Elephant - hatimi ne na ainihi, ko hatimi ba tare da kunnuwa ba, mambobi ne na abin da aka toshe. Waɗannan halittu ne masu ban al'ajabi: tsofaffin mata masu ƙiba tare da rataye a jiki, mata kyawawa waɗanda suke da alama suna murmushi koyaushe, kuma cuban mata masu kwalliya da babban abinci.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Hoto: Elephant Seal

Sealan ukun hatimin ruwa ne mai zurfin teku, matafiya mai nisa, dabba da ta jima tana fama da matsananciyar yunwa. Giwayen giwayen suna da ban mamaki, sukan taru a ƙasa don haihuwa, mata da miji, amma su kaɗai ne a cikin teku. An sanya buƙatu masu yawa a kan bayyanar su don ci gaba da tseren. Bincike ya nuna cewa giwayen giwayen childrena ofan dolphin da platypus ko dabbar dolphin da koala.

Bayyanar fasali da fasali

Hoto: Yaya giwar teku take?

Giwayen giwayen dabbobi ne masu halayyar dangin Phocidae. Sealanfaƙin giwa ta arewa mai launin shuɗi ne ko taupe, yayin da giwar kudu tayi taupe. Speciesungiyar kudanci ta kasance tana da tsawon lokacin zina, a lokacin da mahimman bangarorin gashi da fatar suka faso. Maza biyu daga ɗayan nau'in sun kai tsawon mita 6.5 (21 ft) da nauyin kilogram 3,530 (fam 7,780) kuma girma sama da na mace wanda wani lokacin yakan kai mita 3.5 da nauyin 900 kilogram.

Giwayen giwa sun isa gudu zuwa kilomita 23.2 / h. Mafi girman yanki na 33 na yanzu shine hatimin giwayen kudu. Maza na iya zama sama da mita 6 a tsayin daka kuma suna ɗaukar nauyin tan 4.5. Searfin teku yana da fuska mai faɗi wacce take da manyan idanu. Cubs an haife su tare da baƙar fata, wanda ke haifar da kusan lokacin sadarwa (kwana 28), ana maye gurbin sa da laushi mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi mai haske. A tsawon shekara guda, alkyabbar zata zama launin ruwan kasa.

'Ya'yan giwayen mata sun fara haihuwar' yar kimanin shekara 4, ko da yake kewayon daga shekara biyu zuwa shida. Ana ganin mace tayi balaga ta jiki tun tana shekara 6. Maza sun kai ga balaga tun yana ɗan shekara 4, lokacin da hanci ya fara girma. Hanci shine halayyar jima'i ta sakandare, kamar gemu na mutum, kuma yana iya kaiwa tsawon rabin nisan ban mamaki. Maza sun kai ga balaga ta jiki yana da kimanin shekara 9. Babban lokacin kiwo shine shekaru 9-12. Elean giwayen giwa na arewa suna rayuwa da matsakaicin shekaru 9, kuma kudanci giwayen suna rayuwa ne daga shekaru 20 zuwa 22.

Mutane suna rasa gashi da fata a koyaushe, amma giwayen suna wucewa zuwa cikin babban barna, wanda a ciki ɗaukacin ɗakun tsokar kera tare da sandun gashi na haɗe tare lokaci guda. Dalilin wannan molt shine cewa a cikin teku suna cin mafi yawancin lokacinsu cikin sanyi, ruwa mai zurfi. A cikin aiwatarwa cikin nutsuwa, jini yana motsawa daga fata. Wannan yana taimaka musu riƙe da kuzari kuma basa asara zafin jiki. Dabbobin suna zuwa ƙasa lokacin molting, saboda a wannan yanayin, jini na iya kewaya ta fata don taimakawa haɓaka sabon fitsari da gashi.

Ina giwayen yake?

Hoto: Kudancin Elephant Seal

Akwai nau'ikan hatimin giwaye iri biyu:

Ana samun hatimin giwayen arewa a cikin Babban Tekun Pacific daga Baja California, Mexico har zuwa Tekun Alaska da tsibirin Aleutian. A lokacin kiwo, suna zaune a rairayin bakin teku masu tsibiran tsibiri da kuma wurare da dama a cikin tsibirin. Sauran ragowar shekara, in banda lokutan zube, giwayen giwayen suna zaune nesa da bakin tekun (har zuwa kilomita 8000), yawanci yana narkar da zurfin fiye da mita 1,500 a saman teku.

Alsarancin giwayen Kudancin (Mirounga leonina) suna zaune a cikin ƙananan Antarctic da ruwan Antarctic mai sanyi. Sun bazu ko'ina cikin Kudancin Tekun a kusa da Antarctica da yawancin tsibiran submarctic. Yawan jama'a sun fi mai da hankali ne a tsibiran Antipodes da kuma tsibirin Campbell. A cikin hunturu, yawanci sukan ziyarci tsibiran Auckland, Antipodes da Snares, ƙasa da tsibirin Chatham da kuma wasu yankuna yankuna daban-daban. Wasu lokuta giwayen kudu suna ziyartar manyan kantunan manyan gabar teku na New Zealand.

A kan tsibirin, za su iya kasancewa a yankin na wasu watanni, suna ba mutane damar lura da dabbobi waɗanda galibi suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa. Alherin da saurin irin wannan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa na iya zama abin sha'awa, kuma hatimin samari na iya zama wasa sosai.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa:Ba kamar yawancin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa ba (kamar su kifi Whales da dugongs), giwayen ba cikakkiyar ruwa bane: suna tsalle daga ruwan su huta, molt, mata ko kuma su haifi 'ya'ya.

Me giwayen ke ci?

Hoto: hatimin giwa mata

Giwayen giwayen dabbobi ne. Giwayen Kudancin su karnukan fara buɗewar teku ne kuma suna cin yawancin lokacin su a teku. Suna ciyar da kifi, squid ko wasu cephalopods da aka samo a cikin ruwan Antarctic. Suna zuwa bakin teku kawai don shayarwa da kuma motsawa. Ragowar shekara suna cin abinci a cikin teku, inda suke shakatawa, iyo a saman ruwa da ruwa don neman manyan kifi da squid. Yayinda suke cikin teku, ana kwashe su galibi daga wuraren kiwo, kuma suna iya yin nisa mai nisa tsakanin lokutan da aka kashe akan ƙasa.

An yi imanin cewa mata da maza suna ciyar da waɗanda abin ya shafa daban-daban. Abincin mace ya kunshi squid, kuma abincin maza ya bambanta da yawa, ya ƙunshi ƙananan kifayen kifayen fata, yalwace da sauran kifayen ƙasa. A cikin neman abinci, maza na tafiya tare da keɓaɓɓen mafaka zuwa Tekun Alasa. Matan sun nuna isa ga arewa da yamma zuwa gabar kogi. Sealarfin giwa yana yin wannan ƙaura sau biyu a shekara, kuma yana komawa zuwa rookery.

Giwayen giwayen suna yin ƙaura don neman abinci, suna ciyar da watanni a cikin teku kuma galibi sun nutse cikin zurfin neman abinci. A lokacin hunturu, sukan dawo rokonsu su yi kiwo su haihu. Kodayake giwaye maza da mata suna kwana a teku, hanyoyinsu na ƙaura da dabi'un cin abinci sun bambanta: maza suna bin hanya madaidaiciya, farauta dabarun ƙetare da farauta abinci a ƙasan teku, yayin da mata suka sauya hanyoyinsu don neman abin da za su ci da farauta more a cikin bude teku. Ba tare da hanyar juyawa, giwayen giwayen suna amfani da hangen nesansu da gashin baki don jin motsin kusa da nan.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

Hoto: giwar teku a yanayi

Giwayen giwayen suna zuwa bakin teku kuma suna yin yankuna na 'yan watanni a shekara kawai don haihuwa, kiwo da kuma molt. A sauran shekara, mazauna yankuna suna rarrabuwa, kuma mutane ke cinye mafi yawan lokacinsu don neman abinci, wanda ke nufin yin iyo don mil duban mil da nutsewa zuwa zurfin zurfafa. Yayinda giwaye ke cikin teku don neman abinci, sai su nutse har zurfin abin mamaki.

Yawancin lokaci suna nutsewa zuwa zurfin kusan mita 1,500. Matsakaicin lokacin ruwa shine mintuna 20, amma suna iya nutse har tsawon awa daya ko fiye. Lokacin da giwayen giwayen suka zo farfajiya, suna ciyar da mintuna 2-4 ne kawai a ƙasa kafin su sake ruwa - kuma suna ci gaba da wannan tsarin na ruwa awanni 24 a rana.

A doron kasa, hatimin giwa yakan kasance ba tare da ruwa na tsawan lokaci ba. Don hana bushewa, kodan su na iya fitar da fitsari mai ɗorewa, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarin sharar gida da ƙasa da ainihin ruwa a cikin kowane digo. Yankin roka wani yanki ne mai yawan surutu a lokacin kiwo, kamar yadda maza ke yin magana, 'yayansu za su ciyar da su, kuma mata suna yin sabani da juna saboda kyawun yanayinsu da kuma yayansu. Haɗa, ihu, birgima, sautin magana, murdawa, kururuwa, da sautin maza suna haɗuwa don ƙirƙirar sautin kiɗan ruwan giwaye.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hoto: phaan maraƙi

Sealan farin giwa ta kudu, kamar giwar arewa, iri da molts a ƙasa, amma ɓarna a cikin teku, watakila kusa da kankara. Giwayen Kudancin sun yi kiwo a ƙasa, amma suna yin hunturu a cikin ruwan sanyi na Antarctic kusa da kankara Antarctic. Kabilar arewa basa ƙaura yayin kiwo. Lokacin da lokacin kiwo ya fara, giwayen maza sun tantance da kare yankin, su zama masu yiwa juna karfi.

Sun tattara harem daga mata 40 zuwa 50, waɗanda suke ƙanƙantarsu fiye da manyan abokan aikinsu. Maza suna yakar juna don mamaye abin da ya dace. Wasu tarurruka sun ƙare da tsawa da tashin hankali, amma wasu da yawa sun zama yaƙe-yaƙe da zubar da jini.

Lokacin kiwo yana farawa a ƙarshen Nuwamba. Mace sun fara isa tsakiyar Disamba kuma suna ci gaba da isowa har tsakiyar watan Fabrairu. Na farko haihuwa faruwa a kusa da Kirsimeti, amma mafi yawan haihuwa yawanci faruwa a cikin makonni biyu na karshe na Janairu. Matan sun kasance a kan rairayin bakin teku na tsawon mako biyar daga lokacin da suka sauka. Abin mamaki, maza suna kan rairayin bakin teku har zuwa kwanaki 100.

Lokacin da yake ciyar da madara, mace bata cin abinci - mahaifiya da jariri suna rayuwa a kashe da kuzarin da aka adana a cikin isasshen kitsen kitse. Dukansu biyu mace da namiji suna asarar kimanin 1/3 na nauyinsu a lokacin kiwo. Mata suna haihuwar ɗa ɗaya kowace shekara bayan haihuwar wata 11.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan mace ta haihu, madarar da take asirinta tana da kusan kitse 12%. Makonni biyu baya, wannan adadin ya karu zuwa fiye da 50%, wanda ke ba da ruwa mai daidaituwa mai kama da pudding. A kwatankwacin, madara saniya ta ƙunshi kitse 3.5% kawai.

