Je zuwa taken sashi: Irin nau'in dinosaurs
Psittacosaurus mongoliensis psittacosaurus (Mongolia parrot lizard)
Matsayi na tsari: dattsaurs na ptitsetazovye, dinosaurs na tsoro
Shekarun da aka samu: Farkon Cretaceous (shekaru miliyan 120-100 da suka shude)
Lost da aka samo: Asiya (Mongolia, China, Thailand)
Herbivorous
A shekara ta 1922, an samo kwarangwal din dinosaurs na mita biyu tare da siffar kai da baƙon abu da kuma baki, kamar aku, a cikin Mongolia a cikin duwatsun farkon Cretaceous. Nemi suna ko psittacosaurus (akuya lizal). Shortan gajeren amma ya yi ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ya nuna a cikin sifa kuma tare da yankan gefuna. Da ita, dabbobi zasu iya cizo kuma su sami ƙarfi sosai daga tsire-tsire. Wannan da gaske ake buƙata da ƙarfin gaske, wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta musamman na musamman tsarin kwanyar: akwai wurare da yawa akan sa inda aka haɗa manyan tsokoki masu ƙarfi, musamman babban gefen daga gefen baya na kai.
Godiya ga sifofin sifofi, masu bincike sun sami damar danganta kananan kasusuwa na kananan dabbobi ga jinsin iri daya, kodayake yana da matukar wahala a tabbatar cewa dattijo da saurayi sun kasance iri daya. Tsawon kananan abubuwan dinosaur na wannan nau'in sun kasance 24 da santimita 27 ne kawai. Dangane da shekarun su, sun na da karar kawunansu da giya. Tabbas, waɗannan dabbobin da ba su da ƙarfi a yanzu sun kasance mai sauƙin fara har ma da kananan abubuwan cin abinci. Sabili da haka, an yarda dashi gaba ɗaya cewa mahaifiyar mahaifiyarta ta daɗe tana kiyaye shi. Wataƙila ita ma ta ciyar da su "jumbar" ganyayyaki masu rauni?
*** Tsarin gaban kwanyar yayi kama da beak na babban aku. Masana ilimin burbushin halitta sunyi imanin cewa kaifin gefansu na "beak" psittacosaurs suna yanke rassan, rassan bishiyoyi da shishiyoyi, shine abinda suka ci. Ragowar matasa yakai tsawon 24 - 27 cm.
*** Psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus), asalin halittar dabbobi masu rarrabe ne game da umarnin garken-kaji. Rayuwa a farkon Cretaceous. Tsayin Jiki 1-1.5 m. Vedaura a kan kafafu 2. Matsayi na tsari yana da rikitarwa, kamar yadda P. yana bayyanar da alamun tsoffin dinosaurs (siffar kwanyar), ankylosaurs (nau'in hakora) da ornithopods (tsarin gabobin). Mafi m, P. wakiltar reshe na gangar jikin stegosaurus - ankylosaurs, wanda ya riƙe ikon motsi bipedally. Anana, hakoran hakora a gefunan, a fili, ya ba da damar gnaw da niƙa tsirrai. Kamar fulawar Hoof-yana nuna karbuwa don tafiya akan ƙasa mai ɓarna. Babu shakka, sun zauna a cikin ɓoye tare da bankunan wuraren tafki, inda ya zama mai sauƙi ne a sami abinci da ɓoyewa daga abokan gaba.
*** "Psittacosaurus" ba ma'ana komai ba face "lizard-parrot." Kuma ya yi suna saboda haka sabon abu tsarin jaws, kama da baki na aku. Tare da su, ya yayyafa ganye da rassan bishiyoyi. Pangolin ya tafi a kan kafafu biyu, amma idan akwai haɗari zai iya briskly gudu cikin hudu. Masana kimiyya sun iya gano ragowar dinosaur ba kawai, har ma da jarirai. Har yaran suma suna da hakora, domin tun suna kanana zasu iya samun nasu abincin. Kamar kaji na zamani da duwatsun zamani, psittacosaurs sun haɗiye ƙananan pebbles don abinci ya zama ƙasa mafi kyau.
