Da zaran fara ayyukan hadin kai a kasar, mahaifina da dan'uwana sun yanke shawarar yin kiwon kudan zuma. Dole ne in lura da rayuwar ƙudan zuma, saɗaɗɗen zuma, motsawa cikin ƙasa don bincika filayen m don zuma, rayuwa a gefe tare da ƙudan zuma, barci kusa da su, lokacin da suka fashe da dare, suna aiki, ba sakin fuka-fuki da ƙarfi.
Idan tarayyar Soviet tsawon shekaru saba'in suka yi kokarin gina kwaminisanci, to ƙudan zuma sun daɗe suna kafa komunisanci kuma suna rayuwa cikin farin ciki koyaushe. A cikin hive, babban ƙa'idar kwaminisanci tana aiki "daga kowane gwargwadon ikonsa, ga kowane gwargwadon buƙatarsa", kuma yana aiki daidai.
Gidan kudan zuma birni ne na miliyan, inda a bayyane ake rarraba duk matsayin, kuma akwai madaidaicin matsayi. Beesan ƙudan zuma organizedan adam ne masu tsari mai girma Kowace kudan zuma tana tsunduma cikin kasuwancinta, wanda aka danƙa mata kawai.
Wasu ƙudan zuma masu tsabtacewa, suna tsabtace komai don haske, na biyu - tsaro, kare hive dare da rana daga farmaki da kwasar ganima ta wasu ƙudan zuma, haka ma daga karnukan ciyayi waɗanda suke cin ɗaruruwan ƙudan zuma. Beesudan zuma na biyu sune mafi yawan azzalumi, suna kai hari ga masu mamayewa kuma suna jifar su da wuri-wuri, sauran ƙudan zuma ba su da tsaurin ra'ayi, suna aiki da al'amuransu na yau da kullun kuma suna jingina abokan gaba ne kawai a cikin lokutan gaggawa. Idan kudan zuma ya tozarta mutum ko dabba, to, ya mutu. Wanƙan kudan zuma, sabanin ƙwar ciyawa, sanye take da ƙugiya a ƙarshen. Kuma lokacin da kudan zuma ta cicciko ta cikin fatar mutum mai dimbin yawa kuma tayi qoqarin jan ta, maƙarƙashiyar tana cire abin da take rufewa sama, ƙudan zuma ya mutu.
Kudan zuma na uku suna aiki a matsayin magoya: ana fitar da danshi daga zuma, suna tafin fikafikan su dare da rana. Na huxu sune sakatarorin da ke taimakawa dawo da kudan zuma don saukar da su daga fure da aka kawo. Na biyar - 'yan matan daraja, sun shiga cikin ragowar sarauta kuma an sanya su su kula da sarauniya. Na shida - nannies, ciyar da matasa. Na bakwai - 'yan iska, suna tashi don neman wurare masu ɗimbin yawa tsawon mil, kuma suna dawowa, sun juya zuwa cikin ballerinas kuma suna fara rawa na musamman, suna nuna inda filayen melliferous suke. Na takwas - masu kulle-kullen, suna gyara hive, rufe ramuka tare da propolis, suna hana zane-zane, da gyara lalacewar mutum ko bala'i. Na tara - magina, suna haɓaka aiki da faɗaɗa saƙar zuma a kan kakin zuma. Tenths - masu samarwa, masu hakar gwal, yawancinsu, suna aiwatar da babban aikin tattara ƙwayoyin nectar da girbi zuma don hunturu.
Cutar mahaifa ita ce sarauniyar birni ta miliyan, babba a cikin kurar kudan zuma, yawan amfanin iyali da jindadin hive sun dogara da shi. Maza masu daraja suna aiki tuƙuru don kulawa da ita, tsabtace fikafikanta, ciyar da su zuma da pollen, kuma suna ɗauke shuru. Idan ya zauna cikin mahaifa saboda wasu dalilai ya tashi daga cikin hive, to duk kudan zuma suna biye da shi, kuma hive ya zama fanko.
Ya zauna cikin mahaifa koyaushe yana aiki; yana sanya ƙwai a cikin sel mai hexagonal. Idan kawai ta ba da kwai, to sai ta sami kudan zuma da ke aiki, irin waɗannan dabbobi suna ƙoshin zuma da kuma kudan zuma (ƙwanƙwalin fure, wanda shine misalin abincinmu ga ƙudan zuma).
Idan ya zauna cikin mahaifa, kafin sanya sel a cikin tantanin, ya sanya rami mafi girma tare da hujinsa, to, drone (kudan zuma) zai yi girma daga wannan kwayar halittar. Aikin drones shine takin mahaifa, basa tattara zuma, amma suna cinye shi.
Dole ne in lura da yadda ƙudan zuma ke tsabtace ƙyallen su daga drones, saboda drones ɗin sun yi aikinsu kuma ba sa buƙatar kudan zuma. Kudan zuma sun dauke su kwaro ne kuma suna jifa da su don su mutu akan titi. Drones din sunyi kokarin hawa dutsen cikin hive, amma kudan zuma suka ci gaba da korar su, ta jefa su ba ta barin su su koma gida. Don haka, yara ƙanƙanana, sun kasance suna fama da yunwa a kusa da hive.
Idan mahaifa ba ta gamsar da ƙudan zuma ba tare da haɓakarta ba, suna ɗaukar matakan girma don maye gurbin sa. Don haɓaka matasa sarauniya, ƙudan zuma suna ciyar da ɗimbin matasa iri ɗaya ba tare da zuma da gashin fuka-fukai ba, amma tare da jelly na sarauta, kamar mahaifa, kuma ana sanya sarakuna daga samari na yau da kullun. Ba abin mamaki ba sai sun ce: "Ku faɗi abin da kuke ci, ni kuwa zan faɗi wane ne kai!"
Kudan zuma na aiki dare da rana don sawa, tsawon rayuwar su ya dogara da irin nisan da suka tashi don tattara zuma. A duk lokacin da suke tashi, da sauri su kan gaji da mutuwa.
Esudan zuma suna tara ciyawa tare da proboscis, suna tsotse shi a jikinsu. Karkashin rinjayar enzymes a cikin goiter na kudan zuma, ana narkewa nectar kuma an canza shi zuwa rabin zuma. Isa daga gidan hive, ga ƙudan zuma rufe abin da ke ciki na ventricles zuwa cikin hexagonal sel, da kuma ƙudan zuma fan kaɗa su fuka-fuki, da sauri evaporating danshi daga zuma. Suna yawo fikafikan su har sai zuma ta yi kauri, sannan sai a rufe shi da toka a sama, kamar dai yadda mata masu aiki da ke wahalar aikin rufe kofofin hunturu.
A hind kafafu na ƙudan zuma ne na musamman recesses cikin abin da suka kaya flower pollen. Sau da yawa Na ga kudan zuma mai ɗaukar kafafu masu kafa biyu masu launi suna gab da hive kamar jirgin da aka ɗora. Kuma sakatare ƙudan zuma suna fitar da kumburin pollen tare da dabbobin su, suna taimaka wa kudan zuma wajen samun 'yanci daga abincin da aka kawo cikin hive.
Esudan zuma har mutuwa suna tsaye ga zuma, wanda ya sami wahalar miliyoyin ƙudan zuma. Lokacin shan zuma, suna harba, buzz, ba sa son su daina zinarin da suka sha wahala, abinci don rayuwa da ci gaba da zuriya.
A lokacin yin furucin, alhakina ne na yaɗa ƙwayoyin jikin tare da cokali mai yatsu biyu masu yawa, sannan in ɗau nauyin firam ɗin a cikin fayel da kuma gungura. Ina son juya wakar saboda tana da ɗanɗano mai sanyi, kuma a farfajiyar, a matsayin mai mulkin, akwai mummunan zafi. Karkashin ikon sojojin centrifugal, zuma ta zauna akan bangon centrifuge kuma ta gangara zuwa kasan, kawai ta wanzu don buɗe famfon - zuma kuwa ta zuba a cikin rafin amber cikin manyan gwangwani na madara.