Abokan halitta na giwa hatimin

Hoto: Elephant Seal

Babban hatimin giwayen Kudancin suna da abokan gaba, a cikinsu:

• kisa kifi wanda ke iya farautar sa cuban sa da tsohuwar hatimi,
• damisa yana damke 'yan garken wasu lokuta wadanda kan kai hari kan' yan 'ya' yan su,
• wasu manyan sharks.

Abokan hatimin giwaye kuma ana iya ɗaukar membobin yawan jama'arsu yayin kiwo. Giwayen giwayen suna haɓaka hatsi wanda a cikin maza mata suke tare da maza ko alpha maza. A gefen harem, maza na beta suna jira da begen samun ikon aure. Suna taimaka wa alpha namiji ya riƙe ɗan maza masu rinjaye. Yin gwagwarmaya tsakanin maza na iya zama lamari na jini yayin da maza suka je ƙafafunsu kuma suka doke kansu da juna, har da haƙora na kare.

Giwayen giwayen suna amfani da haƙoransu yayin yaƙi don su wargaza wuyan abokan hamayya. Manyan maza na iya yin rauni mai tsanani sakamakon yaƙe da wasu maza yayin lokacin kiwo. Fada tsakanin manyan maza da masu kalubalanci na iya zama mai tsawo, na jini da matuƙar zafi, kuma mai ɓacewa galibi yakan ji rauni mai tsanani. Koyaya, ba duk rikice-rikice ba ne ke ƙarewa a yaƙi. Wani lokacin ma hakan ya ishe su hau dutsen hawayensu, jefa kawunansu baya, alfahari game da girman hancinsu da barazanar ruri don tsoratar da yawancin abokan adawar. Amma idan gwagwarmaya ta faru, da wuya ya mutu.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Hoto: Abinda hatimin giwayen yayi kama

Dukkanin giwayen giwayen teku ana farautar su don mai, kuma a ƙarni na 19 kusan an lalata su. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin kariyar doka, lambobin su a hankali suna ƙaruwa, kuma rayuwarsu ba ta cikin haɗari. A shekara ta 1880, an yi imanin cewa hatiman giwayen arewa sun lalace, kamar yadda kifayen bakin teku ke farautar biyun don su sami mai mai karko, wanda shine na biyu kawai ga maniyyi mai kifi mai inganci. Karamin rukuni na giwaye 20-100 wadanda aka tashe a tsibirin Guadalupe, kusa da Baja California, sun tsira daga mummunan sakamakon binciken farautar hatim.

Mexico ta kare sannan da Amurka, suna haɓaka yawan jama'arsu koyaushe. Kare da Dokar Karewar Dabbobi ta Mamma ta 1972, suna haɓaka kewayonsu daga tsibiran nesa kuma a halin yanzu suna ɗaukar tekun bakin ruwa daban-daban, kamar Piedras Blancas, a kudancin Big Sur, kusa da San Simeon Estididdigar yawan alƙaluman giwayen giwa a 1999 sun kusan 150,000.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Giwayen giwayen dabbobi ne na dabbobi kuma bai kamata a kusance su ba. Abubuwan da ba a iya faɗi da su ba kuma suna iya cutar da mutane da yawa, musamman a lokacin kiwo. Tsoma bakin mutane na iya tilasta hatimin yin amfani da kuzarin da yake buƙata don rayuwa. Cubs na iya rabuwa da uwayensu, wanda yawanci yakan kai ga mutuwarsu. Ma’aikatar Kula da Masunta ta kasa, hukumar tarayya da ke da alhakin tilasta kiyaye dokar kare lafiyar dabbobi, ta ba da shawarar nesa nesa ba kusa da 15 zuwa 30.

Elephant - dabba mai ban mamaki. Suna da girma da girma a ƙasa, amma suna da kyau a ruwa: suna iya nutsewa zuwa zurfin kilomita 2 kuma su riƙe numfashinsu a ƙarƙashin ruwa har zuwa 2 hours. Giwayen giwayen suna tafiya a cikin teku kuma suna iya iyoɗɗaɗɗun wuri don neman abinci. Suna gwagwarmaya don wani wuri a cikin rana, amma jaruntaka ne kawai suka cimma burin su.

Bayanin da fasalin giwa

Elephant babu abin da zai yi da giwa ƙasar. Onlyayansu ɗaya ne kawai a cikin teku, a ƙarshen ƙarshen mucks, wani lokacin farin ciki mai sari-santimita wanda aka rataye ƙasa, da alama kama da ginin giwa.

Dabbobin dabbobi masu shayarwa na bushewar tambarin. Kodayake wasu connoisseurs na kimiyya, masana ilimin dabbobi, sun daɗe da gurbata wannan ka'ida. Kuma suka ce cewa kakanninsu na nesa, da mamaki, ya zama maras kyau da marten. Giwayen giwayen suna da girma a jiki, duk da cewa su dabbobi masu shayarwa ne, kawai mafarauta ne.

Suna zaune a arewacin nahiyar ta Amurka da kuma yankin Antarctic Territory. A Antarctica giwa hatimin ya ɓuya daga masu zina. Mazauna tekuna da subarctic.

Wadannan wakilai, Arewa da Shafaffen giwayen Kudancin, mutane da yawa kama da juna. Elean giwa na arewa dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da danginsu na kudu. Fuskokinsu, ya bambanta da giwayen kudu, suna da bakin ciki da tsayi.

A cikin iyalin hatimi, hatimin giwa shine wakilinsu mafi girma. Bayan duk, girmanta yana da ban sha'awa. Maza giwayen giwaauna har zuwa tan huɗu zuwa arewa, da kuma kudu maso-tan uku. Suna da tsayi, tsayin mita shida.

Matayensu suna kama da ɗan inci kaɗan mai ƙyalƙyali, a bangon mazajensu. A cikin nauyi ba su kai tan guda ba. Tsakanin kilo ɗari takwas da ɗari tara. Da kyau, kuma daidai da rabin tsayi, kawai biyu da rabi, mita uku.

Ko da maza da mata sun bambanta da launi na Jawo. A cikin maza, yana da launi na linzamin kwamfuta. Kuma mace suna sanye da launuka masu duhu, kamar na maraƙi. Mayafinsu na fari da yawa, ya ƙunshi gajeru ne, mai kauri da ƙarfi.

Amma daga nesa, yana da kyau kyakkyawa. Kamar Karin giantsattafan da ke yawo a cikin teku. Abin da ba za a iya faɗi ba game da lokacin molting. Rabin hunturu, dabba tana kan bakin.

Fatar jikinta an rufe ta da ruwa mai kauri, dukkan shimfidu ke sauka daga gare ta. A lokacin duka marinegiwaye Kada ku ci wani abu, kuna hutawa cikin wahala a kan wawayen duwatsu. Tunda tsari yayi matukar wahala da jin daɗi.

Dabba tayi nauyi da rauni. Amma canza kaya, menene giwayen teku? kallo daya don idanu masu raunin gani. Tare da dukan ƙarfina, riga ya ɓace giwa mai launin toka-toka Gudu zuwa teku don dawo da ƙarfi da mamaye ciki.

Dabbobin dabbobi masu shayarwa sun bambanta sosai da matayensu a gaban abin da ake kira akwati. Hotunan tambarin giwa nuna cewa ya rataye a gefen maƙarƙashiya, yana rufe bakinsa.

Ya ƙunshi manyan manyan ƙasusuwa, kamar dai suna ta ɓoye duwatsun dutse a wurin. 'Yan mata ba su da komai kwata-kwata. Suna da fuska mai kyau, kamar manyan kayan wasa. A hanci akwai ƙananan ƙananan madaidaicin, eriya mai ɗaukar nauyi.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da hatimin giwa shi ne cewa a lokacin tarawar, gangar jikin namiji ta kumbura. Jinin yana gudana zuwa gare shi, tsokoki suna farawa, kuma daga tsari na santimita talatin, rabin-rabi da ƙari, wani abu ya bayyana.

Shugaban wadannan dabbobin yayi karami sosai, yana tafiya sosai a jiki. A kanta ƙananan idanu, duhu zaitun idanu. Fatar da ke wuyan hatimin giwayen tayi matukar tauri da tauri. Yana kare dabba daga kwari yayin duels dabbar.

Babban jikinsu yana ƙare da babban wutsiya, kamar wutsiya. Kuma a gaban, maimakon wata gabar jiki, fin biyu tare da manyan maƙallan.

Rayuwar giwa da yanayin rayuwa

Don haka a ina giwayen giwayen suke zaune? Yankin pinnipeds na arewacin, mazaunin dindindin na California da ruwan Mexico. Duk da haka, shekara ɗari da suka wuce, suna kan gab da hallakarwa.

Yawan mutanensu bai wuce dabbobi ɗari ba. An kashe su ta hanyar mashi da mashi, domin ƙima mai ƙima na dabbobi. Ga giwayen, ya kasance garken kare kariya na santimita-15 santimita daga ruwan kankara.

A wannan wurin da aka lalata su, wannan kitse ya narke. Yawansa ya kai miliyoyin kilo, wannan shine dubun dubatar mutane dole ne su hallaka. Har yanzu, lokacin tunawa da lokutan m, akan bangon bankunan da aka rufe da algae, yaduwar tsuntsaye da jita-jita iri-iri.

Masu fafutuka sun yi gwagwarmaya don ceton alummarsu. Wannan ba gaskiya bane ga barayin teku da suka lalace sakamakon farautar namun daji. Kuma tuni a cikin karni na hamsin, na ƙarni na ƙarshe, sun danganta ga mutum dubu goma sha biyar.

Dabbobin daji na kudu, sun sha wahala daidai makamancin haka, dole ne su gudu, suna daidaitawa a tsibirin da ke da wuyar isa Kudancin Georgia, Marion. Don haka a tsibirin Macquarie da Heard akwai wasu nau'ikan wasannin roƙon dabbobi.

Yawan mutane a cikin rookery daya ya tasar da dubun dubata. Yankin ƙasar Argentine an mai da wuraren kiyayewa, kuma shekaru hamsin yanzu, an haramta duk farautar dabbobi.

Kuma tuni, a cikin karni na sittin, masanan ilimin halitta sun fara karatu giwayen giwa. Duk da girman girman su, waɗannan dabbobin suna jin daɗi cikin ruwa. Sukan yi iyo da kyau, suna kaiwa saurin kilomita ashirin a sa'a.

Da kuma irin nau'ikan da suke. Bayan haka, giwa, na farko bayan kifayen, za su iya nutse don ganima zuwa zurfin kilomita biyu. Zuciya, hancinsa sun rufe.

Kuma, an san wannan kawai game da giwa hatimi, suna sarrafa jini. Zunubi mai zurfi, jini yana fara gudana kawai ga zuciya da kwakwalwa, ba tare da lahani ga dabba ba.

Abin da ba za a iya faɗi ba game da lokacin da aka ɓoye a ƙasa. A ganina, wannan duk jarabawa ce ga dabbobi masu shayarwa. Jawoshi bakin teku, da wuya ya motsa ta hanyar da yake buƙata. Tsawon matakinsa, kadan fiye da santimita talatin.

Saboda haka, tunda ya magance al'amuran su a bakin, giwar ta gaji da sauri. Kuma abu na farko da ya iso zuciyarsa shine samun bacci mai kyau na dare. Haka kuma, baccinsu yana da ƙarfi, kuma snoring yana da ƙarfi sosai har masana kimiyya har ma suke sarrafawa akai-akai, ba tare da wani fargaba ga rayuwarsu ba, don ƙididdige yawan numfashin su, sauraron bugun zuciya da ɗaukar bugun zuciya.

