Yawancin jama'ar ƙasarmu sun ji sunan "nutsuwail". Wannan malam buɗe ido sanannu ne ga mutane da yawa. Yana iya zama kamar baƙon abu a nan cewa yawancin mutane ba su taɓa jin sunayen wasu nau'in halitta ba, wato, abubuwan da yawancinsu ke kunne. Wataƙila dalilin shine wannan mutumin kyakkyawa ne kuma yana da manyan girma. A wasu ƙasashe, an jera shi cikin Red Book, saboda yawan ɗanɗuwa yana raguwa da sauri.
Malam buɗe ido malam buɗe ido sunanta daga shahararren masanin halitta Carl Linnaeus. Ya zama wanda ya kafa sahun dabbobi a duniyar dabbobi. Lokacin da Linnaeus ya ga wannan, to, har yanzu ba a san shi ba, malam buɗe ido, ya ba shi suna bayan ɗan Aesculapius Machaon, mashahurin likita na Yakin Trojan, wanda ya ceci rayukan mutane da yawa da kuma rage wahalar mutane. Swallowtail - babban wakilin umarni Lepidoptera. Ya kasance tare da dangin jirgi.
Butullan Mawaƙa: Sanarwa
Swallowtail yana da kusan tallafin 37. Zaku iya bambance bene na malam buɗe ido ta wurin fikafikan sa. A cikin maza yana daga 65 zuwa 80 mm, a cikin mata - daga 75 zuwa 95 mm. Tsawon dattijo ya kai santimita 9. Wingsaƙƙarfan buɗe ido a cikin fikafikan hankaka suke da rauni, zagaye, wavy. Machaons suna da kuzari da gajiya kuma da wuya su zauna tsawon wuri a wuri guda. Ko da sun ci, sau da yawa sukan girgiza fikafikan su ko kusan nan da nan sai su watse.
Malam malam buɗe ido, wanda za'a iya ganin hotonsa a wannan labarin, yayi kyau sosai. Kuma ba kawai manya ba. Saboda launinta, har ma da waƙoƙi suna jan hankalin mutane. Suna da haske sosai da launuka.
Antennae na malam buɗe ido (kamar duk lokacin rana) suna kama da fil. Kwayoyin suna da kafafu shida masu haɓaka. Fuskokin huhun ba su kasance kusa da ciki, saboda suna da ƙananan daraja da “wutsiyoyi” a ciki (tsautsayi tsaf).
Ainihin, abuncin yana haske launin shuɗi mai launi, tare da baƙar fata mai gudana yana ɗaukacin sassan jiki duka. A gaban (babba) fuka-fuki na malam buɗe ido iri ɗaya launi fata ne da ƙananan aibobi. Kuma a bayan - sarƙoƙi na shuɗi launin shuɗi. Ana fentin fuka-fukan a ƙwararan cikin farin launi mai haske. Generationan lokacin bazara na malam buɗe ido yayi sama da na bazara.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Hoto: malam buɗe ido mai santsi
Yankunan Papilio machaon suna cikin gidan Sailboats (daga lat. Papilionidae). Baturen Sweden masanin dabi'ar ya gano nau'in halittar ne a 1758 ta Karl Liney. Masanin ilmin halitta ya ba da sunan malam buɗe ido don girmamawa ga tsohuwar likitan Girka da ke Machaon, wanda kwararren likita ne, likita, kuma ya yi yaƙi don Girkawa a Yakin Trojan (1194 BC). Likitan ya kasance dan Asclepius (allah mai warkarwa) da Epiona.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai wani labari da Dr. Machaon ya warkar da sojojin da suka ji rauni a cikin fadace-fadace. A cikin yaƙin na Troy, ya shiga don samun hannun da zuciyar Elena the Beautiful. Amma, lokacin da ya mutu a ɗaya daga cikin fadace-fadace, ransa ya koma kyakkyawa mai walƙiya mai launin rawaya tare da tsarin baƙar fata a fikafikan sa.
