Wata muhimmiyar aukuwa ta "duniyar ilimin dabbobi" an yi tsokaci daga Maryamu Gavrilo, mataimakiyar darekta na Gidajen Yankin Arctic. Ta ce wani garken kifi Whales ya yi yawo har zuwa kudancin gefen tekun na Yankin Tarayya ta Yamma, kusan a tsakiyar lokacin rani, a cikin abin da masana kimiyya suka lura da yawa "raƙumi".
A kusa da Duniya, an lura da Franz Joseph a matsayin mai rudewa.
Tun lokacin da aka gano tarin tsibirin Arctic (tarihin wanda ke da fiye da shekaru 140 da suka gabata), wannan shine ziyarar farko da kifayen humpback yakai zuwa gaɓar teku na Yankin Tarayya ta yamma. Maria Gavrilo ta yi bayanin cewa irin wannan sabon abu ba zai yiwu a danganta shi da wani canjin yanayi a duniyarmu ba. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa yiwuwar hawan humpback ya fi motsawa saboda karuwa a yawan jama'arsu, kuma a sakamakon haka, yaduwa a yankin zama.
Gabaɗaya, a cewar Maryamu, Franz Josef Land, gami da filin shakatawa na Arctic National Park, wuri ne na musamman, saboda a nan ne ake adana nau'in dabbobi mafi girma: Svalbard yawan Greenland Whale, minke Whale, finwal, beluga whale, narwhal da wasu mazaunan ruwa. Ma'aikatan gandun dajin ƙasar suna da matukar damuwa game da ƙarin aminci da amincin waɗannan nau'in, tunda haɓaka aiki mai ƙarfi na shelkwatar Arctic akan sikelin masana'antu a halin yanzu ya fara. Hanya ɗaya ko wata, wannan zai shafi yawan dabbobin da ke zaune a gabar ruwan ZPI.
Budewa
Kodayake an bude hanyar tsibiri a rabin karni na 19 na karni na 19, har ma da MV Lomonosov a cikin aikinsa mai taken “Babban Bayani a Wasu ire-iren tafiye-tafiye a Yankin Arewa da kuma Nunin Canji na Tekun Siberiya zuwa Gabashin Indiya” (1763) ya ba da shawarar kasancewar tsibirin gabashin gabashin Spitsbergen.
A cikin 1865, Admiral N. G. Schilling, wani jami'in sojan ruwa na Rasha, a cikin labarinsa "Tunani don Sabuwar Hanyar a cikin Tekun Arewa", wanda aka buga a cikin Tarin Tekun, bisa tsarin bincike kan motsin kankara a yammacin gabar Tekun Arctic, ya ba da shawarar wanzuwar wata ƙasa da ba a sani ba, are arewa gaba da Svalbard.
A ƙarshen 1860s, masanin ilimin kimiyyar meteorologist na Rasha A.I. Voeikov ya ɗaga da batun shirya babban balaguron don nazarin tekun tirin. Yarima P. A. Kropotkin ya goyi bayan wannan ra'ayin sosai. Lura da dusar kankara na Barents Sea ya kai shi ga cewa:
"Tsakanin Svalbard da Novaya Zemlya har yanzu ba a gano ƙasa da ta wuce arewacin Svalbard ba kuma tana riƙe da kankara a bayansa ... Za a iya samun wanzuwar irin wannan tsibiri a cikin kyawunsa, amma ba da labarinsa game da raƙuman ruwa a tekun Arctic, jami'in sojan ruwan Rasha Baron Schilling."
A shekara ta 1871, aka samar da cikakken aikin tafiyar, amma gwamnati ta ki karbar kudade, kuma hakan ba ta gudana ba.