Suna da wani iko na musamman. Abin mamaki, giwayen suna barci a karkashin ruwa kuma. Suna shiga cikin ruwa, hancinsu na rufe. Kuma tsawon mintuna sha biyar zuwa ashirin, dabbar tana bacci cikin nutsuwa.

Sannan huhu ya faɗaɗa, jiki ya zama kamar balan-balan, nunannun kumatun suna iyo har sama. San hanci ya bude, na tsawon mintuna biyar dabbar ta numfasa, sannan kuma ya sake yin zurri zuwa zurfin. Haka yake bacci.

Ciyarwar giwa

Tunda hatimin giwa dabba ce mai shayarwa. Wancan da babban abincinsa ya ƙunshi kifi. Hakanan squids, crayfish da crabs. Yaro, kowace rana, na iya cin rabin kifin. Don ɗanɗano, suna da ƙarin naman shar da nama mai jan nama.

Mafi sau da yawa, ana samun pebble a cikin ciki na giwayen teku. Wasu sun yarda cewa ana buƙatar ballast, lokacin da giwar ke nutsuwa cikin ruwa. Wasu kuma, akasin haka, suna ba da shawarar cewa duwatsun suna ba da gudummawa ga nika, abubuwan ɓoye-goge sun lalace gaba ɗaya.

Amma lokacin da dabbobin suka fara lokacin kawarsu, sai suyi kiwo, giwayen ba su cin komai na tsawon watanni, suna nan ne a cikin ajiyar kitse da suka gina a lokacin kiwan.

Sake buguwa da tsawon rai

Nan da nan bayan mol, lokacin soyayya yazo cikin rayuwar giwaye. Daga tsakiyar hunturu zuwa tsakiyar bazara, giwaye suna shirya gwagwarmaya, sannan su yi kiwo, su sanya zuriya ta gaba a ƙafafunsu.

Dukkanin hakan yana farawa ne da hawan giwayen zuwa bakin gaci. Mace, tana da ciki, tun bara. Bayan duk wannan, a cikin wannan lokacin suna da watanni goma sha ɗaya. Giwaye maza ba su da alaƙa da haɓaka zuriya.

Bayan ta sami wuri mai nutsuwa, ba makawa, uwa ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya. An haife shi cikin hasken tsayi-tsayin mita, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo arba'in. Har tsawon wata daya, giwayen mama suna ciyar da jariri kawai da madara.

Yana cikin wakilan waɗannan mutane, mafi yawan adadin kuzari. Abubuwan da ke cikin kitse sune kashi hamsin cikin dari. Yaron a lokacin ciyar, yana samun kyakkyawan nauyi. Bayan haka, mahaifiyar ta bar ɗanta har abada.

An samarda isasshen kitse na kitse mai zurfi a cikin zuriyar saboda a cikin rayuwa mai zuwa, na gaba mai ƙoshin rayuwarsu, zasu rayu. Lokacin da yara suka cika watanni uku, sai suka bar roka suka shiga cikin ruwa.

Da zaran mace ta rabu da danta, lokacin aure zai yi ta gwagwarmaya ba tare da dokoki ba. Babban giwaye mafi girma da tsufa suna shirya gwagwarmaya ba wai don rayuwa ba amma don mutuwa, don 'yancin zama sultan na harem.

Hawayen giwaye suna ta rige-rige da juna, suna taɓar kawuna da toshe su, da fatan hakan zai tsoratar da abokin hamayya. Sa'annan hakora masu ƙarfi, masu kaifi zasu shiga cikin wasa. Wanda ya ci nasara ya tara matan kusa da shi. Wadansu suna da naman kaji da wasu dari uku na mata.

Kuma wanda aka azabtar, da duk wanda ya ji rauni, ya tafi gefen rookery. Har ilayau ya sami abokin aure, bashi da ikon miji-namiji. Abin baƙin ciki ne, amma a yayin irin waɗannan gwagwarmaya, galibi yara ƙanana suna wahala kuma suna mutuwa, ba a ganinsu cikin yaƙi, manya ne suka tattake su.

Bayan ya tattaro matan sa, shugaba ya zavi abin da yake so, ta hanyar sanya masa kayan sa na goge a gaban ta. Don haka ya nuna ya fi ta. Kuma idan uwargidan ba ta shirya haduwa ba, namiji bai damu da wannan yanayin ba. Yana hawa duk kugunsa a bayan ta. Yanke baya da amfani anan.

Lokacin balaga na jima'i yana farawa, a cikin samari mafi ƙaranci, da shekarun shekaru huɗu a cikin maza. Mata, daga shekara biyu, suna shirye don matta. Shekaru goma, giwayen giwayen mata ke iya haifan 'ya'ya. Sannan suka tsufa. Giwayen giwayen sun mutu yana da shekara goma sha biyar, ashirin.

Duk da girman sa mai girman gaske, hatimin giwa kuma sun zama ganima ga kifayen kisa. Cutar damisa ta ci gaba da kasancewa yara. Amma mafi munin abokan gaba, don ƙarni da yawa, komai girman abin tsoro, mu mutane ne.

Rarraba

Manyan yankuna na Kudancin giwa hatimin suna kan tsibiri mai zuwa da tsibirin: South Georgia, Kerguelen, Hurd, Macquarie. A waje da lokacin mating, ana iya samun daidaikun mutane a gaɓar Afirka ta Kudu, Australia, New Zealand, Patagonia da Antarctica. Wadannan dabbobin zasu iya rufe nisan tafiyar teku na nisan mil 4,800.

Distributedarfin hatimin giwayen arewa an riga an rarraba shi ko'ina cikin yammacin gabar arewacin Amurka daga Alaska zuwa Baja California. A karni na 19, duk da haka, kisan dabbobi wadannan dabbobi ya fara ne saboda kare kansu. Kowace shekara, dubban giwayen giwa sun zama mafarauta kuma ba da daɗewa ba wannan nau'in an riga an yi la'akari da karewa. Smallaramar hukuma ɗaya kaɗai, wadda ta ƙunshi mutane ƙasa da ɗari, suka tsira a tsibirin Guadalupe na Mexico. Bayan ganowa, an kama hatimin giwayen arewa a karkashin kariya.

A cikin shekarun 1930, giwayen giwayen sun fito don yin kiwo a ƙasa a Tsibirin California Channel. A halin yanzu, ana samun hatimin giwayen arewa a tsibiran da yawa a gabar yammacin Afirka. A arewa, adadinsu ya kai tsibirin Farallon, kuma a waje da lokacin matse har zuwa Tsibirin Vancouver.

Yawan yana ƙaruwa da 15% a kowace shekara, kuma a yau ba a rarraba wannan nau'in a matsayin babban haɗari. Koyaya, gaskiyar cewa yawan giwayen giwayen arewa ya ratsa tazara "ƙwallo" ya haifar da raguwar ire-iren ire-iren ire-iren mutane, wanda zai iya zama babbar matsala a yayin sauya yanayin muhalli.

Batun giwa

Batun giwa (Mirounga angustirostris) wani nau'in pinnipeds ne daga dangin Seals na Gaskiya. Girman hatimin giwa na arewa ya kai 6 m, kuma mace - fiye da m 3. An ba da sunan wannan dabbar marina saboda girmanta da hanci, iya kumburi sannan kuma suka yi kama da jigon da aka ɗora.

Maza sun bambanta sosai da na mace - sun kusa da girma sau biyu, haka ma, a cikin lokacin kiwo sukan cika bakin su sau da yawa.

Wannan babbar katuwar taguwa - wacce aka samu hatimin giwa ta arewa - ana samun ta ne a gabar tekun Pasifik na Amurka daga Alaska har zuwa Hudson Bay.

Elean giwayen arewa suna ciyar da ƙaramin kifayen kifi, kifi, da squid. Giwayen giwayen suna tafiya a cikin watan Disamba da Janairu domin mata su iya haifarwa. Maza su ne farkon waɗanda suka isa bakin teku su kare yankin don ƙone su. Giwayen giwayen a gabar ruwa sun kasance yankuna masu tarin yawa. A cikin zuriyar gilashin hatimin giwa koda yaushe kamu ɗaya ne. An lullube da shi cikin baƙar baƙi kuma ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshen watanni biyar.

Kudin giwa

Kudancin giwayen kudu (Mirounga leonina) shine mafi girman nau'in hatimi a duniya. Gangar jikin hatimin giwa ta kudu ya fi guntu fiye da na ɗan ƙaramin guguwar arewa: tsawonsa ya kai cm 10 Wannan babban hanci da ya faɗaɗa ba ya cikin mata da maza. Bayan girmanta kullum, gangar jikin ya isa cikakke har zuwa shekara ta takwas ta rayuwa kuma ya rataye bakin tare da hancin hancinsa. A cikin lokacin kiwo, ana kara tufka wannan bututun saboda hauhawar jini. Ya na faruwa ne a yayin yaƙe-yaƙe, billan azzaluman maza da yawa masu taurin kai suna lalata da kututturansu zuwa shreds. Bambanci a cikin girman tsakanin maza da mata suna da muhimmanci. Namiji na iya kaiwa nisan mita shida da rabi, kuma macen tana da mita uku da rabi. Nauyin namiji yakai tan uku da rabi, mace tana da nauyin kilo 900.

Ganimauyin giwayen marine sune kifi da ciyawa. Giwayen giwayen suna iya nutsuwa don ganima zuwa zurfin 1400. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne saboda adadinsu da ɗimbin jini da ke iya adana iskar oxygen. Kamar dai yadda kifi Whales yake, ayyukan gabobin ciki na naman giwa yayin nutsewa zuwa zurfin yana raguwa, wanda ke rage yawan oxygen. Abokan gaba dayan giwayen teku sune manyan farin kifaye da kifayen kisa, farauta a saman ruwa.

Menene hatimin giwayen arewa suka yi kama?

Tsarin arewacin yana da dan kadan fiye da na kudu: tsawon jikin mutum zai iya kaiwa mita 5, mace - 3 mita. Maza suna nauyin kilogram 1800-2700, mata - 350-900 kg. Raguna suna da girma, haƙora na kunci suna conical, amma wani lokacin tare da protrusions da tushen biyu.

Launin wannan nau'in na launin toka ne, mai laushi ko launin ruwan kasa; maza yawanci suna duhu fiye da mace. Jariri an rufe shi da baƙon baƙi, wanda yana da kimanin kimanin makonni uku ana maye gurbinsa da launin toka ko azurfa.

Tare da shekaru, maza na hatimin giwa na arewa, kamar takwarorinsu na kudanci, suna zama cike da alagammana da tarko a cikin wuya, inda fatar ta fi kauri, kuma a hancin su sai suka kirkiro wani akwati wanda zasu iya dumama.

Seal Eleals, Hijira

Elean itacen giwayen Kudancin ruwan dare gama gari ne a cikin ruwa mai tsafta. A zahiri dabbobi da wuya su shiga Antarctica. An yi rikodin mallaka na mulkin mallaka kusa da Argentina (Punta Norte, Terra del Fiego), a tsibiran Kudancin Georgia, Falkland, Gough, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, Hurd, Campbell, da Kudancin Shetland da South Orkney. Rarrabe, ba kiwo, ana lura da rukunin dabbobi a tsibiran Saint-Paul da Amsterdam, Tristan da Cunha da kuma yankin Yankin Westfall Hills (Antarctic nahiyar).

An lura da masu haɗuwa dabam-dabam a kan kankara kankara a wasu sassan Antarctic. Wasu lokuta dabbobi kan kusanci gabar Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania da Afirka ta kudu. Mafi yawan tarurrukan arewa na wadannan hatimin an same su a yankin Rodriguez har ma kusa da Fr. St. Helena.

