Manyan Jikin zuma wani karamin tsuntsu ne da aka samo a Afirka da Kudancin Asia. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, godiya ga wannan tsuntsu zaka iya samun amya na kudan zuma. Tsuntsayen suna ciyar da kakin zuma da tsutsa na kudan zuma, amma ba za su iya isa da kansu ba. Saboda haka, suna kiran zakin zuma ko mutum. Yayin da "abokin tarayya" ke yakar ƙudan zuma, manin zuma yana cin kakin zuma. Waɗannan ba duk tabbatattun abubuwa bane game da batun likitanci.
Kabilun Afirka da yawa sun san wannan yanayin na jagorar zuma kuma suna da niyyar nema don samun zuma. Bayan nasarar farauta, an bar wani sashin saƙar saƙar zuma ga tsuntsu. Ko a yanzu, lokacin da zaku iya haifar ƙudan zuma da kanku, kabilu da yawa suna yin wannan. Zamuyi magana game da inda zakin zuma ke zaune, menene wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da tsuntsayen da suke ci gaba.
7 gaskiya game da jagorar zuma
- Abi'a ɗaya ne kawai suka koya don kira don neman babbar dabba. Sauran nau'ikan 16 sun gwammace su zauna kusa da hive suna jiran wani ya lalata shi.
- Abun tsuntsayen ba zai iya narke kakin zuma da kanta ba. Amma mai mulkin zuma a cikin ciki yana rayuwa mai ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke taimakawa narke abinci don haka hadadden abu.
- Tsofaffi suna da fata mai kauri sosai wanda kudan zuma ba za ta ciza ta ba. Amma sun fi son kar su dauki kasada kuma kar su je yin fada da kudan zuma kadai.
- Kodayake an san waɗannan tsuntsayen tun tuni, amma ba a yin nazarinsu. Yawancin nau'ikan an gano su kuma an bayyana su kawai a rabi na biyu na karni na 20 kuma har yanzu ba a fara nazarin ba.
- A cikin bayanin muryar zaki mai bushewa, gashin fuka-fukan suna goge ne da siffar zare. A lokacin kiwo, yakan tashi kamar yadda fuka-fukai suna yin sautin da namiji yake jan hankalin mace.
- Waɗannan cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi ne. Kamar cuckoos, suna jefa ƙwai cikin manyan tsuntsayen. Kajin ba ya jefa “maƙwabta” daga gida, amma yana kashe su da haƙoɓin haƙole.
- Babban jagorar zuma ne kawai, wanda ke jan hankalin mutane da kuma mabiyan zuma, yana da damar da za su ci zuma kullum. Sauran nau'in, yayin da babu wata hanyar da za ta lalata hive, ganima akan kowane kwari.
Manya ta 3: gaskiya mafi ban sha'awa game da bayanin zuma
- Rubutun mai nuna alamar an fara rubuta shi a karni na 16. Wani ɗan mishan da ba a sani ba ya rubuta cewa tsuntsu wanda ba a san shi ba ne ya cinye kyandir duka don bautar.
- Jagororin watsa labarai suna jan hankalin “abokin tarayya” tare da sauti na musamman. Bayan haka, a kan hanyar zuwa hive tare da taimakon sauti na musamman, mutumin da yake da alama mai hankali yana nuna madaidaiciyar hanya.
- Wannan tsuntsu ne mai sirrin sirri da kulawa. Za'a iya ganinta kawai idan ita kanta tana sonta.
Jagorar Media: Abokan Halitta, Yawan Jama'a
A dabi'a, alamun zuma kusan basu da abokan gaba. Masu cin gashin kansu kusan basu damu da karamin tsuntsu ba. Tana taimaka wa masu cin zuma su samu abinci, kuma ba wai kawai ba su taɓa abokai ba, amma kuma suna iya kare shi daga maharin. Saboda haka, tsuntsayen wannan nau'in basa shan wahala daga mafarauta.
Mutane kuma ba su taɓa alamomin kiwon lafiya ba. A cikin Afirka, waɗannan tsuntsayen koyaushe ana girmama su a matsayin hanya ɗaya kawai da za su ɗanɗani masu ɗanɗanar maciji a “baƙin nahiyar” Hakanan basu wahala daga amfani da sararin samaniya da sinadarai. Jagorar zuma itace ɗayan birdsan tsuntsaye waɗanda ba sa fama da tasirin ɗan adam.
