A Indiya, a cikin jihar Gujarat, alade ya kamu da ƙudan zuma. Wannan ya zama sananne lokacin da wani mazaunin yankin, Tuttamparatam Meghani, ya gaya wa hukumomin yankin cewa ƙudan zuma da ke zaune kusa da shafin sa ya shafi gonar sa.
A cewarsa, Tuttamparatam yana kiwon aladu, wanda kwanan nan ya kasance yana da babban bukatar a ƙauyukan da ke kusa. Daga wannan, ƙarasawa yana nuna kansa cewa Mista Meghani a zahiri ya shiga cikin kiwo na waɗannan dabbobin da ɗan lokaci, wanda, mafi kusantar, shine dalilin wannan abin da ya faru da haushi.
Kudan zuma suka mamaye wani kukan daji a Indiya.
Da sanyin safiya na Yuni, da sanyin safiya don ciyar da aladu tun farkon zafi, Tuttamparatam ya gano cewa ɗaya daga cikin dabbobinsa ya ɓace a wani wuri. Binciken ya jagoranci mai shayarwa ga yanke hukunci cewa daya daga cikin aladu ta wata hanya ya bar alade, ya koma bayan farfajiya kuma, ta karye shinge, ya bar yadi, ya nufi cikin daji.
Arin bincike bai bayar da sakamako ba, Tutamparatam ya dawo da kayansa don ko ta yaya zai ta'azantar da kansa tare da kofin shayi da ban mamaki na Indiya mai ban sha'awa. Bayan wani lokaci, ɗayan 'ya'yanta mata, suna yawo a wurare masu ban sha'awa da sha'awar kyawawan halayen gida, sai suka gudu zuwa gida, suna sanar da mahaifinta cewa ta sami alade da ta ɓace. Ta kawo shi wurin sa, sai ta nuna shi, da rashin alheri tuni ya zama babu rai, gawar dabbar. Bayan da aka bincika shi kuma bai ga wata cuta mai rauni ba, Mr. Meghani ya yanke hukuncin cewa aladen ba shi ne ya afka wa wani daga cikin magabatan yankin ba, wadanda kusan sun tafi kusa da su, sai dai kudan zuma, wadanda suka ci naman mara sa rai. Ba a san abin da ya tsokani alade na waɗannan kwari ga irin waɗannan ayyukan masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba, amma jikinsa ya cije, kamar yadda suke faɗi, nesa da faɗi, ana ma'amala da ƙudan kudan zuma, adadin sa, wanda, a fili, ya jagoranci aladen zuwa mutuwa.
Babban katako shine ɗan fashi ɗan Indiya.
Abin takaici, lokaci mai yawa ya wuce tun mutuwar alade, sabili da haka, a cikin yanayin yanayin yanayin zafi na Indiya, naman sa ya sami ci gaba kuma ba shi da kyau. Mai shayarwar, abin da ya bata rai da wannan lamarin, ya shigar da kara tare da hukumomin yankin, tare da neman diyya kan abin da ya lalata, amma an hana shi gamsuwa.
Bidiyo: Rakumi RUN. SHAGON | Kafin tserewa daga gidan Ufa, beyar ta ciji teddy bear
| Kafin tserewa daga gidan Ufa, beyar ta ciji teddy bearAmma ga ƙudan zuma na daji, a Indiya waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta hakika sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Idan a Turai da Amurka yawan kudan zuma yana raguwa cikin hanzari tun daga 2006 (kuma a irin wannan adadin da masu kula da tsabtace muhalli suke kiran dukkan agogo), to a Indiya babu irin wannan matsalar, kudan zuma suna ci gaba da rayuwa mai wadatar su. Gabaɗaya, ƙudan zuma na Indiya suna da kwanciyar hankali, musamman ƙudan zuma dwarf. Zaman lafiyarsu shine irin yadda ake kiransu ƙudan zuma ba tare da ɓoye ba. Manyan ƙudan zuma da ke rayuwa a wannan ƙasa gaba ɗaya sun sha bamban. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, suna gina saƙar saƙar zuma (ko kuma a maimakon haka, babbar ƙungiyar zuma) a kan rassan babbar bishiya ko a bango na dutse. Hakanan yana faruwa cewa sun rataye saƙar su zuwa rufin gidan, kamar yadda sanannun wasps suke yi. Haka kuma, girman saƙar zuma kuma ana iya kiranta gigantic: tsayin su na iya wuce santimita sittin, kuma kauri zai iya kusan mita biyu. An bambanta manyan ƙudan zuma ta babban aikinsu (dangin kudan zuma guda ɗaya na iya samar da kusan kilo arba'in na zuma) da kuma mummunan halin guda ɗaya. Kwari na wadannan ƙudan zuma, ƙari, mai raɗaɗi ne kuma a wasu yanayi na iya haifar da mutuwa.