Kusan ba zai yiwu a isar da ɗanɗano sabon ruwan zuma ba, a yadu a kan fararen gurasa da aka dafa da madara, ya kamata a gwada!
Saurari muryar ƙudan zuma
Lokacin da drones suka cika ayyukansu, ba su da amfani ga ƙudan zuma, kuma suna fitar da drones. Suna jefa jikunan abubuwa cikin titi, kuma a duk lokacin da suka yi kokarin hawa sama, sai a kore su cikin taurin kai. Don haka dole su mutu matalauta akan titi daga yunwar, kusa da gidansu na baya.
Sarauniyar kudan zuma ita ce mafi mahimmancin mutum a cikin hive.
Idan mahaifa yana da ƙarancin wadata, to ƙudan zuma zai fara neman wanda zai maye gurbin dabbobi. Don Sarauniyar ta girma daga kudan zuma, sun fara ciyar da ita ba tare da feathery da zuma ba, amma tare da jelly na musamman na sarauta. Godiya ga wannan, an samo sarauniyar igiyar ciki daga kudan zuma. Anan karin magana ta tabbatar da kanta - "kai ne abin da kake nema."
Kudan zuma na aiki dole ne su yi aiki dare da rana. Rayuwar su tana da wahala, kuma tsawon rayuwarsa ya dogara da yadda ya zama dole su tashi. Yayin da suka tashi sama, da sauri kwayoyin jikinsu sun gaji, kuma suka mutu.
Esudan zuma suna tattara ƙwayoyin nectar tare da taimakon proboscis, suna zana shi cikin kansu. A karkashin tasirin enzymes, ana narkewa nectar a cikin kudan zuma, kuma yana samar da rabin zuma. Komawa ga ƙungiyar, ƙudan zuma yakan datse abin da ke cikin cikin cikin jikin sa. Nan da nan bayan haka, sauran kudan zuma suka fara aiki ba tare da tsangwama tare da fuka-fukan su ba, suna fitar da zuma daga danshi. Suna yin haka har sai zuma ta yi kauri, sannan kuma ta rufe saƙar zuma da kakin zuma daga bisa, kamar matan gida suna yin kayan lambu na hunturu.
Tattara nectar ta kudan zuma.
A kan kafafu biyu na ƙudan zuma akwai keɓaɓɓun tsarukan da suke ninka furen fure. Esudan zuma waɗanda ke tattara pollen suna da ƙafafu masu ruwan hoda, suna tashi cikin hive, kamar saukar jirgin sama. Bayan haka, ƙudan zuma na taimaka musu su ’yantar da kansu daga ganimar da suka kawo.
Beudan zuma suna kāre zuma da ƙarfin zuciya, har ma sun mutu don kare ta. Idan kayi kokarin karban zuma daga garesu, zasu fashe da kuka da karfi. Ba sa son su ba da kyawawan abubuwan su don haka kawai, saboda zuma a gare su shine babban abinci da tabbacin haihuwa.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Menene dangin kudan zuma?
Sakamakon dogaro da kowane ɗayan dangi a kan juna, an tattara adadi mai yawa na pollen da zuma, ana kiyaye yawan zafin jiki da laima a cikin sassan hive. Esudan zuma na iya ƙulla da kare kansu daga kowane maƙiya.
Kowace kudan zuma tana da takamaiman sifofin:
- wari,
- farauta,
- jure yanayin hunturu,
- ikon tarawa da tara zuma,
- yi,
- aukuwa na cuta,
- matakin tashin hankali.
Mahaifa yana taka rawa sosai a cikin dangi, bayan maye gurbin wanda yanayin zai iya canzawa. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa tsararraki yana canzawa, bi da bi, da gado.
Iyalin sun ƙunshi waɗannan membobin:
- ya zauna mahaifa daya ne,
- masu aiki - mata tare da tsarin haihuwa,
- drones maza ne.
Gabaɗaya, dangi a lokacin rani na iya samun ƙudan zuma 80,000, a cikin hunturu - 20,000. Kwayoyin na iya haɓakawa sosai a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Wannan shine zafin jiki da ya dace, isasshen abinci. Girma na ƙudan zuma yana rage gudu a cikin kaka, a cikin hunturu - tsayawa.
Kudan dangi
Iyalin kudan zuma an san shi ta hanyar polymorphism, wanda ke nufin haɓaka da yawa. An bayyana wannan a gaban namiji da nau'ikan mace 2. Wannan ya faru ne akan koma bayan juyin halitta.
Mahaifa ba shi da ikon yin aiki, sai dai ƙwai kawai. Koyaya, ba za ta iya ciyar da ɗiyansu ba, kula da gidaje. Ma'aikata suna yin dukkan aikin, yayin da jiragen sama basa yin komai. Beesudan zuma masu aiki suna samun pollen, ciyar da mahaifa daga proboscis, ba da hive. Urewararren mace - mace ba zata iya maye gurbin mahaifa ba saboda rashin ci gaba da al'adun maza.
Rayuwar kwari ta shafi lokacin shekara, ƙarfin duka iyali, da kuma yawan sukari da aka sarrafa. Mutane masu aiki a lokacin rani suna zaune wata ɗaya ko biyu, a lokacin dormancy - har zuwa watanni 8. Rayuwarsu ta rayuwa sun dogara da iyawar su na yin aiki (yayin da suke aiki, mafi karancin rayuwarsu). Rayuwar mahaifa ya kai shekaru 4, amma ƙarƙashin kulawa mai inganci, za su iya rayuwa shekaru 5.
Dangane da amincin tsarin halittu na kudan zuma, akwai alamun alamun halayyar:
- Asalin asali. Drones da ƙudan zuma ana haihuwar su daga mahaifa ɗaya ovipositing.
- Rashin iya kai mutum, wato, babu wani dangin da zai rayu tare.
- Sabanin aiki. Mutane daban-daban suna kulawa da kariya, zuriya, tsara microclimate a cikin hive.
- Tarfafa da sassauci ga rarraba ayyuka - kowane nau'in mutane yana cikin kasuwancinsa.
- Subaƙatar biyayya ga dokokin rayuwar iyali.
Ci gaba
Ontogenesis (haɓaka) ya dogara da haɓaka da rarrabewa (tsari na gano asalin halittar ƙwayoyin sel bisa ga iyawarsu da aiki). Wato, daga hanyoyin da suke faruwa a cikin kudan zuma a rayuwa gaba daya.
- Mata suna tasowa yayin cikin kwai a daidai lokacin da kwai kwayar ya haɗu da maniyyi. Ana daukar abin da ke cikin jikin dan adam a matsayin lokacin lalata makaman nukiliya a cikin kwan, wanda har yanzu ba a hadu dashi ba. Wannan yana faruwa ne da asalin nau'in haɓakar gabanin tayi, lokacin da aka sami kwan kwai a cikin ƙwayayen mahaifa, da maniyyi a cikin ƙwayar namiji.
- Bayan wannan, lokacin tayi na jikin, zai fara ne, lokacin tayi ne tayi a cikin kwan. Idan kwan ya hadu da kwan, to cigaban zai ɗauki kwanaki 3, in ba haka ba, to lokaci na ƙaruwa da awowi 10. A rana ta farko, kwan ya kasance a tsaye, a kan na biyu - yana ɗaukar kusurwa na digiri 45, akan na uku - ya nitse zuwa ƙasan. A ciki, an samar da tsutsa wanda ba shi da gabobin gani, ƙanshi. Ba a canza shi ba, mafi yawan jiki yana kunshe da hanji na tsakiya. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kafin a sake shi, ƙwayoyin hive sun cika sel da madara ta sarauta, don haka ƙwai suna cikin yanayin iyo. Idan mai kula da kudan zuma da ke samar da madara don ciyar da lardin da ke aiki kwari bai isa ba, to lardin ya fito bushe (babu isasshen madara kudan zuma).
