Sauyin yanayi a yanayin ƙasa yana nufin yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci, halayyar wani yanayi na duniya. Ya kamata a bambanta yanayin yanayi daga takamaiman yanayin, wanda aka rubuta a lokacin lura. Sabanin haka, canjin yanayin yana canzawa a hankali kuma yana iya zama kwanciyar hankali tsawon ƙarni har ma da shekaru dubu. Hasken rana, yanayin ƙasa da kewayawar yanayi sune mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin yanayi, amma ban da su, wasu yanayi suna da tasiri sosai ga tsarin yanayi.

Hasken rana

Haske na fadowa a saman duniya yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin yankin. Idan aka samu karin hasken rana a wani yanki na duniya, to a sami matsakaicin matsakaici a can. Ofarfin radiation da farko yana dogara da latti. Yankunan da ke kusa da mai daidaitawa suna karɓar ƙarin zafi, kuma yankunan polar sun kasa aiki da hasken rana. Dalilin haka ne cewa sune yankuna masu sanyi na duniya.

Me yasa karancin haske ya faɗi akan sandunan? Yawan adadin kuzari mai haske a yanki yanki ya dogara da gangaren wannan rukunin yanar gizon. Hasken rana yana faɗuwa akan mai daidaitawa a kusurwar dama, kuma akan sandunan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin kusurwa mai kaifi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yankuna na ƙasa ke yin ɗumi da kyau.

Babban mahimmancin shine tsawon lokacin awoyi a yankin. Ana iya ganin dare a aljihunan a wasu lokutan na shekara, da kuma ranakun polar a wasu lokuta, lokacin da haske ya taho saman falon. A na'urar daidaitawa, babu irin wannan canjin yanayin tsawon lokacin hasken rana. Sakamakon haka, a cikin yankunan polar, canjin yana da ƙarfi sosai dangane da yanayin, yayin da yake daidaitawa bambanci tsakanin yanayin hunturu da lokacin bazara bashi da mahimmanci.

Adadin hasken rana mai shigowa rana ya shafi girgije a yankin. Girgiza saboda farin haske yana nuna hasken rana, yana rage zafin jiki na yankin.

A sarari wurare dabam dabam

Don yanayi, motsi na iska suna da mahimmanci duka a cikin kwance da a tsaye. Strongerarfin iska mai ƙarfi yana sama, ƙaramin ƙarfinsa, don haka ya tashi, yana haifar da yankuna matsin lamba. Tun da yawan zafin jiki na ƙananan ƙananan a sandunansu, matsin lamba akwai mafi girma, a sakamakon abin da iska a cikin ƙananan yanayi ke motsawa daga sandun zuwa mai daidaitawa. A cikin yanayin sama, ana lura da juyar da iska ta iska, daga mai daidaitawa zuwa sandunan.

Juyawar Duniya a kewayen nasa shine ya haifar da karfin Coriolis, wanda ke bayyana zirga-zirgar iska a cikin ƙananan lamuran yanayi zuwa yamma, da kuma na sama - zuwa gabas. Sakamakon haɗakar waɗannan motsi, an kafa iska, waɗanda aka sani da iska mai cinikayyar (wanda aka nufa zuwa yamma da mai daidaitawa) da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙetare su.

Dogara

A manyan tsauraran tsauraran yanayi, saukar karfin iska ke sauka. Wannan yana haifar da rage yawan zafin jiki. Lokacin da kuka hau kowane kilomita, zazzabi ya sauka da kimanin 6 ° C. Sakamakon haka, a kan duwatsun wasu tsaunukan da ke kusa da mai ba da wuta, dusar ƙanƙara tana iya yin ta a duk shekara. Hakanan a cikin tsaunukan akwai wani hoto na iska.

Aukaka ƙasar yana shafar yanayi da sararin samaniya. Zasu iya zama shinge na dabi'a na ƙarancin iska wanda ke ƙoƙarin samun daga wannan yankin zuwa wani. Misali, Tsakiyar Asiya tana kewaye da tsaunuka, saboda wane iska da aka kafa saman teku ba sa zuwa yankin, wanda ke haifar da yanayin bushewar yankin. A lokaci guda, duwatsun Andes a Kudancin Amurka wani shinge ne na dabi'a ga yawan iska wanda ke motsawa daga yamma daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa gabas zuwa tekun Pacific. Sakamakon wannan shine ƙara yawan zafi a cikin nahiyar.

Nesa daga teku

Yanayin yankin yana tasiri sosai saboda kasancewarta daga tekuna da teku. Gaskiyar ita ce ruwa yana da ƙarfin zafi mai yawa, don haka a cikin rani watanni yana sanyaya yankunan bakin teku, kuma a cikin hunturu yana dumama su. Sakamakon wannan tasiri, ana iya yin rikodin yanayi daban-daban da matsakaicin Janairu a daidai latin. Misali, a nisan arewa 60 na, zafin zafin Janairu a St. Petersburg shine -8 ° C, kuma a cikin yankin kogin Lena ya sauka zuwa -40 ° C. Yankunan yankuna ma basu da ruwan sama. Sakamakon haka, an bambanta yanayin ruwan teku da na ƙasa.

Kusancin tekuna kuma yana shafar shugabanci na iska. A cikin wurare masu zafi, akwai iska da ake kira monsoons. A lokacin rani, suna hurawa daga teku zuwa babban birni, saboda iska a kan teku tayi sanyi. A cikin watanni na hunturu, suna canza al'aura zuwa akasin haka.

Igiyoyin teku

Hanyoyin ruwa a cikin tekuna kuma suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi kan yanayin. Misali shi ne Ruwan Teku, wanda ke daukar ruwan dumi daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa tekun Arctic. Koyaya, yayin da yake ratsa Arctic, yana rasa ƙarfi. Saboda haka, a gabar Arctic na Barents Sea, yanayin yana da sauƙi fiye da, alal misali, a cikin Tekun Laptev.

Kasa mai aiki

Yanayin ya shafi ba kawai ta hanyar kwantar da hankali ba, amma har da yanayin yanayin ƙasa. Dusar ƙanƙara da kankara suna nuna yawancin hasken rana yana faɗo a kansu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin kwantar da kwalliyar dusar kankara. Yawancin lokaci saboda wannan, yanayin a Antarctica yana da sanyi sosai fiye da Kudin Arewa na duniya. Haskakawar wani fili ake kira albedo.