Tunda adadin abubuwan da aka hadasu sunada fadi, har zuwa kashin 37 daga cikin asu ake bambanta su. Mafi na kowa daga gare su:
- Orientis - kudu da Siberiya,
- Ussuriensis - Yankin Amur da Primorye,
- Hippocrates - Japan, Sakhalin, Tsibirin Kuril,
- Amurensis - kwari da tsakiya da ƙananan Amur,
- Asiatica - Yakutia ta Tsakiya,
- Kamtschadalus - Kamchatka,
- Gorganus - Gabashin Turai, Caucasus,
- Aliaska - Arewacin Amurka,
- Brutannicus Seitz - Saudi Arabia,
- Centralis - Caucasian bakin tekun Caspian, yankin arewacin Caspian, Kura Kura,
- Muetingi - Elbrus,
- Syriacus - Siriya.
Akwai wasu ƙasƙantattu, duk da haka, masana kimiyya ba su san yawancinsu ba, la'akari da kawai siffofin yanayi na kama da na mutane waɗanda suka zaɓa. Dogaro da launin fuka-fuki a jikin zafin jiki baya barin masu sassaucin ra'ayi su iya zuwa ra’ayi na gama gari, sakamakon wanda ake samun mahawara akai-akai kan wannan batun. A waje, kamannin yayi kama da Jirgin ruwan Corsican da jirgin ruwan da yake tashi Aleksanor.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Launi na ɗanɗano yana da haske da kyan gani - rawaya ko m. A saman shi wani tsari ne na layin baki. Girman jikin mutum ya kai santimita 10 a cikin mata kuma 8 a cikin maza. Girman fuka-fukan yana daga 6 zuwa 10 santimita, gwargwadon kari. A saman gefuna fuka-fukan wani lamari ne da alamu masu launin shuɗi.
A kan fikafikan hular tsuntsaye elongated wutsiyoyi ba dab da ciki. Tsawonsu na iya kaiwa zuwa mil 10. A bangarorin fuka-fukan an lulluɓe su da shuɗi da launin rawaya. A cikin fuka-fukan an yi “jan ido”. Tsammani rayuwa har zuwa kwanaki 24.
Bidiyo: Maƙallin Swallowtail
Caterpillars suna kyankyashe kore tare da ratsi baƙar fata wanda akwai dige ja masu yawa. Tsawon jikinsu a lokacin haihuwa shine kimanin milimita 2. A cikin sutturar prothoracic, akwai gurnani mai fasalin launin fari da ke fitowa "kaho".
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: '' Kaho '' suna aiki ne a matsayin kariya daga maƙiyan halitta. Iron yana fitar da wani wari mara dadi wanda yake tursasawa mahara. Kwakwalwa mafi yawan rana ana birge su. Suna rikitar da kansu kamar kwararar tsuntsaye don kar jawo hankalin tsuntsaye.
Pupae na iya zama launin toka ko kore. Generationarshen ƙarni na ƙarshe kullun masu nasara a cikin matakan ɗalibai. An haife wani mutum a cikin bazara, lokacin da duk sanyi suka shuɗe. Rabin farko na farko sun bushe fuka-fuki da narkewa, sannan kuma su tashi a kusa da yankin.
Don haka muka fitar da shi menene kamarar tabarma takeyi. Yanzu gano inda malam buɗe ido Swallowtail yake zaune.
A ina ne malam buɗe ido yake zaune?
Hoto: malam buɗe ido mai santsi
Wannan nau'in yana zaune kusan kowane kusurwar duniya. Kuna iya haɗuwa da kwari a Arewacin Amurka, a kudu na Indiya, a Arewacin Afirka, a tsibiran Tekun Indiya, a ko'ina cikin Asiya, a Ingila, kwari masu rai suna zaune ne kawai a kan filayen gundumar Norfolk da kan iyakar da suke wucewa daga Tekun Arctic zuwa tekun Bahar Maliya.
Butterfly swetail na iya rayuwa a kusan kowace muhalli, kowane yanayi ya dace da ita. An sadu da malam buɗe ido a cikin duwatsun Tibet a tsawan nisan mil 4,500 a saman teku. Irin wannan yaduwar yanki da yawa kuma ya haifar da irin wannan jerin rarar kuɗi masu yawa.
Kwari suna ƙaunar sararin buɗe ido, don haka sun fi son filayen, gefunan daji, kwari, lambuna, tundra zuwa biranen da ke gurbata. Moths na iya tashi a tsawan mita 2.5 zuwa 4. Na dogon lokaci akan shuka daya ba su bushe, don haka masana ilimin halitta suka kira su da kuzari mai kara kuzari.