Bayanai
Tsuntsu mai nuna zuma - Tsuntsayen tsuntsayen Afirka daga 18-20 cm kuma nauyin kimanin 50. Wasu sunaye - Likitan likitan zuma, Manyan Maganin Mutuka na zuma, Manuniyar Manuniyar Kyakyawar Kifi na Baki, Manyan Likitocin Likita, Morok, Manuniya, Manuniyar Maganin Ciyar zuma da Man Cuckoo. An bazu ko'ina cikin Afirka. Bi da salon rayuwa mai santsi. Da farko kallo yana kama da gizo-gizo, amma ya zama mai ɗan launi da launuka iri-iri. Jiki yana da yawa, fuka-fukan suna da tsawo, wutsiya takaice. Bangaren wannan tsuntsu yana da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi a launi, kuma ɓangaren ventral mai launin shuɗi ne. Maƙogwaron baki ne, launin fari-mai launin shuɗi a kusa da kunne, launin rawaya akan kowane kafada. Ingsauka masu kyau tare da farin fari masu yawa. Wutsiyar launin ruwan kasa ce, amma matsanancin nau'i na gashin fuka-fukai fari ne, amma tukwici kawai launin ruwan kasa. Idanun mai nuna alamar zuma mai launin ruwan kasa tare da zobe mai launin launi mai gewaye. Gefen yana da launin shuɗi-fari mai launi, mai ƙarfi, amma ba babba ba. Legsaƙaƙƙun kafafu sune launin ruwan kasa-launin toka-toka
Alamar likita ta karbi sunanta saboda dalili. Yana son cin abinci a kan kakin zuma (dukkan mazaunan kwayoyin cuta daban-daban da kuma kananan kwayoyin cuta suna cikin nutsuwa a ciki, ba da kakin zuma zuwa jihar da zata karba ga jikin tsuntsu) da kuma kudan zuma, amma ba zai iya yin hakan ba da kashin kansa, musamman lokacin da yake cikin bishiyar rami ko a cikin kasa. rami. Don haka, da ya samo kayan sawa, sai ya nemi ramin baƙar fata-zuma, ana kiran wannan dabbar Ratel, kuma tana yin sauti na musamman a kusa da shi. Badariyar tana da yardar rai bayan tsuntsu ya lalatar da gidan kudan zuma, ya ci zuma (don babban mai son wannan mu'ujiza mai cin abinci), kuma yana barin saƙar saƙar ga abokin aiki. Don haka suna aiki a cikin nau'i-nau'i - maraƙin zuma da masanin kimiyya na zuma. Baboons, kwayoyin halittu, da mongooses suma suna taimakawa jagorar likitanci akan wannan al'amari.
Yana nuna hanya zuwa ga saƙar saƙar, tsuntsu ya tashi a gaban ƙwaryar zuma a kullum yana yin sautsi na musamman, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci yana zaune akan bishiyoyi, yana juyawa wutsiyarsa yana nuna farin gashinsa, yayin da yake bawa dabbar damar ci gaba da hakan. Ita kuwa kukan zuma tana bin sahun tsuntsu tana amsa kukan nata da kukan da takeyi, sautin sauti ko kadan da ihu. Yayin da kake kusancin gidan kudan zuma, ana yin muryar jagorar zuma mafi ƙauna, har zuwa ƙarshe ta nutse cikin tasirin da ta gano kai tsaye. Bayan ya isa gidan, sai ya sanya wa mahaifar shahararren kudan zuma fitsari a gaban kudan zuma kafin a kai hari a gida, haka kuma kudan zuma yakan yi amfani da hayaki ya shayar da kudan zuma kafin ya girbe zakin.
Tsuntsayen savvy wani lokacin sukan kankama zuwa dabo don neman taimako. Amma abin da ya fi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa mutane ba sa ƙi da amfani da ilimin tsuntsu. Boabilar Boran da ke zaune a Arewacin Kenya ta daɗe tana aiki tare da mai nuna alama. Suna girmama tsuntsun da girmamawa (saboda yana rage lokacin da zai nemi zuma sau biyu zuwa uku) kuma koyaushe yana barin sa saƙar zuma. Wani lokaci, jagorar zuma yakan jagorar mutane zuwa ga kwatancen ƙudan zuma na gida, wanda ke tabbatar da makamar koyarwar makamancin ayyukanta masu ma'ana. Kyakkyawan fasalin mai nuna alamar zuma - da ikon ciyar da mai da ƙakin zuma - ya bambanta ta daga kowane shinge, yana da peculiar, sai dai wannan tsuntsu, ga 'yan ƙwari kaɗan.
Yan gari suna fama da karancin abinci mai yawan sukari, saboda haka zumar daji tana da darajar musamman. A tsakanin yawancin indan asalin ƙasa, al'ada ce ta bayar da ƙoshin ƙoshin ƙoshin ƙoshin cike da zuma, ba masu sha mai ƙarfi ba, ga baƙi na musamman. Wani baƙo mai ɗorawa zai iya shan lita 1-1.5 tare da farin ciki a cikin sau ɗaya ya faɗi. Yankin Turai na yau da kullun a irin wannan adadin tabbas yana jujjuya cikin mutuwar uku, da kuma ɗan Afirka na hakika - farin ciki da annashuwa, saboda yawancin 'ya'yan itaciyar gida suna da dandano mai ɗanɗano da kullun, kuma koyaushe kuna son mai daɗi. A cikin 'yan Afirka, alamomin likita suna da mutunci da girmamawa sosai.
Na dogon lokaci da aka yi imani da cewa zuma index kawai ci kudan zuma larvae. Amma sai ya juya cewa wannan ba haka bane. Masana binciken halitta sun gano cewa tsuntsu yana jin da kakin zuma, kuma sun yi mamakinsa: sanannu ne cewa kakin zuma ba ya narke ta cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki ba! Sun fara lura sosai sosai, har ma da shiga cikin binciken da aka yi niyya, daga nan suka sami wani microflora mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar zuma - ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman waɗanda zasu iya lalata kakin zuma.
A cikin wannan karni na 16 wani firist dan kasar Fotugal ya yi bayani game da batun cin kyandir na wani tsuntsu wanda ba a san shi ba. Ya zo Afirka don dalilai na mishan, kuma a lokacin sabis, lokacin da kyandir ke ƙonawa kuma yana yada ƙanshin jin daɗi a kusa da yankin, tsuntsu ya tashi ya tanda su. Kamshin kakin zuma, wanda yake jin warin gaba, saboda binciken da aka gudanar a yau ya nuna cewa kwayar kwakwalwa wacce take da alhakin jin warin a cikin wannan tsuntsayen sunfi kyau fiye da sauran sauran 'yan uwanta.