Gwanin zuma na ƙudan zuma.
Mafi m, da alade m ya zama wanda aka azabtar da wadannan ƙudan zuma, musamman tun, da haushi, suka bi da wadanda ke fama na dogon lokaci, yayin da motsi daga wani nesa nesa daga hive. Kuma koda dabba ko mutumin da ya haifar da fushin waɗannan kwari, yana ƙoƙarin tserewa daga kwari, ya kutsa cikin ruwa, sai suka bar shi da tsananin so.
Ulan Fashin Amurka
Foulbrood na Amurka shine mummunar cuta na ƙudan zuma, wato, rufaffiyar brood. Iyalan da wannan cuta ta shafa suna da wahalar magani kuma sun mutu. Causative wakili yana da ikon da za a kiyaye shi da kyau a cikin amya, a cikin kudan zuma ƙasar, hannun jari na zuma da kudan zuma abinci, a cikin stock, a cikin ƙasa. Zai zama kamar cutar da aka warke ta ɓoye cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Sabili da haka, an kira foulbrood na Amurka mai ƙarancin cuta.
Tushen maganin cutar shine kwayar cutar Bacillus larvae. Rikice-rikicen sa sune tushen cutar kuma sun yi aiki tsawon shekaru. A cikin ragowar matattu larvae, su mai yiwuwa ne har zuwa shekaru 30.
Sai kawai larvae ya shafa. Spores ya shiga cikin hanjin larvae lokacin da suke cin abinci da cutar. Ana iya samun Spores a cikin burodin kudan zuma ko zuma, da kuma a ƙafafu, baki, da jikin ƙudan zuma waɗanda ke ciyar da larvae. Esudan zuma, dangane da tushen kamuwa da cuta, yada kamuwa da cuta tare da yawan saƙar zuma, tarkacen zuma da abincin kudan zuma.
Kyakkyawan hali ga sauro?
Da yake magana game da halayen mutane zuwa sauro, wato game da kyakkyawar halayya, ya dace a buga wani labarin daga Lewis Carroll na labarin “Alice Ta Gilashin Kallon”:
“- Don haka ba ku son duk kwari? - ya ci gaba da Komar kamar ba abin da ya faru.
Alice ta ce, “Ina son masu iya magana. - Ba mu magana da kwari.
- Kuma wadanne irin kwari kuke jin daɗin su? Tambaya Komar.
Alice ta ce: "Ni bana farin ciki da wasu kwari, saboda ina tsoronsu."
Da alama babu wata magana mai kyau kai tsaye game da wadannan kwari, amma jaruma, da farko, tayi magana da Komar sosai, na biyu kuma, ta yarda cewa bata yi farin ciki da kwari ba kawai saboda tana tsoron su. Amma suna cutar da mutane da yawa kuma suna tsoma baki.
Mafi yawan lokuta, ana bayyana gidan sauro a matsayin zane mai ban dariya.
Wani misalin karantu kuma waka daga littafin Nikolai Nosov mai taken "Kasadar Dunno":
“Na kama sauro.
Ta-ra, ta-ra, ta-ra-ra!
Ina son karamar masoyi
Tru-lyu-lyushki, Tru-lyu-lyu! "
Anan suka fito fili suka bayyana kyawawan halayensu ga wadannan kananan halittu. Irin waɗannan misalai daga cikin wallafe-wallafe tare da lokuta daga rayuwa ta ainihi sun nuna cewa ba duk mutane ne ke da gidan sauro ba. Ina so a lura cewa sauro, gabaɗaya, bai cancanci hakan a adireshinsu ba.
