Fitowar da ba ta saba ba, kama da akwatin - wannan shi ne ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don kiran kifin daidai jikin. A cikin rarrabuwa a cikin harshen Turanci, waɗannan kifayen har ma ana kiransu “shanu” don ƙahoninsu guda biyu cikin wasu nau'in halittu.

A cikin duka, jikin motar motar yana da kusan nau'ikan 33. Wadannan kifayen suna da launi mai kyau, wanda ke sa su yi maraba da baƙi a kowane akwatin kifaye. Bugu da kari, kifin jiki yana da wani fasalin - shi harsashi ne. Ee, kun ji daidai! Kushin ne.

An kirkiro shi ne ta fuskokin faranti a cikin manya da ƙananan bangarorin jiki, yana yin kama da jiki (wanda shine dalilin da yasa sunan ya tafi). Saboda samuwar kashin sa, jikin kifin ya zama cikakke. Juyawa jikin motar yayi kamar kunkuru. Amma rashin sassauyawar jiki ya fi ƙarancin azaba, saurin juyawarsu ya kai sau 180 a minti ɗaya, i.e. kamar sau 3 a sakan na biyu. Irin wannan "karbuwa" na dabi'a yana taimaka wa kifin ya hanzarta juya shi a cikin ruwa.

Jiki (Ostraciidae).

Tsawon jikin mutum ya fara daga santimita 30 zuwa 50. Launi na iya zama mafi yawan bambance bambancen: daga bayyana tare da karamin adadin inclusions zuwa launuka masu launuka masu yawa. Launuka masu rarrabuwa: launin rawaya, shuɗi, launin ruwan kasa.

Jiki - kifi da yake da siffar siffar mai siffar siffar sukari.

Wadannan kifayen da ba kasafai suke da manyan idanu ba, wasu nau'ikan jikin mota sama da idanun su kuma suna da kaho mai kayatarwa wadanda suke bayar da kama da sawu (da kyau, ko saniya - kamar yadda kake so).

An ga gawar a launi.

Gidajen dukkan wakilan dangin jikin mutane ne ruwan gishiri. Ana iya samun waɗannan kifaye a cikin wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare na Indiya, Atlantika har ma da Tekun Pacific. Mafi girman nau'ikan jikin motar suna cikin ruwa kusa da Australia da Indo-Malay Archipelago.

Wadannan kifayen sun gwammace ruwa mai ɗumi.

Gawarwakin motar suna zaune, a matsayin ƙa'ida, a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Yawancin lokaci murfin murjani ya zama gidansu, wanda suke ɓoyewa daga maƙiya kuma ya sami wadatar rayuwarsa. Rayuwar wadannan mazaunan ruwa na ruwa kawai ce. A dabi'a, kifin jiki halittu ne mai nutsuwa; basa son ƙirƙirar rikice-rikice da shiga ciki.

Urariyar teku, katako, tauraron abinci, sososai na teku, tsutsotsi na polychaete, tsutsotsi masu zurfi, holothurians, da ƙananan halittun teku su zama abinci don kifin jiki. Wani lokacin tsire-tsire masu ruwa kuma zasu iya shiga cikin abincin su. Idan ka kalli gawarwakin a cikin akwatin kifin, za ka lura cewa, masu jin yunwa, sun fara neman abinci daga wurin mai shi: saboda wannan suna tofa ruwa, ta haka suna jan hankalin mutane.

Jikin suna ciyar da dabbobin ruwa.

An nuna lokacin kiwo a cikin waɗannan kifayen sakamakon kasancewar wasannin mating. Maza sun shiga ƙawance don ƙaunar mace: suna kewaye da ita, suna kiransu don yin iyo tare. Sakamakon peculiarities na tsarin jiki, mata masu motsa jiki suna goge qwai a cikin kananan yankuna, suna barin su kyauta iyo (abin da ake kira pelagic caviar). Kifi kifi na ɗanyen kifi wanda aka kama da na yanzu ana ɗaukar su ta kowace fuska daga wurin da aka haife su. Bayan ya kai tsawon tsayin santimita 1, sai gawarwakin motocin suka sami siffar mai siffar siffar siffar sukari kuma ya zama, kamar iyayensu, keɓe mutane. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun lura da fasali ɗaya mai ban sha'awa na duk kifin jiki: a haihuwa, faranti duk suna da jima'i na mace, amma sun girma, wasunsu a hankali sun juya zuwa maza.