Babban jagorar zuma yana jagorar rayuwa mai rufin asiri. Saboda girmanta da girmanta, kusan ba a fahimta ba. Yana kashe mafi yawan rana ba motsi, yana ɓoye a cikin lokacin farin ciki a kambi na itace. Lokaci-lokaci ne kawai ake kashewa don kama wani yawo mai tashi ko kuma shiga cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da garken kananan tsuntsaye. Mace na babban zuma mai nuna mata an bambanta su da maza ta hanyar yawan inuwa mai launin shuɗi da adon launi. Amma da zarar mai siyar da zuma ya sami gidan kudan zuma, idan ya samu farinciki nan da nan, sai ya rik'o wutsiyarsa ya yi kururuwa kusan ci gaba da jan hankalin mutane ko kuma kukan zuma don aika su zuwa gida.
Masanin kimiyyar zuma yana da baiwa ta musamman don gano zuma da ƙudan zuma iri iri, ana samunsu da yawa a Afirka. Wasu daga cikinsu suna zaune a cikin amya, wasu kuma suna cikin rami na bishiyoyi, wasu suna cikin ramuka da maƙaƙewa cikin ƙasa, waɗanda suke kiyaye tsabtace su kuma suna ɓoyewa cikin gwaninta har suna da wahalar samu ko da kuwa suna kusa da hanyar wata ƙasa. The zuma da suka tattara a can yana da kyau kamar yadda na zuma ga ƙudan zuma na gida, kawai ya fi duhu fiye da na ƙarshe. Lokacin da tsuntsun da ke nuna zuma, ya fara sauka a wata ƙudan zuma, yakan zauna kan wata hanya ta ƙasa, ya buɗe fikafikansu, yana waka idan ya ga kowa, yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar da shi kuma ya shawo kan mai biye da shi ya bi shi da kansa ya jira shi ya nuna masa gidan kudan zuma.
Idan ya lura ana bin sa, to yakan tashi daga itacen zuwa wata bishiya har sai ya kai inda aka sami zuma. Bafulatani ya zabi zuma, amma ba zai yi kasa a gwiwa ba ya bar sashi mai kyau na tsuntsu, amma kawai gwargwadon abin da ya wajaba don gamsar da abincinsa, saboda godiya ga wannan, jiran wani lada mafi girma, tsuntsu zai kai ka zuwa wani hive, idan wani Kofa ta gaba. Safiya da maraice lokaci ne da ya dace da ayyukan ta, aƙalla a waccan lokacin tana nuna himma sosai, tana jan hankalin menan Bush da Hottentots tare da herherr exher herr.
A lokacin kiwo daga watan Satumba zuwa Janairu, maza sun yi kyau sosai jirgin yanzu: tashi sama, tsara sama da ƙasa, feshewa da sannu a hankali, tsuntsaye suna yin halayyar halayya tare da fuka-fukai ko wutsiya, wani abu kamar "zhur-zhur, zhur-zhur" ". Kuma yana zaune akan wata itaciya mai tsayi kusa da mace, namiji 'ya bayyana' a kanta, yana ihu "Wik-Turr, Wik-Terr, Vit-Turr" sau 10 a minti daya. Maza suna jan mace da waƙoƙinsu, amma cikin sauri suna tare da su da ma'aurata ba sa kafawa.
Wani kuma rarrabewar tsuntsu mai nuna zuma shine mafi karancin nassi. Manunin zuma na sanya ƙwayayen ƙwai don buɗauran kango, akasarinsu ga mafi kusancin danginsu - gemu da katako. Kajin sabbin kajin suna da dan ƙugi a bakin ƙofansu. Da zaran ya bar kwai, sai ya nuna kwayayen zuma kamar yadda ya kamata ya karya sauran kwai. Idan sauran kajin sun sami damar yin kisa a gabansa, to babu tausayi zai kakkama madaidaicin mazaunin gida tare da baki mai kaifi, ya buge da raunuka na mutum da kashe su. Kuma bayan 'yan kwanaki, zai ci gaba da zama a cikin gida shi kaɗai, ƙugiya da ta cika nufinsa saboda rashin daidaituwa na sassa na beak ya ɓace. Tsuntsayen da ke nuna zuma suna sanya kwai ɗaya kowannensu a cikin gida, in ba haka ba ƙyamar da ta ɓuya zata fara kashe juna. Ta haka ne, iyayen da suka dauki reno suna ciyar da kawun zuma ne kawai. Tsammar rayuwa na manyan alamomin likita a cikin daji kusan shekaru 6-7 ne.
Ta yaya tsuntsu da dabbar suke aiki tare?
Manuniyar zuma Suna jin ƙanshi, kuma suna lura da su ta ƙanshin da lura da ƙudan zuma na tashi "mazaunin". Amma masana kiwon lafiya da kansu ba su kai farmakan kudan zuma ba. Ba za su iya yi ba da tunanin hankali, sun koya "Don ɗaukar zafi da ba daidai ba hannun".