Tabbas, kowa ya san babban hujja a cikin yarda da sauro - suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin haɗin abinci, waɗanda sauran halittu masu rai ke ciyar da su. Koyaya, lokacin da waɗannan kwari suka cije ka, duk irin waɗannan huɗun an manta da su, kuma mummunan sakamako na cizo da sha'awar tofin mai laifin ya bayyana. Amma, kamar yadda ya juya, ba duk sauro ne ke zubar da jini ba.
Daya daga cikin shahararrun masanan ilimin halitta M.N. Tsurikov ya ce a yanzu haka an bambanta iyalen gidan sauro guda 32 a cikin gidan sauro, kuma a tsakanin iyalai 4 ne kawai ake da ire-irensu masu jini. Yayi dai cewa ayyukan da wasu nau'ikan halittu ke yin hukunci a kan gidan sauro baki daya.
Ba duk sauro ne masu jinin jini ba.
Anan ga misali, gidan sauro-centipedes. Wadannan mazaunan ciyayi da ciyayi masu ciyayi suna da bayyanar firgita, amma gaba daya basu da cutarwa. Da yawa suna rikitar dasu da sauro, amma ba su da alaƙa da su. Wadannan kwari suna ciyar da tarkace na shuka ne kawai.
Sauro karrafan sauro, larvae wanda sune jinin haila, suma sune sauro iri iri marasa sauro. Sun sami sunansu godiya ga sautin da aka yi, saboda tunawa da ringi. Suna zaune kusa da gawarwakin ruwa, sabili da haka, a koguna da tabkuna koyaushe zaka iya jin takamaiman kiran su.
Sunan sauro-zvonets ya samu saboda sautin halayyar, wanda aka samo shi saboda gaskiyar cewa yana fuka fukafukinsa har sau 1000 a sakan na biyu.
Wasu masana adabi sun iya ba da gidan sauro koda daɗaɗɗun juyayi na juyayi da taɓawa ta soyayya. Shugaban da ba a tantance shi ba a cikin sauro da aka bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen shi ne gwarzo na Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky, "ƙaramin sauro". Shi ne gwarzo wanda ya ceci Tsorotu-Tsokotuha daga maƙiyi - ɓataccen gizo-gizo. Sai tashi da sauro suka yi aure. Mataki na biyu na hanyar rubutu a cikin rubutu ta hanyar sauro, wanda Tsar Gvidon ya juya zuwa sanannen Tale na Tsar Saltan don dacewa da balaguro da binciken asirin.
An yaba wa gidan sauro ba kawai a cikin wallafe-wallafe ba, har ma da kiɗa. Vladimir Vysotsky yana da babbar waƙa inda wayoyi masu zuwa:
"Wanda ya kashe kansa na har abada - sauro
ya fadi a hanci sosai
Juya jujjuyawar iska
a cikin hoton Dali. "
Anan, an gabatar da gidan sauro a cikin soyayya kuma a lokaci guda tausayi.
Sauro-ceto daga tatsuniya game da labarin "Fly-Tsokotuha."
E. Letov yana da wata waƙa tare da jaruma guda. A ciki, sauro an bayyana shi da ban mamaki, kuma a lokaci guda a zahiri, a takaice:
"Sauro da aka riga aka sauko ya shiga wuta na
kuma cakuɗa jini daga haikata ... ".
Wannan Letov ɗin shi ma marubucin waƙoƙi ne wanda sauro yana da halin da ya fi kama da hankali, ya rera waƙa a matsayin wani abu mai ƙayatarwa, mai taushi, amma yana da ikon tunani, ji:
"Sauro ya tashi kamar mala'ika
A saman takardar gado mara barci
Sama da matashin kai rikice
Gado
Kuma sun soke
An saka shi
Manta
Yayi dariya
A cikin cibiyar
A cikin lokacin farin ciki
A cikin sararin hannuna na
Kamar fure mai launi
Kamar ƙusa
Ba a kira shi ba. ”
Masu zane-zane suna nuna gidan sauro a kanti.
A hankali, wani irin igiyar ruwa ya mamaye wasu mawaƙa. Idan ka yi nazarin aikinsu dalla dalla, zaka ga cewa ba dukkan su sauro ne sauro da kukansu ba. A cikin wasu, waɗannan kwari sun ɓata fuskokin jin daɗi - mai daɗi, da quiver, an kwatanta su da taushi, kirki.
