Chum - Wannan kifi ne wanda yake na dangin salmon. Ya kasance ga dabbobi masu mahimmanci saboda taushi, nama mai daɗi da caviar mai mahimmanci. Ana kiranta sau tari. Keta, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi biyu, da kuma manyan manyan tsere biyu. Dukkanin jinsunan da ake dasu a yau suna kama sosai da kamanninsu, suna da irin rayuwarsu da mazauninsu. Banda shine salmon china na Sakhalin, wanda aka yi niyya don kiwo a cikin yanayin halitta.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Ba a fahimci matakan juyin halittar wannan kifi ba saboda karancin bayanan kimiyya. Ichthyologists sunyi da'awar cewa tsoffin wakilan salmon na zamani sun wanzu a cikin koguna na Arewacin Amurka kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata. Ya kasance ƙarami a cikin girman kuma yayi kama da launin toka a bayyanar da salon rayuwa. Saboda gaskiyar cewa wakilan wannan dangin sun tsira cikin yanayi daban-daban na canjin yanayi yayin aiwatar da canjin yanayi, suna da matukar muhimmanci ga canje-canjen yanayi.

Dangane da zane-zane na kogon, ana iya faɗi cewa tsoffin magabatan salmon na zamani sun riga sun zauna a gindin Pacific kusan shekaru miliyan 10 da suka gabata. Wasu nau'in kifayen da ke zaune a manyan tafkuna.

Bidiyo: Keta

Yawancin nau'ikan kifin salmon sun ƙare. Ofaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan juzu'ai mai ban sha'awa da ban mamaki ana ɗaukar su "sabmon-toothed salmon." An samo shi ne bayan damis saber-toothed saboda kasancewar dogayen kifayen, kifayen marasa kifin kifi. Tsawonsu ya kai 5-6 santimita a cikin manyan mutane.

Lokaci mafi dacewa a cikin tarihi da juyin halittar kifin chum ya zo ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 2-3.5 da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin ne aka rarraba ruwan salmon a cikin jinsuna, kowannensu ya mamaye yankin shi na mazauninsa.

Bayyanar fasali da fasali

Hoto: Yaya chum yake

Wannan wakilin dangin salmon yana kashe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a cikin ruwa. Dangane da wannan, yana da launi na al'ada ga mazaunan ruwan teku: azurfar-zlumi tare da raƙuman ruwa kaɗan. A cikin ɓangaren baya, kifin yana da launi mai duhu, a cikin ɓangaren ciki shine mafi sauƙi. Wannan launi yana bawa kifin damar kallo biyu a cikin akwati na ruwa da kuma kasan da ke ƙasa. Chum yana da halaye da halaye da yawa dabam.

Alamar yanayin waje:

• babban jikin elongated, elongated siffar,
• dan kadan matsa, m bangarorin,
• udyallin caudal da adipose suna ɗan gudun hijira zuwa wutsiya kuma suna da gashin fuka 8 zuwa 11,
• shugaban ya fi girma a kan asalin babban jiki kuma yana da siffar mazugi,
• bakin yana da fadi, bakin yana da hakora,
• babu duhu aibi da bakin ruwa a bakin,
• jiki yana rufe da sikelin masu matsakaici,
• akwai babban ci gaba da aka fi sani ba tare da daraja ba.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin tsunduma, yanayin jiki da bayyanar kifin yakan canza sosai. Jikin ya zama mafi girma kuma yana da yawa, yanki mai girma sau biyu. Jaws suna girma sosai, haƙoran hakora suna zama da girma da yawa kuma sun daɗe. Launi yana samun launin ruwan kasa, launin rawaya, koren ko launi mai zaitun. Kwayoyin Lilac ko rasberi suna bayyana a saman sashin jiki, wanda yayi duhu akan lokaci.

Wasu kifaye za su iya girma zuwa girma da yawa. Dyne na jikinta zai iya kaiwa santimita 60-80, kuma nauyin jikinta zai iya wuce kilo 10.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan kun yi imani da bayanan hukuma, to matsakaicin girman jikin sallar chum ya kasance mita daya da rabi, kuma adadin shine kilo kilo 16!

