin rani, ɗumbin walƙiya na kwanciyar hankali kusa da bakin tekun, a lokacin bazara sukan ƙaura zuwa arewa tare da kankara mai ɗamara.

Yayin ciyar da 'ya' yan, a ko da yaushe namiji yakan kasance yana kusa da mace, yana neman abinci kuma yana korar abokan hamayyarsa. Shekaru 20 kenan da walwalar walƙiya ta zamani. Abokan gabansu su ne damisa da kisa.

Rufin hatimi sunanta da sunan Ingilishi James Ross. Tsakanin wasu nau'ikan hatimin da suke gama gari a Antarctica, yaci girman girmanta.

Wani dattijo na wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa mita biyu a tsayi kuma yana nauyin kilo 200. Alamar Ross tana da babban kitse na kitse mai kauri da ƙura a ciki wanda kusan zai iya cire kansa kai tsaye. Don haka ya zama kamar ganga.

Babban launi na Jawo hatimi shine launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kusan baki, mai wuta akan tarnaƙi da ciki. Ruwan ross ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a yankin Antarctica. Wannan nau'in dabbobi yana da ɗanɗano kuma ɗan ƙarami ne. Tsammani na rayuwa shine kimanin shekaru 20.

Damisawar Tekun sunanta sunan godiya ga fataccen fata. Duk da kyawun bayyanar dabbar, mafarauta ne. Wadannan dabbobin suna zaune a cikin dusar kankara ta Antarctic kankara. A cewar masana kimiyya, adadinsu kusan dubu 400 ne.

Leopards na teku suna da jiki mai rufi, wanda ke ba su damar motsawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa da sauri fiye da sauran hatimin. Siffar shugaban tayi tawatsi kuma tayi kama da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Kafafun gaba suna da tsawo, wanda kuma yana shafar saurin motsi a cikin ruwa.

Namijin na wannan dabbar zai iya kaiwa tsawon mil 3, mace tana da girma tare da tsawon jikinta ya kai kimanin m 4. Game da nauyin, shine kilo 270 ga maza na nau'in, kuma kimanin kilogram 300 ga mata. Launin launi a saman sashin jiki launin toka ne mai kauri, ƙasan kuma mai launin fari ne. Akwai tabo launin toka a kai da gewaye.

Kahorar teku suna ciyar da ɗamara da kuma penguin. Sun fi son kamawa da kashe ganima a cikin ruwa, amma ko da wanda abin ya shafa ya hau kankara, ba zai yiwu ya tsira ba, tunda waɗannan mafarautan za su bi ta a can. Yawancin tambarin walƙiya na da tabo a jikinsu daga harin da damisa na teku. Bugu da kari, abincin wadannan dabbobi ya hada da Antarctic krill, kifi, da kananan crustaceans.

Leopards na teku suna zaune shi kaɗai. Wani lokacin matasa sukan taru a kananan kungiyoyi. Iyakar lokacin da maza da mata na wannan nau'in ke saduwa shine dabbar ta hanyar canjin yanayi da ke faruwa a ruwa. Bayan haka, akan mace, ana haihuwar cubaya kawai a cikin mace, waɗanda suke ciyar da su tare da madara tsawon wata guda. Matsakaicin shekarun rayuwar damisa na marine shine shekaru 26.

Elephant ya sami sunan ta saboda hanci proboscis a cikin maza da manyan girma. Yawancin lokaci, hanci ya isa matsakaicin girmansa ta shekara ta takwas ta rayuwar kwafin giwa kuma ya rataye a bakinsa da hanci. A cikin lokacin kiwo, wannan tukunyar yana kara ƙaruwa saboda hauhawar jini. Yana faruwa yayin faɗan, mazan da suka fi ƙarfin juna sukan tsage juna da kututtukan juna.

A cikin wannan nau'in adon, girman maza suna da yawa sau da yawa da girma tsakanin girman mace. Don haka, namiji zai iya zuwa tsawon 6.5 m, amma mace kawai ya kai tsawon 3.5 m. Nauyin giwayen yakai tan 4.

Hauren giwayen teku suna ciyar da kifi da kifayen dabbobi. Zasu iya nutsewa don ganima zuwa zurfin 1400 m. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne saboda babban adadinsu da ɗimbin jini, wanda zai iya adana isashshen oxygen. Yayin nutsewa zuwa zurfin, ayyukan gabobin ciki a cikin giwayen ruwa yayi jinkiri, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ragewar oxygen yake raguwa.

Giwayen giwayen suna jagorantar rayuwa mai kaɗaici, amma kowace shekara suna haɗuwa cikin rukuni biyu don yin canjin. Saboda gaskiyar adadin adadin mata ya wuce adadin maza, yaƙe-yaƙe na jini don mallakar ƙananan halayen ya faru tsakanin ɗayan. Matsakaicin rayuwar maza saboda yawan fada yana da karanci idan aka kwatanta da mace, kuma shekaru 14 ne kacal. Mace suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 4.