Ayyukan ɗan adam

A ƙarshe, a cikin centuriesan shekarun da suka gabata, mutane sun fara yin tasiri sosai kan sauyin yanayi. An san cewa a cikin manyan biranen, matsakaicin iska yana da ɗanɗano fiye da na yankunan karkara. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dumama gidaje da yawa da aiki mai amfani da wutar lantarki da sufuri. Hakanan, mutum na iya magudana ruwa da ruwa a sassan duniya, ya gina shinge na kariya daga gandun daji, ya dasa yankin, ya sare gandun daji, ya samar da manyan wuraren ajiya. Duk wannan ayyukan yana haifar da canjin yanayi a yankuna daban-daban. A dunkulewar duniya, bil'adama yana fitar da adadin carbon dioxide da sauran gas a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda ke haifar da tasirin hayaki mai haifar da dumamar yanayi.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin yanayi

Kafin yin nazarin yanayin da nau'ikan yanayi, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci abin da ke shafar samuwar sa. Ana yin nazarin yanayin ƙasa a makaranta a aji na 7 a darussan ƙasa, amma a mafi sauƙi, inda ba a la'akari da wasu mahimman abubuwan ba. Duk manyan Yanayin samarda yanayi zamu warware shi. Fara da ma'anar asali: Yanayin samarda yanayi.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin yanayi sune abubuwan da ke tasiri sauyin yanayi. Da ke ƙasa akwai hoto mai nuna babbar hanyar.

Kamar yadda kake gani, abubuwa sun kasu kashi biyu: na waje da na ciki. Abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin yanayi an sake rarrabasu a cikin ilimin taurari da ilmin halitta. Bari mu ɗan taƙaita bayanin duk ɓoyayyun abubuwan da aka nuna a hoton.

Hanyoyin nazari

Don gano fasalin yanayin, duka na yau da kullun da ba a lura dasu, jerin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na dogon lokaci suna da muhimmanci. A cikin tsauraran yanayi mai ƙarfi, ana amfani da jerin 25-shekara-shekara; a cikin tsaunukan teku, lokacinsu na iya raguwa.

Abubuwan halayen Climatic sune ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙira daga jerin abubuwan hangen nesa na dogon lokaci, da farko akan mahimman abubuwan meteorological masu zuwa: matsawar iska, saurin iska da shugabanci, zafin jiki da zafi, murfin girgije da hazo Tsawon lokacin hasken rana, kewayon ganuwa, zazzabi na babban yadudduka na kasar da tafki, kwararar ruwa daga doron kasa zuwa cikin yanayi, tsinkaye da yanayin murfin dusar ƙanƙara, abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya da tsararren ƙasa (raɓa, kankara, ƙanƙara, tsawa, tsawar dusar ƙanƙara, da sauransu) ana kuma yin la'akari. . A cikin karni na XX, alamomin yanayin zafi sun haɗa da halayen abubuwa na ma'aunin zafi na farfajiyar duniya, kamar jimlar hasken rana, daidaitawar hasken rana, ƙaddamar da zafin rana tsakanin saman duniya da sararin sama, da yawan zafin rana don fitar iska.

Matsakaicin matsakaiciyar tsinkaye na abubuwan meteorological (shekara-shekara, yanayi, kowane wata, kullun, da dai sauransu), adadin su, maimaitawa, da sauransu ana kiransu ƙa'idodin yanayin yanayi, daidaitattun halaye na ranakun mutum, watanni, shekaru, da dai sauransu ana ɗaukarsu azaman karkacewa daga waɗannan ka'idojin. Don rarrabe yanayin, ana kuma amfani da alamun tsaka-tsaki, wato, ayyukan wasu abubuwa da yawa: sahihi iri daban-daban, dalilai, fihirisa (alal misali, nahiyar, yanayi, gumi), da sauransu.

Ana amfani da alamomin yanayi na musamman a cikin rassan yanayin yanayin zafi (alal misali, adadin adadin yanayin zafi na yanayin girma a cikin agroclimatology, yanayin zafi mai inganci a cikin ilimin halittu da yanayin aikin fasaha, kwanakin digiri a cikin lissafin tsarin dumama, da sauransu).

Abubuwan da ke Sanya Canjin yanayi da Canjin sa

Ana iya gano musababin canjin yanayi, daga cikinsu:

1. hasken rana, wanda ke shafar yanayin tsubin lemar sararin samaniya, ko kuma yawan adadin hasken rana,
2. canji a cikin kwatankwacin kwatancen juzu'in duniya (takaddama da nutsuwa),
3. canza a cikin cancantar duniyar mahaifa,
4. saboda bala'i kamar faɗuwar asteroids.
5. Fashewar Volcanic
6. Ayyukan ɗan adam (konewa, fashewar gas daban-daban)
7. An sake raba gas din duniya
8. Sakin gas da zafi daga hanjin duniyan
9. Canza a cikin yanayin yanayi
10. Ayyukan Glacier

Abubuwan da suka shafi ilmin taurari

Abubuwan da suka shafi sararin samaniya sun hada da hasken rana, matsayi da motsin duniyan da ke da dangantaka da Rana, kusurwarsa na karkatar da yanayin duniya zuwa saman kewayawa, saurin juya duniya, da yawaitar kwayoyin halitta a sararin samaniya. Juyawar duniya a kewayen gindinta tana haifar da sauye-sauye a kullun yanayi, motsin duniya da ke kewaye da rana da kuma karkatar da iska da ke zuwa jirgin sama wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambancen yanayi da yanayin latitudinal a cikin yanayin yanayi. Daraja daga canjin ƙasa - yana shafar rarraba zafi tsakanin Yankin Kudancin da Kudancin Hemispheres, da kuma girman canje-canje na yanayi. Saurin juyawa duniya ba zai canza shi ba, abu ne mai aiki kullun. Godiya ga juyawa na Duniya, iskar kasuwanci da monsoons sun wanzu, kuma ana yin cyclones. [ Ba a ayyana asalin ranar 1757 ba ]

Abubuwan al'adu

Abubuwan da ke cikin yanki sun hada da

1. girma da taro na duniya
2. nauyi nauyi
3. abun da ke ciki da kuma yanayin iska
4. latitude
5. tsayi sama da matakin teku
6. rarraba filaye da teku
7. Bayani
8. teku igiyoyin
9. yanayin yanayin ƙasa - ƙasa, ciyayi, dusar ƙanƙara da murfin kankara.

Tasirin hasken rana

Mafi mahimmancin yanayin, yana shafar sauran halayensa, da farko zazzabi, shine ƙarfin rana. Babban kuzarin da aka fito dashi yayin aiwatar da makamashin nukiliya akan Rana shine ya zama sararin samaniya. Ofarfin hasken rana da duniyar ta karɓa ya dogara da girmanta da kuma nisan ta daga rana. Jimlar jujjuyarwar hasken rana da ke wucewa lokaci guda ta wani yanki, wanda yake jujjuya zuwa juzu'i, a nisan nisan sararin samaniya guda daya daga Rana a wajen sararin duniya, ana kiranta hasken rana. A cikin sashin sararin duniya, kowane murabba'in murabba'in hasken rana yana karɓar 1,365 W ± 3.4% na ƙarfin rana. Energyarfin kuzari ya bambanta a duk shekara saboda tsabtace tsabtace ƙasa, mafi girma da iko da ƙasa ke ɗauka a watan Janairu. Duk da cewa kusan kashi 31% na hasken da ya karba yana nuna baya cikin sararin samaniya, sauran kashin ya isa ya kula da yanayin sararin samaniyar, da kuma samar da makamashi a kusan dukkanin hanyoyin nazarin halittu a duniya.