Giwayen giwayen suna yin ƙaura shekara-shekara, suna zuwa wuraren ranakun wuraren tsegumi na bakin teku don kiwo da kuma tsalle-tsalle, kuma a cikin hunturu tafi ruwa mafi yawa na arewacin.

Yankunan giwaye na arewa suna cikin California a tsibiran Santa Barbara, San Nicholas, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Ano Nuevo da Kudu maso Faralons, da kan babban yankin a Ano Nuevo Point da Point Reyes. Hakanan akwai ikon mallaka a cikin Mexico a tsibirin Guadalupe, San Benito da Zedros. An haife ofan sanduna a tsibiran Natividad, San Martin, Coronado da San Clemente.

A cikin lokacin kiwo, an rarraba mata a bakin gabar Oregon da Washington, kuma maza manya sun yi ƙaura zuwa arewa, zuwa Tekun Alaska da tsibirin Aleutian.

Manyan giwa na arewacin giwaye suna zuwa teku sau biyu a shekara, suna kashe kimanin watanni 8 a ciki. A wannan lokacin, suna tafiya ko'ina cikin Arewacin Pacific.

Sabbin hanyoyin fasahar sa ido sun nuna cewa mutanen wannan nau'in sun koma wuraren ciyarwa iri ɗaya bayan farauta da molting - misalin farko na ƙaura biyu cikin dabbobi. A lokacin hijiyoyin biyu, dabbobin sun yi zurfin zurfin mita 250-550, kuma cikin kwanaki 250 da mazajen suka yi amfani da su a cikin ruwa, sun rufe nisan da akalla kilomita 21,000. Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, wannan shine mafi ƙaura na shekara shekara da aka yiwa rikodin mutum. Sau biyu ƙaura wajibi ne domin giwayen suna buƙatar komawa tudu sau biyu a shekara - don kiwo da kuma yin molting. Amma me yasa suka zaɓi yin izgili ga tsibiran California Strait, kuma ba wasu tsibiran ko rairayin bakin tekun na kusa da wuraren da ake ciyar da su ba, ba a sani ba.

Kashe lokaci mai yawa a teku, hatimai dole su yi barci a cikin ruwa. Hauren giwaye na arewa yayin bacci na iya zama a cikin ruwa har zuwa tsawon mintina 25 kuma ya tashi zuwa sama don yin numfashi ba tare da farkawa gaba daya ba.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa

1. Amazingarfin ban mamaki na ɗamarar giwaye shine yin barci a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Amma ta yaya dabbobi ke sarrafa numfashi a wannan lokacin? Bayan haka, suna da huhun, ba kwayoyi ba. Masana kimiyya sunyi nasarar gano asirin irin wannan mafarkin na ruwa. Bayan tsawan minti biyar ko goma a karkashin ruwa, kirjin dabbar yana kara fadada, yayin da hancin ya rufe a hankali. Daga wannan, girman jiki yana raguwa, kuma yana hauhawa. A saman ruwa, hancin ya buɗe, kuma na tsawon mintuna uku sai dabbobi suka sha iska. Sannan ya sake nutsewa har zuwa kasan. Idanun sun kasance a rufe duk wannan lokacin: giwar tana bacci a bayyane.
2. Ana yawan samun duwatsun a cikin giwayen. Mazauna wuraren da waɗannan dabbobin ke zama, sun yi imani da cewa duwatsun suna aiki kamar ƙaiƙayi yayin nutsewar giwaye a ruwa. Akwai wasu bayanai. Misali, duwatsun da ke cikin ciki na iya ba da gudummawa ga abinci mai narkewa - kifi mai haɗiye da ɓacin rai.
3. A tsakanin maza, za a iya bambanta rukuni huɗu a bayyane. Na farko - "matashi" - ya hada da dabbobin da ke da shekaru daga shekara daya zuwa shida, girmansu ba su wuce mita uku. Sun bayyana akan rookery a cikin hunturu, musamman bayan hadari, tare da tabbataccen dalilin ɗaukar hutu daga yin iyo. Neman waɗannan dabbobin sune farkon - a watan Disamba (farkon lokacin bazara a kudancin hamada), sannan duk sauran dabbobin sun bayyana ta hanyar girmanta: mafi girma a cikin shekaru, daga baya.Na biyu, ko kuma “saurayi”, an samar da rukunin dabbobin ne daga shekaru shida zuwa goma sha uku, girmansu daga mita uku zuwa hudu da rabi. Suna zuwa rairayin bakin teku a cikin kaka, jim kaɗan bayan 'yan maruƙa sun bayyana a wurin mata, amma, ba su shiga yaƙin tare da mazan maza ba, kuma kafin farkon farawar (bayan yayen yaran) suna iyo a cikin ruwa. Ageungiyar da ke gaba ita ce wadda ake kira masu nema. Irin waɗannan maza, masu girma a cikin girman daga mita huɗu da rabi zuwa shida, tare da akwati mai girman kai, suna cikin yanayi mai saurin fushi da hawa dutsen don yin faɗa tare da masu mallakar rookery - masu mallakar "zomaye" - tsofaffin maza masu ƙarfi, suna ƙoƙarin sake kama wani ɓangare na mata daga gare su. Waɗannan tsofaffin maza da suka manyanta maza sun cika shekaru huɗu da haihuwa.
4. Abubuwan da aka lura da su sun nuna cewa tsoho ɗaya kuma mai ƙarfi maza ne suka mamaye “ƙwanƙwasawa” a cikin dukkan lokacin noman, yayin da saurayi da mara ƙarfi galibi yakamata su baiwa abokin hamayya fifita su ƙarfi. Kodayake yawanci maza suna fada a cikin ruwa, ba kusa da tudu ba, tsoro ma ya fara a bakin rairayin bakin teku a wannan lokacin - matan da ke damuwa sun yi kururuwa, thean sanduna suna ƙoƙarin tserewa. Saboda haka, daga "zomaye", inda ake yawan damuwarsu, mata suna ƙoƙari su matsa zuwa wurin "hamms".
5. Yaƙin maza ƙaƙƙarfan gani ne. Abokan adawar, bayan sun kumbura da juna, suna tashi “a kan kafafunsu na baya”, suna tashi mita huɗu sama da ruwa mai zurfi, suna daskarewa a wannan matsayi na mintuna da yawa, suna kama da zanen dutse na dodanni. Dabbobi suna tashi da sauriyar ruri, amarensu na kumbura, suna ba da ruwa ga abokan gaba da curin feshi. Bayan irin wannan aikin, abokin adawar mafi rauni yawanci yakan koma baya, ya ci gaba da hayaniya da sauri, da komawa baya nesa ba kusa ba, yana farawa. Wanda ya yi nasara yana haifar da kukan girman kai kuma, bayan ya yi jifa da yawa bayan dan gudun hijirar, ya sauka ya koma bakin tekun.
6. Komai tsoron wannan gwagwarmayar na iya kallo, a mafi yawan lokuta ba ya zuwa zubar da jini. Yawancin lokaci komai yana iyakance ne ga tsoro, tsoro da ruri. Ma'anar kwayar halitta game da wannan halayyar abu ne mai ma'ana: an bayyana mafi karfi, wanda zai dauki nauyin mai samarwa yayin lokacin kiwo kuma, a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi, zai yada kyawawan halayensa ga zuriya. A lokaci guda, ƙaramin saurayi ba ya mutuwa akan fagen fama don haka baya juya baya ga aikin cigaban halittar.
7. Dangane da mutum, maza masu tsayi ba koyaushe suke nuna tashin hankali ba. Kuma ba su ba, amma kawai mata na iya zama mafi haɗari ga mai binciken wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin lokacin farin garken. Misali, John Warham, ya zama dole ya san haƙoran haƙoransu fiye da sau ɗaya kuma cikin kunya sai ya gudu, ya bar kyakkyawan ƙyallen ƙafafunsa ga giwayen teku.
8. Bayan an haife shi, ɗan ya haifar da ɗan gajeren tsiro wanda yayi kama da kare, mahaifiyar ta amsa shi daidai, ya tsallake shi, don haka ya tuna da shi. Bayan haka, za ta sha bambanta shi da sauran shayyun da yawa kuma za su iya dawowa idan ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa.
9. Ya cancanci a ambaci ɗayan abubuwan ban mamaki na dabba na dabba ga yanayin rayuwa: an dakatar da ci gaban tayi a cikin mahaifar mace lokacin yaɗuwa, kuma tayi, kamar, ana “kiyaye ta” ga dukkan lokacin rayuwar dabbobi. (An lura da irin wannan lamari a cikin wasu dabbobi - dayan pinnipeds, da kuma a cikin sable, rabbit, kangaroo, da dai sauransu) Ci gaban amfrayo ya ci gaba ne kawai a watan Maris, lokacin da za a gama farawar mata.
10. Raunin giwa da aka zubar dashi shine mafi munin hankali: tsohuwar fata ta rataye shi da katako. Da farko sai ta cire kayan jikinta, daga sauran jikin kuma. A lokaci guda, talakawa suna tatattar fira a gefansu da ciki, suna ƙoƙarin hanzarta aiwatar da wannan aikin, wanda a zahiri basuda matsala a gare su. Dabbobin makiyaya galibi suna cikin wasu daskararren ciyawa, wanda ba shi da nisa da gaci, kuma, juyawa da juyawa, tura ƙasa mara nauyi, juya shi cikin ƙazanta. An nutsar da su a ciki tare da manyan hanci. Matsakaicin abin tsoro ne a wannan lokacin.

Siffofin rayuwa

Giwayen giwayen dabbobi dabbobi ne da yawa kuma suna haɓaka zomaye a lokacin balaguron teku. A ƙarshen watan Agusta, mata masu juna biyu suna zuwa tsibiran kuma su tattara cikin kungiyoyi. A farkon Satumba, maza suna bayyana, kuma a ƙarshen watan aka fara kirkirar kumbura. A cikin manyan haila, ga kowane namiji, akwai har zuwa mata dari (100) ko fiye. Yayin kirkirar dabbobi, ana yin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin maza, sakamakon wanda ya manyanta, amma dabbobi masu rauni basa zama ba tare da mace ba kuma, tare da sauran masu bacci, ana samun su a gefen yankin harem.

9an maza 9 cikin 10 ba su da damar ci gaba da danginsu - ko dai saboda ba su rayuwa ga balaga, ko kuma saboda sun ɓace a yaƙin tare da manyan mazajen da ke ba da damar mallakar mata. A cikin binciken daya daga cikin maza 138 da aka bi cikin rayuwarsu, 126 ba suyi aure ba, kuma manyan guda 8 sun hadu da mata 348.

Yadda ake kwantawa da hatimin giwayen ke da ƙiba da tashin hankali. Ba tare da gargadi ba, namiji ya matso kusa da mace daga gefe, ya sanya flipper gaban a binta, ya hura wuyan ta, ya ja mata kai kuma yana neman aure. Idan mace tayi zanga-zanga ko tayi kokarin tserewa, kamar yadda akasari yake faruwa, namiji zai matsa mata da duk jikinta yayi kwari harma da wahala. Sakamakon irin wannan rikice-rikice na jima'i yakan zama abin ƙi ga mace. Jingina kan wata mace mai juna biyu, namiji zai iya cutar da ita ta jiki, kuma a sakamakon haduwa da mace mai shayarwa, mahaifiya da kafa suna raba lokaci daya. Haka kuma, yayin tashe-tashen hankulansu, wani lokacin mazan zasu iya murkushe wani dan da ya bayyana a hanyarsu: har zuwa 10% na dukkan 'ya' yan kuyaye suna mutuwa.