Misali, Osip Mandelstam ya kalli sauro ta wata hanya, wani yana iya cewa jaruntaka:
"... Ban sani ba tun lokacin da
Wannan waƙa ta fara, -
Shin barawo ne mai yin tsegumi a kanta
Sauro yana yiwa yariman kuwa? ”
"Ina jin sanyi saboda hunturu yanzu
Kuma ba a jin sauro a cikin gidan ... "
Sergei Yesenin ya yarda cewa yana son sauraron karafan sauro:
“Ina son hawa hawa
Saurari kukan sauro da maraice ... "
Wadannan kwari, mutum zai iya faɗi, ya yi wahayi ga wasu mawaƙa don rubuta layin kishin ƙasa.
Wani lokacin sauro harma sukan tura mawaƙa ga kishin ƙasa da tunanin da suke nunawa. Misali, a Nabokov, wadannan kwari sun haifar da rashin jin daɗin rayuwa, da ɗan baƙin ciki da kuma tsananin sha'awar zuwa ƙasashensu:
“Sama da ƙasa akwai tururi mai kauri.
Lwannin linden sun tashi sama
kuma tare da waƙar rago sauro na farko
Dayana na rawa ...
Kuma marmarin da wani daban-daban, m baki spring -
inspiredwaƙwalwar wahayi -
oh, menene bege! - farka a cikina
wannan sauro yana fashewa ... "
"... don haka ba zato ba tsammani zai ja Rasha,
Yana ba dukkan rai mai tsananin zafi.
musamman idan sauro
suna rera waƙoƙin kunne, a cikin shiru
yamma yamma ... "
Wani lokaci, bayan karantawa da bincika ayyuka game da waɗannan ƙananan halittu, mutane da murmushi suna yanke cewa sauro, da kyau, kawai namu ne. Wannan, hakika, an yi karin gishiri, amma akwai wasu gaskiya a ciki, kuma musamman, ba za ku iya la’akari da kowace halitta mai gefe daya ba, dukkansu suna da fuskoki da halaye masu yawa, kuma idan an kusa bincika koda irin wannan kwaro mai sauro kamar sauro na iya buɗe ta wannan gefen kuma ya nuna cewa yana da halaye masu kyau da yawa kuma ya cancanci ya zama gwarzo na mawaki ko kuma waƙoƙi. Akwai babban raha a kan wannan batun:
Sojoji suna yin sintiri a cikin daji. Ya fara yin duhu, mun yanke shawarar dakatarwa. Kawai zauna kawai - sauro suka hau. Sun kore su, suna ƙoƙari su juya - kuma duk suna da'irar da'ira, cizo, kugi. Sai sajan yace:
- Da kyau, sun sami waɗannan sauro! Mai zaman kansa, kuma kun ɗauki wani abu daga sauro?
Amsoshi masu zaman kansu:
"Wannan daidai ne, Comrade Sergeant!" Da kaina, Na karɓi sauro su juriya, ƙarfin hali, dexterity da saurin su.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Sanadin cutar
Spores fada cikin hive ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wannan na iya zama sakamakon:
Gyarawa da kamuwa da cuta yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar cewa lokacin da gawa ta tsinke, ta manne a ƙasan sel. Esudan zuma ba za su iya tsaftace irin wannan ƙwayar ba, kuma ƙwayar cuta ta rage a cikin tsefe.
Habitat
An kawo ƙaramin ƙudan zuma na Afirka zuwa ɗaya daga cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje a Brazil, don karatu da ƙarin zaɓi tare da kudan zuma na Turai. A wannan mataki na bincike, wani mummunan abu ya faru. Daya daga cikin kudan zuma ya gano ta hanyar letki, wanda ke dauke da mahaifa da drones; kimanin fam 25 da har yanzu ba a sami gidan kudan zuma ba.
Rayuwa
Babu wanda ya yi tsammanin cewa ƙudan zuma na Afirka suna da fushi da tsoratarwa, suna ƙaura tare da iyalansu duka, sun zama babban bala'i ga yankuna da yawa da mutane ke zaune.
Kudancin Afirka suna da saurin motsi, kuma cikin kankanin lokaci sun mamaye yankuna masu nisa, daga nisan mil 150 zuwa 350. Don kai hari ga mutum ko dabbar, ya isa ya kasance kusa da hive.