Fur na hatimi nasa ne cikin sifar hatimi. Wannan wata dabba ce mai kyawu da yawan girma. Akwai nau'ikan kuli-kuli na fur da suke zaune a kudancin hemisphere.

A cikin yankin Antarctic suna zaune sefin furcin kudu. Don haka hatimin murfin na Kerguelen ya hau kan mafi sanyi a kudu kuma ya zaɓi ƙasashe don kansu waɗanda ke cikin ɗumbin ruwan Tekun Kudancin. Wannan nau'in yana zaune a tsibiran da ke kwance tare da kewayen Antarctica. Mafi nisa shine Kerguelen tarin tsibiri, wanda ke daga Antarctica mai nisan kilomita 2000.

Seoƙarin buɗe fur ya kai tsawon 1.9 m, mace har zuwa 1.3. Dabbobin suna nauyin kilo 150 da 50, bi da bi. Launin fata launin toka-launin ruwan kasa. Namiji yana da baƙin fata, wanda ke da launin toka ko fari mai yawa.

A lokacin rani, furan kuli na fur ɗin suna buɗe rokoki a kan tsaunin dutse, kuma suna ciyar da watanni na hunturu a Yankin Kudancin, suna motsawa zuwa arewa - kusa da yanayin dumi. Babban makiyin dabba shine kisa Whale. Fur like suna zaune shekara 20.

Cetacean Antarctica

Dabba mafi girma a duniya yana rayuwa a cikin ruwan Antarctic - bakin ruwa kifi. Tsawon jikinsa ya kai mita 30, kuma nauyinsa yakai tan 150. Wannan babbar dabba mai shayarwa tana kwarara ruwan Tekun Kudancin kamar ruwan teku. A cikin watanni na hunturu, yana motsa arewa kuma ya sami kansa a cikin latitude na Australia. A lokacin bazara, wannan dabba tayi sauri zuwa kudu don cikakken jin daɗin sanyin ruwan Antarctic. Bakin Whale mai launin shuɗi yana ciyarwa akan krill, mafi ƙarancin manyan ɓoye, ƙananan kifi da cephalopods.

Yana zaune a cikin tekun kudu da kifin bazar ko humpback. Ya sami sunan ta saboda fin fin din, wanda yayi kama da gurɓataccen abu, ko kuma al'adar kama da baya lokacin iyo. Idan aka kwatanta da bakin kifi Whale, humpback ya ninka 2 sau guntu kuma nauyin ya ninka sau 5. Amma har yanzu ana rarrabe ta da yanayin tashin hankali, wanda ke buƙatar mutane su yi hankali sosai idan sun sami kusanci da wannan dabbobin.

Yana zaune a cikin ruwan Antarctic da kisa Whale, wanda shine kawai cetacean gabatar da. Daga wannan dabba mai kazanta mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, tagulla da kifaye biyu suna wahala.

Tsawon jikin mutum yakai 10 m, kuma nauyin ya bambanta tsakanin 8. A cikin mace, tsayin jikin mutum yakai 7 m, kuma nauyin sa ya wuce 5. t Wannan dabbobin yana da gajeriyar kai a jikin. Jaws suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da manyan hakora. A baya kuma kan fata baki ne. Tare da ƙananan jikin akwai farar fata. Har ila yau, fararen tabo suna nan kusa da idanu.

Orcas yana zaune cikin rukuni na mutane 15-20. Suna ciyar da kifi da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Zasu iya nutse har zuwa zurfin 300 m kuma suna cikin ruwa har zuwa minti 20. Littleirƙiri na kisa whales ya yi karanci. Shekaru 50 ke nan.

Tsuntsayen antarctica

Penguins sune shahararrun kuma mafi yawan tsuntsaye na Antarctica. Ba su san yadda za su tashi ba, amma suna iya tafiya da nutsewa cikin ruwa. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna rayuwa da farauta galibi cikin kungiyoyi. Suna ciyar da kifi, krill, squid.

Daya daga cikin shahararrun nau'in penguin shine Emperor Penguin. Ba wai kawai mafi girma ba ne, har ma da mafi girman nau'ikan penguins. Tsayinsa zai iya kaiwa mita 1.2, da nauyi - 45 kg.

Mafi yawan waɗannan tsuntsayen sune Adelie penguins. Idan aka kwatanta su da penguins na sarki, suna kanana kadan, tsayin su yakai 70 cm, kuma nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 6. Yawancin lokaci da suke ciyarwa a cikin ruwa ko kankara, suna zuwa ƙasa ne don farauta.

Abin sha'awa shine, penguins suna da kwalliya kuma suna barin mutane kusa dasu. Kuna iya ƙarin koyo game da sifofin jikin mutum, abinci mai gina jiki, salon rayuwa, kiwo da abokan gaban penguins ta hanyar karanta labarin "Duk Game da Antarctica Penguins" akan gidan yanar gizon mu.

Albatus - tsuntsaye masu ƙarfi da manyan tsuntsaye. Zasu iya tashi sama da kilomita 1000 a rana. Albatrosses tsuntsu ne na Antarctic. Suna zaune a cikin ruwa kusa da yankin mai tsananin iska, kuma a kan tsibirin submarctic.