Mafi yawan mata suna haihuwa a watan Oktoba. Yawancin lokaci ana haihuwar 1 cub. Ciyar da madara takan kwana 20-30. A wannan lokacin, mace kan rasa nauyi sosai, kuma da sauri san sandunan suna ƙaruwa da yawa saboda yawan abincin da ake samu da yalwar mai. Ribar yau da kullun a cikin kwikwiyo na iya kaiwa kilo 6! Bayan kowace ciyarwa, ana tattara sa'yan a cikin gungun waɗanda suke can nesa da ƙugarar ƙwarjin abincin. Ana lura da irin wannan rukunin 'yar' yar tsumu tsaran na tsawon sati hudu, sannan samari su matsa kusa da gefen ruwan. Lokacin da aka kai kwanaki 10-15, sai 'ya' yansu su fara motsi, kuma kafin su shiga cikin ruwa, lokacin yana da kwanaki 30-35, canjin yanayin jariri ya ƙare gaba ɗaya.

Matan cinyarin giwayen kudu suna da nauyin kilogram 300 don haihuwar ɗan maraƙin farko, amma ƙananan mata (har zuwa kilo 380) da wuya suna ɗaukar ɗan maraƙin. Wataƙila wannan saboda maza yayin haihuwa suna da nauyi 14% fiye da mace, wanda zai iya lalata ƙarin yawan haihuwa.

Matan da suka manyanta sun fara yin aure tun kwanaki 15 bayan haihuwar jarirai, kuma bayan ƙarshen wannan lokacin suna ci gaba da ciyar da cuban. A hankali, maza suna barin mace kuma tuni a watan Nuwamba sun rasa sha'awar su, suna cin lokaci mai yawa a cikin ruwa, inda suke ciyar da abinci mai kima. Harems sun fashe, bayan da dabbobin da suka manyanta sukanyi wani lokaci a teku, daga baya kuma suka sake komawa bakin ruwa da ke gabar teku don yin tsalle.

Dogaro da mazaunin mazaunin, lalacewar hatimin da kuma haifar da ɓarnar ƙasa yana iya ci gaba a watan Disamba-Fabrairu. A matsakaita, tsawon lokacin da ake magana da shi shine kwanaki 30-40, amma a cikin shekaru daban-daban da kuma nau'ikan dabbobi, yanayin canje-canjen gashi na iya canzawa. Tare da ƙarshen molting, yawancin dabbobi suna barin rookery kuma suna ƙaura zuwa tekun. A nan suna cin abinci mai ƙarfi kuma ba safai suna iya zuwa bakin teku ba.

Giwayen Kudancin suna ciyar da kan ceflopods, wani lokacin kifi. Abincin ɗan arewacin yana da bambancin yawa kuma ya ƙunshi zurfin teku, shrimps, octopuse, crabs, hake, stingrays har ma da matsakaitan sharks. Don abinci, waɗannan ɗimbin maniyyi na iya nutse har zuwa zurfin 1000 m.

Bayan sauyawa zuwa rayuwa mai zaman kanta, 'ya' ya 'ya mace na tsawan wata guda saboda kitse mai tarin yawa, daga nan sai suka koma ciyarwa kan kananan crustaceans.

Abokan halitta na giwa su ne damin damisa, waɗanda ke kai hari a kan sandar. Orcas yayi musu barazana.

An yi imanin cewa mafi tsawon shekaru na mace na giwayen naman ne shekaru 12, maza - shekaru 20.

Oƙon Harp

Daga cikin duka, foulid foxid shine mafi yawan binciken, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙimar kasuwancinsa da kuma cin amfaninta sama da ƙarni biyu da suka gabata. Ya kasance na dangin Arctic fotside kuma ya bambanta da sauran nau'in a cikin suturarsa, wanda yake gaba ɗaya fari a lokacin haihuwa kuma ya ƙunshi halayen halayen manya a cikin nau'in lyre ko dawakai. Kadan fiye da maraƙi ko hatimin marmara, amma yayi ƙasa da hatimin Antarctic, da wuya ya zarce 1, 60 m cikin balagaggu wanda ya kai kilogiram 150.

Wannan dabba ce ta garken - tsofaffi maza ne kawai da ke son kaɗaita, sun iya rayuwa a ƙasa, kamar yadda suke cikin ruwa. A zahiri, ya ciyar da mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin wannan kashi na biyu, inda yake da alama yana da nutsuwa, inda ya sami abinci da ɓoyewa don bin abin da ya farauto - capelin, herring da cod.

An haife jarirai da baƙar fata. Haka kuma, ba wuya bane, amma lokacin farin ciki ne. Bayan ya kai watanni 2, launin fur ɗin ya canza zuwa launin toka mai haske. Jikin alfarma giwayen kudu ya ƙunshi wani lokacin farin ciki mai kitse na subcutaneous. Ya kai kauri 10 cm, kuma yawan sa, dangane da nauyin jikin mutum, yakai 35%. Kayan mai yana kariya daga gabobin ciki daga tsotsar jikin mutum da inganta haɓakar dabba.

Dabbobi suna yin ƙaura a daidai lokacin ƙaura biyu: a farkon lokacin hunturu, an nufa zuwa kankara ta kudu don kiwo, kuma a cikin bazara - zuwa ruwan kifin na arewacin. aiki, tsalle da ruwa a cikin ruwa ko iyo iyo cikin ciki a cikin iska a farfajiya. Haƙiƙa dabba mai shayarwa, kodayake tana zaune cikin ruwa, an rufe hatimin hatimi cikin haya. Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan gashi guda biyu - "gashi mai kariya", wanda ke kare farjin daga ɓarna da "kayan ruɓi", gajere, maras nauyi da mara nauyi, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga daskararren dabbar. Mayafin yana taimakawa wajen kwantar da zafin jiki na ciki saboda lokacin farin ciki mai kazamin kitse, wanda zai iya kaiwa 8 cm a cikin manya.

Habitat

Hauren Kudancin Italiyan sun shirya wasan rokarsu a tsibirin Falkland, South Orkney da Kudancin Shetland. Har ila yau, suna ƙaunar Kudancin Georgia, Hurd da Kerguelen Islands. Tsibirin Macquarie da ke Kudancin Pasifik shima ya ta'allaka ne a yankin da suke sha'awa. A gabar da ke cike da baƙaƙe da yashi, dabbobin suna ɗaukar tsawon watanni shida. Kimanin mutane dubu 10 ne suka taru wuri guda, suna kirkiro manyan rukunoni.

Wuri da jin ji ne jijiyoyi biyu a gabansa. Idanunsa kuma sun daidaita da hasken rana a kan dusar ƙanƙara, kamar kusan ƙarshen duhu. Daga cikin ruwa, hatimin yana da ɗan alamar astigmatism kuma ɗan ɗan sa kaɗan ne. Idon murfin mabiya yana da matukar damuwa ga kore, ya bambanta da siran da ke rayuwa a cikin tsaunukan, wanda ke ba da amsa da yawa ga shuɗi.

Wata muhimmiyar tushe na bayanan azanci game da buga hatimi shine ji, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin da manema labarai suke neman ganima ko maharbi ko kuma lokacin da take son sadarwa tare da sauran dabbobi. Ga alama dai, ba shi da tsari na tsarin kulawar sauti mai amfani da dabbobin dolphins. Ilmin kunne na kunne yana da alaƙa da na cetaceans da dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma ana iya jin hatimin harp ɗin a ƙarƙashin ruwa fiye da ruwa: ƙananan kururuwa kawai ake ji a ƙasa. Ana jin tsofaffi ne kawai cikin ruwa, a cikin lokuta mafi wuya - yayin haifuwa, misali.

A nan ne suka yi aure, suna haihuwar 'ya'ya da kuma molt. Bayan fashewa, sai su hau jirgin ruwa a buɗe, a inda suke rayuwa tsawon kwanaki ba tare da ganin ƙasa ba. Kudancin giwayen kudu excellentan wasan ƙawance ne, yana da ikon shawo kan ƙetaren teku. Tana iya yin iyo biyu kilomita 4 da 5 don ƙare a cikin yankin kankara na Antarctic ko kuma bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu da New Zealand. Wannan dabba tana yin zurfin zurfin mita 500, a ƙarƙashin ruwa na iya zama minti 40.

Tasteanɗana waɗannan dabbobin suna da kamar iyakantacce ne, koda kuwa suna da ɗanɗano furanni akan harshensu kuma basu da lokacin da zasu ɗanɗana abincinsu, kamar yadda suke haɗiye shi ta hanyar sha, babban kifi ne da suka sare shi yana lalata girman cizon. Jaƙen hatimi hat na da nau'ikan hakora guda uku: incisors, fangs da molars, amma ya dace musamman don ɗaukar ganima.

Daga ruwa, kamshi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a sikelin, wanda ya basu damar gano shigowar maƙiyin, kodayake yana da dubun mita. maza suna samun mata a cikin zafin rana kuma uwaye sun sami zuriyarsu a cikin ɗaruruwan otheran yara, dukansu dai, a kan kankara.

Abokan gaba

Kudancin giwa na cin abinci a kan kifi, ciyawa da kuma mollusks. Da kansa ya zama wanda aka azabtar da kisa Whales. Wadannan manyan mahara sun kai masa hari a gabar teku da bakin ruwa. Amma tun da ba sa son matsawa fiye da kilomita 800 daga gabar tekun, babban hatimin, tun da ya shawo kan wannan nesa, babu matsala. Cuban giwaye na fama da guguwar teku.

Wani abokin gaba shine mutum. A ƙarni da suka gabata, ya lalata ƙaƙƙarfan dabbobi don kitse. Daga ɗayan giwayen giwaye da aka kashe aƙalla kilogiram 500 na samfurin ƙimar. A zamanin yau, an haramta kamun karnukan waɗannan dabbobin. A wannan batun, adadinsu ya ƙaru. Adadin kuliyoyin kudanci a yau shine dubu 750. Aƙalla dabbobi dubu 250 suna zaune a tsibirin Kudancin Georgia, adadinsu ɗaya a tsibirin Kerguelen. Waɗannan su ne manyan rookeries manyan seals wanda suke rabawa tare da penguins.

Ina so in san komai

A cikin karninmu, lokacin da dan Adam ya shiga cikin sararin samaniya kuma muna okin neman akalla wasu halittu masu rai a duniyar duniyar Mars ko sauran duniyoyi, daya daga cikin abubuwan mamaki shine: shin mun saba da 'yan'uwanmu na duniya? Nawa muka san su? Shin mun san salon rayuwar su? Bukatar? Halayyar? Dangantaka da duniyar waje?

Ba lallai ne ku yi nisa da misalai ba. Da yawa daga cikin mu mun ga giwayen rayuwa a cikin teku? Tabbas, kusan kowa yasan cewa irin waɗannan dabbobi sun wanzu. Amma yan kadan sunada saurin gani a yanayin yanayin wadannan Kattai wadanda sukai girma da nauyi na rhinos, hips da kuma walrus. Giwayen giwayen suna zaune a wurare masu nisa, wato: a Patagonia - a bakin tekun Argentina, a tsibirin Macquarie - kudu da Tasmania, a Tsibirin Signy, a Kudancin Jojiya.

To, wadanne irin giwaye ne?