A cikin mazaunin masanin kimiyyar zuma da baƙon zuma, ƙudan zuma daji suna shirya "gidaje" a cikin ƙasa. Da zaran tsuntsun ya gano gidan kudan zuma, sai ya tarar da kwari har zuwa ramin. Murmushi ya yi mata, ta yi ihu: "Churr-churr!", Da babbar murya, ta gayyaci badger ɗin ta bi mazaunin kudan zuma. Ya fahimci abin da ke damun, da sauri ya fita daga cikin ramin kuma da sauri ya gudu tare da nauyi ga tsuntsu. Kuma masanin kudan zuma zai yi birgima daga daji zuwa daji kuma a jira badakare, yayin da yake gudu. A lokaci guda, tsuntsu ya yi kuka ba tare da bata lokaci ba.
Don haka daga daji zuwa daji, jagorar zuma tana kawo jigon zuwa makasudin. Haka kuma, badger din na iya hawa bishiyoyi don wofin gidajen ƙudan zuma.
Badarƙar zuma ta lalata ɗakin kudan zuma kuma ta sake dawo da zuma da ƙwanƙwasa. Wax bai son shi.
Kuma likitan zuma yana samun kakin da yake so. Kowane mutum na da nasu sha'awa.
Jagorar mai jarida da mutum.
Jagororin watsa labaru sun sami nasarar hada kai ba kawai tare da masu bad ba, har ma da mutane.
A tsakanin 'yan Afirka, har ila yau, an kiyaye hanyar da za a fitar da zuma daga daji. Mutane ne masu hankali, sun daɗe da sani game da abokantakar maharbi da tsuntsu, kuma da kansu sun shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da masanin kiwon lafiya. Gabaɗaya, an maye gurbin jakar. Kuma masanin kimiyya zuma na himma tare da hadin kai tare da su: take kaiwa zuwa nests of ba kawai earthen, amma har ƙudan zuma itace.
Lokacin da tsuntsu ya yanke shawara ya zama mai gudummawa, sai ya hau mutum ya fara tarko. Jira mutum ya matso kusa. Bayanan nuninn ta sun yi kama da sauti wanda akwatin da bai cika ba da wasa yake yi idan ya girgiza shi.
Jagorar zuma yakan zauna akan reshe mai ban sha'awa kuma ba kururuwa kawai ba, har ma yana jan hankalin mafarauci tare da bayyanar. Don yin wannan, masanin kimiyyar zuma ya shimfida fikafikansa yadda wannan ratsin rawaya da ke gefenta ya kasance a bayyane ya bayyana, haka kuma fan ya yada wutsiyarsa.
Idan mutum ya sake fitowa, tsuntsun ya tashi daga mudu 10 - 10 zuwa wani bishiyar. Fashewa ci gaba, jira "Abokin aiki", kuma da zaran ya kusanto, zai tashi sama, kuma don haka ya maimaita sau da yawa har sai ya kai ga kusanci ga kudan zuma. Yayin da mutumin yake yaƙar ƙudan zuma, mai nuna zuma yana zaune a gefe, yana haƙuri yana jira daga fewan mintuna zuwa awa daya da rabi har sai mutumin ya sami kuɗin zuma. Masu farauta na zuma yawanci, a cikin hanyar sakamako, suna barin wani ɓangaren dunƙen zuma da ƙura ga mai binciken zuma. Mutane sun tafi, tsuntsu ya tashi yaci abincin da aka barshi kuma ya fara biki akan ƙudan kudan zuma da kakin zuma.
haka, yanzu mun san cewa akwai irin wannan tsuntsu - ma'aunin likita. Ciyar da tsuntsayen iri-iri a kan cinye ciyawa da ƙamshin zuma da ƙoshin zuma. Tana tashiwa ta cikin gandun daji da filayen kwari, tana neman ƙasa da filayen ƙudan zuma, amma ba ta san yadda za ta hallaka su ba, har ta isa gida. Kuma samun samo hive, jagorar zuma tayi kwari don bincika abokantaka, kuma yana iya zama maras kyau, mutum, ko beyar - duk waɗanda ba sa ƙin cin zuma, amma waɗanda suke da wuya su sami hive. Jagorar mai zuma yakan kawo “abokin tarayya” ga hive, yana lalata kudan zuma, yana fitar da zuma, tsuntsu kuma yana cin larvae da kakin zuma.
- A lamba tare da
- 'Yan aji
Mai son gidan son mai son tare da shekaru 30 na gwaninta. Injin injin. Kasancewa cikin ci gaban filayen budurwa. Akwai tsari na Red Ban of Labour. Koyaushe cikin sauri don aikata kyawawan ayyuka.
Penguin tsuntsu ne mai jan wuta!
Daya daga cikin abubuwan tilas a gani game da tafiyarmu zuwa Argentina shine: gani penguins a nan kusa. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na gargajiya don wannan: ajiye wuri a kan sashin ƙirar Valdes da balaguro daga Ushuaia. Koyaya, a watan Fabrairu, Valdes bai cika lokacin ba - babu kifayen whales, kuma ma'ana bai dace da mu ba. Har ila yau, a cikin Ushuaia, an sami matsaloli biyu: farashi da shirye-shirye. Ko dai kada ku tashi daga jirgin ruwan kwata-kwata (bakin ciki), ko kuma ku tafi tare da kamfanin da ke ba da damar saukowa (150US $ kowane mutum, kada ku kusanci penguins).
Sakamakon haka, na yanke shawara cewa don penguins za mu tafi zuwa garin Puerto San Julian. Ba wurin yawon shakatawa bane, don zama gaskiya. Balaguro daya ne yake shirya su. Kuma ga jirginmu:
A duka duka, akwai mutane 9 da ke cikin jirgin, da alama cewa wani ma ya yi rajista don jirgin na biyu.