A arewa na kewayon waɗannan kyawawan halittun ana iya samun su a lokacin bazara, a cikin yankuna na kudanci ɗan da ke farke daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. Lepidoptera sun gwammace kada su yi ƙaura, amma su tsaya don hunturu a ƙasashensu. Musamman manyan abubuwan tari ana lura da su a gonakin da aka shuka tare da karas, tsaba na caraway, Fennel, da Dill.
Peungiyar Yarjejeniyar Orientis ta fi son yankin sauyin kudu, Asiatica ta fi son ɗan arewa, Gorganus ya zaɓi ɗumi mai zafi. Brutannicus ƙaunataccen yanki ne, yayin da Centralis da Rustaveli suka zaɓi tsaunuka. Gabaɗaya, ra'ayi yana zaɓar yankunan rana da dumbin launuka.
Bayani da bayyanar
Machaon gama gari mallakar Lepidoptera ne, daga dangin Sailing. Bi da bi, wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi ƙananan fannoni 35. Malam Buɗe Ido:
- namiji - 6.6-8 cm,
- mace - 7.5-9.5 cm.
Malam buɗe ido yana da kyakkyawan launi, mai haske. Kamar kowane kwari, yana da nau'i biyu na kafafu. Launin launi wanda aka fi sani da launin rawaya yakan kasance launin rawaya. Wani baƙar fata mai ban tsoro yana gudana tare da jikin duka. A fuka-fukann gaba akwai tabarau iri ɗaya.
A fuka-fukan hind, waɗanda ba sa kusa da ciki saboda kasancewar ƙwararrun daraja, akwai launuka masu duhu. Hannun fikafikan sun yi ja. Tabarau waɗanda aka haifa a lokacin bazara galibi sun fi na lokacin bazara.
Menene abincin malam buɗe ido ke ci?
Da zaran haihuwar ta faɗa, kwari sai nan da nan ya fara cin ganyen tsire-tsire wanda aka sanya kwan ɗin. Kwakwalwa suna ciyar da aiki sosai, suna samar da wadataccen makamashi a wannan matakin. Mafi sau da yawa, jinsunan laima suna zama abinci don jinsin a tsakiyar layin, kamar:
- Faski,
- Dill,
- Caraway,
- Karas (daji ko na kowa),
- Hogweed,
- Butene
- Mala'ika
- Prangos
- Gorichnik
- Fennel,
- Cutter,
- Seleri,
- Kakakin
- Cutter,
- Girchovnitsa.
Mazaunan wasu yankuna suna ciyar da tsire-tsire na dangin rutov - ashffff ash, Amur karammiski, jinsuna daban na ganye, fili furanni: itacen tsutsa, Birch: Maximovich alder, Jafananci na alder. A ƙarshen ci gabanta, ciwan caterpillar ya ragu kuma a zahiri ba ya cin abinci.
Manya suna ciyar da ciyawar nectar, kamar sauran namomin kaza, godiya ga dogon proboscis na baki. Ba su da saurin ɗaukar abinci kamar na matafila, saboda haka sun zaɓi ba kawai tsire-tsire laima ba. Don neman abinci wa kansu, kwari masu ban sha'awa suna ziyartar furanni daban-daban.
Ga manya, ba a bukatar abinci mai yawa, kawai suna buƙatar digo na fure na fure, kuma suna ƙosar da ƙishirwa da raɓa da safe. Lepidoptera yana karɓar duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don kula da ƙananan ƙwayoyin daga ƙasa mai ɗauke da gishiri, ko samfuran samfuran sauran dabbobi.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
A cikin daji, machaon yana da abokan gaba kaɗan. Tsuntsaye, tururuwa, gizo-gizo ba su damu da cin kyakkyawa ba. A gida, kwari bai da abokan gaba. Butterfly kiwo a cikin watanni biyu na ƙarshe lokacin ƙarshe. Takamaiman kwanakin kiwo ne ya shafi yanayin yanayi.
Mace mai shayarwa ta sanya ƙwayayen launin shuɗi a ƙarƙashin ganyen tsire-tsire. Malam buɗe ido yana zaune kimanin mako uku, a kowace rana yana saka ƙwai 2-3 don hanya ɗaya. Nawa ne a ƙarshe mace za ta sa ƙwai don duka tsawon rayuwar ta tana da wahala a ƙidaya, amma tabbas ba ƙasa da dubu ba.