2

Da farko, muna cewa waɗannan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa ne waɗanda ke cikin sifofin matattu hatimi (Phocidae), wanda aka ambata don haka da bambanci da hatimin sanannu - Otariidae. Tsawon maza ya kai mita uku zuwa shida, kuma irin wannan ruwan ɗimbin ya kai kimanin tan biyu! Dangane da yanayin jikin, wadannan Kattai suna yin kama da walruses, fatar jikinsu tana da kauri da kauri, amma ba su da wutsiyoyi na walrus, amma akwai wani abu kamar gajeriyar karamar gaɓa (wadda giwayen suka mallaki suna). Kadan ne daga cikin wadannan dabbobi masu ban mamaki da suka rayu har zuwa zamaninmu. Kuma idan bamu sani ba a lokacin karshe, da sun bace gaba daya daga fuskar duniya, kamar 'yan uwansu kusan - shanu na teku, wanda masanin hallita ya gano a shekarar 1741, lokacin balaguron zuwa Tekun Bering. Da yake bayyana irin wannan kasalar mai cutarwa, wacce ba ta cancanci ƙoƙarin harba saboda jinkirin da karɓuwarsu, Steller ba da gangan ba ya nuna hanya zuwa cikin sauƙi ga masu kasuwancin da yawa. A shekarar 1770, barayin teku (wadanda daga baya ake kiransu Steller shanu) ba su wanzu.

Abin farin, wannan bai faru da hatimin giwa ba.Da farko dai, saboda suna zaune ne a wuraren da mutane ba sa iyawa: ko dai yi iyo a cikin ruwan da ke cikin tekun Kudancin hemisphere, inda iska mai kauri ba ta taba sauka, ko kuma a takaice suke zuwa rukunin rokokinsu da ke kan tekun dutse na Patagonia ko kan karamin rasa a cikin tsibirin teku. Bugu da kari, giwayen teku, sabanin danginsu marasa lahani - digongs, ko sirens, suna mamaye ciyawar teku cikin lumana "makiyaya", ba su da wata hanyar kariya. Musamman mazan. Hakoransu masu kaifi ne, kuma iko yana da girma. Namiji ne mai yawan zafin rai. Giwayen giwayen tsuntsaye ne: suna ciyar da dabbobin ruwa iri-iri, galibi kifi.

Garkunan dabbobi na kudanci, wadanda tsohon yawansu ya zama yan iyakance ne kawai ga wasu tsibirai na Antarctic, kamar Kerguelen, Crozet, Marion, Georgia ta kudu, da aka gallaza masu. An kuma kiyaye wasu nau'ikan rooker da ke tsibiran Macquarie da Hurd. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin zafi, inda aka kuma taɓa fuskantar rooker waɗannan dabbobin kafin - alal misali, a gefen tekun kudu na Chile, a tsibirin King kusa da Tasmania ko kuma tsibirin Falkland da Juan Fernandez - yanzu ba za ku ga ɗayan ba ...

A yau, hatimin giwaye, mutum zai iya faɗi cewa, ya murmure kaɗan daga abubuwan damuwa da suka gabata. A wasu wurare, har ma sun sake dawo da ƙarfin da suka gabata. Amma wannan, hakika, kawai shine inda dabbobi suke ƙarƙashin tsaro mai mahimmanci, alal misali, akan yankin Valdez na lardin, wanda aka ayyana shi mai kariya ne, ko kuma tsibirin Macquarie ko Hurd, inda aka haramta farautarsu tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar. Dabbobi a cikinsu suna wadatar haɓaka, kuma adadinsu yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara zuwa shekara. Game da tsibiran kamar su Kudancin Georgia da Kerguelen, har yanzu ana harha wani sashi na garken daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Gaskiya ne, ana da'awar cewa suna yin wannan ne a ƙarƙashin matuƙar ikon kimiyya.

Me yasa giwayen ruwan teku sunyi kyau sosai ga masunta? Sun sami waɗannan dabbobin ne sabili da ɗaya daga kitse mai kitse. Fuskarta ya kai kauri tsawon santimita goma sha biyar! Wajibi ne ga dabba ta kare shi daga asara mai zafi a cikin ruwa mai ruwa wacce take ciyarwa da mafi yawan rayuwarta. Kuma wannan kitse ya zama kyakkyawa. A saboda shi, an kashe giwayen teku ba tare da jinƙai ba, gaba ɗaya duwatsun gawawwakin gawawwakinsu sun tashi tare da bankunan, kuma dama can a bakin tekun a cikin manyan tankuna da aka sanya musamman don wannan kitsen mai ya narke ... A gabar tekun Patagonian na Argentina daga 1803 zuwa 1819, masunta na Arewacin Amurka, Ingilishi da masunta na Dutch sun nitse cikin adadin miliyan dubu ɗari bakwai da sittin dubu sittin na mai mai. Kuma wannan yana nuna cewa adadin dabbobin da aka kashe sabili da wannan ya kai akalla dubu huɗu zuwa shida! Sun yanka su ta hanya mafi yawanci: sun datse hanyar ceton ruwa da wuƙaƙe da mashi ko wuta mai ƙonawa cikin bakin ...

Kuma yanzu waɗannan manyan vats da sauran kayan aiki don narke mai, rutsawa a cikin iska mai ƙarfi, har yanzu suna kwance a gefen tsibirin Patagonia da yawa ... Waɗannan vanyen ruwan, kamar, suna bayyana ƙwaƙwalwar baƙin ciki da rashin amfani da dabi'a ta mutum a cikin kwanannan da suka gabata kuma suka zama gargaɗi ga tsararraki masu zuwa ...

Kuma yanzu, lokacin da mutane suka daina kashe giwayen giwaye, lokaci ya yi da za a yi nazarin su. An yi wannan ta hanyar rukuni na masana kimiyya da yawa daga kasashe daban-daban. Masana ilimin kimiyyar ilimin Ingilishi sun yi ingantaccen binciken abubuwan rayuwar waɗannan ƙattai a tsibirin na Signy da Kudancin Georgia a ƙarƙashin kulawar Dr. R. M. Loves na Ma'aikatar Antarctic ta Burtaniya, yayin da masanan kimiyya na Ostiraliya, waɗanda Dr. R. Carrick ke jagoranta, suka yi aiki a tsibirin Macquarie da Heard. An buga sakamakon bincikensu a Canberra a cikin 1964. Bayan wani lokaci, shahararren masanin ilimin Ingilishi John Warham ya lura da irin wannan tsibiran.

Me kuka koya game da wannan dabbar da ba ta karancin karatu ba?

Duk da girman girmanta, hatimin giwa shine mai iyo. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sifar fushin jikinsa. Giwayen teku na iya iyo da saurinsa zuwa kilomita 24 da awa ɗaya. Haka kuma, a cikin ruwan kankara, wani nau'in "jaket mai narkewa" - lokacin farin ciki mai karko mai kitse - yana aiki amintacce ne kariya daga sanyi. A ruwa, wannan dabba mai kiba tana nuna kwazo da rashin aiki iri daya: bayan haka, anan ne ya sami rayuwarsa ta hanyar bi kifaye, don neman tarawar plankton da wasu nau'ikan crustaceans. Sealan ukun hattara sunfi dacewa da zama a ƙasa, dukda cewa dole ne suyi rayuwa kwata-kwata rayuwarta a can. Zai yi wahala mutum yayi tunanin dabba mai hankali da kanjamau! Ya daɗa jan jikinsa mai nauyi a ƙasa mai taushi, yana tafiya da taimakon ƙashin gaban gaba kawai. A wannan lokacin, yana kama da babban katon katifa ko matafila: “aya” ɗaya a giwayen teku shine santimita talatin da biyar kawai! Matsayi mai nauyi, wanda ba a iya fahimta cikin ruwa, akan ƙasa ya zama nauyi wanda ba za'a iya jure wa dabba ba. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa giwar giwa da sauri ta gaji, ta kwanta kuma nan da nan ta yi barci tare da gwarzo, barci mai kyau. Gaskiya burin giwayen ba shi da izini - a kowane hali, farka shi ba mai sauki bane. Anyi bayanin wannan ta hanyar cewa tsawon lokaci wadannan 'yan Kattai a doron kasa basu da abokan gaba, kuma kamar, beraye, ba su da wanda zai tsora kuma basu da bukatar yin bacci cikin damuwa.

Jin barci mai zurfi na giwayen teku sau da yawa ya ba da mamaki ga masanin ilmin kimiyyar halittar Ingila John Warham, wanda ya gudanar da binciken sa a tsibirin Macquarie. Kowace safiya, yana fitowa daga alfarwar sa, yakan ga giwayen giwa kwance a gefe a gaban ƙofar kuma yana toshe hanyar sa. Suna yin lalata da maza baki ɗaya tsawonsu yakai mita uku zuwa huɗu da rabi. Sunyi bacci mai nauyi, numfashinsu yayi zurfi da hayaniya, wani lokacin kuma harda juyasu zuwa wasu abubuwa masu fashewa. Koyaya, ba karamar yarjejeniya bane ga mai binciken ya ƙetare su: ya yi tafiya a ƙafafunsu, amma a yanzu ya zuwa tunaninsu cewa suna tafiya cikin takalman da aka ƙirƙira (dalilin da yasa suka ɗaga kawunansu cikin tsoro), masifar ta riga ta yi nisa ...

Kuma masanan Amurkawa wadanda suka yi binciken giwayen giwa a Guadeloupe, godiya ga jinkirin wadannan dabbobin, sun sami damar auna bugun zuciya da zafin jiki ne kawai, har ma da kwace suturar jikinsu.

Ba karamar mamaki ba ce damar giwaye suyi bacci a karkashin ruwa. Amma ta yaya dabbobi ke sarrafa numfashi a wannan lokacin? Bayan haka, suna da huhun, ba kwayoyi ba. Masana kimiyya sunyi nasarar gano asirin irin wannan mafarkin na ruwa. Bayan tsawan minti biyar ko goma a karkashin ruwa, kirjin dabbar yana kara fadada, yayin da hancin ya rufe a hankali. Daga wannan, girman jiki yana raguwa, kuma yana hauhawa. A saman ruwa, hancin ya buɗe, kuma na tsawon mintuna uku sai dabbobi suka sha iska. Sannan ya sake nutsewa har zuwa kasan. Idanun sun kasance a rufe duk wannan lokacin: giwar tana bacci a bayyane.

Ana yawan samun duwatsun a cikin giwayen. Mazauna wuraren da waɗannan dabbobin ke zama, sun yi imani da cewa duwatsun suna aiki kamar ƙaiƙayi yayin nutsewar giwaye a ruwa. Akwai wasu bayanai. Misali, duwatsun da ke cikin ciki na iya ba da gudummawa ga abinci mai narkewa - kifi mai haɗiye da ɓacin rai.

Hauren giwayen teku suna ciyar da kifi ne kawai, kuma ba kowane katako ba, kamar yadda ake tsammani. Kwararan katako a cikin "menu" ba su wuce kashi biyu ba. Amma a gefe guda, giwar manya tana cin kifaye da yawa. A cewar shahararren masanin ilimin dabbobi, Hagenbek, giwa mai girman mita biyar-Goliath wacce ke a cikin hotonta tana cin kilo kilogram na kifi guda ɗaya a rana! Irin wadannan rahotannin sun sa wasu masanan kimiyyar halittar masana yin gardama game da cewa bacewar giwayen teku wata albarka ce saboda zargin da aka bayar game da rikice-rikicen masunta… Duk da haka, binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna rashin dacewar irin wannan yanke hukuncin: abincin abincin giwayen giwaye galibi kananan yankuna ne. cinikin kifi ... A cikin ƙasa, a lokacin kiwo, giwaye sun sami damar yin azumi na makonni: a wannan lokacin ba su cin komai, amma suna rayuwa ne daga haƙar mai a ciki.