Cutar mahaifa ta gaba shine ciyar da jelly na sarauta.
Abubuwan rarrabe na ci gaban launi:
- nan da nan bayan ɗalibi, launin farar idanu suna fari,
- a rana ta uku sai ya zama launin toka
- on 4th - ruwan hoda,
- a 16th - lilac, yayin da kirji yayi kama da hauren giwa,
- Rana ta 18 - ciki mai duhu, gidajen abinci da yatsu - tan,
- 19th - nono ya zama duhu, idanuwa suka sami sautin launin shuɗi,
- 20 rana - jikin yana kama da duhu launin toka.
Ci gaba bayan fita:
- Lokacin barin sel a cikin girgije mai duhu, kudan zuma ya kamata ta huta na kwanaki 3. Tsofaffi suna ciyar da ita, amma ita kanta za ta iya ci da ragowar hula. A wannan lokacin, budurwa mai aiki tana sanya kanta cikin tsari, daga baya ne ta fara tsabtace sel. Wasu kwari suna goge su da haske tare da propolis.
- Har zuwa kwanaki 7-10, girma na girma yana kusa da mahaifa, ciyar da shi da girma larvae. A wannan lokacin, ana samar da madara a cikin wadatattun yawa. Har zuwa kwanaki 6 na rayuwa ana ciyar da larvae kwanaki 4-6. Bayan haka, ana ciyar da ƙarami.
- Bayan sati daya na shekaru, matasa gland suna haɓaka gland gurnet, sabili da haka, kakin zuma a cikin nau'ikan faranti an asirce. Esudan zuma suna zama magina - suna yin goge-goge, da hana ƙoshin zuma, da gina gidan saƙar zuma
- Bayan makonni 2 ko fiye, glandar da kakin zuma ta daina yin aiki, don haka kwari su canza zuwa kula da gida - suna tsabtace sel, tattara da kuma kwashe shara.
- Bayan kwanaki 20 na rayuwa, kudan zuma ya sami matsayin sentinels. Suna kare bazara, suna iya bambancewa tsakanin baƙi. A karo na farko sun fara tashi, wanda hakan yasa ya yiwu a tuna bayyananniyar wurin da ke hive. Kwaro yana tashi kai tsaye tare da kai zuwa ga taphole, yana yin motsi na semicircular.
- Lokacin da shekaru ya kai kwanaki 22-25, ƙudan zuma masu aiki suna tashi cikakke daga "gidan" don tattara zuma. Wanda ya dauki zabin ya kamata ya sanar da sauran mutane game da wurin da yake da token. Ta sanya ta zama wata hanyar sadarwa ta zamani.
- Bayan wata daya da haihuwa, kudan zuma ya tara ruwa ga duka dangi. Wannan halin yana nuna matsayin mutuƙar ƙwayar cuta, tunda sau da yawa sukan tattara ruwa daga mahalli na asali. Don hana wannan, da apiary dole ne kula da kasancewa na sha bowls tare da ruwa mai inganci a cikin apiary.
Irin wannan ayyukan da ke gudana a cikin ƙudan zuma yana sa ya yiwu ga ƙarin amfani da abubuwan amfani da abubuwan gina jiki da kuma amfani da adadin membobin dangi. Ana samun mafi ƙoshin abinci a cikin lokacin fita daga tantanin halitta.
Idan ya zauna cikin mahaifa ko brood ya mutu, to, bee bee yana buƙatar kafa a cikin wane zamani wannan ya faru. Don haka, ya zama wajibi a san abin da kowane bangare na ci gaban yake siffanta shi.
Domin ƙara yawan aiki na kudan zuma mallaka, shi wajibi ne don kula da apiary da kyau. Akwai ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke wajaba yayin lokacin tattara zuma:
- sarrafa zuma da kuma yin famfo,
- lokacin ciyarwa mai inganci,
- rashin tsarin tono,
- kungiyar iyali,
- tsari na hunturu.
Yadda za a kiyaye ƙudan zuma:
- Daidaitaccen sigogin soket shine 9 mm, amma abubuwan haɓakawa na haɓaka wannan ragin zuwa 12 mm. Hakikanin abun ciki na gidaje masu yawa. Amma wannan yana haifar da karuwa a cikin abincin abinci lokacin hunturu.A cikin sassan baya na hanji na kwari, abinci mai tarkace abinci mai tarin yawa, saboda haka, bayan da aka fallasa hive a bazara, kudan zuma dole ya tashi kusa don tsaftacewa. Ragewa daga sigogi na halitta (a cikin rami, wani bene) tsokani farkon buguwa, wanda yake da amfani ga mai kula da kudan zuma - dangi yana haɓakawa kuma ya inganta a baya kuma mafi kyau. Karanta ƙari game da kiwon kudan zuma a hanyoyi daban-daban - karanta nan.
- Aƙalla a rana ta uku bayan buɗewar amya a cikin bazara, ma'aikata suna kawo pollen a mazaunin, mahaifa ya sanya ƙwai. Kudan kudan zuma a wannan lokacin ya kamata ya fadada gida kuma ya fara kirga kwanaki 36. Yana biye da cewa a cikin kwanaki 20-21 wani sabon zuriya zai bayyana (kwanaki 24 suka wuce bayan baje kolin) Bayan mafi girman kwanaki 12 (ranar 36), matashin ya girma zai tsunduma cikin gina ginin saƙar saƙar zuma, don haka dole ne a samar da hive da kakin zuma. Idan duk aikin yana gudana daidai, don tsayayya da kusurwar tushe na sel (ya kamata ya zama digiri 110), to aikin zai gudana da sauri, mahaifa zai zama mai zurfi.
- Yakamata kudan zuma yakamata ya sanya mayukan abinci a hanun zuma da kuma kudan zuma. Tsarin ya dace da yanayin halitta - an saita firam ɗin pergovye ƙarƙashin brood.
- Idan ana kiyaye kwari a cikin amya masu dimbin yawa, to an saita saƙar zuma kamar dala (za a gina nests bisa ƙa'idar - 7, 9, 11).
- Dole rufin ya zama da iska don kada zafin wuta ya lalace. Wannan zai hana amfani da kayan sharar gida na kudan zuma a musayar iska.
- Keeperswararrun kudan zuma sun gwammace ƙirar jikin mutane da yawa, saboda yana yiwuwa a rage da faɗaɗa nals tare da hulls maimakon firam ɗin dabam. Wannan yana haifar da ƙimar kuɗin ɗan adam da haɓaka cikin adadin kudan zuma. Amma a wannan yanayin, ana ɗaukar sutura mai ban sha'awa tare da cike da zuma. Wannan zai sake ciyar da abinci a cikin kaka a cikin mazaunin brood.
- Abubuwan da ke cikin gidaje da yawa suna ba da ayyuka da yawa ba tare da bincika firam ɗin ba da kuma rarraba mazaunin:
- raguwa gida da tsabtatawa na ƙasa - cire gida ɗaya,
- kara - ƙara aft hull,
- kafuwa "ginin" gini,
- sufuri na iyali don pollination da kuma tarin zuma ga daban-daban amfanin gona,
- shigarwa na shagon tsaye don sanya kayan samfurin zuma,
- zabin zuma
- shiri domin hunturu.
- An zaba zane-zane na amya bisa ga yanayin damina (yawan zafin jiki na iska, tsananin da kuma yawan iska), yanayin ƙasa, buƙatar ƙara yawan aiki. Idan m zuma tarin ne shirin, hive ya kamata girma. Idan ana sa ran jigilar sufuri akai-akai, an zaɓi fifiko ga amya da suka dace don sufuri.