Macizai sun fito ne daga ƙwai cikin ƙarni biyu. Wadanda aka haife su a watan Mayu-Yuni - na farkon waɗanda aka Haifa a ƙarshen bazara - farkon kaka, suna cikin ƙarni na biyu.
Tare da shekaru, guntun ya juya ya zama kore, launin ratsi mai launin fata ya bayyana akan jikin mutum, kayan zai lalace, kuma yanayin rayuwa ya zama tabo mai zaki. Macijin yana ɗora bisa irin shuka a inda take zama.
Pupae na ƙarni na farko suna da hasken inuwa mai launin shuɗi-kore. Tsararraki na biyu duhu launin ruwan kasa, pupae suna da yawa, suna iya kare sanyi da har sanyi. Irin waɗannan sifofi a cikin tsarin pupa an tsara su don tsira daga hunturu. Maƙasudin ƙwayoyi daga pupae na ƙarni na farko zasu bayyana a cikin kwanaki 15-20, brothersan uwansu zasu bunkasa a cikin 'yan watanni.
Bari muyi zurfin bayanin yadda ake samar da malam buɗe ido a gida. Domin irin wannan kyakkyawa ta samo asali kuma ta haifar a gidanku, kuna buƙatar:
- akwatin kifaye ko terrarium, a cikin adadin 10 l na girma ga kowane waƙoƙi 5
- ƙaramin ganga da ruwa, inda za a sami dill don ciyar da macijin,
- reshe na dalibi na matafila.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Rufe littafin Swallowtail Swallowtail
Ayyukan labarta suna bayyana kanta da rana. Suna kuma fitar da furanni waɗanda ke yin fure kawai a rana. Manya zaune kawai makonni kaɗan kuma, bayan hadi (maza) da kwanciya qwai (mace), kwari masu rai. Lokacin bazara yana wucewa daga Mayu zuwa Yuni kuma a watan Yuli-Agusta;
Machaons halittu ne masu hannu da shuni. Ko da yayin da suke ciyar da ciyawar, ba sa ninka fuka-fukan su don tashi gaba da kowane sakan na biyu. Mutane da yawa suna yin ƙaura zuwa ƙaura suna tashi zuwa biranen kuma suna zaune a wuraren shakatawa, wuraren shirya lambun, a kan manyan lawns masu tsire-tsire masu fure.
Don nemo mafi kyawun yanayi don rayuwa da wuri mai kyau game da kiwo, kwari a shirye suke don yin balaguro mai nisa. Yawancin mutane suna kawo ƙarni biyu a kowace rayuwa, a arewacin kewayon - ɗaya, a kudu - har uku. Manya sun damu da kiwo kuma suna ƙoƙari su nemi abokin tarayya da wuri-wuri.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tauraruwar wannan nau'in suna da kayan aiki na baka. Sun fara cin ganye daga gefuna. Bayan sun isa tsakiyar jijiya, suna motsawa zuwa na gaba. Suna samun nauyi da sauri. Amma, da zaran ɗalibin ɗalibi, girma ya cika. Moths suna buƙatar makamashi kawai don jirgin da haifuwa.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Yadda za a ciyar da caterpillars, an faɗi a sama, yanzu 'yan kalmomi game da abin da malam buɗe ido ke ci. A yanayi, kwari ya ci ciyawa. Irƙira ƙwanƙolin abinci mai mahimmanci a gare shi - yanke ɗan itacen apple ko kowane 'ya'yan itace, zai fi dacewa dan kadan ya fara jujjuya su, su bar shi.
Hanyar da ke sama ba ta da tasiri sosai, saboda haka ya kamata ku gwada wani zaɓi. Narke cokali 2 na zuma a cikin gilashin tsaftataccen ruwa. Fr sakamakon ruwan da ke fitowa a cikin kwano ko saucer. A hankali ka ɗaga dabbar ka ka ajiye ta a gefen baka, ko kuma a gefen saucer ɗin. Ansu rubuce-rubucen ta proboscis tare da allura na bakin ciki kuma tsoma cikin nectar.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Butarƙwarar Butaƙƙwalwa Swararru
Tunda yanayi ya dauki machaons kadan lokacin don wanzu, kawai labarorin labaren nan da aka haifa suna fara neman abokin tarayya. Ma'aurata suna samun juna ta hanyar samar da pheromone, wanda suke fitarwa cikin yanayin.