Binciken da hankali game da waɗannan dabbobin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya bayyana asirin rayuwar da halayyar su da yawa. A wasu hanyoyi, waɗannan ɓoyayyen launuka sun zama abin da ya dace da mai binciken: bashi da ƙima ga komai, alal misali, auna tsayin su, ƙidaya yawan garken mutum, abubuwan da suka haɗu, rukunoni daban-daban, lura da rayuwar "iyali" na waɗannan dabbobin, haihuwar kananan dabbobi, da dai sauransu. d. Amma kokarin yin la'akari da irin wannan whopper! Bayan haka, bayan haka, wani namiji wanda ya tashi "a kan kafafunsa na baya" (kuma wannan shine barazanar da suka saba yi) ya zama babban shafi, kuma har gaban idan aka kalli hotunan wannan girar tana da ban tsoro. Abin da ke akwai don tunani game da kama shi da buga shi a kan sikeli. A'a, wannan ba aiki mai sauki bane - nazarin irin waɗannan dabbobi, kuma kuna buƙatar zama mai kishin ƙasa don magance hakan. Bayan haka, dole ne mutum ya manta da yanayin fasalin wuraren da ake yin waɗannan abubuwan lura: game da ci gaba da ƙaƙƙarfan iska, ruwa mai lalacewa, bare, yanayin dutse mai wahala ... Duk da haka, masu binciken sun sami nasarar aiwatar da aiki mai mahimmanci, wanda ya ba da damar sanin shekarun mutum ɗaya kawai, har ma don ganowa. ƙaura, yanayin canje-canje a cikin garken garke, tsari mai molting, dangantaka a cikin garken.

Amma bari mu fara cikin tsari. Shekaru hudu, masu binciken Australia a tsibirin Heard da Macquarie suna da tsari mai kama da 'yan giwayen giwa, kamar yadda suke yi da' yan maruƙa ko na gida. Zuwa shekarar 1961, kusan kananan yaran giwaye bakwai aka yiwa masu alama. Wannan daga baya ya sanya ya yiwu a ƙayyade shekarun ɗaya ko wata dabba, tsari wanda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka bayyana akan rookery, haɗuwa da daidaikun mutane zuwa "mahaifarsu" ko halayen canza wurare ... Don haka, mace a ƙarƙashin lambar "M-102" shekaru hudu a jere ta kawo zuriya a wuri guda kuma kawai a cikin shekara ta biyar sai ta ƙaura rabin kilomita gaba. Sauran hanyoyin sun bayyana. Misali, gungun '' matashi '' giwa na hatimin giwa sun bayyana a cikin rookery da yawa fiye da manya manya da ke da hannu cikin kiwo, wanda yawanci yakan faɗo tsakanin Agusta da tsakiyar Nuwamba. Zana a cikin dabbobi masu shekaru daban-daban kuma yakan faru ne a lokuta daban-daban. Don haka, rookery ɗin ba kusan komai yake ba - kawai abubuwan da mazaunanta ke canzawa ne.

A tsakanin maza, za a iya bambanta rukuni huɗu a bayyane. Na farko - "matashi" - ya hada da dabbobin da ke da shekaru daga shekara daya zuwa shida, girmansu ba su wuce mita uku. Sun bayyana akan rookery a cikin hunturu, musamman bayan hadari, tare da tabbataccen dalilin ɗaukar hutu daga yin iyo. Neman waɗannan dabbobin sune farkon - a watan Disamba (farkon lokacin bazara a cikin hamada ta kudu), sannan duk sauran dabbobin sun bayyana ta hanyar girmanta: mafi girma a cikin shekaru, daga baya.

Na biyu, ko kuma “saurayi”, an samar da rukunin dabbobin ne daga shekaru shida zuwa goma sha uku, girmansu daga mita uku zuwa hudu da rabi. Suna zuwa rairayin bakin teku a cikin kaka, jim kaɗan bayan 'yan maruƙa sun bayyana a wurin mata, amma, ba su shiga yaƙin tare da mazan maza ba, kuma kafin farkon farawar (bayan yayen yaran) suna iyo a cikin ruwa.

Ageungiyar da ke gaba ita ce wadda ake kira masu nema. Irin waɗannan maza, masu girma a cikin girman daga mita huɗu da rabi zuwa shida, tare da akwati mai girman kai, suna cikin yanayi mai saurin fushi da hawa dutsen don yin gwagwarmaya tare da masu mallakar rookery - masu mallakar "zomaye" - tsofaffin maza masu ƙarfi, suna ƙoƙarin sake kama wani ɓangare na mata daga gare su. Waɗannan tsofaffin maza da suka manyanta maza sun cika shekaru huɗu da haihuwa.

Irin wannan mai mallakin ƙirar harem wani adadi ne mai ban sha'awa. Mai girma ne, mai ban sha'awa, mai kishi kuma mai saurin fushi. Idan ya banbanta, ba zai iya tsayawa a kan “mukamin” ba. Bayan duk, "ƙulli" yawanci ya ƙunshi mata da yawa, kuma don kiyaye duk waɗannan sha'awoyi, suna ƙoƙari su watsa cikin fuskoki daban-daban kuma "flirting" suna ƙawata kansu da kowane "mai nuna" ƙyanƙyashe a cikin biyayya, mutum yana buƙatar ƙarfin gaske da idanun dattako ... Tunda abokin gaba, maigidan " "ƙwanƙwasawa" yana fitar da haushi mai saurin fushi kuma ya kutsa kai cikin sa, yana murƙushe duk abin da ya zo ta hanyarsa: yana birgima mata kuma ya tattake ...a ...an ... Irin wannan "ubangiji" gabaɗaya, a matsayin mai mulkin, dabba ce da ba ta da hankali. Sau da yawa yakan faru ne yana murƙushe mutuwar jarirai. An bayyana shari'ar lokacin da namiji ya tafi gado, bayan ya murƙushe kansa da ƙwarjin ƙwarya, amma har ma bai yi tunanin tashi don sakin wanda ba shi da farin ciki ba.

Idan "harem" mai girma ne ga mai shi ɗaya, ana tilasta shi don ba da damar "mataimakan" su tsare wuraren da suke nesa ...

Abubuwan da aka lura da su sun nuna cewa tsoho ɗaya kuma mai ƙarfi maza ne suka mamaye “ƙwanƙwasawa” a cikin dukkan lokacin noman, yayin da saurayi da mara ƙarfi galibi yakamata su baiwa abokin hamayya fifita su ƙarfi. Kodayake yawanci maza suna fada a cikin ruwa, ba kusa da tudu ba, tsoro ma ya fara a bakin rairayin bakin teku a wannan lokacin - matan da ke damuwa sun yi kururuwa, thean sanduna suna ƙoƙarin tserewa. Saboda haka, daga "zomaye", inda ake yawan damuwarsu, mata suna ƙoƙari su matsa zuwa wurin "hamms".

Yaƙin maza ƙaƙƙarfan gani ne. Abokan adawar, bayan sun kumbura da juna, suna tashi “a kan kafafunsu na baya”, suna tashi mita huɗu sama da ruwa mai zurfi, suna daskarewa a wannan matsayi na mintuna da yawa, suna kama da zanen dutse na dodanni. Dabbobi suna tashi da sauriyar ruri, amarensu na kumbura, suna ba da ruwa ga abokan gaba da curin feshi. Bayan irin wannan aikin, abokin adawar mafi rauni yawanci yakan koma baya, ya ci gaba da hayaniya da sauri, da komawa baya nesa ba kusa ba, yana farawa. Wanda ya yi nasara yana haifar da kukan girman kai kuma, bayan ya yi jifa da yawa bayan dan gudun hijirar, ya sauka ya koma bakin tekun.

Idan babu wani daga cikin abokan hamayyar da zai kai ga gaci, yaqin yaqi qwarai da gaske. Saannan duka bangarorin biyu masu iko sun yiwa juna karfi, tare da saurin kai da kaifin kai, kowa yayi kokarin toshe kawunansu a wuyan abokan gaba. Koyaya, fatar giwayen teku tana da tauri da laushi, kuma har ma tana sanye da farar fat mai ƙyalli, wanda da wuya ya sami raunuka masu rauni. Gaskiya ne, asasi da rashi sun kasance a wuyan maza har tsawon rayuwa, amma hakane.

Komai tsoron wannan gwagwarmayar na iya kallo, a mafi yawan lokuta ba ya zuwa zubar da jini. Yawancin lokaci komai yana iyakance ne ga tsoro, tsoro da ruri. Ma'anar kwayar halitta game da wannan halayyar abu ne mai ma'ana: an bayyana mafi karfi, wanda zai dauki nauyin mai samarwa yayin lokacin kiwo kuma, a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi, zai yada kyawawan halayensa ga zuriya. A lokaci guda, ƙaramin saurayi baya mutuwa akan fagen fama don haka baya juya baya ga cigaban tsarin halittar jinsunan ...

Lokacin da aka rarraba wuraren da aka raba shafuka daban daban da “dabbobin daji”, fadace-fadace tsakanin makwabta maza kusan ba zai faru ba: idan wani ya keta mutuncin yanki, ya isa ga “mai shi” ya tashi ya haɓaka har wanda ya keta haddin kan iyaka nan da nan ya fita.

Dangane da mutum, maza masu tsayi ba koyaushe suke nuna tashin hankali ba. Kuma ba su ba, amma kawai mata na iya zama mafi haɗari ga mai binciken wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga cikin lokacin farin garken. Misali, John Varham, ya zama dole yasan da haƙoran haƙoransu fiye da sau ɗaya kuma cikin kunya sai ya gudu, ya bar kyakkyawan ƙafarsa a cikin giwayen teku mai zafin ...

Game da mata sun cancanci faɗi ƙarin. Mata suna da yawa fiye da maza - da wuya su kai mita uku a tsayi kuma tan na nauyi. Suna girma a hankali, amma suna girma ta jiki fiye da maza: zuwa shekaru biyu zuwa uku, sun riga sun balaga, yayin da maza kuma suka manyanta.

Lokacin kiwo ya wuce daga Agusta zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba. Mace sun bayyana a cikin rookery riga "akan rushewa" kuma a cikin kwanaki biyar suna haihuwar. Yawancin saniya za a haife su ne daga ƙarshen Satumba zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba. Wadanda suka mallaki '' zomo '' suna taka tsantsan kan kiyaye mace yayin zuriya.

Dukansu mata da maza sun isa bakin tekun cike da wadataccen abinci bayan sun ciyar da mai da kyau a cikin teku. Wannan ya wajaba ga tsawon “azumin” da suke da shi na jimrewa akan ƙasa: namiji yayi “azumi” har sati biyu, kuma mace har tsawon wata guda! Amma a wannan lokacin, mata za su iya jure duk wahalar da ke tattare da haihuwa da kuma ciyar da cuba ,an, kuma maza za su iya fuskantar tashin hankali na lokacin bazara mai zuwa da fadace-fadace masu dangantaka da abokan hamayya.