Energyarfin da ƙasa ke karɓa ya dogara da kusurwar abin da ya faru na haskoki na rana, ya fi girma idan wannan kusurwa ta madaidaiciya ce, amma yawancin duniya ba ta yin daidai da hasken rana. Tsawon raƙuman ruwa ya dogara da sararin ƙasa, lokacin shekara da rana, ya fi girma da tsakar rana a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni arewacin Tropic of Cancer kuma 22 ga Disamba kudu da Tropic of Capricorn, a cikin tsauraran matsakaicin matsakaicin (90 °) ana kaiwa sau 2 a shekara.

Wani muhimmin mahimmanci da ke tantance tsarin yanayin yanayin latitudinal shine tsawon lokacin awoyi na hasken rana. Bayan bangon da ke kewaye, watau arewa ne na 66.5 ° C. w. da kudu na 66.5 ° S w. awowi na hasken rana ya bambanta daga sifili (a cikin hunturu) zuwa awanni 24 a lokacin bazara, a maƙwancin awoyi 12 a rana duk shekara. Tunda canje-canje na yanayi a cikin kusurwa na sha'awa kuma tsawon kwana sun zama mafi yawan lokuta ana iya gani a mafi girman latitude, amplitude na yawan zafin jiki ya canza a cikin shekara yana raguwa daga dogayen sanda zuwa ƙananan latitude.

Karɓa da rarraba hasken rana a saman duniya ba tare da yin la’akari da abubuwan da suka haifar da canjin yanayi na wani yanki shi ake kira canjin yanayi.

Theaya daga cikin adadin ƙarfin hasken rana wanda ƙasa yake ɗauka ya bambanta da yawa dangane da murfin girgije, nau'in farfajiya da tsayin yankin, kimanin kashi 46% na kuzarin da aka karɓa a saman sararin samaniya. Koyaushe gabatarwar girgije, kamar a makabarta, suna ba da gudummawa ga tunani mafi yawan kuzarin mai shigowa. Ruwa na ruwa yana ɗaukar hasken rana (sai dai waɗanda suke da hankali sosai) fiye da sauran hanyoyin, yana nuna 4-10% kawai. Matsakaicin makamashin da yake tunawa ya wuce matsakaici a cikin hamada da ke saman matakin teku, saboda yanayin bakin ciki da ke watsa hasken rana.

Nau'in yanayi

Za'a iya aiwatar da yanayin canjin yanayin duniya ta hanyar canjin yanayin canjin kai tsaye (daidaitaccen yanayin V. Keppen), kuma ya danganta da yanayin wurare na sararin samaniyar ƙasa (B. P. Alisov's classification), ko kuma yanayin shimfidar wuraren ƙasa (rarrashin L. Berg). Yanayin yanayin yankin yana primarilyaddara da abin da ake kira. Yanayin Solar - kwararar hasken rana zuwa iyakokin saman, ya dogara da latti kuma ya sha bamban a lokuta da lokuta. Ban da haka, iyakokin bangarorin yanayi ba wai kawai sun yi daidai da juna ba, har ma ba koyaushe ake zagaya duniya ba, yayin da akwai yankuna ɗaya da keɓaɓɓu da yanayin yanayi ɗaya. Hakanan mahimmancin su ne kusancin teku, tsarin kewayawar yanayin sama da ƙasa.

A Rasha da kuma a cikin tsohuwar USSR, ana amfani da rarrabuwa da nau'ikan yanayin yanayi wanda shahararren masanin kimiyyar yanayin Soviet B. P. Alisov aka yi amfani dashi. Wannan rarrabuwa yana la'akari da yanayin wurare na wurare dabam dabam. Dangane da wannan rarrabuwa, manyan bangarorin yanayi sau huɗu ana rarrabe su ga kowane yanki na duniya: daidaitacce, yanayin zafi, canjin yanayi, da kuma tsayawa (a arewacin hemisphere - Arctic, a kudu hemisphere - Antarctic). Tsakanin manyan yankuna sune yankuna juzu'i - subequatorial bel, subtropical, subpolar (subarctic da subantarctic). A cikin wadannan bangarorin yanayin, daidai da yaduwar yawan iska, ana iya bambance nau'ikan yanayi guda huɗu: nahiya, tekun teku, canjin yamma da kuma yanayin gabas. A ciki na nahiyoyi ke yanayin kasakafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar manyan filayen ƙasa. Yanayin yanayin ruwa ya mamaye tekun da kuma shimfiɗa zuwa sassan nahiyoyin da aka fallasa su sakamakon tasirin iska. Ga yankuna na gabashin nahiyoyin halayyar halayya ce sauyin yanayia cikin abin da dalilin canjin yanayi shine canjin shugabanci na girgiza.A matsayinka na mai mulkin, a cikin wani yanayi mai ban ruwa, lokacin bazara yana da yawa tare da hazo da bushewar bushewa.

Rarraba wuraren hawa da masanin kimiyyar Rasha V. Köppen (1846-1940) ya bazu cikin duniya. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin zafin jiki da kuma matakin hydration. Rarrabawar an inganta shi sau da yawa, kuma editocin G.T. Trevarta (Turanci) Rashanci. Fasali shida da nau'ikan yanayi goma sha shida suka fice. Dangane da rarrabewar yanayin hawa, an san nau'ikan tsaunuka da yawa a ƙarƙashin sunayen da ke hade da yanayin ciyayi na wannan nau'in. Kowane nau'in yana da madaidaicin ma'auni don zazzabi, yawan lokacin hunturu da bazara, wannan yana sauƙaƙe aikin wani wuri zuwa wani nau'in yanayi, don haka rarrabuwa Köppen ya yaɗu.

Hakanan a cikin yanayin yanayin tsinkaye, ana amfani da waɗannan dabarun masu dangantaka da halayyar yanayin:

• Yanayin Mountain - "yanayin yanayi a cikin tsaunuka." Babban dalilin bambanci tsakanin yanayin tsaunin dutse da kuma yanayin filayen shine karuwar almubazzaranci. Bugu da kari, mahimman abubuwa an kirkiresu ta yanayin ƙasa (matakin dissection, tsayin daka da kuma matakan jigilar dutsen, bayyanar gangara, nisa da kuma kwarin gwiwar kwari), dusar kankara da filayen firz suna yin tasirinsu. Yanayin dutsen da kansa an bambanta shi da tsawan ƙasa da 3,000-4,000 m da kuma tsaunin tsaunin tsauni a tsauni.
• M yanayi - “hamada da Semi-hamada yanayin”. Anan akwai manyan abubuwan yau da kullun da na shekara-shekara na yawan zafin jiki, kusan babu rashi ko kuma ƙarancin hazo (100-150 mm a kowace shekara). A sakamakon danshi evaporates da sauri.
• Yanayin ƙasa - yanayin da ke da yawan danshi, wanda zafin rana ya shigo da ƙarancin isa ya fitar da duk danshi da ke shigowa kamar ruwan sama
• Yanayin Yankin - "yanayin can inda akwai ingantaccen hazo fiye da yadda zai narke kuma ya ƙafe." Sakamakon haka, yanayin glaciers da filayen dusar ƙanƙara su kasance.