Kifayen da ke zuwa yin tsalle-tsalle yawanci suna da tsawon santimita na jikin su kimanin centimita 50-65. Girman jikin damina Chum yana da girma fiye da girman damina lokacin hunturu.

Ina salmon salim yake?

Hoto: Keta a Rasha

Girman kifi na Chum yana ciyar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa a jikin ruwan gishiri a kusa da yankin gabar teku. Babban mazaunin salmon kabeji shine Itacen Pacific. Yana da al'ada al'ada a kira kifin wani kifi mai wucewa saboda a zahiri yana rayuwa a cikin tekuna, kuma yana kuɓuta zuwa bakin koguna. Ya kamata a sani cewa, don tsintar mashin kifin Chum yana ƙoƙari ya sami daidai bakin waɗancan koguna, daga inda ita kanta ta fito kamar soya. Ciyarwa tana faruwa a cikin kogunan ruwa na Gabas ta Tsakiya, kasashen Asiya, da Arewacin Amurka daga California zuwa Alaska.

Kamar yadda yankuna na mazaunin zama da abinci na dindindin, kifin ya zaɓi ruwan dumi na Tekun Pacific - ruwa mai gudana na Kuro-Sivo.

Gidajen salmon

Tashin hankali yana faruwa a bakin kogin. A wannan lokacin, ana iya samun kifi a cikin koguna kamar Lena, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana, Penzhira, Poronaya, Okhota, da dai sauransu Keta kifi ne mai ruwa mara ruwa. Yawancin mutane suna rayuwa a zurfin da bai wuce mita 10 ba. Kifi suna cinye muhimmiyar rayuwarsu a cikin hijirar abinci. Wannan lokacin na iya shimfiɗa tsawon shekaru 2.5 zuwa 10.

Ichthyologists sun lura cewa duk wakilan dangin salmon da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwan Tekun Pasifik, shine giyan kifi na kirim wanda ke da faffadar mazauni. A wasu yankuna na Rasha, musamman, a Kamchatka da Sakhalin, kifi mashin yana zaune a cikin wuraren waha da aka tsara don noma kifin don dalilan masana'antu.

Menene salmon kifi ya ci?

Yayin da kifi ke tsiro, salon rayuwarsa yana canzawa. Lokacin da ya kai girman mafi girman jiki da nauyin jikinsa wanda babu matsala amintacce a cikin ruwan teku, zai fara yin rayuwa mai tsabta. A lokacin karuwar nauyi, kifin yana buƙatar abinci mai yawa, wanda za'a iya samu kawai a cikin teku.

Bayan soya ta girma, sannu a hankali sai su fara zame cikin layin bude. A nan sukan taru a kungiyance su sami wuraren kwanciyar hankali a ɓoye inda suke buya har sai sun isa mafi girman yanayi.

Tare da shekaru, kifayen sun sauya zuwa rayuwa mai tsinkaye kuma suna cin abincin da ya fi girma. A wannan lokacin, ana buƙatar ɗimbin yawa don haka nauyin yau da kullun da tsayi ya dace da ƙa'idodi.

Ciyarwar abinci na manya:

Sakamakon gaskiyar kifin yana zaune a cikin fakiti, shi ma yana farauta a fakitoci. Takamaiman canza launi yana taimaka musu ba kawai don sanin abokan gaba ba, har ma don ganima. Sau da yawa ya isa kifi ya tsaya kawai yana jiran abin da ya ci. Lokacin da abinci mai kusanci ya kusanto yadda ya kamata, kifin ya yi jefa kuma ya kama ganima. Wani lokacin garken kifin mashin masara yakan fashe a cikin makarantar wasu kifaye kuma yana kama duk wanda bai sami nasarar ɓoyewa ba.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

Hoto: Chum cikin ruwa

Wannan wakilin dangin salmon yana da halayyar zama don komawa wuraren haihuwa. Keta a kusan ɗari bisa dari na lokuta a lokacin tsalle-tsalle suna yin iyo zuwa wuraren wuraren da ita kanta aka haife ta. Wannan halayyar ce ta zama babban ma'aunin abin da ichthyologists ya raba mashin chum zuwa kashi biyu bisa ka'idar yanki - Arewacin Amurka da Asiya. A vivo, an cire haɗuwarsu.