Yayin da yake tafiya zuwa tsibirin tare da penguins, mutum zai iya kallon tekun.
. dabbobin ruwa, da kuma penguins suna iyo. Ba zai yiwu a ɗauki hoton su ba, saboda dabbobin ruwa suna da sauri, kuma penguins sun daɗe kafin jirgin ruwan ya kusan isa.
Amma kai tsaye daga jirgin ruwan zaka iya ganin abubuwan gani na birni (duka biyun). Jirgin sama (jirgin sama ya samo asali ne a lokacin yakin Malvinas).
. da madadin jirgin ruwan Magellan:
Kuna iya shiga jirgi, akwai karamin gidan kayan gargajiya, cute, amma gaba daya mara hoto. Za'a iya tantance adadin baƙin baƙin da ke wurin ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa mai kulawa ya nemi ɗaukar hoto tare da mu. :) Amma na karkace daga batun. Don haka, mun sauka a tsibirin:
Nan da nan kuna jin kamar hali a cikin littattafan Jules Verne: a kan wani kange, tsibirin daji, dubban tsuntsaye waɗanda ba su tsoron mutane gaba ɗaya.
Gaskiya ne, don wannan kuna buƙatar duba zuwa birni - a nan yana kusa sosai:
Penguins tashi zuwa wannan tsibiri nesting. A watan Fabrairu, ana iya lura da ci gaban matasa a matakai daban-daban na yin molting.
Baya ga penguins, sauran nau'in tsuntsayen suna zaune anan:
Muna da lokacin kyauta a cikin tsibirin: kyaftin kawai ya nemi kada mu je nesa.
Ta yaya kusancinka zaka iya zuwa penguins? Ee, hakane:
Yawancin su suna da nutsuwa, amma wasu, idan suka ga wani mai gabatowa, sai su fara girgiza kansu ba tare da murna ba.
Da dabara a ɓoye cikin rassan bishiyoyi.
Bonusarin karin raini shine ziyarar garuruwan biyu masu haɓaka.
Duwatsu masu launin ruwan kasa a karkashin hurkokinsu ba na dutse bane. Wannan shine mafi mahimmancin kayan amfani waɗanda ko da yaƙe-yaƙe sau ɗaya - guano. Gaskiya ne, ƙasan sa ƙarami ne a nan, kamshin ɗin bai ji da cikakke ba. Anan ba mu hau zuwa gabar teku ba, amma tsuntsaye na kusa da su.
A mulkin mallaka na biyu, yawan jama'a ya kasance kaɗan. Kawai wani irin cormorant ne daban.
Wani babban ƙari na wannan yawon shakatawa shine farashin: mun biya kusan dala 110 saboda biyar. Kuma da rana mun tafi tafiya tare da bakin tekun tare da wata hanya mai ban mamaki, amma ƙari akan wannan a post na gaba.
Pischa
Pisukha karamin tsuntsu ne daga umarnin Passeriformes, wakili
dan Pisukh dangi. A sashin farko na jiki, damin ya banbanta, wutsiya ya yi ja, ciki kuma launin sa launin fari ne. Fuka-fukan wutsiya mai kauri da tsauri suna taimaka mata ta kasance a miƙe a kan dogayen bishiya Gefen yana da tsayi tsawon rai, kuma yana zube kasa. An hada abincin a cikin nau'in tsuntsayen da aka zama gama gari a cikin dazuzzukan mu, amma ba kowane tafiya ne yake kama ido ba.
Pika wani tsuntsu ne mai rikitarwa. Godiya ga launi na plumage, yana zahiri
hade da haushi da bishiyoyi. Saboda karamin girmanta, tsuntsun yaci abinci tun safe har zuwa maraice, saboda haka yana cikin motsawa koyaushe kuma yana neman abinci.
Hanyar motsi tare da gangar jikin pika yana matukar maimaitawa game da rashin nutsuwa. Amma tare da ɗaya
muhimmin bambanci - yana gudana ne gaba ɗaya daga ƙasa zuwa sama. Isa zuwa
wani bishiyar abinci, wannan halittar wacce take dauke dashi
na duniya kanta kuma fara saurin tafiya sama. Sabili da haka ba tare da tsayawa ba. Amma ba ta son son tashiwa.
Lokacin farko da na ga pika shine 28 Disamba, 2018. Ee, eh, daidai haka ne, Na tuna wannan ganawa har zuwa yau, saboda hotonta na farko an haɗa shi a cikin jerin tsuntsayen kaina na "tsuntsu-zebestov". A bayyane, ni ma na ƙaunace ta, don haka tun daga wannan lokacin pika ya zama idanuna a kai a kai. Abin ban dariya ne, amma galibi wannan tsuntsun yakan iya gano daidai da hangen nesa. Domin, saboda kyamarar kyamarar kamara, kuna lura da shi da ƙari ta hanyar motsi, don yin magana, daga kusurwar ido.
Kuma, rabin hotunan sun yi rauni yayin aikawa
Zaryanka
Wannan kyakkyawan tsuntsu yana da sunaye da yawa. Duniya ta san ta kamar wayewar gari, robin, alfijir, gari ya waye. Amma saboda wasu dalilai Ina son kawai zaryanka.
Zaryanka karamin tsuntsu ne, mai tsawon kusan cm 14. nauyin da yake da girma shine gram 15 kawai, fuka-fukan daga 17 zuwa 20 cm.