Jikin rawaya babban zaɓi ne don akwatin kifaye.

Duk da kyakkyawar falala da kwanciyar hankali, ana ɗaukar gawawwakin rayuka masu haɗari. A'a, ba sa kaiwa kansu hari, amma idan wani ya yanke shawara ya kai musu hari, to yana da hatsarin za a sanya masa guba, saboda fatar jikinsu ta tona asirin guba, wanda zai iya yin kisa a kan abokan gaba. Duk da yawan gubarsa, jikin motar kifi ne mai daɗi kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin abincin wasu ƙasashe.

Motar da aka kirkira a siffar kifi.

Kuma jikin kifin ya taimaka, ba tare da zargin sa ba, masu ƙera motoci na Mercedes-Benz don ƙirƙirar sabon ci gaba a masana'antar kera motoci. Ana daukar samfurin Bionic Mota a matsayin juyin juya hali na gaske a cikin masana'antar kera motoci, saboda kwananan da ke ciki na iya rage juriya a lokacin gudu. Matsalar jawo wannan sabon abu daga Mercedes-Benz shine 0.19, wanda ga wasu (talakawa) motocin wani abu ne daga duniyar almara! Kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, kwanon jikin sabon motar bionic gaba daya yana sake maimaita silsilar jikin kifin daga jikin jikokin motar.

Tsara juyin halitta

Masu zanen McLaren sun kirkiri yanayin sikeli na jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu a kan jijiyoyin da ke jikin iska mai kaifin kwakwalwarsu ta McLaren P1. Sakamakon haka, girman iska mai shiga injin ya karu da 17%, wanda ya inganta halayen motar: an sanye shi da injin dumin-dumu tare da cikakken ƙarfin 903 hp, kuma wannan injin yana buƙatar iska mai yawa - duka don ƙirƙirar cakuda mai ƙonewa kuma don kwantar da shi.

Wadanda suka kirkiro P1 sun kuma kwaikwayi wasu kananan hanyoyin haduwa wadanda ke kusa da fin din jirgin ruwa - kifin yana amfani dasu don cire rikicewar rafin ruwan hade wanda yake motsawa. A cewar Stevenson, wannan shawarar ƙira ta inganta aerodynamics na motar.

Mai zanen ya lura cewa yanayi yana da miliyoyin shekaru don kawo zane zuwa kammala - wannan shine dalilin da yasa yake ƙoƙarin haɗa irin waɗannan mafita a cikin ayyukansa. Stevenson ya ce: "Abin hikima ne," Ta yaya masu iya magana ke tafiya a kan rufin? Idan har za ku iya gano shi, to zaku iya amfani da irin wannan fasahar ga tayoyin mota don kar motar ta zame ta kan hanyoyin rigar. "

Lokacin da nake aiki a ofishina, zaku iya tunanin cewa ina nazarin ilimin halittu, ba kasuwancin ƙirar motoci na Frank Stevenson ba

Yanayi ya fara inganta yanayin hydrodynamics tun kafin mutane su fara sha'awar wannan masana'antar. Injiniyoyi na Mitsubishi Masu ɗaukar Manyan Masana'antu sun ɓullo da wani tsari na rage rage tashin iska wanda ke jan ruwa daga ƙwanƙwasa kuma ya rage jan ta kusan kashi 80%: gas yana da ƙima sosai fiye da ruwa, sabili da haka jirgin yana motsawa da ƙarancin kuzari.

Kifin Jirgin ruwa yana amfani da irin wannan fasaha - kuma akan ƙasa ana iya amfani dashi ba tare da wata fa'ida ba sai a ruwa.

Ya yi wahayi zuwa da jikin kifi

Ofishin Zane-zane na McLaren ya yi kama da wani ɓangare na ɗakunan kimiya, bitar zane da kuma dakin maimaitawa don mawaƙa. Aikin mai sauki ne: fito da masu zanen kaya daga yankin jin daɗin su don taimaka musu suyi tunani a waje da akwatin. “Lokacin da na yi aiki a ofishina, zaku yi tunanin ina nazarin ilimin halittu, ba dabarar sarrafa kanta ba,” in ji Stevenson.