Psittacosaurus ba shi da girma: tsawonsa ya kai mita 1, kuma nauyinsa bai wuce kilo 15 ba.
Wasu masana kimiyya sun danganta psittacosaurus da umarnin ceratops, kodayake basu da kahohin magana da ci gaban goshi. Duk da haka, beaks na ceratopia da psittacosrens suna da kama sosai, kuma tsarin shugaban kusan iri ɗaya ne. A bayyane yake, masana kimiyya suna da gaskiya: psittacosaurs na iya zama magabatan magabatan farauyoyi. Wani tabbacin ya tabbatar da wannan binciken a cikin Mongolia, inda ba a taɓa gano dinosaur da ba a san shi ba, wanda yake da abin wuya tare da haɓaka iri ɗaya daidai da tsarin lafuzza, gemunsa kuma kusan shine ainihin kwafin psittacosaurus.
A karon farko, koyarwar Amurka ta Henry Osborne ta gano a farkon shekarar 1923, yayin aikin balaguron masaniya a cikin tsaunukan Mongolia. Sannan sa'a ta kasance tare da Osborne: abubuwan bincike masu ban mamaki da aka sanya, wanda hakan ya tilasta sabon kallo ga tsoffin dinosaur.
Misali, Henry Osborne ya ba da shawarar cewa psittacosaurs na iya cin ciyawar cikin lumana tare da sauran dinosaurs na dabbobi, misali, veurosaurs. Psaramar psittacosaurs suna cin ganye da ƙananan harbe daga ƙasa, kuma manyan veansaur da suka fi girma suna samun abincinsu daga saman bishiyoyi.
Abin mamakin shine, nau'ikan abubuwan cin abinci iri biyu tare suke domin jin yadda yanayin magabatansu ke cikin lokaci. Da zaran mafarauci ya isa yankin na gani, dinosaurs yayi kakkausar suka ga wasu kuma suka watsu a fannoni daban daban, suna rikitar da dangi mara hankali.
Hakanan abin mamaki ne cewa ana samun ragowar irin waɗannan alamomin a Turai. Bugu da ƙari, akwai dalili don yin imani da cewa psittacosaurus da zarar ya zauna a ƙasar Rasha ta zamani. Yanzu masana kimiyya sun kusa tabbatar da kammalawa, ya rage a tallafa musu tare da binciken burbushin halittu. (http://www.zoohall.com.ua)
Shekaru miliyan 130 da suka gabata, dabbobi masu shayarwa sun ci dinosaur
Ya rage sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, Channel One frame
Masana binciken burbushin halittu na Amurka ne suka gano abin mamaki. Abin ya zama cewa kimanin shekaru miliyan 130 da suka shude, dabbobi masu shayarwa sun ci dinosaur, rahoton CNN ya ambaci Associated Press.
A China, an gano ragowar dabba mai burbushin halittu, a ciki wanda kasusuwa na matashin dinosaur. An samo burbushin ne kimanin shekaru biyu da suka gabata a lardin Liaoning na kasar Sin, ana jigilar su zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na birnin Beijing, inda masanan kasar Sin da Amurkawa suka yi karatu. Abubuwan da suka gano na iya, a cikin ra'ayin su, suna juya ainihin ra'ayoyin da suka gabata game da rawar dabbobi masu shayarwa a zamanin dinosaur.
Wata matashiya psittacosaurus wacce ta zama mai shanyar dabbobi masu shayarwa - wacce ake kira "parrot lizard". An yi suna ne saboda wani sabon abu mai kama da jaws, mai kama da bera na aku, wanda ya tsage ganye daga rassan bishiya. Pangolin ya tashi a kan kafafu biyu, amma idan akwai haɗari zai iya hanzarta gudana akan hudu. Girman manya ba su wuce mita ɗaya da rabi ba, kuma nauyi - kilo 15.