- Tsarin gine-ginen gidan ya kamata ya zama mafi daidaituwa da yanayin halitta, wanda zai sa dangi ya yi ƙarfi.
- Ciyarwar yakamata tayi yawa da sauti.
Kudan zuma ƙudan zuma:
- Esudan zuma suna ba da hutawa lokacin hunturu bayan farkon yanayin sanyi. A cikin hive, zazzabi ya kamata daga 0 digiri zuwa +7. Wannan tsari ne wanda ke ba da mafi kyawun maida hankali na CO2 (idan muna magana game da mafi kyawun ƙwayar halitta, to ya kamata maida hankali ya zama 1-3.5%). Idan zazzabi da taro na CO2 sun yi yawa, dangin kudan zuma suna yin aiki, kuma wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin ciyarwa da zawo (wanda ya wuce kima yana haifar da lodi a cikin hanjin ciki).
- Ya kamata titin hunturu ya yi girman 9 mm. Wannan zai tabbatar da daidaitaccen carbon dioxide, wanda yake mahimmanci ga sauyi mai sauƙi na kwayoyin kudan zuma zuwa yanayin hutawa.
- Don lokacin hunturu, ba a wuce kilogram 5 na abinci ba a cikin iyali guda.
- A lokacin hunturu, dole ne kudan zuma su saurari amya koyaushe - klub din kada ya haifar da rustling, hum, buzzing. Esudan zuma yawanci suna birgima a cikin gungu suna rataye daga gado. Wannan fasalin halitta ne na kwari don ƙirƙirar microclimate mafi kyau.
Mahaifa
Cutar mahaifa ga duka gidan dubunnan ƙudan zuma ɗaya ne kuma babba, saboda haka ana kiranta sarauniya da sarauniyar hive. Ita kaɗai ce kaɗai daga cikin mace wacce ke da tsarin haihuwar al'ada. Haƙuri ga hadi, haifuwa ta hanyar tsintsiyar. Ingantarsa an ƙaddara shi da adadin ƙwai waɗanda aka sanya. Ya kamata mahaifa ya kyankyasar ƙwai 1,700-2,000 a rana. Idan kudan zuma ba zai iya jimre wa aikinsu ba, za su canza shi zuwa wani daban.
Kowace kudan zuma da take aiki tana rarrabe mahaifa ta wani kamshi, don haka idan kuka shuka sabuwar sarauniya a cikin hive, dangi zasu tsinkaye mata a matsayin wata mata da za ta iya zama makiyi, sai hallaka. A saboda wannan dalili, sarakuna biyu ba za su iya zama a cikin gida ɗaya a lokaci guda ba.
Abubuwa na dabam
Mahaifa, wanda yayi daidai da sau ɗaya tare da namiji, ana ɗauka cewa tayi ne. Siffofin ta, ba kamar sauran mata da drones ba:
- nauyi yana daga Miliyon 180 zuwa 330 (infertile yana daukar nauyin 170-220 mg),
- tsawon jikin - daga 2 zuwa 2.5 cm,
- idanu sun fi saura,
- Siffar ciki-da-mahaifa
- elongated jiki
- Sarauniya ta kasance yana nuna ƙaruwa sosai,
- yafi rayuwa a cikin hive (bar gidan kawai don lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin, swarming),
- tsammanin rayuwa shekaru 4-5 ne,
- yana da wari na musamman wanda ya fito daga pheromones da yake samarwa,
- Ita kaɗai ce kudan zuma wacce ba ta mutuwa bayan ta saki ƙwanƙwasa.
Bayan wasu 'yan shekaru, mahaifa ya rage karfin haihuwa, yana rage ƙwai ƙwai. Haka kuma, galibin drones ake haihuwa. Saboda haka, kudan zuma a wannan lokacin sun maye gurbinsu da wani sabo.
Karbo hanyoyin
Ya zauna cikin mahaifa a cikin hanyoyi 2 - a zahiri da wucin gadi. A farkon lamari, kwari da kansu ke sake gina tantanin Sarauniya, inda mahaifa ke kwan kwai. Don a haife mahaifa, an ciyar da tsutsa tare da jelly na sarauta, wanda ke da hormone na musamman a cikin kayan sa.
Wucin gadi na wucin gadi ya hada da wadannan matakai:
- Ita uwargidan kudan zuma, tare da budewar tsintsiya, an cire ta daga hive (larvae da qwai da aka dage kwano a ciki).
- Trarshen kudan zuma an datse shi.
- Yanke uwayen giya kuma sanya su a cikin hive.
- Mayar da mahaifa zuwa wurinta.
Akwai wani fasaha don sarakunan kiwo, amma ana amfani dashi da wuya, saboda ana ganin yana da wahala. Amma ƙwararrun kudan zuma suna ƙoƙarin yin amfani da wannan hanya ta musamman, saboda yana bada damar samun mahimmannn sarakuna masu inganci. Babban mahimmancin hanyar shine sanya larvae a cikin jakunan wax da kuma ciyar da su tare da jelly na sarauta.
Don samun isasshen farka ta hive, bi waɗannan ka'idodi:
- yi amfani da mafi karfi iyalai
- a ko'ina cikin rarraba Sarauniya sel a kan taro don tabbatar da cikakken ciyar,
- kula da yawan zafin jiki na iska (32-33 digiri),
- la'akari da zafi (60-80%),
- manne wa kalandar janyewar mahaifa,
- sarrafa tsarin hadi da bayyanar layering.
Haɗawa
Don dabbar ta hanyar canjin, Sarauniyar tayi wani zagaye na dabbar ta hanyar canjin, bayan wannan hadi ya faru nan da nan. Wannan na faruwa ne cikin kwanaki 10 bayan barin mahaifiyar giya. Kan aiwatar ke kamar haka:
- A cikin kwanakin farko na 3-5 (dangane da shekaru da ƙarfin mahaifa), sarauniya ta huta. Kudan kudan zuma dole ne su lalata sauran masu shan giya a wannan lokacin.
- Bayan haka, mahaifa na yin jirgin sama, ya tuna da inda hive yake, kuma yankin yana jagoranta.
- A rana ta 7, tashi don mating yana faruwa. Drones da suka ji labarin jikin kudan zuma suna shirin wasannin dabbar da ta cancanci tafiya da sauri. Koyaya, kawai mutane mafi ƙarfi da sauri zasu iya kamawa. Bayan mating, sai ta dawo.
- Bayan kwana 3 (a rana ta 10 bayan barin mahaifar giya), mahaifa yana gudanar da shuka.
Haramun ne a tsoratar da mace a kwanakin nan, saboda yawanci tana tashi nesa nesa ba kusa ba. A wani yanki da ba a san shi ba, mahaifa ba ya kewaya, saboda haka ba zai sake dawowa ba (mutu).
Idan ya faru cewa a lokacin lokacin canjin kana buƙatar ka tarwatsa hive, bi shawarwarin:
- Lokacin bincika binciken, ci gaba da taka tsantsan; kada kuyi amfani da hayaki ko wasu samfuran da zasu tsokano ƙudan zuma.
- Bincika hive ya halatta har 11 na yamma.
- Wajibi ne a zabi zuma bayan raguwa cikin ayyukan mace-mace, wato, bayan 5 na yamma.
Sauyawa cikin mahaifa
Esudan zuma koyaushe lokacin da sarauniya ta mutu. Mutum na iya lura da wannan, saboda kwari suna fara tashi da sauri don neman mahaifiya da hayaniya da yawa. Kimanin sa'o'i 2 bayan wannan, sun riga sun ji kamar marayu.