Gashin fuka-fukai masu taushi da taushi, basa ɗaukar jiki, wannan shine dalilin da yasa zaryanka tayi kama da kyan gani, kamar ladle. Wannan tsuntsu yana da kafafu masu ƙarfi sosai, wanda a hankali yake tsalle a ƙasa. Tsuntsu da kansa yayi launin toka, goshi, makogwaro, kirji da kuma wani sashin kai mai ruwan lemo ne, ciki kuma farare ne.
A karo na farko na sadu da wani zaryanka a lokacin sanyi na shekara ta 2017. Saboda haka, don kada in daskarewa, dole ne in yi tafiya da yawa a cikin gandun daji. Godiya ga abin da na samu sau ɗaya cikin wannan yanayin, ƙwallon ƙwallon da ke zaune a kan reshe. Af, zaryanki suna da haƙuri tare da waɗanda ke waje, wani lokacin ana iya ɗaukar hoto da kyau. Ana samun su a duk gandun daji daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba.
Zaryanka tana da muryar kyakkyawa da waka tun daga wayewar gari (saboda haka sunan) har yamma. Haka kuma, daidaikun maza da mata suna raira waƙa, wanda ba sabon abu bane a cikin rera taken. Tare da bluethroat da reed-badger, yana cikin masu sha'awar ukun guda uku na waƙoƙin nasa - yana matukar nuna kulawa ga hoton mutum a wayar. A lokacin kakar, kiwo a ƙarƙashin wannan murfin murfin, Na sami damar kusanto da zaryaniks a ƙarshen kewayon fanni, a matsakaicin nisa na mita 2. A lokaci guda, sun saurari “ni” sosai a hankali, ba tare da tsangwama ba, kuma kawai suka amsa cikin dakatarwa. Me za kuce, kyawawan dabi'un, ba kamar kifayen dare ba.
A wannan shekara na fara haduwa da zaryanka a zahiri tun kafin ranar jiya, wanda shine dalilin da yasa na yanke shawarar rubutawa.
A cikin hotuna 4 na ƙarshe, akwai matasa.
M, ko "bugu" zuma
Guba, ko "bugu", zuma sananne ne tun zamanin da. Tsohon kwamandan Girka kuma marubuci Xenophon na Athens a cikin labarin tarihi Anabasis (ja da baya daga Girkawa dubu 10 daga Asiya )arama) suna da cikakken bayani kan labarin lokacin da sojojin da suka ci zuma a Colchis suka yi rashin lafiya: "Gaba ɗaya, babu wani abin da ke nan da zai iya tayar da mamaki, amma akwai da yawa daga cikin kudan zuma, kuma duk waɗannan sojojin da suka ci abincin saƙar zuma sun rasa hankali, amai da gudawa, don kada wani ya miƙe tsaye.
Wanda ya ci ɗan kaɗan, ya yi kama da mai maye, wanda ya ci abinci, ya zama kamar mahaukaci ne, waɗansu ma sun mutu. Akwai marasa lafiya da yawa, kamar dai bayan an yi nasara, saboda haka wannan ya kawo masu karaya. Amma kashegari babu wanda ya mutu, kuma a daidai wannan lokaci (wanda marasa lafiya suka ci zuma) suka fara murmurewa, sun tashi zuwa na uku da na hudu kamar dai bayan magani ne. "
Kudan zuma a wasu yankuna na Batumi, ba kusa da wuraren da guba da Xenophon ya bayyana, ana tilasta musu amfani da kakin zuma kawai, tunda cin zuma yana haifar da ƙishi, maye, da amai.
A cikin tsaunuka na tsakiya da arewacin sassan Japan, yin amfani da zuma yana haifar da wata cuta a cikin mutane wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin nectar wanda ƙudan zuma ya tattara daga shuka heatsutsai daga dangin Heather. An tabbatar da cewa zuma daga furanni na azalea, aconite, andromeda yana dauke da abubuwa masu guba.
A. M. Gorky a cikin labarin “Haihuwar mutum” ya rubuta: “. a cikin ramuka na tsohuwar kudan zuma da lindens zaka iya samun zuma mai “shaye-shaye”, wanda a zamanin da ya kusan kashe soja Pompey Mai girma tare da buguwarsa, bayan da ya murƙushe ƙarar baƙin ƙarfe na Romawa, ƙudan zuma ya sanya shi daga furannin laurel da azalea. ”
A cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, ƙudan zuma suna sanya zuma mai guba ta hanyar tattara ƙwayoyin fure daga furannin bishiyar bishiyar hepatic heather (Chamaedaphus calyculata Moench.). Wannan ciyayi ya mamaye wani yanki na dubban kadada, suna samar da manyan dunƙulen ciki: yana mamaye kwanaki 20-30 kuma yana ba ƙudan zuma har zuwa kilogram 3 na zuma a kowace rana ga kudan zuma ɗaya. Honey tare da marshy Heather yellowish, da ɗan daci, da sauri crystallizes. Amfani da wannan zuma yana haifar da guba a cikin mutum, wanda ya bayyana a bayyanar danshi mai sanyi, jin sanyi, tashin zuciya, amai, ciwon kai. Abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa amfani da 100-120 g na wannan zuma yana sa mutum ya rasa hankali, delirium. Honey daga fadama Heather gaba daya m ga ƙudan zuma. Ciyar da wannan zuma ga ƙudan zuma a cikin rani da hunturu ba su da tasiri.