Yanayi da yanayi

A cikin ayyukan mutane, rawar sauyin yanayi ba za a iya shawo kan sa ba. Yanayin yana shafar rabo daga zafin rana da danshi, yana shafar hanyoyin tafiyar da ayyukan taimako na zamani, yana da hannu a cikin halittar ruwa mai zurfi, a cikin ci gaba da rarraba flora da fauna. Duk rayuwa da aiki, mutum ya yi la’akari da siffofinsa. Wadanda suka samo asali A.Y. Voeikov, A.A. Kaminsky, P.I. Brounov, B.P. Alisov, S.P. Khromov, M.I. Budyko da sauransu.

Sauyin yanayi - Wannan nau'in tsarin yanayi ne na shekaru masu yawa na kowane yanki.

Alakar da ke shafi yanayi:

1. Tare da adadin hasken rana mai shiga wata ƙasa ko wata,
2. Tare da motsi na sama iska,
3. Tare da fuskokin yanayi,
4. Tare da zagayawa yanayi
5. Tare da kasan duniya.

Tana da manyan alamomin:

1. Ruwan sama,
2. Iska mai iska
3. Ruwan sama shekara-shekara da tsarin mulkinsu.

Ana sanya alamu na Climatic a kan taswira ta musamman, wacce ake kira caca.

An gama aiki a kan wani abu makamancin wannan

Yanayi - Wannan shi ne yanayin yanayi a cikin wani wuri da aka ba da kuma lokacin da aka ba su.

Babban halayen yanayi shine abubuwansa da abubuwan mamaki.

Abubuwan yanayi sun hada da:

1. Ruwan sama,
2. Tashin hankali,
3. Matsalar yanayi

Abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin yanayi sune:

Al'amuran yanayi na iya zama bala'i a yanayi, wanda ke bayyana kansa a cikin hanyar mahaukaciyar guguwa, ruwan sama, fari, tsawa.

Yanayin yanayi yana saninsa tara abubuwa da abubuwan mamaki. Misali, a zazzabi iri daya, amma tare da zafi daban, yanayin zai bambanta. Yanayin lokacin rana na iya bambanta.

Babban Sanadin rarrabewa:

1. Yawan zafin rana da aka samu lokacin rana,
2. Yunkurin sama da iska,
3. Duniyar yanayi,
4. Ayyukan cyclones da anticyclones.

Canjin yawan zafin rana, canjin yanayin iska da gaban sa yana haifar da karɓar karɓar hasken rana a cikin tsauraran yanayi.

Abubuwan Halittar Yanayi

Yanayin kowace ƙasa an kafa shi ne saboda tasirin abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda ake kira ƙirar yanayi. Binciken waɗannan abubuwan ya bayyana asalin yanayin da kuma bayanin yanayin juzu'in abubuwan da ke tattare da shi.

Babban dalilan samar da yanayi:

1. Matsayin yanki na ƙasa,
2. Dogara
3. Siffofin ƙasa mai juji,
4. Yanayin radadi
5. A sarari wurare dabam dabam
6. Sama da iska
7. Fuskokin yanayi.

Matsayi na yanki Determinasar tana ƙayyade adadin hasken rana mai shiga cikin ta. Matsayi na Rasha a cikin latitude yanayi yana bayyana canje-canje masu yawa a cikin adadin zafin rana a lokutan yanayi. Misali, tarin tsibirin na Franz Josef Land yana karɓi $ 60 kcal / sq cm, kuma matuƙar kudu ɗin ƙasar tana karɓar $ 120 $ kcal / sq cm. Kasancewar tekun kuma yana da babban tasiri a kan yanayin yankin. Teku ya shafi rarrabuwar girgije da shigar da ƙarin iska mai laushi zuwa ƙasa. Ruwan teku biyu na wanke Rasha a arewa da gabas kuma, saboda mamaye wurare masu tsauri, jigilar yamma ta jiragen ruwa, tasirin iyakokin tekuna a cikin wani maɓalli na tekun. A lokacin rani, manyan girgije a Gabas ta Gabas suna rage zafin rana. A cikin dutsen Sikhote-Alin, daidai yake da jimlar hasken rana a arewacin Kola Peninsula, Yamal, da Taimyr.

Yanayin Rasha yana tasiri sosai taimako ƙasa. Yawancin yanki na Rasha yana tasiri ne ta tekun Atlantika da tekun Arctic, waɗanda ke da tabbacin buɗewar ta zuwa arewa da arewa maso yamma. Duwatsu da ke kudu da gabashin gabashin Rasha suna iyakance tasirin tekun Pacific da tsakiyar Asiya. An kafa yanayin musamman na tsauni a cikin tsaunuka, canjin wanda yakan faru tare da tsayi.

Baya ga taimako, sauran sifofi ma suna tasiri kan yanayin. m farfajiya. Misali, kasancewar murfin dusar kankara yana canza rabo daga hasken da aka haskaka da kuma tunawa da yawa saboda yawan dusar kankara. Dankin dusar ƙanƙara yana nuna $ 80 $ - $ 95 $% na radiation. Daban-daban na hangen nesa na tundra, gandun daji, busassun ciyawa, makiyaya. Reflectarancin haske shine halayen gandun daji - $ 10 $ - $ 15 $% na komai. Abubuwan da ke cikin duhu duhu ƙasa suna ɗaukar zafi sau uku fiye da busassun ƙasa mai yashi. Canji mai dangantaka shine zazzabi na ƙasa da ƙasan iska.

Hasken rana - Wannan shine babban tushen samar da makamashi don samuwar yanayi. Mafi nisanci daga na'urar daidaitawa, karancin hasken rana ya shiga farfajiya. Bangaren shigar da ma'auni na radiation shine jimlar radiation. Juyowar rana sashi mai amfani ne kuma yana dogaro da albedo na farfajiya. Gabaɗaya, radiation ya zama mafi inganci daga arewa zuwa kudu. Manyan tsibirin da ke arewacin Rasha suna da ma'auni mara kyau na radiation. Ya kai matsakaicin darajar sa a Western Ciscaucasia.

Tare da radadi tafiyar matakai a Rasha ba su da mahimmanci. Andasa da teku, saboda abubuwan da suke da shi na jiki, suna mai zafi da sanyaya daban, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba daban-daban da motsin ƙarancin iska - wurare dabam dabam na iska. Akwai canji a cikin iska masu rinjaye, suna kawo daban iska. Amma, Dole ne in faɗi cewa a cikin yankin yawancin Rasha a wannan shekarar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yamma da haɓakar haɓaka ta mamaye. Rasha ana santa da manyan nau'ikan manyan iska guda uku waɗanda ke ƙayyade fasalin yanayin sa.