Idan kudan zuma yakan sanya kudan zuma ta wucin gadi, to wannan yakamata a yi awanni 10-12 bayan mutuwar tsohuwar mahaifa. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, dangin kudan zuma na iya maye gurbin mahaifa daban-daban. Kwayoyin suna jin lokacin da sarauniya ta tsufa (warinsa ya canza) ko ya lalace.
Canjin kai an za'ayi cikin natsuwa:
- An ware rabuwa da mace data kasance. Dole dangi ya kasu kashi biyu daidai yake kuma zaɓi firam 6 tare da sushi. Wannan lokacin shine bayan shuka kwana daya. A bangare inda ya zauna cikin mahaifa, ga ƙudan zuma zai sa sarauniya daga kansa. Bayan sabon mahaifa ya yi ƙarfi (kimanin kwanaki 4-7 bayan haihuwa), kuma dangi sun saba da shi, ɓangarorin biyu suna sake haɗuwa tare. Strongeraramin da ya fi ƙarfin saurayi ya lalata tsohuwar.
- Lalacewa sarauniya. Yakamata kudan zuma ya dauki mahaifa ya lalata ta. Kwari masu aiki suna lalata shi bayan ɗan lokaci, sannan kuma cire sabon mahaifa.
Halittar wucin gadi na boqo
- Sasantawa. Ana amfani da hula ko akwatin. Cire keji daga cikin hive, sanya kudan zuma a kai domin kada ya tashi ya bar warin nasa. Bayan wasu 'yan awanni, an cire tsohuwar mahaifa kuma aka dasa saurayi. Bayan haka, an sanya tantanin a cikin manyan firam ɗin a cikin tsakiyar gida. Jira 2 hours. Yakamata kwari masu aiki su ciyar dashi Idan sakamakon yayi daidai, kwayar zata bude. Tare da iyakoki aiki a cikin m hanya. Amma ƙudan zuma ga sabuwar sarauniya za ta rufe hanyar daga cikin saƙar zuma. Akwai haɗarin kin amincewa da kowane saurayi. Don haka dole ne a maimaita hanya tare da wani sabon mahaifa.
- Girgiza kai. Dole dangi ya girgiza shi ba zato ba tsammani akan letok ko a hive, daga inda kwari zasu rikice kuma suka manta da sarauniyarsu. A wannan lokacin, dasa sabon "uwa". Koyaya, hanyar ba koyaushe tana biya ba, kamar yadda ƙudan zuma kawai fara yin fushi.
- Haɓakawa. Hanyar tasiri. Ana shafa masa man shafawa, masifa da wata mahaifa da ruwa mai ƙoshin ruwa, maganin mafita tare da ɗimbin Mint. Wannan yana sa ya yiwu a aiwatar da lasisin sabon mutum tare da ƙudan zuma don ƙwarewa da ƙanshi da karɓar sa.
- Mayar da kai ga uwar. Da maraice, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar leu mara wofi, fesa shi da Mint saukad. Da safe, kuna buƙatar samar da yadudduka daga saurayi, yana sanya shi kusa da ƙawanya mai ƙarfi. A maraice na wannan ranar, an sanya wata mahaifa, wanda ke yin tashi mai tashi. Lokacin da takaddama ta isa haihuwa, dukkan dangi sun sake haduwa. Ƙudan tsohuwar sun lalace ta ƙudan zuma.
- Yayyafa. Ana amfani dashi lokacin da tsohuwar mahaifa ta mutu. A maraice, an dasa mahaifiyar yarinyar, amma a baya an rufe ta da hula. Da safe ana cire shi, kuma an yayyafa ƙwayar tare da gari na gari. Ana ba da shawarar wannan hanyar ta Intanet, amma har yanzu ba a gwada kudan zuma ba.
Drones
Drones maza ne da ke ciyar da musanya tare da ƙudan zuma masu aiki. A ƙarshen bazara, ƙarshen ya dakatar da ciyar da daskararren drones, basa barin maza manya su ci abincinsu. Haka kuma, sun fara fitar da su daga cikin amya.
Wannan yana nuna ƙarshen babban lokacin tattara zuma. Saboda haka, irin waɗannan mutane yawanci ba sa rayuwa kafin hunturu. Amma wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan babu mahaifa a cikin mashigar. Ga yawancin kudan zuma, drones wani nauyi ne, tunda su, ban da mating, ba su yin komai, sai dai su ci abinci mai gina jiki kuma ya lalata sauran dangin tare da cutar varroatosis.
Ayyuka
Babban aikin mahaifa shine haihuwa, kwanciya qwai. Ita ce ta haɗu da halittar gabaɗaya, yana nuna abu na musamman da aka watsa ga dukkan membobin iyali. A farka daga cikin hive kai tsaye rinjayar da yawan aiki na ga ƙudan zuma, da rayuwarsu da lambobi.
Karbo hanyoyin
Ya zauna cikin mahaifa a cikin hanyoyi 2 - a zahiri da wucin gadi. A farkon lamari, kwari da kansu ke sake gina tantanin Sarauniya, inda mahaifa ke kwan kwai. Don a haife mahaifa, an ciyar da tsutsa tare da jelly na sarauta, wanda ke da hormone na musamman a cikin kayan sa.
Wucin gadi na wucin gadi ya hada da wadannan matakai:
- Ita uwargidan kudan zuma, tare da budewar tsintsiya, an cire ta daga hive (larvae da qwai da aka dage kwano a ciki).
- Trarshen kudan zuma an datse shi.
- Yanke uwayen giya kuma sanya su a cikin hive.
- Mayar da mahaifa zuwa wurinta.
Akwai wani fasaha don sarakunan kiwo, amma ana amfani dashi da wuya, saboda ana ganin yana da wahala. Amma ƙwararrun kudan zuma suna ƙoƙarin yin amfani da wannan hanya ta musamman, saboda yana bada damar samun mahimmannn sarakuna masu inganci. Gaskiyar hanyar ita ce sanya larvae a cikin jakunan kakin zuma da ciyarwar su ta mutum tare da jelly.
Don samun isasshen farka ta hive, bi waɗannan ka'idodi:
- yi amfani da mafi karfi iyalai
- a ko'ina cikin rarraba Sarauniya sel a kan taro don tabbatar da cikakken ciyar,
- kula da yawan zafin jiki na iska (32-33 digiri),
- la'akari da zafi (60-80%),
- manne wa kalandar janyewar mahaifa,
- sarrafa tsarin hadi da bayyanar layering.
Haɗawa
Don dabbar ta hanyar canjin, Sarauniyar tayi wani zagaye na dabbar ta hanyar canjin, bayan wannan hadi ya faru nan da nan. Wannan na faruwa ne cikin kwanaki 10 bayan barin mahaifiyar giya. Kan aiwatar ke kamar haka:
- A cikin kwanakin farko na 3-5 (dangane da shekaru da ƙarfin mahaifa), sarauniya ta huta. Kudan kudan zuma dole ne su lalata sauran masu shan giya a wannan lokacin.
- Bayan haka, mahaifa na yin jirgin sama, yana tunawa da inda hive yake, kuma ƙasa ce ke jagorarsa.
- A rana ta 7, ana yin balaguron don mating. Drones da suka ji labarin jikin kudan zuma suna shirin wasannin dabbar da ta cancanci tafiya da sauri. Koyaya, kawai mutane mafi ƙarfi da sauri zasu iya kamawa. Bayan mating, sai ta dawo.
- Bayan kwana 3 (a rana ta 10 bayan barin mahaifar giya), mahaifa yana gudanar da shuka.
Haramun ne a tsoratar da mace a kwanakin nan, saboda yawanci tana tashi nesa nesa ba kusa ba. A wani yanki da ba a san shi ba, mahaifa ba ya kewaya, saboda haka ba zai sake dawowa ba (mutu).