"A farko, munyi zaton tayi ne da dabbobi masu shayarwa da kanta. Da muka duba sosai, sai muka gano cewa zai iya zama dinosaur ne. Bugu da kari, kasusuwa suna nan daidai inda dabbobi masu shayarwa suke da ciki," in ji wani ma'aikacin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka (Amurka Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta) Meng Jin.
Kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka gano, dabbobi masu shayarwa Repenomamus robustus girman babban cat sunada farin jini. An samu kusa kusa da kashin halittar wata dabba mai ban sha'awa, kuma wannan binciken ba karamin abin mamaki bane. Gaskiyar ita ce girman wannan dabba ya fi na kare zamani, duk da cewa a baya an yi imanin cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa na wancan lokacin sun ninka sau ashirin - kadan kadan daga chipmunk na zamani.
Masanin binciken burbushin halittu Zhexi Luo na Pittsburgh Carnegie na Tarihin Halittar Yammaci ya yi imanin cewa yanzu haka an lalata tsarin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma gano hakan shine farkon abin da ke tabbatar da cewa dabbobi masu shayarwa akan kananan dinosaur a zamanin Cretaceous.
Bayanin
Daban-daban nau'ikan psittacosaurs sun banbanta girmansu da sifofin fasalinsu da siket dinsu, amma yanayin jikinsu kusan iri ɗaya ne. Mafi kyawun jinsin da aka yi nazari, Mongolian psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus Mongoliensis), sun kai tsawon mita 2. Matsakaicin girman jikin dabba mai yiwuwa ya wuce kilo 20. Wasu nau'ikan psittacosaurs sun yi kama da girman Mongolian (Psittacosaurus ne babba, Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis, Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis), wasu sun ɗan ɗan yi yawa (Psittacosaurus sinensis, Psittacosaurus meileyingensis).
Smallestaramin psittacosaurus sananne shine Psittacosaurus ordosensis. Ya zama ƙasa da 30% na mongoliensis na Psittacosaurus. Mafi girma sune Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis da Psittacosaurus sibiricus, amma sun banbanta kadan da girman psongacosaurus na Mongolian.
Kwanyar psittacosaurs ta bambanta sosai da kwanyar sauran abincin tsuntsayen zamani. Kwanyar psittacosaurs tayi girma da gajarta, a cikin wasu nau'ikan kusan zagaye cikin bayanin martaba. Bangaren da yake a gaban orbits - ramin ido - ya lissafta kashi 40% ne kawai na tsawon kwanyar, kasa da sauran sanannun kashin kaji. Don ƙananan muƙamuƙi na psittacosaurs, jerin ɓarna a tsaye wanda ke faruwa a tsakiyar kowane haƙorin halayyar ne. Dukansu babba da ƙananan ƙananan an yi musu kwalliya da tsarin aiwatar da coracoid masu tasowa waɗanda aka haɓaka daga baki da ƙashin kasada, bi da bi. Wataƙilar ɓoyayyen ƙarshen beak ɗin an rufe shi da daskararre don ya iya yin amfani da daskarar da yankan katako na katako don ingantaccen yankan tsire-tsire. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin janan dabbobi, da gajerun kwanyar da baki a ciki suna kama da na fasalin zamani. A cikin tsarin kwanyar psittacosaurs akwai wasu sifofi na halayen marigayi tsoffin dinosaurs, alal misali, ƙashin kashi na musamman a ƙarshen babban muƙamuƙi, ƙashi zygomatic mai yawa. Koyaya, psittacosaurs basu da kamannin kashi a wuya ko wuya akan fuska, halayyar tsoffin dinosaurs. A kan kwanyar kwarangwal na Siberian psittacosaurus akwai fashe-fatar kasusuwa mai fashewa, amma ana daukar su ne sakamakon ci gaban haɗuwa.