Kusan kusan siffar mai siffar siffar jiki a lokaci guda yana da rashin sa'a mara nauyi

McLaren ba shi kadai ba ne a cikin girmamawa ga masu ilimin bionics. Motar motar Mercedes bionic ta samo asali ne sakamakon nazarin kifin jikin mutum tare da faranti hexagonal akan fatar, wanda yake aiki azaman kayan makamai, mai dorewa ne kuma mai hannu. Kusan siffar mai siffar siffar siffar jikin motar motar tana da ban mamaki mai rauni wadda ba ta isa ba (wannan alama ce da ke nuna juriya na yanayin da abin da abun ya same shi lokacin motsi) - kuma motar da aka kwafa daga kifi ta kafa tarihi don wannan sigar. Injinan sun kuma yi nasarar rage amfani da mai da kashi 20%, da kuma iskar da ke amfani da iskar shakar oxygen - ta kashi 80%.

Oƙarin ƙirƙirar motar da ba ta da matsala, kamfanin kera motoci na Jafananci ya kirkiro ƙaramin robots da ake kira Eporo, wahayi ne wanda ya kuma zama abubuwan lura da rayuwar marine. Toru Futami, babban injiniyan sabuwar sashen bunkasa fasahar kere kere ta ce "Ya isa gare mu mu juya ga dabi'ar uwa don samun cikakkiyar tsarin gujewa hadari a cikin duniya - samfurin halayyar makarantar kifi," in ji Toru Futami, babban injiniyan sabuwar sashen bunkasa fasaha. Yunkurin kifin da ke motsawa a cikin makarantu kuma a lokaci guda ya guji haɗama ya haifar da tushen software na komputa.

Susumu Fujita, wani daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiro Eporo, ya ce: "Kifayen sun bi ka'idodi uku: kada su yi nisa sosai, kada su kusaci juna kuma kada su yi karo da juna." Ta yin amfani da ilimin da aka tara a ƙirar ƙirar robots, Nissan ta inganta don motocin ta masu amfani da fasahar braking smart (IBA) da faɗakarwa game da haɗari a gaban (FCW). Ta wannan hanyar, zaku iya ƙirƙirar cikakkun motoci masu cin gashin kansu waɗanda basa buƙatar alamomi, hasken zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga har ma da alamun nuna shugabanci.

Muna da tsarin da, a ka'idar, za a bayar da ruwan wukake. Dabbobin basu da goge-goge a idanunsu Frank Stevenson

Kuna iya barin wasu sassa da abubuwan da aka saba da su. Stevenson ya ce "Muna da tsarin da, a ka’ida, suke bayar da maganin wutsiya. Dabbobin ba su da goge a idanunsu,” in ji Stevenson.

Tabbas, nazarin bionics ba kawai kifi ba. Robots Eporo, alal misali, suna sanye da tsarin ma'aunin laser wanda kamfanin Nissan ya kirkira don ɗayan ayyukan da ya gabata. Ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin tsarin bumblebee a sararin samaniya: mai bumblebee yana iya gano cikas a tsakanin radiyo na mita biyu a cikin sashin digiri na 180. Idan robot Eporo ya ga irin wannan matsalar, zai iya juya ƙafafun a wani gefen dama kuma ya guji haɗari.

Bionics yana da sha'awar kamfanonin kamfanonin mota, amma asirin yanayi yana amfani da shi a wajen hanyoyi. Kwanan nan, NASA ta yanke shawarar gudanar da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a game da yadda yanayin makoma ya kamata. Fatar fata da kifaye da halittu masu rarrafe, sun sanya halittar daya daga cikin marubutan da aka gabatar.

Masu zanen kaya suna ganin sun fahimci cewa yanayin har yanzu ya fi su hankali. Sabili da haka, ba su yi jinkiri ba ga tushen abubuwan da ba a sani ba na wahayi - alal misali, kifin da aka cika a otal ɗin Caribbean.

Kuna iya karanta ainihin rubutun cikin Turanci akan gidan yanar gizon na BBC Future.