Idan ya faru cewa a lokacin lokacin canjin kana buƙatar ka tarwatsa hive, bi shawarwarin:
- Lokacin bincika binciken, ci gaba da taka tsantsan; kada kuyi amfani da hayaki ko wasu samfuran da zasu tsokano ƙudan zuma.
- Bincika hive ya halatta har 11 na yamma.
- Wajibi ne a zabi zuma bayan raguwa cikin ayyukan mace-mace, wato, bayan 5 na yamma.
Sauyawa cikin mahaifa
Esudan zuma koyaushe lokacin da sarauniya ta mutu. Mutum na iya lura da wannan, saboda kwari suna fara tashi da sauri don neman mahaifiya da hayaniya da yawa. Kimanin sa'o'i 2 bayan wannan, sun riga sun ji kamar marayu.
Idan kudan zuma yakan sanya kudan zuma ta wucin gadi, to wannan yakamata a yi awanni 10-12 bayan mutuwar tsohuwar mahaifa. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, dangin kudan zuma na iya maye gurbin mahaifa daban-daban. Kwayoyin suna jin lokacin da sarauniya ta tsufa (warinsa ya canza) ko ya lalace.
Canjin kai an za'ayi cikin natsuwa:
- An ware rabuwa da mace data kasance. Dole dangin ya kasu kashi biyu daidai gwargwado kuma zaɓi firam 6 tare da sushi. Wannan lokacin shine bayan shuka kwana daya. A bangare inda ya zauna cikin mahaifa, ga ƙudan zuma zai sa sarauniya daga kansa. Bayan sabon mahaifa ya yi ƙarfi (kimanin kwanaki 4-7 bayan haihuwa), kuma dangi sun saba da shi, ɓangarorin biyu suna sake haɗuwa tare. Strongeraramin da ya fi ƙarfin saurayi ya lalata tsohuwar.
- Lalacewa sarauniya. Yakamata kudan zuma ya dauki mahaifa ya lalata ta. Kwari masu aiki suna lalata shi bayan ɗan lokaci, sannan kuma cire sabon mahaifa.
Halittar wucin gadi na boqo
- Sasantawa. Ana amfani da hula ko akwatin.Cire keji daga cikin hive, sanya kudan zuma a kai domin kada ya tashi ya bar warin nasa. Bayan wasu 'yan awanni, an cire tsohuwar mahaifa kuma aka dasa saurayi. Bayan haka, an sanya tantanin a cikin manyan firam ɗin a cikin tsakiyar gida. Jira 2 hours. Yakamata kwari masu aiki su ciyar dashi Idan sakamakon yayi daidai, kwayar zata bude. Tare da iyakoki aiki a cikin m hanya. Amma ƙudan zuma ga sabuwar sarauniya za ta rufe hanyar daga cikin saƙar zuma. Akwai haɗarin kin amincewa da kowane saurayi. Don haka dole ne a maimaita hanya tare da wani sabon mahaifa.
- Girgiza kai. Dole dangi ya girgiza shi ba zato ba tsammani akan letok ko a hive, daga inda kwari zasu rikice kuma suka manta da sarauniyarsu. A wannan lokacin, dasa sabon "uwa". Koyaya, hanyar ba koyaushe tana biya ba, kamar yadda ƙudan zuma kawai fara yin fushi.
- Haɓakawa. Hanyar tasiri. Ana shafa masa man shafawa, masifa da wata mahaifa da ruwa mai ƙoshin ruwa, maganin mafita tare da ɗimbin Mint. Wannan yana sa ya yiwu a aiwatar da lasisin sabon mutum tare da ƙudan zuma don ƙwarewa da ƙanshi da karɓar sa.
- Mayar da kai ga uwar. Da maraice, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar leu mara wofi, fesa shi da Mint saukad. Da safe, kuna buƙatar samar da yadudduka daga saurayi, yana sanya shi kusa da ƙawanya mai ƙarfi. A maraice na wannan ranar, an sanya wata mahaifa, wanda ke yin tashi mai tashi. Lokacin da takaddama ta isa haihuwa, dukkan dangi sun sake haduwa. Ƙudan tsohuwar sun lalace ta ƙudan zuma.
- Yayyafa. Ana amfani dashi lokacin da tsohuwar mahaifa ta mutu. A maraice, an dasa mahaifiyar yarinyar, amma a baya an rufe ta da hula. Da safe ana cire shi, kuma an yayyafa ƙwayar tare da gari na gari. Ana ba da shawarar wannan hanyar ta Intanet, amma har yanzu ba a gwada kudan zuma ba.
Drones
Drones maza ne da ke ciyar da musanya tare da ƙudan zuma masu aiki. A ƙarshen bazara, ƙarshen ya dakatar da ciyar da daskararren drones, basa barin maza manya su ci abincinsu. Haka kuma, sun fara fitar da su daga cikin amya.
Wannan yana nuna ƙarshen babban lokacin tattara zuma. Saboda haka, irin waɗannan mutane yawanci ba sa rayuwa kafin hunturu. Amma wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai idan babu mahaifa a cikin mashigar. Ga yawancin kudan zuma, drones wani nauyi ne, tunda su, ban da mating, ba su yin komai, sai dai su ci abinci mai gina jiki kuma ya lalata sauran dangin tare da cutar varroatosis.
Abubuwa na dabam
Maza sun bayyana a lokacin kafin tarin zuma, wato, a ƙarshen bazara. Aƙalla ranar 10 bayan fitowar, drone na iya yin cikakken aure. Yawan wadannan kwari sun kai daga 200 zuwa dubbai da yawa. Alamomi:
- nauyi - 220-250 mg,
- tsayin mutum - daga 1.5 zuwa 1.7 cm,
- jiki yana da fadi
- zagaye wutsiya
- lokacin da yake tashi, babban gudu yana tasowa,
- a hutawa suna halin jinkirin,
- da sauri kewaya cikin sarari,
- lokacin da suke tashi, suna yin sauti mai amo,
- babu harba
- tashi daga hive na 15 km,
- mutuwa na faruwa bayan mating,
- lokacin haɓaka shine kwanaki 24.
Ayyuka
Abinda kawai aikin drones yake shine ya dace da sarauniyar hive. Drones suna yin gwagwarmaya koyaushe don 'yancin aure tare da mahaifa. Mafi ƙarfi nasara, amma mutu nan da nan. Maza da ba su taɓa yin balaga ba suna mutuwa saboda yunwar bayan an fitar da su daga dangi.
Kudan kudan zuma na iya lura da tsarin kiwo, lura da raunanan mutane. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a yi watsi da su da izgili, saboda haka mahaifa zai kasance yana da ƙarfi maza ne kawai kuma masu yawa.
Tsarin rayuwa
Maza suna rayuwa a ɗan takaitaccen rayuwa - har zuwa watanni 3. Lokacin bayyanarsu a lokacin bazara ya samo asali ne saboda yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi, shekarun Sarauniya, cin hanci, da karfin sari. A yayin da ake janye drones, ana sanya sel su kewaya a cikin saƙar zuma, amma idan ba su da isasshen kudan zuma, sai kudan zuma ke sanya lardin kai tsaye a kan saƙar zuma.
Bayan fitar da ƙwayoyin na shekara goma, kwari masu aiki suna ciyar da maza. Wannan ya zama dole don cikakken samuwar karshen. Mako guda bayan sakin, namiji ya fara yin flyby, yana fahimtar kansa da yanayin da yanayin.
Gudanarwa
Yawan maza a cikin kudan zuma mallaka sun dogara da ingancin saƙar zuma, irin, amma kowace iyali da gaske ƙi ta rauni mutane. Koyaya, ya faru cewa drones suna farmed da yawa, wanda mummunan hakan yana shafar taro da adadin kuɗin da aka tattara, don haka kudan zuma dole ne su sanya ido sosai da adadinsu. A yadda aka saba, maza sun isa raka'a 200-500.