Saurari muryar kudan kudanci
Hakanan, zasu iya, tashi don tattara pollen, kai farmaki duk abin da ya motsa a fagen hangen nesa.
Kudancin Afirka sun yi hive daga babur.
Kudan zuma na Afirka suna kai hari tare da saurin walƙiya kuma koyaushe suna cikin babbar rudani. Yawancin wadanda aka kashen a tsakanin mutane daga satar kudan zuma na daga sahun Afirka. Wannan halayyar dabi'ar halittar da ba ta koyo ba ko ƙwararrun kudan zuma sun sami damar yin kwanciyar hankali. A cewar kididdigar bakin ciki, har zuwa yau, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya wuce adadin mutane 1,000. Akwai wasu dabbobi da yawa a wannan jerin.
Kiwo ƙudan zuma na Afirka
Saboda tarihin bakin cikinsu da haɗari, ƙudan zuma na Afirka har ma sun zama gwarzo na finafinai masu ban tsoro, kuma akwai adadi mai yawa na shaidar waɗannan hare-hare a kan mutane.
Kudancin Afirka sun zama haruffa a fina-finai.
Bambancin saɓanin kudan zuma na Afirka shine fasalin asalinta. Ya bambanta da Turai ko ƙwar zuma, inda mahaifa ke ɗaukar babban aikin, kuma mutuwarta tana haifar da rushewar iyali, ikon samar da mahaifa shine ƙudan zuma na yau da kullun. Wannan fasalin yana da asali ne kawai ga dangin Afirka, saboda haka, a yayin mutuwar mahaifa, dangi da kansa zai sake haihuwar sabuwar sarauniya.
Kudan zuma na tattara kudan zuma.
Kudancin kudan zuma da mutum
Babban fasali mai kyau na kudan zuma na Afirka shine saurinsa mai ban mamaki yayin tattara ƙwayoyin nectar, wanda ke ƙara haɓaka aikin tsirrai na tsirrai. Dangane da alamu na waje, kawai proboscis mafi tsayi (5.82 mm) ya bambanta shi da ƙudan zuma na wayewa da ƙasashe.
Kusan shekaru 2,000, mutane suna yin haɗin gwiwa tare da kudan zuma, suna girbe 'ya'yan itaciyar ayyukanta, kudan zuma wani nau'in kwaro ne na gida, sai fa don su, mutane ne kawai ke zaman baranda. Kuma irin wannan mummunan kuskuren da ya wuce masanin kimiyya mai dogaro da kai ya haifar da mummunan sakamako sakamakon siffar kabilan ƙudan zuma.
Ganyen zuma a cikin kudan zuma na Afirka.
A yankuna inda ƙudan zuma na Afirka ke zama da yawa, ana ɗaukar su bala'i mafi muni, amma har ya zuwa yanzu ƙoƙarin ramawa ko sarrafa zaɓin su ya gaza. Kudancin Afirka suna shayarwa sau da yawa fiye da yadda suke halaka.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Alamu da cutar
Kwayoyin cuta na kwayan cuta suna haɓaka mafi kyau a zazzabi na 37. Sabili da haka, ganimar shan kashi ya fadi akan mafi kyawun watan Yuli. Ba za a bambanta larva na farko da ke da cutar daga masu lafiya ba, tunda suna cikin sel da aka hatimce. Za'a ga canje-canje na sel daga baya lokacin da cutar ta riga ta rufe wani ɓangare na brood.
Tsutsa ya mutu a matakin farko-yaro lokacin da aka riga an rufe tantanin. Launin ta ya canza zuwa launin ruwan kasa, babban cadaveric yana fitar da ƙanshin manne na itace kuma ya zauna a kasan tantanin. Shugaban tsutsa ya ja murfin tantanin, ƙasa inda aka kafa rami daga wannan. Tashin da wasan ya ɗauka daga sel ya shimfiɗa tare da ƙirƙirar zaren fikaɗe na dogon. Esudan zuma suna cire shinge daga ɓangarorin sel, amma ba za su iya cire abinda ke ciki na tsutsa ba kuma daga nan ne suka sanya katako a jikin sel. Sel tare da rikodin brood suna samun halayyar mottled halayyar.
Ga mutane da dabbobi, spores da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da wannan cutar ba masu haɗari ba.