Franz Josef Land ya samo asali ne ta hanyar balaguro ɗin Austro-Hungarian wanda Karl Weiprecht da Julius Payer suka jagoranta a kan jirgin ruwan Admiral Tegetthoff da kuma masanin kuɗaɗen (German: Admiral Tegetthoff). Wannan balaguron an yi niyya ne domin gwada hasashen masanin kimiyar kasar nan na kasar Agusta Peter Peterman game da wanzuwar Tekun Arewa mai dumu dumu da kuma babban yankin na polar. Hansungiyar kumburin balaguro na rianan Austria da Hansungiyar Hans Hanscek ta biya shi ya ba da taimako. Malami, wanda ya tashi a cikin 1872 don buɗe Nasarar Mayarwa, ta kasance kankara a cikin watan Agusta arewa maso yamma na Novaya Zemlya sannan kuma, a hankali ya dauke su zuwa yamma, shekara guda daga baya, a kan Agusta 30, 1873, an kawo shi gaɓar wata ƙasa da ba a sani ba, daga nan ne Weyprecht da Payer suka bincika, gwargwadon yiwuwar, zuwa arewa da kuma gefen iyakar ta.
Payer ya sami damar kaiwa ga ° 82 '5'. w. (a watan Afrilu 1874) kuma yi taswirar wannan tsibiri, wanda ya yi kama da masu binciken farko da za a haɗa da tsibirin da yawa. Matafiya na Austriya sun ba da sabon ƙasar da sunan Emperor Austz-Hungary Emperor Franz Joseph I. A Rasha, a cikin mulkin mallaka da lokacin Soviet, an yi tambayar game da sake sunan tsibirin: na farko zuwa anoasar Romanov, kuma daga baya, bayan 1917, zuwa Kropotkin Land ko Nansen Land, duk da haka, ba a aiwatar da waɗannan shawarwari ba, kuma ƙasar har wa yau tana ɗauke da sunan ta asali.
A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1874, matukan jirgin ruwan Admiral Tegetgof sun yi watsi da jirgin kuma suka tashi a kan kankara a gabar tekun Novaya Zemlya, inda ya sadu da mataimakan kifi na Rasha wadanda suka taimaka wajen dawowar balaguron.
Bincike
Weiprecht da Payer sun bincika yankin kudu maso tsibiri a cikin 1873, kuma a lokacin bazara na 1874 sun tsallaka ta daga kudu zuwa arewa a kan shingayen hanzari. An tattara taswirar farko. Tunda teku ta kasance kankara a lokacin tafiyar, balaguron bai sami damar gano adadi mai yawa da tarin tsibiran ya kunshi manyan tsibirai da yawa ba.
A cikin 1879, balaguron Dutch karkashin jagorancin De Bruyne, wanda ya gano tsibirin Hooker, ya matso kusa da tsibiri a kan jirgin ruwan "Willem Barents".
A shekara ta 1881 da 1882, matafiya dan asalin Scotland dan Ingila Benjamin Leigh Smith ya ziyarci tarin tsibirin akan jirgin ruwan Eyra. A cikin tafiyarsa ta farko, sun gano tsibirin Northbrook, tsibirin Bruce, George Land da Alexandra Land, kuma sun tara tarin tarin arziki. A cikin tafiya ta biyu, jirgin ruwan ya rutsa da dusar kankara a Cape Flora (Tsibirin Arewabrook) kuma an tilastawa matukan jirgin 25 yin hunturu a tsibirin. A lokacin bazara, jirgin ruwan ya tashi zuwa kudu kuma jirgin ruwa ya tseratar da shi.
A shekara ta 1895-1897, balaguro ɗin ingantacciya mai cike da ingantacciyar sananniyar Jackson-Harmsworth tayi aiki akan Franz Joseph Land. Jirgin ya isa kan jirgin ruwan Windward a Cape Flora, inda ya kera babban sansanin sa. A cikin shekaru uku, an gudanar da babban aiki don yin kwaskwarimar taswirar, an aiwatar da nazarin ilimin halittu, ilimin halittar jiki, zoological, da kuma meteorological a kudu, tsakiya, da kuma kudu maso yamma na tarin tsibiri. An gano cewa yana ƙunshe da mafi yawan ƙananan tsibiran fiye da yadda aka nuna asalinsu akan taswirar Payer. A lokacin shirye-shiryen balaguron na Jackson-Harmsworth zuwa Franz Josef Land a cikin 1895, dan Rasha na farko, masassaƙa Varakin daga Arkhangelsk, ya kuma ziyarci (yawon shakatawa ya kasance a cikin wannan birni kuma ya ɗauki bukka a Rasha).