Iyali ba zai wanzu ba tare da maza, kuma ba wai kawai saboda ana buƙata na ma'aurata ba. Sai dai itace cewa mutum na iya yin hukunci da ingancin mahaifa da masifa gaba daya. Don haka, idan bayan fitar da shi a cikin faduwar, drones har yanzu suna cikin hive, wannan yana nuna cewa mahaifa ya zama rashin haihuwa ko ya mutu. Bugu da kari, lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na iska ya ragu, mazan, ke tashi cikin hive, suna tara tarin tsibi, suna samar da yanayi mai kyau a cikin “dakin”.
Idan maza gudanar zuwa hunturu a cikin hive, a cikin bazara za su mutu, saboda ba za su iya jure low yanayin zafi, da abin da suka zama rauni.
Ƙudan zuma na aiki
Mutane masu aiki suna da tsawon rayuwar rayuwa tsakanin mahaifa da drone - daga kwanaki 30 zuwa watanni da dama. Idan an ƙera kudan zuma a watan Maris, rayuwa takan kwana 35, idan a watan Yuni - aƙalla 30, idan cikin kaka - watanni 3-8. Amma kuma yana faruwa cewa kwari suna wanzu har tsawon shekara ɗaya (lokacin da babu katako a cikin gida). Dalilin haka shine ƙara yawan abinci na abincin kudan zuma, wanda saboda abubuwa ke tara abubuwa a jikin mutum. Bugu da kari, ba lallai ba ne a kashe kuzari a kan aiki a cikin hunturu.
A cikin kaka, bayan tarin zuma, mata masu aiki suna ƙara nauyin jiki da kashi 15-19%. Waɗannan mutane suna da tsarin haihuwa, amma, duk da wannan, in babu yuwuwar cikin mahaifa, za su iya sa ƙwai cikin adadin 20-30. Koyaya, dukansu basu da magani. Lissafin ba ya faruwa a ƙasan sel, amma a bango, wanda ke bambanta mutane masu aiki daga mahaifa.
Beesudan zuma na cikin gida suna da nau'ikan 2: ƙwayoyin cuta (ƙwai sun fara haɓaka a cikin ƙwayoyin su) da ilimin halittar jiki (an sanya waɗannan ƙwai) Na farko na iya zuwa 90%, na biyu - 25% na gidan gaba daya.
Yawo da kuma hive ƙudan zuma
Beesudan zuma mai aiki ya kasu kashi biyu:
- Hanyoyi - wadancan mutanen da ke cikin hive bayan fita daga sel. Da farko, sun sami ƙarfi, bayan da suka fara ciyar da larvae, to, suna tsunduma cikin tsabtace gidan hive da gini. Lokacin da lokacin tashi ya zo, suna yin jirgi na farko, suna jujjuya shugaban zuwa gidansu. Bayan samun masaniya da yankin, kudan zuma yakan zama yawo. A wurinsu sababbin mutanen da aka haife su suka zo.
- Jirgin sama - tara pollen da nectar, jigilar ruwa da abubuwa masu narkewa zuwa hive. Su ne waɗanda suke yin aiki a lokacin tarin zuma sosai.
Ta yaya kudan zuma ke aiki? (bidiyo)
A cikin wannan bidiyon zaku iya ganin dangin kudan zuma sarai kuma ku gano gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da ƙudan zuma:
Idan ka shawarta zaka shiga harkar kiwo, ka tabbata ka karanci kayan kayan aiki game da kowane memban kungiyar da ke kudan zuma, ka yi shawara tare da gogaggen kudan zuma da kuma kiyaye duk ka’idojin kiyaye su.
Hierarchy a cikin kudan zuma
Gidan kudan zuma yana da tsari mai ma'ana tare da rarraba dukkan nauyin da membobin sa suke yi. Babban abu a cikin hive shine mahaifa, ya bambanta da girman jikin mutum, wanda ya kai 20-25 zuwa tsayi a tsayi kuma har zuwa 300 MG cikin nauyi. Mahaifa ya sanya kwai, har zuwa raka'a dubu uku ana kwance a kowace rana, kuma dubu 250-250 a kowace kakar. Rayuwar mahaifa kimanin shekaru 8 kenan, ayyukanta na yau da kullun suna cika shekaru 3 ne kawai. An kira mahaifa shine babban abu na jan hankali a cikin hive.Yawan ma'aikatan jinya suna tsunduma cikin ciyar da ita don tabbatar da kwanciya a yau da kullun. Mahaifa na da nasa kayan ci gaba - jami'an tsaro wadanda ke kare shugaban dangi, kula da ita ta yadda za a tsabtace gidan hive da tsaftacewa daga kwandon shara. Shugaban hive yana da ikon samar da abu na musamman da ake kira igiyar ciki. Ana ɗaukar wannan abu don ferromone, wanda ma'aikata ke ɗauka daga jikin mahaifa kuma suna ɗaukar shi a ko'ina cikin hive don tabbatar da lafiyar mahaifa da kyautata rayuwar iyali duka.
Shugaban gidan kudan zuma ba koyaushe ne zai iya kula da masarar a wani babban mataki ba, saboda haka akwai lokuta da yawa lokacin da dangin kudan zuma suka kawar da mahaifa kuma suka sami sabon salo.Tohon ko larvae da mace ta sanya shine muhimmin bangare na dangin kudan zuma.
Don zama cikakkun mutane masu aiki, larvae ya bi matakai da yawa na ci gaba:
- Kwanaki 3 bayan kwanciya, fararen qwai sun juya zuwa larvae,
- a cikin kwanaki 3-7 na gaba, an ciyar da larvae tare da madara, sannan abincinsu ya kasu kashi: kashi (3/4) na larvae an canja shi zuwa gurasar kudan zuma da zuma, kuma ana ci gaba da ciyar da ɓangaren (1/4) tare da madara,
- sannan tantanin halitta tare da tsutsa an rufe shi da kakin zuma, yana adana wasu ajiyar abinci a ciki - don ci gaban mutane. Bayan kwanaki 10-15, kudan zuma masu aiki (bakararre ko kuma mutane masu jima'i) suna ciyar da biyun kudan zuma da zuma, ya zauna cikin mahaifa (mutane masu yawan gaske) suna ciyar da madara da drones suna fita daga sel.
Tushen aikin hive ya kunshi mutane masu aiki - sun bayyana ne daga qwai da mahaifa ya shimfiɗa kuma bayan kwanaki 20 suna shirye don aiki mai wahala na kula da hive. Girman mai aiki yana ƙarami, tsawon jikin mutum daga 12 zuwa 14 mm, nauyi yana daga 90 zuwa 115 MG.
Drones sune ƙudan zuma maza waɗanda suka kai girman jiki na 15 zuwa 17 mm a tsayi kuma suna awo tsakanin 200 da 250 mg. Drones suna fitowa daga ƙwai wanda ba a haɗa shi ba, suna yin aikin takin mahaifa. Namiji bashi da makami, bashi da aiki, sabanin masu aiki, kuma yana shayar da zuma da yawa. Droaya daga cikin drone yakan cinye zuma sau 20 fiye da yadda take awo kanta, saboda haka, mutane masu aiki suna ciyar da maza kawai yayin lokacin haɓaka. Lokacin da kaka ya zo, ƙudan zuma ya daina ɗaukar zuma tare da drones da wadancan, raunana, nan da nan ya mutu.
A cikin kudan zuma, haka kuma, wani lokacin akwai berayen da ke iya barin aikinsu na yau da kullun a matsayinsu na mai aiki kuma sun fara cinye dumbin madarar mahaifiya. Wannan sabon abu yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashi na tsawon lokaci daga cikin mahaifa a cikin hive ko kuma rashin isasshen adadin larvae. A cikin ovaries, bayan cinye madarar uwa, ovaries suna haɓaka aiki, wanda ke haifar da kwanciya daga ƙwai wanda ba a haɗa shi ba da kuma bayyanar drones. Beesudan zuma masu aiki galibi ba sa iya ciyar da iyali da yawa da drones, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar dangi.