Samawar iska:

1. Arctic iska taro,
2. Yanayin iska mai zafi
3. Taro na iska.

Essididdigar Tsarin Yanayi

Rayuwar dan adam da ayyukanta na tattalin arziki suna da kusanci da juna. Ba duk ƙasa na sararin samaniya yana da kyawawan yanayi na rayuwa ba, kamar yadda Bajamushe ɗan ƙasa E. Reclus ya yi imani da baya a cikin karni $ XIX. Ya rubuta game da wannan a cikin babban aikinsa "Man da Duniya." Waɗannan yankuna inda matsakaicin matsakaita na shekara-shekara ke faɗuwa ƙasa - $ 2 $ digiri, masanin kimiyyar ya ɗauki cewa bai dace da rayuwar ɗan adam ba. An yi kuskuren raɗaɗi da reclus, saboda a cikin Russia akwai yankuna waɗanda matsakaicin zafin iska na shekara-shekara yana ƙasa da ƙimar da aka nuna. Yankin arewa maso gabashin Rasha gaba daya ya isa rikodin matsakaicin adadin shekara-shekara - $ 10 $, - $ 16 $ digiri. Mutum ya koyi dacewa da kowane irin yanayin muhalli mai wahala, kuma a lokacinmu yana daidaitawa yana taimakawa samar da zamani, fasaha, sabbin hanyoyin kariya.

Tabbas, don tabbatar da yanayin rayuwa na yau da kullun ga mutanen da ke cikin yankunan arewa masu wahala, ana buƙatar ƙarin farashin kayan abu. Yankunan kudu waɗanda canjin yanayi sun dace da rayuwa ana amfani da su a matsayin wuraren nishaɗi don dalilai na nishaɗi, wuraren shakatawa ake ƙirƙira su. Duk wani aiki na dan adam dole yayi la’akari da yanayin yanayin yankin, kowane irin gini ne, aikin sufuri, shimfida bututun ruwa, ginin masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu Yanayin yanayi muhimmin abu ne na haɓaka aikin gona, wanda kimantawarsa ta yanayin gona tana da matukar muhimmanci. Ci gaban irin wannan kimantawa da kuma karkatar da hankalin jama'a na Rasha ya zama na D.I. Mai dubawa. Tunda Rasha babbar kasa ce ta arewa kuma hunturu na da matukar mahimmanci, an yi la’akari da tsananin lokacin hunturu da kuma girman dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin kisan gilla.

Agroclimatic albarkatun - Wannan shi ne jimlar zafin jiki mai aiki a sama da + $ 10 $ digiri, yana samar da aikin gona.

Yanayin yanayin zafi m don shuka girma, danshi ƙasa a cikin ƙasa hawa da sauka a kan wani m wide kewayon. Canza waɗannan alamomin yana sa ya yiwu a noma albarkatu iri-iri daga flax zuwa shayi, daga sunflower, beets sugar zuwa shinkafa da soya. Ya kamata tattalin arziƙi musamman ci gaban aikin gona na yankin ya ɗauki lamuran yanayi mai daɗi.

Wadannan abubuwan sun hada da:

1. Fari da bushewar iska
2. Girgizar ƙasa da guguwa
3. Bishiya lokacin sanyi,
4. Mai tsananin sanyi hunturu
5. Ilanƙara da kankara
6. Fogs da farin.

Yin la'akari da waɗannan yanayin yanayin yana da mahimmanci saboda yawancin filayen ƙasa na Rasha suna cikin yankin noma mai haɗari.

Tunani

• Sashen Nazarin Tsarin Ilimin Tsirrai da Climatology, Cibiyar Nazari ta Kasa ta Rasha
• Ocean da canjin yanayi S. S. Lappo, A. V. Sokov, V. P. Tereshchenkov, S. A. Dobrolyubov
• A.V. Pavlov, G.F. Gravis. Permafrost da yanayin zamani
• Monin A.S., Shishkov Yu.A. Tarihin yanayin yanayi. L., Gidrometeoizdat, 1979.408 p.
• Meinecke Fr. Montesquieu, Voltaire da Herder akan yanayin Yanada // Meineke Fr. Isowar Tarihi. - M., 2004

Raba nau'in nau'in yanayi a cewar Köppen
Class A: Tropical (Af) - Ruwan sama (Am) - savannah (Aw, As)
Class B: Barkewa (BWh, BWk) - Rabin hamada (BSh, BSk)
Class B: Humm subtropical (Cfa, Cwa) - Oceanic (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc) - Bahar Rum (Csa, Csb)
Kwana G: Ƙasƙantar da kai na ƙasa (Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb) - Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dfd) - Alpine mediterranean (Dsa, Dsb, Dsc)
Class D: Polar (ET, EF) - Alpine (ETH)

Sauyin yanayi, Climatology Canza yanayinPaleoclimatology • El Nino • Tsarin karambon Carbon • Tsarin glaciation, Tsarin Ice, Ageananan Ice • Matsakaicin zafi (Late Paleocene thermal matsakaici, Matsakaicin filasha na ƙarshe) • Glaciers Yawan dumamar yanayiGirgizar kasa • Canjin yanayi • Misalin Yanayin Sama na Kasa • Sanyin Duniya • Dimin Duniya • Ramin Ozone • Tasirin Gidan Gashi • Carbon Dioxide • Gidajen Greenhouse • Kwamitin Gudanarwa kan Canjin yanayi • Taron Tsarin UN kan Canjin Sauyin yanayi (Kyoto Protocol) • Peak oil • Sabunta Makamashi • Yanayin Zazzabi • Tashi Matakin Teku • Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen

Gidauniyar Wikimedia. 2010.

Latitude yanki

Matsayi mafi girma a cikin samuwar yanayi ana yin su ne ta hanyar latti. Wannan na faruwa ne saboda gaskiyar zafin da yake shigowa saman yankin ya dogara da latti na ƙasa, ko kuma akan faruwar lamarin hasken rana. Rasha tana cikin tsaka-tsaki da tsauraran wurare - wannan yana bayanin ƙaramin adadin ƙarfin hasken rana da aka samarwa ga yawancin yankin sa. Matsayin latitudinal yana ƙayyade wurin Rasha a cikin bangarori uku na yanayi: a cikin Arctic, subarctic da yanayin (duba fig 2).

Hoto 2. Yankunan Climatic na Rasha

Haka kuma, babban yankin yana tsakanin 50º zuwa 70º C. w. kuma yana cikin yankuna masu tsauri da arctic. Kusan kashi 95% na yawan jama'ar Rasha suna zaune a cikin bel mafi girma - matsakaici - ta yanki.

Circuaukar iska

Don samar da yanayi, wurin da yankin yake dangane da wuraren da suke a sararin samaniya suna da matukar muhimmanci. Yankunan babban iska da ƙarancin yanayi ke tantance shugabanin iska mai ƙarfi, saboda haka motsin wasu iska iska. Tasirin maɗaukaki da raguwar matsin lamba ya bambanta lokaci-lokaci (duba fig 3).

Hoto 3. Tsarin motsin iska a cikin mashigar, yana bayyana samuwar belts na matsa lamba da yanayin hazo

A sarari wurare dabam dabam - motsi da yawan iska sama da ke saman Duniya, wanda yake haifar da canjin zafi da danshi daga wannan yanki zuwa wani.

Yanayin yanayin Rasha yana ƙaddara ta arctic, temperate kuma, a sashi, ƙasan iska mai zafi.