A cikin yankin na Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha, wani taksi na Asiya yana zaune da kuma kiwo.

Ya danganta da yankuna mazaunin, masu binciken kimiyyar halittar dabbobi sun gano yawancin rabe-raben wannan nau'in:

• taxon arewa
• Sakhalin,
• Amur
• Tekun Okhotsk.

Bayan soyayyen ya zama mai girma, daidaikun mutane, ba sa zama a cikin koguna, kamar sauran wakilan dangin salmon. Don haɓaka isasshen jikin mutum, yana tafiya zuwa cikin teku a buɗe shekaru da yawa. Da farko, har yanzu mutane marasa kan gado suna barin gaci a wurare da ke keɓe. A karkashin ingantaccen yanayi da wadatar abinci a kowace rana, nauyin jikin kifin yana ƙaruwa kusan kashi 2.5-3. A wannan lokacin, lokacin da girman kifin ya kai santimita 30-40, zai shiga yankin da yake akwai wadataccen abinci. Sau da yawa irin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye na iya wuce shekaru.

Kifin mashin masara na kifi ba shi kadai bane, ya tara a makarantu da yawa. Yawancinsu suna zaune ne a arewacin arewacin tekun Pasifik. Lokacin da bazara ta sauka kuma ruwan ya yi sama, yakan ƙaura zuwa gaɓar arewacin Amurka. Bayan wani lokaci, garkunan da yawa sun kasu kashi biyu na masu jima'i da balaga. Waɗannan kifayen waɗanda ba su taɓa cikakke ba don jefa ƙwai ana aika su zuwa gaɓar tekun kudu. Yayin da kajin ke girma kuma ya girma, sai ya zama mai farautar gaske.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Balagagge yakan faru ne tun yana shekara 3.5 zuwa 6.5. Kashin farko na kiwo shine ya buɗe wa ɗanda ke cikin tseren bazara. Yawancin mata da ke tserewa suna cikin ƙananan kifaye, wanda shekarunsu bai girmi shekaru bakwai ba. Kashi 16-18% kawai mata ne masu shekara bakwai.

Wakilai na nau'ikan bazara sun fara tsinkewa cikin ƙarshen bazara, farkon kaka, daidai a wannan lokacin da ruwan yayi dumu-dumu gwargwadon ƙarfinsa kuma matsakaicin yanayinsa baya sauka ƙasa da digiri 14. Wakilai na kaka tsari tsiro daidai daidai a cikin fall tare da farko na sanyi weather. Matsakaicin wuri don jefa ƙwai ba shi da zurfin yanki, inda zurfin bai wuce mita biyu ba. Gudun ruwa a cikin irin waɗannan wurare bai kamata ya kasance mai ƙarfi ba, kuma ɓarke, ƙwaƙwalwa ko tsakuwa za su fi dacewa kamar ƙarshen ƙasa.

Bayan an sami mafi kyawun wuri, mace ta tanadi wani wuri don shakatawa. Da farko, da taimakon karfin raunin wutsiya, ta tsabtace kasan da take a inda zata je. Bayan haka, a daidai wannan hanyar, tana murƙushe wani rami a cikin farfajiyar ƙasa, zurfin wanda zai iya kaiwa rabin rabin. A cikin kowace rami, mace ɗaya na iya kwantawa ƙwai kimanin 6-7. Jimlar yawan caviar na iya kaiwa kilo daya da rabi zuwa kilo biyu. Saannan maza suka hadar da shi, kuma mace a hankali ta dogara da shi ta haƙa.

Salmon kifi wani kifi ne mai yawan gaske. Femaleaya mace na iya haifar har zuwa uku ko huɗu daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan ɓoyewar abubuwa a yankuna daban-daban yayin lokaci ɗaya.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bayan sanya ƙwai da ƙwayaye, duk kifayen suna mutuwa a cikin kusan wata guda. An tsara wannan lokacin ne ta yadda kifayen za su bar filayen kuma su rarraba tare da kogin don hana masifar da ke tattare da yanayin halitta.