A shekara ta 1895, ba su san komai game da balaguron Jackson-Harmsworth daga arewaci ba, matafiya na Norway Fridtjof Nansen da Hialmar Johansen sun dawo kan tsibiri, suna dawowa daga sanannen tafiyarsu, a lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin mamaye lean Arewa. Nansen ya gano cewa tsibirin ba shi da wani ci gaba a arewa maso gabas, in ban da kananan tsibirai, kuma balaguron jirgin ruwa a kan jirgin ruwan Fram, ya nutse a cikin kankara, wanda Nansen da Johansen suka fara zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a baya, sun gano cewa mafakar asiya ta ƙare zuwa arewacin tsibirin kuma ta fara zurfin teku. Daga tsakiyar watan Agusta 1895, matafiya sun kwashe hunturu a tsibirin Jackson a cikin bukka, sannan suka tafi kudu a lokacin bazara kuma a watan Yuni na 1896 sun hadu da yanayin bazara na lokacin tafiyar Jackson-Harmsworth a tsibirin na Northbrook, wanda daga baya suka koma kasarsu. Sabuwar tsibirin, wanda Nansen ya gano a arewacin tsibirin, wanda ya kuskure don tsibirin biyu, ya sami sunan Hauwa'u da Liv don girmamawa ga matarsa da 'yarsa.
A shekara ta 1898, Walter Wellman, ɗan jaridar Ba'amurke, ya yi tafiya zuwa Franz Josef Land a cikin hunturu don isa kicin. Babban filin jirgin ya kasance a tsibirin Gall. 'Yan ƙasar Norway guda biyu, waɗanda ke cikin wannan balaguron Amurka-Norwegian, sun ciyar a tsibirin Vilcek. Ofayansu - memba na balaguron Nansen, Bernt Bentsen - ya mutu a lokacin hunturu. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1899, ya sami damar yin amfani da kankara 82 kawai. sh., a gefen gabashin tsibirin Rudolph, inda Payer shima ya ziyarta. Wani sashi na balaguron, wanda Baldwin ke jagoranta (Eng.Evelyn Briggs Baldwin), sun bincika sassan da ba a san su ba daga kudu maso gabas na tarin tsibiri, wanda, yayin da ya juya baya, baiyi nisa gabas ba, a ƙarshe, a lokacin rani mun sami damar ziyartar tsakiyar ɓangaren tarin tsibirin. A kan hanyar dawowa, balaguron ya hadu da wani, dan kasar Italiya, Duke na Abruzzi, wanda ya sami sauƙin wucewa a ƙarshen Yuli 1898 a cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa tsibirin Rudolph har ma ya ziyarci tsibirinsa na arewacin, kuma ya zama ƙasa da yawa fiye da yadda Peier ta zata. Mun yi hibernated kewaye da wurin da Payer ya cika sledges a 1874. Daga nan, a cikin bazara na 1900, an yi wani balaguron tafiya mai kankara zuwa kankara zuwa arewa, a ƙarƙashin umarnin Kyaftin Kanye. Ya yi nasarar isa har zuwa 39 ° 33 's. sh., wannan tafiya a ƙarshe gano cewa ƙasashen Peterman arewa na tsibirin Rudolph da kuma filayen King Oscar zuwa arewa maso yamma, suna bayyana akan taswirar Payer, ba su wanzu, kuma gabaɗaya babu wata ƙasa mai mahimmanci ta gaba zuwa gungume. A lokaci guda, an lura da mafi ƙasƙanci zafin jiki a nan - −52 ° C. A watan Satumbar 1900, jirgin Abruzzi mai saukar ungulu na Stella Polare ya koma gabar Norway, kuma mambobi uku daga cikin membobin kungiyar sun bace.
A lokaci guda, ci gaban masana'antu na tarin tsibiri. A shekara ta 1897-1898, dan kasuwar nan dan kasar T. Robertson, dan kasar Scotland ya ziyarci kasar ta Franz Joseph, kimanin fararen hular 600 da bea 14 na farauta.