I. S. Molochny a cikin 1951 ya ba da rahoton cewa "zuma" zuma a cikin Khabarovsk Territory, ƙudan zuma sun tattara daga furanni na Ledum (Ledum palustive L.), karamin ɗan itacen da ke girma a cikin marshy da peaty wurare. Furen furanni da aka tattara a cikin ruwan wuta, tare da ƙanshin ƙanshi, suna jawo ƙudan zuma. Daga cikin nectar da aka tara suna sanya zuma mai guba. Madara ta gabatar da wata hanya ta shan zuma mai “sha” ta wurin dumama ta tsawan awa uku a zazzabi 80-90. A lokaci guda, zuma ta zuga, ba ta barin ta tafasa. Tsawon lokaci dumama na zuma yana lalata abubuwa masu guba, kuma ya zama mai cin abinci. Koyaya, tsinkayewa ta hanyar dumama dumama yana haifar da asarar kyakkyawan dandano na zuma. A wannan batun, K. Sh Sharazeze (1951) ya kirkiro wata hanya don magance zuma "mai shan" ta hanyar dumama a zazzabi na 46 ° da matsa lamba na 67 mm. Wannan hanyar tana ba ku damar adana kayan aikinta duka.
Mutane da yawa ƙarin misalai za a iya kawo sunayensu waɗanda tabbatacce tabbatar da cewa ƙudan zuma canja wurin mai guba abubuwa zuwa zuma daga nectar na tsire-tsire mai guba. Kudan zuma da kansu suna cin wannan zuma mai guba ba tare da cutarwa ga kansu ba. Wadannan binciken-tsararraki sun tabbatar da binciken ne ta hanyar dabbobi. An tabbatar da cewa zuma mai guba ba ta bambanta a cikin kaddarorinta da zuma na yau da kullun, amma tana ƙunshe da sinadarin da ke haifar da guba. Alamar da aka lura yayin guban tare da zuma mai guba ta zo daidai da alamun da aka bayyana fiye da shekaru dubu biyu da Xenophon ya gabata. Ana kuma kiran zuma mai daɗi “bugu” saboda mutumin da ya ci abinci da alama yana da ƙyashi, tashin zuciya, da cramps. Irin wannan mutumin yana kama da wanda ya bugu.
Koda daga wannan jerin bayanan da basu cika ba ana iya ganin cewa akwai varietiesan varietiesan irin zuma da ƙudan zuma ke samarwa daga ƙwararrun ɗan adam daga tsirrai masu fure daban-daban. Koyaya, masu binciken sun sami nasarar samarda sabbin nau'ikan zuma 85 na maganin-furotin, wanda ba zai iya kudan zuma daga asalin halitta ba. Wannan hanyar samun kudan zuma kamar yadda aka rubata a jikin mutum ana kiranta bayyana. Sabbin nau'ikan zuma da aka samu a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Urals, da Yankin Moscow sun tabbatar da alƙawarin hanyar bayyanawa.
Maballin zuma da maki mai shayarwa
Karanta karin bayani game da Honey Badger:,,
Kabin zuma yakan zauna a cikin daji tare da kasa mai yawa, a cikin sahun matattarar ruwa, kwarin kogin kwari da tugai. Babbar kukan zuma babban dabba ce, a bayyanar ta kama da lambarta ko ƙaramar kare. Tsawon jikin mai zuma shine 65-80 cm, wutsiyarsa itace 18-25 cm Matsakaicin girman manya daga 23 zuwa 28 cm ne tsayi. Yawan taro yawanci 9-12 ne, amma yana iya kaiwa kilogiram 16. Mace suna karami - har zuwa kilogiram 6-9. Jikin zuma na da elongated, tsoka, kafafu gajere ne, kauri, yana da manyan paws, don haka yana motsawa kamar yana jan kafa a takaice, yana kama baya da kuma dauke wutsiya.
Gaban kafafunsa na zuma an daidaita su don digging, yatsunsu suna dauke da manyan ledojin da aka matse daga bangarorin tsawon lokaci (cm 4). Tsakanin yatsun akwai ƙananan membranes. Soles suna da matashin kai. Shugaban yana da girma, maras ban sha'awa, kunnuwa suna ragewa: tsawo na auricles kawai ya kai mm 10 a tsawon. A cikin hunturu, gashi yana da tsayi, amma mawuyacin hali da ƙyalli. Fatar dabbar tana da kauri sosai, kuma a ƙarƙashinta akwai mahimman kitsen kitse mai ƙyalƙyali. Matan suna da nau'i-nau'i biyu kan nono. Babu wani bayyanannen ma'anar jima'i.
Kwakwalwar zuma wani irin abu ne mai cin nama wanda yake da suna kamar dabba mara tsoro duk da girman girmanta. Har ila yau, an lasafta shi cikin Littafin Guinness na Records a 2002 a matsayin "Mafi Tsarancin Dabbobi a Duniya." Akwai sanannun hare-hare na badger na zuma har ma da kannun zakuna, wanda ya ƙare da damuwa ga ƙarshen. Couragearfin kwarjinin zuma yana da ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙarfin jaws, ƙarfi a goshin, da kuma matsanancin kaɗa da fata mai kauri, wanda ke da kusan kauri 6 mm a wuya. Fata a jikin mutum yayi sako-sako ne na musamman, wanda yake ba wa zakin zuma damar jujjuya jikinsa mafi sauƙin kama abokan gaba da suka kai masa hari.