Tasirin tekun a kan yanayin Rasha

Muhimmancin samuwar yanayi a cikin ƙasarmu shine kasancewar yawancin filayen ƙasa, ciyayi, da kusanci da kusanci daga jikin ruwa. Bari muyi cikakken bayani game da matsayin Rasha game da tekuna. Hasasar ta sami damar amfani da uku daga cikinsu - zuwa Arctic, Pacific da Atlantika. Kusa da bakin teku, milder da danshi da dumamar yanayi, mafi nisa, mafi bambanta da bushewa. A cikin yanayi mai zafi, iska mai tsananin karfi ta mamaye shi, saboda haka, sama da rabin yankin kasar yana tasiri a tekun Atlantika, duk da cewa yana da nisa fiye da sauran. Matsayin Babban Tekun Pacific yana da mahimmanci kawai ga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tekun Arctic, iyakar da ta fi tsayi, ta shafi ba kawai yankuna na arewacin gabar teku ba. Saboda yanayin kwanciyar hankali da kuma bude kasarmu ga arewa, yankuna na kudanci kuma suma suna tasiri a kanta. Girman girman Rasha ya rinjayi gaskiyar cewa sashinta mafi girma ya ta'allaka ne da nisa mai nisa daga tekun. Siffar halayyar yankuna masu nisa daga dukkan tekun shine ikon yanayin yankin tare da ruwan sama da kuma bambance bambance yanayi a lokacin zafi da damuna. Amplitude a nan ya kai 90ºC, nahiyar tayi ƙaruwa anan daga yamma zuwa gabas yayin da kuke ƙaura daga Tekun Atlantika.

Tasirin abin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa

A Rasha akwai yankuna da yawa waɗanda yanayinsu ya banbanta da na makwabta. Dalilin irin wannan karkatarwar yanayin shine nutsuwa, kasantuwar saman ruwa da sauran fasali na saman ruwa.

Kasa mai aiki - farfajin da yake saman sama wanda yake kafa da zama.

Taimako muhimmin abu ne ga samuwar yanayin Rasha. Babu tsaunuka a arewaci da yamma na ƙasar, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa iska daga tekun Atlantika da Arctic su shiga cikin yanci a cikin yankin (duba fig 4).

Hoto 4. Sakamakon ƙasa a cikin shigarwar iska mai yawan iska daga Tekun Atlantika da Arctic

A Gabas ta Tsakiya, tsaunin tsaunin yana fadada daidaici zuwa ga tekun, yana hana talakawa iska shiga zurfi zuwa cikin tsibirin daga tekun Pacific; (duba fig 5).

Hoto 5. Tasirin Pacific

Babban tasiri a kan sauyin yanayi kuma yana da cikakken tsayin filin ƙasa. An kafa yanayin musamman na tsauni a cikin tsaunuka, wanda ya bambanta da tsayi, yayin da tsananin rarrabuwa ga ƙasashen tsaunin ke haifar da babban yanayin yanayin yanayin. A cikin tsaunukan arewa maso gabas da kuma Kudancin Siberiya akwai kwari mai yawa, inda iska mai sanyi ke gudana da tsafta a cikin hunturu. A wannan yanayin, ana fitar da iska mai dumama mai zafi kuma ta farka, saboda haka, yayin da yawan zafin jiki ya tashi daga saman zuwa cikin mashigin ruwa, zafin jiki baya raguwa, sai dai yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke hana hazo (duba fig 6).

Hoto 6. Sanya iska a cikin kwandunan shara

Masu cin nasara a cikin kwandunan ruwa ba kawai sanyi sosai ba, har ma suna da ɗan dusar ƙanƙara. A cikin babban ɓacin rai na ciki a cikin arewa-gabashin Rasha a ƙauyen Oymyakon shine zangon sanyi na arewacin hemisphere na duniya. A lokacin rani, kwandunan ruwa suna da zafi sosai fiye da tsaunin tsaunin da ke kewayenta, amma akwai kuma ruwan sama sosai. (duba fig 7).

Hoto 7. Oymyakon - poan itacen sanyi na arewacin hemisphere

Ana ganin tasirin agaji a kan sauyin yanayi a filayen. Tuddai da ƙananan kwari, kwaruruka da rafuffukan ruwa sun sha bamban da yanayin zafin jiki, ruwan sama, da yanayin iska, amma waɗannan bambance-bambancen ba su da bambanci fiye da na tsaunuka. A yayin da tsaunuka ke kasancewa a cikin hanyar samar da iska mai dumin yawa, hazo yana ƙaruwa sosai a kan tsaunukan iska. A cikin tsaunuka sune yankuna mafi daurewa na kasarmu, har ma a cikin ƙananan Urals a kan tsaunin yamma, kusan sau biyu ana ruwan sama fiye da a kewayen tuddai.

Ma'aunin Radiation

Ma'aunin Radiation - bambanci tsakanin kwararar zafi da hasken rana.

Ma'aunin Radiation - Ana amfani da wani ɓangare na kuzarin rana akan dumama ƙasan farfajiya, akan narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, akan ruwa. Daidaitawar haskakawa yana ƙayyade mafi mahimmancin alamar yanayin - yanayin iska. Adadin ma'aunin hasken rana yana saninta ne da latti. A cikin matsanancin kudu na Rasha, ya wuce 50 kcal / cm / shekara, a arewa kasa da 10 kcal / cm / shekara. Koyaya, akwai yankuna da ma'aunin radadin ya kasa da 5 kcal / cm / shekara ko ma mara kyau (duba fig. 9).

Hoto 9. ma'aunin Radiation

A kusan dukkanin yankin ƙasarmu, ban da na Arewa ta Arewa, ma'aunin walƙiya na shekara yana tabbatacce kan matsakaici, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙasa tana karɓar zafi fiye da yadda take fitarwa.

Bibliography

1. Juyoloji na Rasha. Yanayi. Yawan jama'a. 1 h 8 aji / V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya.Rum, A.A. Lobzhanidze.
2. V.B. Pyatunin, E.A. Kwastam Juyoloji na Rasha. Yanayi. Yawan jama'a. Aji na 8.
3. Atlas. Juyoloji na Rasha. Yawan jama'a da tattalin arziki. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva. UMK (Kit na horo) "SAURARA". Littafin rubutu “Rasha: yanayi, yawan jama'a, tattalin arziki. Aji na 8 ". Atlas.

Recommendedarin hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar zuwa hanyoyin albarkatun Intanet

1. Abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi da kuma kewayawar yanayi (Source).
2. Darasi na gabatarwa “Abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin yanayi” (Asali).
3. Dogaro da Sauyin yanayi akan yanayin ƙasa (Asali).
4. Hasken rana (Source).
5. Hasken rana (Source).
6. Ma'aunin Radiation (Asali).
7. Hasken rana (Source).

Aikin gida

1. Me yasa saman duniya yake karbar zafi sosai tare da faduwar hasken rana fiye da yadda yake zubewa?
2. Wane lokaci ne shekara ta banbancin yawan zafin rana tsakanin arewa da kudu na kasar mu? Me yasa?
3. Zan iya yin fada a ranar bazara mai haduwa?