Sauran kashin kwarangwal na psittacosaurs ya bambanta sosai da irin kasusuwa irin guda biyu na kaji-dinosaurs. A cikin Mongolian psittacosaurus, kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran nau'in, tsawon forelimbs kawai 58% na tsawon kafafu, wannan yana nuna cewa psittacosaurs sun shafe kusan rayuwarsu a ƙafa biyu. A kan kafafu na gaba (“makamai”) na psittacosaurs akwai yatsu huɗu kawai, kuma ba biyar ba, kamar yadda a cikin yawancin dinosaurs na kaji (gami da dukkanin dinosaur na tsoro). Gabaɗaya, takalmin mai kafa huɗu yana da halayyar kananan dabbobi-dinosaur.
Haraji
An gabatar da sunan psittacosaurus a cikin 1923 daga Henry Fairfield Osborn, masanin ilimin burbushin halittu, shugaban Cibiyar Tarihin Kayan Tarihi na Amurka, a cikin labarin da aka buga a ranar 19 ga Oktoba. Sunan duniya yana cikin kalmomin Girka. ψιττακος / psittakos (aku) da Girkanci. / sauros (lizard), kuma yana nuna kwatankwacin yanayin gaban gaban dabba tare da baki na aku da kuma abubuwansu masu rarrafe.
Iri nau'in psittacosaurs
Fiye da dozin nau'in ana danganta su ne ga halayen psittacosaurs, amma a yau daga takwas zuwa goma sha ɗaya daga cikinsu ana ɗauka amintacce ne. A halin yanzu, wannan shine mafi girman adadin jinsunan dogayen dogaro a cikin kowane nau'in dinosaur (ban da tsuntsaye). Ba kamar psittacosaurs ba, yawancin sauran abubuwan samar da dinosaur suna monospecific, wato, nau'in halitta guda ne ke wakilta su. Irin wannan bambancin shine mafi yawanci ana tantance shi ta hanyar sanin binciken asalin binciken. Ana san Psittacosaurs a matsayin daruruwan samfurori, yayin da yawancin sauran abubuwan cin abinci an wakilta su da wuya, galibi basu da yawa. Sakamakon yawan samfuran, nazarin gaba ɗaya na psittacosaurs ya zama mai yiwuwa, wannan ya ba mu damar gano da kuma ƙididdige yawan adadin nau'ikansu. Yawancin halittun dabbobi da ake da su suna wakiltar nau'ikan halittu da yawa, wanda ke ba da shawarar kasancewar jinsuna da yawa tsakanin dinosaur, duk da cewa ba a kiyaye ragowar ragowar su ba. Bugu da kari, yawancin dinosaurs an san su ne kawai don ragowar ƙashi, wanda zai ba su damar kimantawa kawai game da kasusuwa na kasusuwa, yayin da jinsin da ke yanzu, suna da kasusuwa iri-iri, sun bambanta sosai a cikin wasu haruffa waɗanda ba a kiyaye su a cikin fossil form. A sakamakon haka, ainihin nau'in jinsin wannan da sauran nau'ikan abubuwan cin abinci na dinosaur zasu iya yin girma sosai fiye da yadda aka sani yanzu.
- Amintaccen kafa jinsunan psittacosaurus
- Mongolian psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mongoliensis) - Mongolia, arewacin China.
- Sinanci na psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus sinensis) - arewa maso gabashin China.
- Mai Maylain psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus meileyingensis) - Arewacin kasar Sin.
- Xinjiang psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis) - arewa maso yammacin China.
- Mongol na cikin gida psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis) - Arewacin kasar Sin.
- Ordos psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus ordosensis) - Arewa maso Tsakiya China.
- Matsongshan psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis) - Arewacin China.
- Harshen Siberian psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus sibiricus) - Kudancin Siberiya, Rasha.
- Lutsijun sauricPsittacosaurus lujiatunensis) - arewa maso gabashin China.
- Babban psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus babba) - arewa maso gabashin China.
- Specieswararrun nau'ikan psittacosaurus
- ?Psittacosaurus Sattayaraki (Psittacosaurus sattayaraki) - Thailand.