Badarjin zuma tana da ma'anar ƙanshi mai ban mamaki, kuma tana jin dabbar da ke ɓoye a cikin ƙasa, tana tsayawa ta fara haƙa ƙasa da gashin goshin ta. Abun farawa yadudduka, shinge mai barci da kunkuru, dabbar ta tono rami tare da diamita na 20-33 cm, tsawon 100-200 cm da zurfin 100-120 cm. Mai ɗaukar zuma ya tono kunkuru da ke cikin zurfin zurfafa na 30-70 cm, yana watsar da ƙasa a cikin kowane kwatance da barin rami mai kama da rami. Ya ci kunkuru a halayyar - ba tare da lalata harsashi ba. Kamar yadda aka lura, macijin mai sha yana ƙonewa daga kai.
Amma mai shan zuma yakan ci zuma, ko da yake hakan yakan faru sau da yawa - idan ya faɗi tuntuɓe a kan ƙudan zuma na ƙoshin ƙwaya da abinci. Kashe gida, dabbar, tare da zuma suna cinye lardin waɗannan kwari. A cikin littafin A.E. Bram na "Rayuwar dabbobi" ya ba da irin wannan kwatancen kuɗin zuma da ke neman zuma: “Kafin faɗuwar rana, ya zauna a kan tudu, ya tsare idanunsa tare da gaban goge daga rana, kuma yana sa ido sosai a kan ƙudan zuma. Ganin yadda wasun su ke tashi a bangare daya, da zumar, ke shayarwa, yake bin su, sannan kuma ya sake lura da kudan zuma sannan a hankali ya fara zuwa mazaunin kudan zuma, wanda daga nan ne gwagwarmayar rayuwa da mutuwa ta fara. Tabbas, kudan zuma yana matse abokan gaba, amma fatar da aka rufe da karsashin gashi da kauri mai kauri da kariya na kare yan fashi daga kwari. "
A cikin Afirka, jigon zuma yakan “yi aiki” tare da tsuntsu mai ban sha'awa, alamar zuma (Manuniyar Manuniya) daga tsarin itace. Neman gida na kwari da jama'a, manuniyar zuma tayi kururuwa don jan hankalin dabbar (ko mutum). Yana nuna hanya zuwa ga saƙar saƙar, tsuntsu ya tashi a gaban ƙwaryar zuma a kullum yana yin sautsi na musamman, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci yana zaune akan bishiyoyi, yana juyawa wutsiyarsa yana nuna farin gashinsa, yayin da yake bawa dabbar damar ci gaba da hakan. A cewar shaidu, kukan zuma da ke bin tsuntsun tana amsa kiranta da kukan da take yi, muryar kuka ko “kadan ta yi rawa.” A cewar Bram, "yayin da muke kusantar da gidan kudan zuma, muryar mai jagorar zuma tana kara samun abokantaka, kuma a qarshe ta gangaro da dukiyar da ta gano."
Bayan ya kai kukan, sai ya sanya kukan zuma ya yi amfani da manyan shahararrun gland din sa wajen fitar da kudan zuma kafin su kai hari kan mazauninsu, haka kuma kudan zuma yakan yi amfani da hayaki don yayar kudan zuma kafin ya girbi zakin.
Tushen haɗin gwiwar uwargidan zuma da jagorar zuma ita ce dandano daban-daban: idan zumar ta ci zuma, ƙudan zuma da larvae, to don zuma mai jagora mafi ƙoshin abincin shine kakin zuma, wanda yake gaba ɗaya ga dabbobi. A cikin cikin waɗannan tsuntsaye, kakin zuma ya zama mai sauƙin digestible da digestible form godiya ga ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman.
GAME DA SYMBIOSIS DA SYMBIONTS - A NATURE
A ilmin halitta, symbiosis (daga Girkanci "symbiosis" - "rayuwa tare") galibi ana kiranta hulɗar dabbobi biyu ko fiye da waɗanda abokan haɗin biyu ke amfana da su, * dukansu sun sami wani abu *. Zan ba da examplesan misalai domin ku yi tunanin abin da yake game. A Afirka, akwai wata dabba da ake kira "badger zuma." Ya yi kama da mara kyau, amma al'amuransa sun cancanci bearish - kusan masarauta ne, amma yawancin abin da yake ƙaunar zuma ne. Mayafinsa yayi kauri, saboda haka bazai ji tsoron tsintsar kudan zuma ba. Gaskiya ne, yana sarrafa liyafa a kan zuma sau da yawa - ku nemi inda kudan zuma, saboda ba za ku iya gudu da yawa a takaice. Kuma a cikin Afirka akwai rayayyen tsuntsu mai girman tsuntsaye wanda ake kira "jagorar zuma". Tana ciyar da kwari (gami da ƙudan kudan zuma), har da zuma kuma, ƙyamar sa, da kakin zuma. A zahiri, ga ƙudan zuma ba masu sha'awar irin wannan abincin ba ne kuma lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin shiga cikin gida, wannan tsuntsu za a jefa shi mutuwa. Saboda haka, mai nuna gwanin zuma, bayan da ya sami inda kudan zuma, ba zai hau zuwa wani takamaiman mutuwa ba, amma ya je neman badon zuma - kuma yana kai shi zuwa gida. Badaryar zuma takan fitar da ƙwan zuma sannan ta ci zuma, kuma amsar zuma tana cin ragowar zuma, ƙudan zuma, da kuma irin saƙar zuma. A sakamakon haka, kowa yana cike da gamsuwa (sai dai ƙudan zuma, ba shakka), tunda kowa ya sami abin da yake buƙata.