Idan kun sami kuskure ko hanyar haɗin da aka karya, da fatan za a sanar da mu - ku ba da gudummawarku ga ci gaban aikin.

A cikin tropics

A cikin yanayin karamin yanayi na yanayin zafi tsakanin 5-10 ° a garesu na ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwa ya mamaye Yanayin kasar Equatorial - yanayin rashin daidaituwar yanayi. An kwatanta shi da ƙananan zafin jiki na shekara-shekara (24-28 ° С), zafi mai zafi da kuma girgije, da hazo mai nauyi daga dubu 1,5 zuwa dubu 3 a kowace shekara, wani lokacin akan ƙasa har zuwa 6-10 dubu dubu 10-10, a sama tekuna yana da ƙananan zafin jiki amplitude, a wasu wuraren bai wuce 1 ° C ba.

A ɓangarorin biyu na madaidaicin matsin lamba tare da masu yin rahusa sune yankuna masu ɗumbin yanayi. Tekuna suka mamaye nan ciniki iska tare da akai easterly iskõki, ake kira. ciniki iska. Yanayin anan ya bushe matuka (kimanin mm 500 na hazo a kowace shekara), tare da murfin girgije a matsakaici, a lokacin bazara matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 20-7 ° С, a cikin hunturu - 10-15 ° С. Yankewa yana ƙaruwa sosai a kan tsaunin tsibiran tsibiri. Tropical cyclones ne mai wuya rare.

Wadannan yankuna na teku sun dace da bangarorin hamada na wurare masu zafi akan ƙasa tare da bushe yanayin zafi. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na watan da ya fi zafi a Arewacin Hemisphere shine kimanin 40 ° C, a Ostiraliya har zuwa 34 ° C. A arewacin Afirka da kuma cikin California, ana lura da yanayin zafi mafi girma a duniya - 57-58 ° C, a Ostiraliya - har zuwa 55 ° C. A cikin hunturu, yanayin zafi ya sauka zuwa 10 - 15 ° C. Canjin yanayin zafi yayin rana yana da girma sosai, na iya wuce 40 ° C. Yanada ƙasa - ƙasa da ƙasa da mm 250, sau da yawa basa wuce 100 mm a shekara.

A cikin yankuna da yawa na wurare masu zafi - Equatorial Africa, South da kudu maso gabas Asia, arewacin Australia - an maye gurbin mamayar iskar kasuwanci subequatorial, ko yanayin zafi na monsoon. Anan, a lokacin rani, yankin haɗin kan gaba yana motsawa gaba daga arewa zuwa mai daidaitawa. Sakamakon haka, canjin gabas na kasuwancin iska na iska yana mamayewa da ambaliyar yamma, wanda mafi yawa daga hazo ya faɗi a nan. Yawancin nau'ikan ciyayi sune gandun daji monsoon, savannahs daji da savannas ciyawa masu tsayi.

A cikin subtropics

A cikin yankuna na 25-40 ° arewa latitude da kuma latitude kudu, nau'in yanayi mai ban tsoro wanda yake da yawa, wanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi mai cike da iska - wurare masu zafi a lokacin bazara da yanayi a cikin hunturu. Matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki na kowane wata a lokacin rani ya wuce 20 ° С, a cikin hunturu - 4 ° С. A kan filaye, adadin da yanayin hazo ya dogara da nesa daga teku, a sakamakon hakan, yanayin fili da kuma yankuna na halitta sun sha bamban. A kowane ɗayan nahiyoyi an yanyanke bangarori uku na yanayin sauyin yanayi a sarari.

A yamma daga nahiyoyi sun mamaye Yanayin Rum (Semi-bushe subtropics) tare da anticyclones bazara da kuma cyclones hunturu. Lokacin rani yana da zafi (20-25 ° С), hadari da bushe, ana ruwa sama da ruwa a cikin hunturu, kuma yana da sanyi sosai (5-10 ° С). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan 400-600 mm. Baya ga dacewar Bahar Rum, irin wannan yanayin yana kasancewa a gabar tekun kudu na Crimea, a yammacin California, a Kudancin Afirka, da kuma kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya. Babban nau'in ciyayi shine gandun daji na Rum da ciyayi.

Dry yanayin ƙasa ya mamaye wurare masu zurfi tare da matsanancin yanayi. Yankin yayi zafi da gajimare, hunturu mai sanyi, akwai sanyi. A cikin manyan duwatsun Asiya (Pamir, Tibet), sanyi yakan mamaye Yanayin kwari na tsaunin kwari. Ba a lokacin bazara ne mai sanyi, damuna suna sanyi, kuma ana ruwan sama sosai. Yawancin nau'ikan ciyayi sune tsintsaye, jeji-jeji da jeji.

A gabashin ɓangaren duniya ne ya mamaye Yanayin yanayi mai ban tsoro. Yanayin yanayin zafin yanayin yammacin da gabas na nahiyoyi ya sha bamban. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya wanda ruwan sama ya kawo yana faduwa anan musamman lokacin bazara.

Sauyin Yankin Yankin Tsunami sanannu da ƙananan canje-canje a matsakaicin matsakaici na kowane wata a cikin shekara - daga 12 ° C a cikin hunturu zuwa 20 ° C a lokacin rani. A cikin hunturu, yawancin iska mai iska suna mamaye jigilar yamma da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya. A lokacin rani, iska mai ƙarfi ta mamaye. Iskokin ba su da tsayayyen aiki, kawai a gabashin karkarar daga cikin girgizar da ke kudu maso gabashin kudu kullun iska tana hurawa.

Yanayin aiki

A cikin rikicewar rikice-rikice na shekara-shekara na ɗumbin iska mai tsaka-tsaki, ayyukan cyclonic mai ƙarfi yana haifar da sauye-sauye da mahimman canje-canje a cikin karfin iska da zafin jiki. A bayyane yake yawan iska mai lalacewa ana iya lura da shi akan tekun kuma a cikin kudu hemisphere. Baya ga manyan lokutan shekara - damuna da damina, akwai tsaka-tsakin yanayi masu tsayi - damuna da bazara. Saboda manyan bambance-bambance a cikin zafin jiki da zafi, da yawa daga cikin masu bincike sun danganta yanayin yankin arewa mai tsauri zuwa yanki mai rarrafe (Köppen), ko bambanta yanayin yanayi kamar yanki mai zaman kanta.

Yanada yanayin ruwan teku Kafuwar teku kuma ya bazu sosai a yankuna na yammacin nahiyoyi saboda fifita sufurin sama daga yamma zuwa gabas. An kwatanta shi da lokacin bazara mai zafi da kuma zafi mai sanyi, yanayin rarrabawa mara kyau, matsakaita na 900-1200 mm kowace shekara, dusar ƙanƙara ba ta da tsayayye. Adadin hazo ya bambanta sosai daga bangarori daban-daban na tsaunukan meridionally: alal misali, a Turai, a Bergen (yamma da tsaunukan Scandinavia) sama da 2500 mm hazo, kuma a Stockholm (gabashin tsaunin Scandinavian) kawai 540 mm ne a Arewacin Amurka, yamma Duwatsun dutse suna da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 3 - 3000 mm, gabas - 500 mm.