Lokacin shiryawa shine kimanin kwanaki 120-140. Bayan wannan lokacin, tayi daga jikin kwai, wacce aka sanya cikin kwalin gwaiduwa ta musamman. Yana yin aikin kariya kuma yana ba amfanida tayi tayi ba tare da barin wurin kwan ƙwai ba. Farkon ɓarnar da ke cikin girma tana fitowa a ƙarshen - Afrilu, farkon Mayu. A wannan lokacin, soya tara a kungiyoyi tare da ɓoye cikin ciyayi na bakin teku, duwatsu. Saboda takamaiman launi mai kyau, makarancin da ke sarrafa abubuwa ba su kula da shi ba.

Maƙiyin ket

Hoto: Yaya chum yake

Chum an daidaita shi sosai don rayuwa a saman tekuna. Tana da launi mai kyau, wanda zai ba ta damar kawai don jira ganima, hade da saman gindin, ko ruwan teku, amma kuma ta ɓoye ta wannan hanyar daga abokan gaba. Ko ta yaya, har yanzu tana da isassun abokan gaba. A kowane mataki na ci gabanta, tana da abokan gaba da dama. Sauran magabatan ruwa suna lalata layin chummon, cin ƙwayayensa, abincin da aka soya, da kuma akan manya.
Babban abokan halitta na soya:

Kifayen manya suna da abokan gaba ba kawai a cikin ruwayen teku ba. Tana da isassun maƙiyan da ke zaune a doron ƙasa. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa tana iya iyo cikin ruwa mai zurfi kuma ta zauna a yankin gabar teku.

Abokan manya:

An ba da wuri na musamman tsakanin maƙiyan kifaye ga mutum. Ya yi farautar ta a kan masana'antu. Kwakwalwar sa da jansa suna da tamanin gaske. Kayan da aka shirya daga irin wannan nau'in kifi ana ɗaukar su daɗin gaske ne, ƙwararren na dafuwa, ana yaba su sosai har ma a tsakanin gourmets.

An kama Ketu ta amfani da raga da raga. A kan iyakar Tarayyar Rasha, ana kama kifin kifi a tsakiyar koguna da kuma yankuna a cikin teku. Ana gina tsire-tsire masu sarrafa kifi kusa da manyan wuraren kamun kifi don guje wa lalata nama da caviar.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Zuwa yau, yawan kifaye a duniya ba abin damuwa bane. An sauƙaƙe wannan ta babban aikin haihuwa. Koyaya, a cikin Rasha, yawan adadin ya ragu sosai a cikin rabin karni da suka gabata. An sauƙaƙe wannan ta hanyar kamun kifi da ba'a sarrafa shi ba da kuma yawan masu bautar dabbobi. Don rage kamun kifi a yankuna na yanayin rayuwa, an kirkiro wuraren kiwon dabbobi na musamman a Sakhalin da Kamchatka, a cikinsu ake kifi kifi don dalilan masana'antu.

A Rasha, sa ido a kan kifayen suna lura da yankuna masu yuwuwar kamun kifi da kuma yakar masu bautar. Hakanan, yawan kifin kifin chiram ta doka yana ba da kariya daga kamawa ba tare da sarrafawa ba a kan sikelin masana'antu. Kamun kifi, kamar kamun kifi na masana'antu, ana yarda da shi ne bayan samun izini da kuma samun lasisi na musamman.

Rage adadin adadin kifin chum an inganta shi ta hanyar kamawa musamman manyannn Jafananci kusan rabin ƙarni da suka gabata. A lokacin, sun watsa hanyoyin sadarwa a kan iyakar tare da USSR na kilomita 15,000. A sakamakon irin waɗannan ayyuka, chum ba zai iya komawa Sakhalin, Kamchatka da wuraren shakatawa na yau da kullun ba. A lokacin ne adadin kifin ya ragu sosai. Gwargwadon yawan mutanen da suka gabata kafin hakan bai ma dawo da su ba.

Chum - Wakili mai mahimmanci na dangin salmon. An yaba da shi sosai ta nama mai ƙoshin lafiya da ƙoshin lafiya, da caviar mai daɗin ji sosai.