A lokacin rani na 1901, yankin kudu da kudu maso yammacin tsibirin an gano shi ta hanyar balaguron farko na Rasha zuwa yankin Rummaker wanda mataimakin Admiral S. O. Makarov ya jagoranta. Wasu majiyoyi suna da'awar cewa ita ce ta fara daga tutar Rasha a nan. Ermak ya zama jirgin ruwa na farko na Rasha a kusa da bakin tekun Franz Josef Land, jirgin ya kunshi mutane 99, ciki har da wata kungiyar kimiyya. Tsaye da saukarwa ya faru a Cape Flora a tsibirin Northbrook da kuma tsibirin Hochsteter. An tattara tarin tsirrai, burbushin halittu, da kasa; a ƙarshen ƙarshen tsibiran ruwan, an gano ruwan dumi na Kogin Gulf wanda ke malalowa daga zurfin ƙasa ƙasa da 80-100 m. Temptoƙarin ratsawa zuwa gabashin tekun tarin tsibirin ba suyi nasara ba.
A cikin 1901-1902, jirgin balaguron Amurka na Baldwin-Ziegler ya mamaye Franz Josef Land, sannan kuma bayan hakan, a cikin 1903-1905, jirgin Ziegler-Fial ya yi niyyar yin kokarin isa gungume a kan kankara. Rushewar jirgin ya tilastawa Ziegler balaguron yin shekaru biyu a ware a kan tsibirin kafin su jira ceto.
A cikin 1913-1914, balaguron G. Ya Sedov akan malamin "Mikhail Suvorin" ("St. Fock") yayi nasara a cikin Bay na Tikhaya kusa da tsibirin Hooker. A ƙoƙarinsa na isa ga katako, Sedov ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1914 kusa da Cape Auk na tsibirin Rudolph, inda ake tsammanin an binne shi (matuƙan jirgin ruwan da ke tare da su ba su da kyau a kan taswirar, kuma daga baya ba a samo makabarta ba). A ranar 1 ga Maris, 1914, a bakin Tikhaya Bay, aka binne makancin masanin farko, J. Sanders, wanda ya mutu da ƙaiƙayi.
26 ga Yuni, 1914 zuwa ƙarshen yamma na Duniya Alexandra ta sami damar fitar da membobi 10 na ƙungiyar tare da malamin nan mai suna "St. Anna" da ke cikin tsananin kankara. Malami ya yi sandi a cikin kankara a 1912 a bakin tekun Yamal Peninsula kuma, ya tashi zuwa arewa, ya yi tafiyar mil 1540 a cikin kwanaki 542, yana karewa kilomita 160 daga arewacin Franz Joseph Land. Matsalar wahala da yunwar, matukan jirgin suka rarrabawa - mutane 14 karkashin umarnin mai tafiyar hawainiya Valerian Albanov sun hau kankara zuwa tsibiri, mutane 13 suka rage a kan jirgin, wanda jagoran masu tafiyar, Lieutenant Georgy Brusilov ya bace. Na kungiyar Albanov, suna hawa gefen kudu kusa da tsibirin zuwa gabas, don isa tsohuwar tashar jirgin ruwa ta Jackson-Harmsworth akan Cape Flora na tsibirin Northbrook, biyu ne kawai suka yi nasara - Albanov da kuma matukin jirgin Konrad, sauran sun mutu ko sun ɓace. A ranar 17 ga Yuli, membobi na ƙarshe na balaguron na Brusilov an haɗasu ba da niyya ba kuma malamin ya ce "St. Fock" na balaguron G. Ya Sedov, wanda, ba shi da mai don komawa ƙasa, an tilasta shi zuwa cape don rusa gine-ginen katako na ginin tashar jirgin sama na Jackson-Harmsworth. Mujallar jirgi mai suna "St. Anne", wanda Albanov ya tseratar, tare da ci gaba da lura da yanayin tsinkaye da ruwa a yayin tafiyar ruwa da kuma bayanin kulawar tafiye-tafiye ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga nazarin yankin ɗan ƙaramin yanki na Arctic.