Yanayin yanayi na yanayi na latitude rarraba a Arewacin Hemisphere, a Kudancin Hemisphere saboda rashin wadatattun sararin filin ƙasa a cikin wannan bel, ba a samar da yanayin cikin ƙasa ba. An kwatanta shi da lokacin bazara mai ɗumi da kuma lokacin bazara mai sanyi - ɗumbin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara wanda ke ƙaruwa cikin ƙasa. Yawan hazo yana raguwa lokacin da yake zurfafa zuwa cikin nahiyoyi da kuma daga arewa, wanda ke da tsayayyar murfin dusar ƙanƙara zuwa kudu, inda murfin dusar ƙanƙara bai tabbata ba. A lokaci guda, ana maye gurbin filayen gandun daji ta hanyar steppe, Semi-hamada da hamada. Yanayin da ya fi dacewa a cikin yankin arewa maso gabas na Eurasia yana cikin Oymyakon (Yakutia), matsakaicin yanayin zafin Janairu shine is46.4 ° C, mafi ƙarancin - −71.2 ° C.

Yanayin yanayin sanyi na yanayin zafi halayyar gabashin sassan Eurasia. Hunturu yana da hadari da sanyi, iskar arewa maso yamma tana tabbatar da fifikon iska a nahiyar. Lokacin rani yana da ɗumi sosai, iskar kudu da kudu tana kawo isasshen ruwa, wani lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa daga teku. Akwai karancin dusar ƙanƙara a yankuna na ƙasa; a Kamchatka, Sakhalin da Hokkaido, murfin dusar ƙanƙara yana da faɗi sosai.

Subpolar

Aikin hawan teku mai zurfi yana faruwa ne a saman tekun subpolar, yanayin yana da iska da hadari, kuma ana samun ruwan sama mai yawa. Yanayin Subarctic ya mamaye arewacin Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, wanda bushewar halayya (ruwan sama ba ya wuce mil mm 300 a kowace shekara), dogo mai sanyi da kuma lokacin sanyi. Duk da karancin hazo, rashin yanayin zafi da ƙanƙanin yanayi suna ba da gudummawa ga yankin. Yanayin yanayi iri ɗaya a Kudancin ƙasa Yanayin Submarctic yana kame filaye kawai a tsibirin submarctic da kan Graham Land. A cikin rarrabuwa na Köppen, an fahimci yarn yar ƙaramar yanayi ko haɓaka ma'anar yanayin ma'anar yanayin yankin girma.

Polar

Sauyin yanayi halin da yanayin iska mara kyau na shekara-shekara da ƙarancin hazo (100-200 mm kowace shekara). Ya mamaye tekun Arctic da Antarctica. Mafi mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin yankin Atlantic na Arctic, mafi tsanani - a kan tudun gabashin gabashin Antarctica. A cikin rarrabuwa na Köppen, yanayin sauyin ya ƙunshi ba kawai bangarorin dusar ƙanƙara ba, har ma da yanayin yankin rarraba tundra.

Sauyin yanayi da mutane

Yanayin yana da sakamako mai tasiri akan tsarin ruwa, ƙasa, flora da fauna, da kuma yiwuwar girbin albarkatu. Dangane da haka, sauyin yanayi ya dogara da damar yiwuwar sakewa mutane, ci gaban noma, masana'antu, makamashi da sufuri, yanayin rayuwa da lafiyar jama'a. Lossarnawar zafi da jikin ɗan adam yakan faru ne ta hanyar ƙarfin iska, ƙarfin motsa jiki, isar da ruwa da danshi daga danshin jikin. Tare da wani ƙaruwa a cikin waɗannan asarar zafi, mutum yana fuskantar abubuwan jin daɗi mara dadi kuma yiwuwar cutar ta bayyana. A cikin yanayin sanyi, waɗannan asarar suna ƙaruwa; rashin ruwa da iska mai ƙarfi suna inganta sakamakon sanyi. Yayin canje-canjen yanayi, damuwa yana zama mafi yawan lokuta, damuwa ci gaba, biorhythms suna rushewa, kuma tsayayya da cututtuka yana raguwa. Yanayin yana haifar da cutar da alaƙa tare da wasu lokutan yanayi da yankuna, alal misali, cutar huhu da mura ce galibi ke shafawa a cikin hunturu a yanayin latitude, zazzabin cizon sauro na faruwa ne a wurare masu zafi da ke ƙasa, inda yanayin yanayin yanayi ke taimaka wajan yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro. Hakanan ana la'akari da yanayin a cikin kula da lafiya (wuraren shakatawa, kula da cutar, tsabtace jama'a), da shafar ci gaban yawon shakatawa da wasanni. Dangane da bayani daga tarihin bil'adama (yunwar, ambaliyar ruwa, matsugunnin da aka bari, sake zama na mutane), yana yiwuwa a maido da wasu canje-canjen canjin yanayi a baya.

Canjin Anthropogenic a cikin yanayin aiki na aiwatar da yanayin yanayi yana canza yanayin hanyarsu. Ayyukan ɗan adam suna da tasiri sosai kan yanayin yankin. Heat inflow saboda konewar mai, samfuran masana'antu da gurɓataccen carbon dioxide, waɗanda ke canza sha da hasken rana, suna haifar da ƙaruwa a yawan zafin jiki, sananne a manyan biranen. Daga cikin hanyoyin rashin lafiyar ɗan adam wanda ya hau kan al'adar duniya sune

• dasa wani sashe mai mahimmanci na yankin ƙasa - yana haifar da canji ga albedo, haɓakar asarar ƙasa, gurɓar iska da ƙura.
• gandun daji - yana haifar da raguwa ga haɓakar iskar oxygen, kuma sakamakon haka ragewa zuwa ɗaukar carbon dioxide daga yanayin duniya, canji ga albedo da fassarar iska.
• kona gasasshen burbushin - yana haifar da karuwar carbon dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya.
• Gurɓatar sararin sama da sauran masana'antun masana'antu, watsi da carbon dioxide, methane, fluorocarbons, nitrous oxide da ozone, waɗanda ke haɓaka tasirin kore, suna da haɗari musamman.

Lambatu, ban ruwa, kirkirar tsaunukan kariya na sanya yanayi na wadannan yankuna yafi dacewa da mutane.

Arin tasirin da ake samu a cikin greenhouse sakamakon karuwa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayin duniya sakamakon ƙona burbushin wuta da ƙonewa a fili shine babban dalilin ɗimamar yanayi na zamani. A lokaci guda, gurbataccen iska wanda zai iya gurbata yanayi ko kuma kawai ya gurbata yanayi, ya haifar da raguwar duniya, kada ku bari wani bangare na haskakawar rana ya shiga cikin karamin yanayin, hakan zai rage zafin sa da rage zafin dumamar duniya.