Ta yaya kudan zuma yake aiki kuma menene matsayin sa a cikin hive?
Kudan zuma na aiki a cikin iyali guda sun fito daga mahaifa guda. Wannan ɓangaren dangin kudan zuma yana aiki koyaushe, ba don janye hankali na biyu daga lamura masu mahimmanci ba.
An gabatar da babban aikin aikin da mai aiki ya yi:
- tattara pollen da hawa shi zuwa hive,
- Ganyen pollen da sarrafawa a cikin zuma, propolis da biredi na kudan zuma,
- ciyar larvae, ya zauna, brood kula,
- samar da kakin zuma don gina gidan saƙar zuma,
- cike da saƙar zuma tare da zuma, maɓallan hatimi,
- tsaftace hive daga farfajiya, tarkace, ƙura,
- rike da yawan zafin jiki da ake buƙata,
- kare hive daga sauran kwari,
- isar da ruwa ga hive don bukatun ƙudan zuma,
- dumama ganuwar gida, ɓarna rami da fasa da propolis,
- isar da abinci daga filayen domin mazaunan hive,
- tsari da adadin kwai kwanciya da mahaifa.
Ya danganta da shekarun kudan zuma da ke aiki, tana yin takamaiman ayyuka a cikin hive, amma idan ya cancanta, ƙudan zuma matasa waɗanda ke tsunduma, alal misali, a cikin ciyarwa, ana ɗaukar su don sadar da ƙangin nectar ga hive.
A za'ayi, an rarraba ƙudan zuma a cikin amya da filin. Hives matasa ne da ba su kai shekara 3 ba, su ne ke yin duk aikin da ya kamata a yi don kula da hive da ciyar da dutsen. An danƙa wa tsofaffi aikin jigilar nectar da ruwa zuwa gidajensu.
Menene "dangin kudan zuma"?
A cikin bazara da bazara, dangin kudan zuma ya kamata su sami mahaifa 1, daga 20 zuwa 80 dubu masu aiki, mutane dubu 1 da drones da brood daga firam 8 zuwa 9. Matsakaicin tsarin ya kamata ya zama 12. Siyan kunshin kudan zuma a cikin kiwon kudan zuma ana daukar hanyar mafi sauƙi don samar da dangin kudan zuma. Dangane da GOST 20728-75, abin da ya kamata ya haɗa da:
- ƙudan zuma - 1.2 kilogiram
- Fodod Fod (300 mm) - aƙalla 2 inji mai kwakwalwa.,
- Sarauniya kudan zuma - 1 pc.,
- ciyar - 3 kg
- shiryawa don kawowa.
Yadda ake rarraba nauyi tsakanin mutane daga dangin kudan zuma
A cikin masarautar kudan zuma, ana girmama madaidaicin matsayi. Flowararrawar aiki, yana gudana kullun cikin ciki da waje, ana rarraba shi cike da shekaru. A kan ƙudan zuma matasa, wanda shekarunsa bai wuce kwanaki 10 ba, duk aikin iyali akan hive ya faɗi:
- suna shirya ƙwayoyin cuta kyauta a cikin combs don sabon kwan kwanciya (tsabta, goge),
- kula da yawan zafin jiki da ake buƙata, yayin da suke zama a saman firam ɗin ko motsa su a hankali tare da su.
Ana kula da brood ta mai kula da kudan zuma. Mutane daban-daban sun shiga wannan matsayin bayan sun kirkiro gland na musamman waɗanda ke haifar da jelly na sarauta. Glam ɗin abinci yana kan kai. Perga shine albarkatun kasa don samar da jelly na sarauta. A sanyaye ta sha a jiki mai yawa.
Drones aboki tare da mahaifa a waje da hive. Wannan tsari yana faruwa yayin jirgin. Daga lokacin barin kwayar har zuwa lokacin balaga ya dauki sati biyu. Yayin awoyi na hasken rana, drones da suka manyanta suna tashi sau 3. Lokacin farko yana tsakiyar rana. Adadin fasinjojin jirgin yayi gajere, kimanin minti 30.
Kudin kudan zuma da ma’aikatan jirgin sama
Ana kiyaye madaidaicin matsayi a cikin kowane dangin kudan zuma. An gina kan tushen ilimin halittar jiki na aiki ƙudan zuma, m da shekaru. Dangane da wannan tsarin, duk ma'aikatan sun kasu kashi biyu:
Mafi yawan wadanda ba sa tashi sama kwana 14 - 14 ne; tsofaffi kuma wani bangare ne na rukunin ƙudan zuma. Kwana 3-5, hive na ƙudan zuma masu aiki suna yin gajeren zango, a lokacin da ake tsabtace hanjin cikin nasara.
Halin da kudan zuma yake aiki
Bayan ya kai kwanaki 3, matasa matasa ƙudan zuma suna cin abinci, hutawa kuma suna cikin aikin brood. A wannan lokacin, suna zafi da tsintsiyar da mutane. Ya girma, mai aiki ya zama mai tsafta.
Mahaifa na iya sa qwai a cikin sel mai tsabta. Bautar da ƙwayoyin da suka ɓace shine alhakin masu tsabtace. Yawancin ayyuka na kulawa da tantanin halitta sun fada kan sa:
- tsaftacewa
- propolis polishing
- wetting da yau.
Matan tsaftacewa suna aiwatar da kwari da suka mutu, burodin kudan zuma, sauran sharar gida. Daga ranakun goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha takwas na rayuwa, ma'aikacin dake kula da kudan zuma ya zama mai aikin jinya da mai gini. A m-kudan zuma ya zama kusa da brood. Tana samar da abinci ga yan uwa. Rayuwar larvae, mahaifa, da kuma drones da suka tsinke daga jikin hatimin kudan zuma matasa ya dogara da mai jinyar.
Ayyukan ƙudan zuma na ƙungiyar sun hada da:
- samar da zuma daga ƙwan zuma,
- cire danshi mai yawa daga nectar,
- saƙar zuma,
- sealing sel tare da kakin zuma.
Don yawancin rayuwarsu na gajeren lokaci, kudan zuma masu aiki suna tara ƙwayoyin nectar da pollen daga ikon kudan zuma. Mutumin ya zama zabin, bayan ya kai shekara 15-20.
Ta yaya ake kirkiro kudan zuma?
A cikin kiwon kudan zuma, an fahimci brood a matsayin haɗuwa da ƙwai, larvae, da pupae. Bayan wani lokaci, kudan zuma ƙyanƙyashe daga gare su. Na'urar (haifuwa) na mazauna kudan zuma na faruwa a cikin bazara da bazara. Daga cikin qwai da mahaifa ya aza a cikin tantanin saƙar zuma, ƙwanƙwasa larvae ranar 3.
Suna cin abinci mai ƙarfi na kwanaki 6. A cikin dan kankanin lokaci, yawan kowane mutum yana ƙaruwa sau 500. Lokacin da tsutsa ya kai girman da ake buƙata, sai su daina ciyar da shi.Ranceofar ga ma'aikacin gidan kudan zuma mazauna an rufe su da kakin zuma.
Kafin ka zama ɗan kwari mai cikakken garkuwa, kwanaki da yawa sun shude. Sealedan tsana da aka rufe tana sutura da kwalin kanta. Matakan Pupa na tsawon lokaci:
- drones - kwanaki 14,
- Yana ɗaukar kwanaki 12 don samar da ƙudan zuma masu aiki,
- kafin bayyanuwar mahaifa, kwanaki 9 kenan.