Bayanin yankuna na Rasha da ci gaban tarin tsibiri
A ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1914, yayin neman jirgin G. Ya Sedov, Cape Flora ta yi nasarar fasa kankara tare da Jirgin ruwan Greta, wanda ke kan jirgin wanda akwai shugaban saurin binciken, kyaftin I I I. I. Islyamov. Daga bayanan da aka bari a cikin guria, an san makomar balaguron Sedov da Brusilov. Aka rage abinci, makamai da sutura a bakin gawar idan sauran membobin kungiyar balaguron balaguron suka kusato. Islyamov ya baiyana yanki yanki na Rasha kuma ya sanya tutar Rasha a samansa, wanda aka yi da karfe na ƙarfe. Mawakin S. G. Pisakhov, wanda ke kan jirgin, ya yi zane a bakin tekun Franz Josef Land.
A ranar 20 ga Satumba (3 ga Oktoba 3), 1916, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Rasha ta ba da sanarwa a hukumance kan ikon mallakar masarautar Rasha, wanda gwamnatin ta lissafa abubuwan da aka sani a baya da kuma kwanan nan da aka gano Arctic Lands ta Hydrographic Expedition of the Arctic Ocean, wadanda ake ganin wani bangare ne na rarrabuwa na masarautar, ciki har da Franz Josef Land An ambaci hakan kuma shirin Islyamov bai sami goyon baya na doka daga jami'an gwamnati ba.
A watan Satumbar 1923, Cape Flora ta yi niyyar isa ga balaguron Plavmornin, ta gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa tare da meridian 41 a kan jirgin ruwan bincike na Perseus, amma saboda mummunan yanayin da ya haifar da amfani da kwal da ruwa mai kyau, ba a cimma burin ba.
Tun daga tsakiyar 1920s, shirye-shiryen yin nazarin manyan latina ta iska ta amfani da jiragen sama da sararin samaniyar ya fara fadada a cikin kasashe daban-daban. Saurin bunkasuwar jirgin sama da sararin samaniya ya ce a nan gaba mutane za su isa dukkan wuraren Arctic da ke da wahalar shiga da kuma abubuwan da ba a gano ba. A kan wannan yanayin, Franz Josef Land, wanda a baya ya kasance mafi yawan sha'awar kimiyya ne saboda rashin aiki da kuma rashin wadatattun albarkatun ƙasa, a nan gaba ya fara ɗauka a matsayin ɗayan mahimman abubuwan kan hanyar sadarwar transarctic nan gaba da cibiyar mahimmancin tsinkaye da tsabtace ruwa. don cikakkiyar hasashen yanayi a duk yankin Arctic.
A Afrilu 15, 1926, CEC Presidium, bisa doka "A ba da sanarwar yankin USSR a matsayin ƙasashe da tsibiri da ke cikin Tekun Arctic," ta sanar da haƙƙin Unionungiyar Soviet ga duk sanannu da har yanzu ba a gano ƙasashe da tsibirin da tsibirin da ke a yankin Arctic tsakanin idian tawayen da ke haɗe daga matsanancin yamma ba maki na iyakar arewa (iyakar USSR tare da Finland 32 ° 4'35 a. d) da tsakiyar Bering Strait (168 ° 49'30) h. e.) a gabas zuwa Poan sanda na Arewa. Wannan yana nuna cewa atomatik an sanar da Franz Josef Land a ƙarƙashin cikakken ikon USSR. Gudanarwa, an haɗa tarin tsibirin a cikin yankin Arkhangelsk. An sanar da dokar ne yayin shirye-shiryen fara balaguro na jirgin sama na farko a kan jirgin sama mai suna "Norway".
A watan Satumbar 1927, Jirgin ruwan Soviet na "tsofaffi" na balaguron kimiyyar-kamun kifi na arewa a majalisar kolin tattalin arziki ya hau zuwa Cape Flora, saboda yawan tarin kankara mai fashewa a bakin tekun, ba a saukar da komai ba.
Tun daga 1928, yanayin kewaye tarin tsibiri ya fara taɓarɓarewa. Bayan nasarar jirgin saman Umberto Nobile da Raul Amundsen game da jirgin saman "Norway", an fara shirye-shiryen jirgin saman Arctic mai zuwa na Italiya, a wannan batun, an bayyana ra'ayoyin a cikin jaridar Italiya game da yiwuwar sake zuwa Franz Josef Land Italiya. Jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu "Italiya", wanda ke tashi daga ginin a kan Svalbard, ya haye arewacin gefen tsibirin daga yamma zuwa gabas a tsakiyar Mayu 1928, yayin jirginsa na Arctic na biyu. Koyaya, masifa ta faru a cikin jirgin na uku zuwa gungume.Tarayyar Soviet ta yi amfani da tsari na gaba game da binciken sararin samaniyar, ta amfani da jiragen ruwan kankara da jiragen ruwan dusar kankara.