Samplena
Samplena : "Dinosaur tare da kaho guda uku"
Lokacin rayuwa: ƙarshen Cretaceous - kusan miliyan 70-65 da suka gabata
Squad: Kaji
Suborder: Hanyoyin kwantar da hankali
Abubuwan gama-gari na likitocin:
- tafiya akan kafafu huɗu
- ci ciyayi
- ƙahoni da ƙasusuwa ƙasusuwa sun kasance suna sawa a kai
- da mucks ƙare tare da baki kamar aku
Bangarori:
tsawon - 1.5 m
tsayi - 1.4 m
nauyi - 40 kg.
Abinci mai gina jiki: dinosaur herbivorous
Gano: 1923, Mongolia
Psitaccosaurus - Dinosaur mai Cretaceous. Psitaccosaurus wakilin rukunin dinosaurs ne da ake kira hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, sanannan ne a zamanin Cretaceous.
Dinosaur da ya manyanta daga wannan nau'in ya kai tsawan mita 1.5, kuma yana iya kimar kilo 40. Tsawon tsumagun ƙwayoyin psitaccosaurus ya kasance santimita 25.
Psitaccosaurus, tsohuwar wakilin ceratops, bai yi kama da na danginsa na baya ba. Ya fi kama da wakilin ornithopod. Wasu masana har ma suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin wakilin ƙananan ornithopods.
Zai yiwu, psitaccosaurus ya kasance cikin matakin canji tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu dangantaka. Tare da ornithopods an kawo shi tare da gajeren hanu tare da yatsun yatsu. Amma a cikin kusurwar kusurwa na kwanyar guda 22 akwai fasalulluka na ceratops: babban beak a kan muck, jaws ba tare da hakora a gaban ba. Wani murkashin ƙashi yana kan kwanyar, kuma tsokoki na muƙamuƙi suna haɗe da shi. Wannan crest zai zama daga baya ya zama abin wuya kashi da garkuwa a cikin marigayi ceratopsids. The psittacosaurus yana da yatsun hannu guda hudu. Sunan da ake kira Dinosaur ya ƙunshi kalmomin Girka "parrot" da "lizard", waɗanda ke nuna kamanin ɗigon dinosaur tare da baki na aku.
An gano ragowar psittacosaurus a cikin Mongolia a cikin 1922-1925 ta hanyar balaguro wanda Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halittar Amurka ya yi. Bayanin farko na sabon nau'in an wallafa shi ne shugaban wannan gidan kayan gargajiya, Henry Fairfield Osborne, a cikin 1923. A lokacin balaguron din, an kuma yi wasu abubuwan samfurori, wadanda ba a gano su ba har zuwa 1980. Daga baya an gano cewa wasu kasusuwa mallakar samarin psittacosaurus.
Rarrabawa
Pittacosaurs wani nau'in halittar halittar yara ne na dangin psittacosaurus. Tare da psittacosaurs, halittar mutum ɗaya kawai, gonshanosaurs, a halin yanzu an sanya shi ga wannan dangi. Psittacosaurus ya aza harsashin kusan dukkanin abubuwan sanannu na dinosaurs, ban da asalin halittar Yinlong kuma, mai yiwuwa, dangin Chaoyangsauridae. Duk da cewa psittacosaurs farkon reshe ne na bishiyar abincin dinosaur, psittacosaurs kansu bazai zama magabatan kai tsaye na wasu gungun tsoffin dabbobin ba. Duk sauran dinosaurs masu ban tsoro sun riƙe yatsa na biyar akan goshinsu, yayin da psittacosaurs ya zama yatsu huɗu. Bugu da kari, yayin juyin halitta, psittacosaurs sun rasa foramen foramen preorbital wanda aka adana a yawancin dinosaurs na tsoro da kusan dukkanin sauran illolin kayan tarihi. Ana tsammanin yiwuwar sake haɓaka yatsa na biyar ko foramen infraorbital yana da matukar tabbas.
Duk da cewa an gano nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan psittacosaurs, dangantakar da ke tsakanin jinsunan har yanzu ba a bincika sosai ba, kuma babu cikakkiyar fahimta tsakanin masana kimiyya game da wannan. Alexander Averyanov da abokan aikinsa sun buga bayanan shekarar 2006:
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