Bayyanar a bakin rairayin bakin teku da shirya haihuwa, matan ana samunsu ne a wani ɗan nesa daga junan su, kuma kar a kwana a gefe, kamar dai yadda ya saba. Haihuwar kanta tana da kimanin mintuna ashirin, kuma an riga an gani jariri. Haka kuma, shi kyakkyawa ne sosai: an rufe shi da gashin baki wanda yake cike da haske kuma yana kallon duniya da manyan idanuwa. Amma “jaririn” ya kai kilogram hamsin, kuma ya kai mita da rabi a tsayi, wato girman sifar babban mutum ...

Bayan an haife shi, ɗan ya haifar da ɗan gajeren tsiro wanda yayi kama da kare, mahaifiyar ta amsa shi daidai, ya tsallake shi, don haka ya tuna da shi. Bayan haka, za ta sha bambanta shi da sauran shayyun da yawa kuma za su iya dawowa idan ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa.

Za a iya tantance haihuwar mai zuwa nan da nan cewa bisa ga mace mai raba ciyawar akwai manyan tsuntsaye masu launin shuɗi, waɗanda a wasu wuraren ake kira squaw. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna aiki kamar “ungozoma” a cikin giwayen. Tare da matsanancin ƙarfi, suna cire fim ɗin haihuwa da mahaifa, kuma, idan ya cancanta, zasu iya jure wa jariri mai sake haihuwa. Skua ba ƙiba ne don bi da kansu ga madara na mata masu shayarwa da aka zube a ƙasa.

Wannan madara tana da wadataccen abinci (kusan rabin ya ƙunshi mai), kuma sasanyen sun girma da saurin da ba a taɓa gani ba: ana ƙara kilo biyar zuwa goma sha biyu kowace rana! A cikin kwanaki goma sha ɗaya na farko, suna ninka nauyin biyu, kuma sau uku a cikin makonni biyu da rabi. Gaskiya ne, suna daɗaɗa kaɗan, duk da haka, amma suna haɓaka ƙoshin mai mai ban sha'awa - bakwai da rabi santimita, waɗanda zasu buƙaci da farko: yakamata ya kare jikinsu daga cutar rashin ruwa a lokacin da zai kasance cikin ruwa.

Bayan kimanin wata guda, cuban, ko 'coho,' kamar yadda ake kiran su a Patagonia, daina ciyar da mata. A wannan lokacin, an maye gurbin furfuran fata na "jariran" su da launin shuɗi, suna kallo cike da ƙoshin lafiya. Ba da daɗewa ba sun bar "ƙwanƙwasa", suna rarrafe cikin zurfin rairayin bakin teku, inda suke kwance da gina tsoka. Lokacin da makonni biyar ke ciki, ci gaban matasa ya fara ƙoƙarin yin iyo na farko na ruwa. A ranakun da aka yi shuru, cikin natsuwa, giwayen teku teku ba tare da bata lokaci ba suka gangara zuwa cikin ruwan lagoon da rana take sha ko kuma gangunan da suka ragu bayan saukar ruwa kadan da yin iyo a hankali kusa da bakin tekun. Sannu a hankali, sun zama masu ƙarfin zuciya da ƙarfin hali, ƙarfin ikon tafiya kan balaguron balaguron teku har sai daga ƙarshe suka bar asalinsu na asali na tsawon makonni tara da yin iyo ...

Kuma sake, mutum kawai zaiyi mamakin yadda ake shirya komai cikin yanayin halitta. Samun girma ya zama mai cin gashin kansa daidai a wannan lokacin da ake fatan samun rayuwa ta rayuwa mafi dacewa. Kawai a wannan lokacin, wani yanki mai kauri na plankton yana jan bakin teku, kuma ana samar da giwayen marassa nauyi da abinci mai kalori mai yawa na watanni.

Koyaya, kulawa akan dabbobi masu alama sunyi nuni da wani abu: rabin ofa cubanyen sun mutu a farkon shekarar rayuwarsu. Daga baya, asara ke raguwa sosai, kuma kusan kashi hudu na ci gaban matasa ya kai shekaru hudu.

Dangane da waɗannan bayanan, ƙwararrun masana Australiya sun zo ga mahimman wannan yanke shawara. Idan ya zama dole a harbi wani bangare na garken giwa (saboda yawan cunkoson rookery, karancin abinci, da sauransu), to wannan yakamata ya kasance kananan dabbobi wadanda ke da makonni biyar zuwa shekara daya. Amma ba shi da yarda a harba mazan mazan, kamar yadda aka taɓa yi a Kudancin Jojiya, inda sau ɗaya a cikin bazara ɗaya sun kashe kusan dubu shida. Idan ba tare da ingantacciyar kariya ta “zomaye” ba, garken tsofaffin maza gogewa sun ƙi, saboda samari maza za su fara ci gaba da yaƙi da juna, suna jayayya da fifiko. Wannan sakamakon sakamako ne na ƙarancin ɗan adam a cikin al'amuran yanayi, don haka ya kamata a guji ɗaukar matakan gaggawa ba tare da isasshen hujjar kimiyya ba.

Amma a koma bakin giwayen teku, inda yanzu haka yaran suka tafi. Bayan “yayen” yarinyar, macen ta sake yin aure tare da maigidan “harem” kuma ba da jimawa ba sai su koma teku - su huta daga wahalar haifuwar, ci da kyau da kuma gina sabon kitse har zuwa lokacin da za su zo a ranar rookery - a watan Fabrairu, a lokacin hada-hadar.

Kuma a nan ya kamata mu ambaci ɗayan abubuwan ban mamaki na dabba dabba ga yanayin zama: ci gaban amfrayo a cikin mahaifar mace an ɗan lokaci kaɗan, kuma, amfrayo, kamar, ana “adana shi” don duk lokacin rayuwar dabbobi - a wannan yanayin, don lokacin fashewa. (An lura da irin wannan lamari a cikin wasu dabbobi - dayan pinnipeds, da kuma a cikin sable, rabbit, kangaroo, da dai sauransu) Ci gaban amfrayo ya ci gaba ne kawai a watan Maris, lokacin da za a gama farawar mata.

Maza masu iko, masu mallakar rairayin bakin teku, sun zo don yin ta da hankali sosai - daga farkon farkon Afrilu. Rayuwa mai zurfi akan rookery yana buƙatar murmurewa mafi tsayi.

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, da farko ƙaramin ya bayyana, daga baya kuma - tsofaffi. A yayin yin tsalle, kungiyoyin shekaru suna ci gaba da zama tare, amma ta hanyar jinsi: mace tare da mace, kuma maza tare da maza. Shedding, ya danganta da shekaru, ya kai tsawon watanni biyu zuwa biyu. Har sai an kammala shi, dabbobi ba za su taɓa yin zirga-zirga ba, saboda a wancan lokacin ƙwaƙƙwaran jijiyoyin fata na fata suna yin diɗa sosai kuma kwantar da kwatsam na iya haifar da cin zarafin sinadarin thermoregulation, wanda ke nufin mutuwa mai kusa a cikin ruwa.

Raunin giwa da aka zubar dashi shine mafi munin hankali: tsohuwar fata ta rataye shi da katako. Da farko sai ta cire kayan jikinta, daga sauran jikin kuma. A lokaci guda, talakawa suna tatattar fira a gefansu da ciki, suna ƙoƙarin hanzarta aiwatar da wannan aikin, wanda a zahiri basuda damuwa gare su ...

Dabbobin makiyaya yawanci suna cikin wasu daskararren daskararren ciyawa, wanda baya nesa da gaci, kuma, juyawa da juyawa, tura ƙasa mara nauyi, juya shi cikin ƙazanta. An nutsar da su a ciki tare da manyan hanci. Matsakaicin abin tsoro ne a wannan lokacin. Don haka ba kowane ɗan yawon shakatawa ba zai iya yin tsayayya da shi ... Af, game da baƙi masu ziyartar wuraren kariya. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, gwamnatin Argentine ta ayyana ƙaramin deancin Valdez a arewacin Patagonia da kariya. A wannan gabar tsibiri, mulkin mallakar giwayen giwa suka zauna, adadi ɗari da yawa. Ana kiranta "elephantium" (giwaye), kuma kwanan nan, baƙi sun buɗe hanyar can. Kimanin kilomita sittin da sittin da biyar daga bakin dutsen, garin shakatawa na Puerto Madryn ya tashi. Kuma tun da ruwa anan yana yawan yin sanyi sosai saboda iyo, yawancin masu hutu sun kan tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa "elephantium". Jagororin da aka biya ana hidimar su. Bugu da kari, hanyar yawon shakatawa, wacce ke ratsa wasu kasashe da ke Kudancin Amurka, ta hada da ziyarar zuwa yankin Vadez Peninsula tare da bakin ruwan giwayen giwayen. Yawan yawon bude ido da ke kara yawaita, da babbar murya suna bayyana farincikinsu da danna kyamarori a zahiri, hakika yana bata haushi ga dabbobi, ya sabawa rayuwar rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun, musamman a lokacin da mata suke haihuwar zuriya. Maza - masu "akuyoyin" anan sun fara nuna halin ɗabi'a fiye da yadda aka saba. Suna fushi da sauri don haɗuwa da baƙi masu ban haushi, suna ƙoƙarin korar su daga "yankin" su, ko kuma fitar da "ƙaƙƙarfan" hamada cikin ruwa ...

Kudancin giwa ta kudu - M. leonina Linnaeus, 1758 (ruwa mai zurfi a kewaye da arewa zuwa 16 ° S da kudu zuwa Antarctic shirya kankara - 78 ° S, yaduwa kusa da Punta Norte da Tierra del Fuego a Argentina da Tsibirin Falkland, Kudancin Shetland, Kudancin Orkney, Kudancin Georgia, Sandwich na Kudu, Gough, Marion, Prince Edward, Crozet, Kerguelen, Hurd, Macquarie, Auckland, Campbell),

kwanar giwa ta arewa - M. angustirostris Gill, 1866 (tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin iyakar Mexico da California zuwa Vancouver da Yarima na Wales, nau'ikan tsibirin na San Nicholas, San Miguel, Guadalupe da San Benito).

Rufin giwayen arewa ya kusan kusan lalacewa ta hanyar shaye-shaye, amma kwanan nan saboda haramcin kamun kifi, lambobin sa sun haɓaka sosai kuma yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa.

Adadin hatimin giwayen Kudancin ana kiyasta dabbobi dubu 600-700, da kuma giwayen arewa - dabbobi dubu 10 da 15 kawai.

Ana farautar giwayen kudanci a kan adibin bakin teku, kuma akwai ƙuntatawa a cikin kamun kifi ta kaka, girman siran da aka girbe na akalla 3.5 m a tsayinsu da lambar su. Misali, a cikin 1951, an yarda da farautar giwaye 8,000, 7,877 aka farauta. An samo kitse da fata daga dabbar da aka farauto.

Rayuwar giwa da yanayin rayuwa

Giwayen giwayen suna cin mafi yawan lokacinsu a asalinsu - ruwa. A kan ƙasa, an zaɓi su ne kawai don dabbar ta hanyar canjin ciki da molting. Lokacin da aka kashe a saman duniya bai wuce watanni 3 ba.

Wurare inda giwayen ke zaune ya danganta da nau'in su. Akwai Batun giwasuna zaune a kan iyakar Arewacin Amurka, kuma Kudin giwa wanda gidansa shine Antarctica.

Dabbobin suna jagoranci rayuwa mai kaɗaita, sun taru ne kawai don su haihu zuriya. Yayinda suke kan tudu, giwayen suna zaune a rairayin bakin teku masu ruwan dutse ko dutse. Rokon dabbobi na iya ƙidaya mutane sama da 1000. Giwayen giwayen suna da nutsuwa, har da dabbobi kaɗan.