31 ga Yuli, 1928, sun ba da odar Majalisar Kwamitin Jama'a game da karfafa bincike a kimiyance a cikin kayayyakin Arctic na USSR. An tsara shirin bincike na shekaru biyar na farko, wanda a bisa hakan, akan Franz Josef Land, kamar yadda yake a sauran filayen Arctic, ana shirin gina wuraren binciken yanayin ƙasa. An gudanar da kuɗin aikin aikin kimiyya ta hanyar cire kashi 1.5-2.25% na kudin shiga daga kamun kifi da cinikayyar Arctic. Yawon shakatawa tare da makasudin kiyaye yankuna da aka yi rigima dasu (Novaya Zemlya da Franz Josef Land) sun kasance masu shirye-shiryen fara aiki, ba jiran jiran amincewar karshe na shirin ba.
A watan Agusta 1928, a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken jirgin ruwan Italiya, wani yanki mai mahimmanci kusa da gabar tekun Franz Josef Land ya kasance mai binciken wata ɗaya ta masaniyar matattakalar Georgy Sedov, tana gudanar da aikin binciken ruwa da na sararin samaniya.
A watan Satumbar 1928, masancin kankara na Krasin ya matso kusa da gabar Alexandra Land da Georg Land. A kan Landar George, an yi kokarin gina gida idan aka ga alamun ma'aikatan jirgin da ba a bayyana ba, amma, saboda kankara da ke gabatowa, wani sashi na abinci da kayan gini ana iya wankewa a bakin. A Cape Nile, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan kankara sun makale da tutar USSR a kan tsibirin a karon farko.
A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1928, gwamnatin kasar Norway, wacce ke tabbatar da karɓar sanarwar sanarwa game da Babban Kwamitin Zartarwa na USSR na Afrilu 15, 1926, ta tanadi batun Franz Josef Land: “Gwamnatin Masarauta ba ta san cewa a kan Franz Josef Land duk wani abin da ban da tattalin arziki an san shi. Yaren mutanen Norway 'Yan jaridu sun tattauna shirye-shiryen kirkiro daidaitaccen tsarin zama a cikin tsibiran a cikin 1929, jiragen ruwan Ballerosen da Tornes-1 sun shirya tsallake jiragen ruwa na Norway, kuma jami'an sojan ruwan na Norway sun shiga cikin balaguron.
A gefen Soviet, shirye-shiryen hanzari don balaguro. Polar Commission na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta haɓaka wannan aikin kuma hukumar Arctic Commission ta ba da izinin a ranar Maris 5, 1929. SNK, bayan amincewa da aikin, an ba da kuɗaɗen da suka dace, Cibiyar Nazarin Nazari ta Arewa ta kasance kai tsaye a cikin kungiyar yin iyo. An nada O. Yu. Schmidt a matsayin shugaban masu balaguron, R. L. Samoilovich da V. Yu Vise su ne mataimaki, kyaftin V. I. Voronin ya ba da umarnin ga mai magana da yawun “Georgy Sedov”, kuma an mika tutar USSR zuwa balaguron jirgin a Arkhangelsk a taron majalissar birnin.
21 ga Yuli, 1929 jirgin ruwan "George Sedov" ya bar Arkhangelsk kuma 29 Yuli, yana wucewa cikin kankara mai nauyi, ya kusanci Cape Flora. Sakamakon damuwar da ke tattare da makabarta, wata ƙungiya mai raha ta same shi, da sanya tuta a wurin, an yanke shawarar gina wurin yin saƙo a Tikhaya Bay na tsibirin Hooker, a wurin da ake yin rangwamin balaguron shekarar Sedov ta 1914. Har zuwa 12 ga Agusta, Tikhaya Bay tana kwance kayan aiki da abinci, ana gina gidaje da tashar rediyo a bakin tekun, sannan Georgy Sedov ya gudanar da nazarin aikin samar da ruwa a tashoshin Birtaniyya, yana wuce arewa zuwa 82 ° 14's. w. An gano wasu gine-ginen uku na balaguron jirgin 'Italiya' 'Stella Polare' 'a Teplitz Bay na tsibirin Rudolph, an yi ƙoƙarin nemo kabarin Sedov a tsibirin Rudolph. A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, jirgin ya koma Tikhaya Bay.