Mafi girma daga cikin albatross shine albatross da ke yawo. Tsawon waɗannan tsuntsaye ya kai m 1.2, taro yana 10 kg, kuma suna da fuka-fuka mafi girma - har zuwa m 3.2.

A cikin tsofaffi, maɗaukakin sarki fari fat, in banda gefen baki a bayan fuka-fukan. An bambanta waɗannan tsuntsaye ta wurin baki mai ƙarfi. Hanyoyin Albatross suna da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi.

Albatrosses tsuntsaye ne kawai. A cikin mazauna, suna rayuwa ne kawai a lokacin farauta. Duk sauran lokacin ana amfani da su a cikin teku. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna ciyar da kifi, mollusks, da crustaceans. Albatrosses kuma suna ciyar da datti da aka bari a baya ta wuraren sarrafa kifayen ruwa. A saman ruwa ba ya tashi sama da 15. Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da ikon tashiwa sama da iska.

Skuas - Babban tsuntsu wanda ke zaune a yankin gabar teku na Antarctica da tsibirin kusa. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan skuas. Kudancin Kudancin Skuas sune tsuntsayen da ke tashi mai zurfi cikin Antarctica, suna isa Kudancin Kudu.

Tsawon jikin tsuntsu ya kai mitoci 0. Kankunnun kudanci na skuas na kudu ya kai 1.4 m. Gashin tsuntsun yana da karfi, yana da kaifan gefuna wadanda ke lankwasa a karshen. Launin gashin fuka-fukan a cikin skuas duhu ne, amma wani lokacin baƙar fata tare da launin toka-mai-launin fata.

Skuas suna ciyar da kifin, Antarctic krill da sauran ɓawon burodi, gami da icksan itacen, penguin kajin, da ƙwai na fure. Kuma idan akwai tashar Antarctic kusa da mazaunan, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna cinye abincin mutane, suna cin abinci kai tsaye daga hannayensu.

Skuas nests kai tsaye a kan iska mai sanyi ko a tsibiran masu kusa. Gidajen yanar gizo na mazauna yankuna ne da suka kunshi tsuntsayen dozin da yawa. Abubuwan da ke haifar da tsuntsayen galibi suna kasancewa tsawon shekaru kuma suna mamaye yankuna iri daban-daban. Duk iyayen sun tsunduma cikin shiryawa ƙwai a madadinsu. Hakanan, tare ku ciyar da kajin.

Petrels - Tsuntsu mai cin nama wanda yake cin abinci. A icyasan kankara zaka iya haduwa da ire-iren ire-iren su. Tsuntsaye mafi kusa a Duniya, wanda wuraren nishaɗun su na iya zama a cikin zurfin Antarctica a nesa zuwa kilomita 325 daga gabar tekun, tukunyar dusar ƙanƙara ce.

A tsayi, wannan tsuntsu ya kai 0.4 m. Jikin jikin dusar kankara bai wuce kilogiram 0,5 ba. Gashin tsuntsu zai iya kaiwa zuwa 0.9 m. Launi gaba daya fari ne, wanda idanu baki da baki suna fitowa a sarari.

Daskararren dusar ƙanƙara yana ciyar da ƙananan kifaye, kifin kifi da ɓawon burodi. Hakanan yana cin gawawwakin like da penguins. Wannan tsuntsu yakan ciyar da rana dare da rana a cikin gabar ruwa na teku, yawanci a tsakanin kankara kankara, da wuya ake cin abinci a bakin tekun.

Petwararren kankara gida a cikin masarautai da kuma daban-daban. Tsuntsayen wuraren amfani da tsuntsayen sun yi amfani da su shekaru da yawa. An shirya mazaunin a kan tsaunin dutsen na tsaunuka, dutsen, dutse. Su ƙananan ƙananan bayanai ne a cikin ƙasa kuma suna da kariya daga iska. Partneraya daga cikin abokin tarayya yana ƙin ƙwai ɗaya a lokaci guda. Abokan gaba na dusar ƙanƙara na dusar ƙanƙara sune skuas, waɗanda ke fasa sheƙunansu kuma suna kai hari kajin.

Antarctica ƙasa ce ta har abada mai sanyi, ƙanƙara, dusar ƙanƙara da iska mai ƙarfi. Dabbobin da ke rayuwa a ƙasarta suna da ban mamaki kuma baƙon abu sabili da yanayin yanayi mai zafi. Dabbobin Antarctica suna da ƙarfi sosai, amma duk da wannan, rayuwa a wannan ɓangaren duniya yana nufin yin gwagwarmaya da tsira. Mafarautan da ke zaune a nan suna yin yaƙe-yaƙe da maƙiyansu, amma a wuraren zama suna da aminci da kulawa. Antarctica ya zama mazaunin dabbobi da yawa, duk da irin matsalolin rayuwa.

Karshe da aka bita: 08.12.2019