A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 1929, an buda tashar farko ta gidan rediyon farko a kan Franz Josef Land, da misalin karfe 13:30 aka sanya tutar USSR a saman tashar kuma an watsa hoton ta farko zuwa yankuna. Daga wannan lokacin ne, ziyarar balaguron dan Soviet ta ziyarci tsibiran.
A watan Yuli na shekarar 1931, wani taro tsakanin matukin jirgin sama na Jamus Graf Zeppelin da mai magana da yawun Soviet na Malygin ya gudana a Tikhaya Bay. An ba da wasiku daga iska zuwa ga masan kankara.
A shekara ta 1936, aka kirkiro tushen jirgin saman Soviet na farko zuwa lean Arewa, a tsibirin Rudolph. Daga can, a watan Mayu 1937, jiragen sama huɗu masu hutu guda huɗu ANT-6 sun ƙaddamar da Papanin a saman duniya. Kuma a tsibirin ya fara aiki da tashar polar.
A lokacin Yaƙin Jiha na Patriotic, wakilai na Uku Reich sun bayyana akan Franz Josef Land. A cikin 1944, an shirya tashar tashoshi ta hanyar ruwa a nan Jamus, inda mutane 10-15 ke aiki (a wata ɗaya), waɗanda dole ne su ci naman pola tare da hanzarta ƙaura, barin har ma da wasu takardu (Sovietungiyar Soviet ta gano game da tashar kawai a cikin shekarun 1950s, lokacin da na same ta saura).
A cikin shekarun 1950s, an samar da “maki” na Sojojin Sama a kan Franz Josef Land. An kafa su ne a Tsibirin Graham Bell (kamfani na 30 da keɓaɓɓen kamfanin radar radar da mai ba da umarni na iska daban-daban wanda ke ba da filin jirgin saman kankara), da kuma a tsibirin Alexandra Land Island (stungiyar Raba ta 31 ta Nagurskaya Separate Radar). Abubuwan "batutuwa" sun kasance ɓangare na rukuni na rediyo na 3 na rukuni na 4 (hedkwata da tsari, kuma rarrabuwa sun kasance a ƙauyen Belushya Guba akan Novaya Zemlya) na runduna ta 10 na sojojin tsaron ƙasa (hedkwatar tana cikin Arkhangelsk). An kiyaye sadarwa tare da waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar Dikson, adireshin aikawa da wasiƙar shine “Krasnoyarsk Territory, Tsibirin Dikson-2, rundinar soja YY 03177”. Waɗannan "maki" sune rundunonin soja na arewa na Soviet Union. An soke su a farkon shekarun 1990.
Daga 1990 zuwa 2010, Jirgin ruwan Balaguro na Babbar Jirgin ruwa (MAKE) na Cibiyar Bincike ta Rasha da al'adun Gargajiya D. S. Likhachev a ƙarƙashin ikon da kuma kulawar kimiyya na P. V. Boyarsky. YADDA, a cikin tsarin shirye-shiryensa: "Binciken Bincike na Al'adu da Al'adu na Arctic" da "Binciken hanyoyin balaguro na Arctic", an gano, bincike da kuma bayanin ayyukansa na kimiyya mafi yawan wuraren al'adun al'adun gargajiya a kan tsibiri na karni na 19 - 20 na karni na 20, kuma an buga cikakken labarin "Franz Land- Joseph ”(M., 2013), shafi na farko da shafi na farko," Franz Josef Land Archipelago. Al'adun gargajiya da na asali. Manuniya zuwa taswira. Tarihi na Franz Josef Land ”(M., 2011) wanda P. V. Boyarsky ya buga.
Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, abubuwa da yawa akan tarin tsibiri, da kayan aiki da tanadin mai sun yi watsi da su. Dangane da kimantawa na 2010, ganga 250,000 na mai (har tan tan dubu 60 na kayayyakin mai) an adana su a tsibiran Franz Josef Land, an adana su a cikin yanayin da bai dace ba kuma suna barazanar yanayin yanayin tsibiran. Bugu da kari, kusan ganga miliyan 1 aka watsuwa a tsibiran. A cikin 2012, an fara aikin tsabtace Arctic.
A shekara ta 2008, yayin balaguro zuwa Yamal mai lalata makamin nukiliya, an gano sabon tsibiri, ya rabu da tsibirin na Northbrook. Sabuwar yanayin kasa an ba ta suna "Yuri Kuchiev Island", don tunawa da kyaftin din Arctic Yu. S. Kuchiev. A wannan shekarar, a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, wani yanki mai cike da kunnuwa rana ya ratsa wasu tsibirai na yammacin tsibirin.
A ranar 10 ga Satumbar, 2012, balaguron AARI game da shirin kankara na nukiliya na Rasha ya gano wani tsibiri wanda ya rabu da tsibirin Northbrook.
A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2004, aka kafa matattarar tunawa da ƙasa a Alexandra's Land "a matsayin alama ce anan, akan Nagurskaya, Franz Josef Land, za a ƙirƙiri tushen Rashanci na farko wanda daga shi ne ci gaban Arctic a karni na 21". Theungiyar masu nema sun haɗa da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Tarayya ta Rasha, Gudanar da Yankin Yankin Yankin Arctic, Ma'aikatar Tarayya don Hydrometeorology da Kula da Mahalli, ofungiyar Publicungiyar Masu Binciken larwararrun Powararrun Powararrun ,ungiyar, Asusun Polar, Cibiyar Nazarin Polus na Arctic da Antarctic, da Cibiyar G. Ya Sedov.
A cikin 2016, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Rasha ta fara aikin filin jirgin sama na Nagurskoye a kan Alexandra Land. Tsawon filin jirgin saman zai zama 2500 m, faɗin zai kasance har zuwa 46 m, wanda zai sa ya yiwu a karɓi kowane nau'in jirgin saman da ke dauke da Sojojin Sama na Rasha. Nagurskoye zai zama tashar iska mai tsafta kusa da lean Arewa, an shirya cewa IL-78, A-50, A-100, Il-38 da sauransu za su danganta ne da tsibirin. Hakanan a Nagurskoye aerodrome a kan wani ci gaba mai gudana akwai mayaƙan Su-27 da MiG-31, waɗanda aikinsu zai kasance don tabbatar da cikakken shinge kan iyakokin iska ta Rasha a yankin Arctic.
Labarin kasa
Franz Josef Land yana daya daga cikin yankuna arewa na Rasha da duniya. Ya ƙunshi tsibiran 192, jimlar yanki na 13 134 km².
Ya kasu kashi uku:
- gabas, rabuwa da sauran ta Strait of Austria, tare da manyan tsibirai, Wilcek Land (2.0 dubu km²), Graham Bell (1,7 dubu km²),
- tsakiyar - tsakanin Yankin Austria da Tashoshi na Burtaniya, inda mafi mahimmancin rukunin tsibirin ke zaune, mai kanshi. Halle (974 km²),
- yamma - yamma da Tashoshin Burtaniya, wanda ya hada da tsibiri mafi girma na duk tsibiri - George Land (2.9 dubu km²), wani babban tsibiri yana kusan. Raasar Alexandra (1044 km²).
Theasashe mafi yawan tsibiran tarin tsibirin na Franz Josef Land su ne kamar fararen filaye. Matsakaicin tsayi ya kai 400-490 m (mafi girman maƙasudin matsuguni - 620 m).
Gabar yamma da Cape Fligeli a tsibirin Rudolph ita ce iyakar arewa da Rasha da Franz Josef Land.
Cape Mary Harmsworth ita ce gabar yamma, tsibirin, Lamon Tsibiri shine kudu, Olney Cape a tsibirin Graham Bell shine gabas.