A lokacin da yake gajeren rai, mace ta kula da kwanciya 100-200. A kowane hanya, yakan shimfida qwai 2-3 na launin rawaya mai haske a ƙarƙashin ganye ko akan mai tsiro. Bayan kamar mako guda, qwai ya yi duhu da canza launin launi zuwa baƙi.
Mace da gangan sa ƙwai ɗaya akan ganyayyaki daban-daban domin samar da abinci ga ɗabbin mahaifa. Bayan kwanaki 8-10, ƙungiyar larvae, wacce da farko ta fara ci. Lokacin da ya kai kimanin makonni bakwai, sai garin mata ya zauna tare da zaren siliki zuwa tushe na shuka, molt na ƙarshe yana faruwa kuma ɗalibai ɗalibai.
A pupae na tsaye a cikin sati 2-3, bayan haka sun juye zuwa babban malam buɗe ido. A cikin ramin, mafi yawan gabobin mahaukacin an lalace, ana juyawa su zama gabobin tsofaffi. Tsarin ya yi kama da narkewar jikin mutum a cikin rago.
Yankin pupae lokacin da yawanci kore ne, wadanda hunturu sune launin ruwan kasa. Malam buɗe ido zai kasance cikin matakin ɗalibi har zuwa kwanakin farko na dumin. Lokacin da rago ya fashe, an haife wata halitta kyakkyawa. Don wani lokaci asu ya zauna a rana ya bushe ta fuka-fukansa, bayan haka yakan tashi neman abinci da abokin tarayya.
Kiwo
Tsakiyar watan Agusta ita ce mafi dacewa a lokacin tattara fatalwa. Betterauki mafi kyau daga waɗanda girmansu bai wuce santimita biyu ba.
Ya kamata a dasa mashin da aka kama akan dill. Bayan kwanaki 15-20, zai isasshen ci kuma ya kasance cikin shirye don ɗalibai. Tare da girma, guguwar za ta canza launi. Kar ku damu da wannan, waɗannan sune sakamakon al'ada na molting.
Bayan kwanaki 15-20, guguwar ta daina ciyarwa kuma ta fara neman reshe don ɗalibi. Lokacin da caterpillar ya sami reshen da ake so, an haɗa shi da tsaye tare da ita daga ɓangarorin biyu. A wannan matsayin, zai kasance har zuwa kwana biyu, molting da pupation yawanci yakan faru da dare. Pupaan itacen pupa ya fito daga ɓoye. Yanzu kuna buƙatar cire chrysalis tare da reshe kafin farkon bazara a cikin firiji.
Yanzu kun san yadda machaon ke zaune cikin daji da yadda za a yi kiwo a gida. Dukkanin matakan da aka bayar a sama, a kallon farko, da alama sunada sauki. Amma, idan ka yanke shawarar zabar irin abincin da malam buɗe ido ke zama wajan hutu, kuma ba shi da mahimmanci a inda za a fara, gwada kiwo birtan farko. Wannan ba karamar kwari bace mai kyan gani, kuma ba wuya, wanda ba za'a iya fada game da machaon ba.
Maƙiyi na dabi'a na malam buɗe ido
Hoto: malam buɗe ido mai santsi
A duk matakai na rayuwa, kwari yana cikin hadari. Malam malam buɗe ido na iya zama abincin arachnids, tsuntsaye, tururuwa, dabbobi, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Bishiyoyi a cikin matafila ko matakan ɗalibai sun kasance mafi cutarwa. Kwaro yana sarrafawa don gujewa hare-hare saboda launin kamara.
A lokacin saurayi, guntun yayi kama da tsinkayen tsuntsu.Bayan wata molt, baƙi mai haske da haske mai haske mai haske waɗanda suka bayyana akan jikin. Kyakkyawan kamannin suna ba masu izini damar fahimtar cewa kwari basu dace da amfanin ɗan adam ba. Idan mashin ya ji hadari, to yakan fara haifar da wari mara muni a cikin kaho, yana nuna cewa dandano mai kyama ne.
A kan fikafikan hular suna da shuɗi-shuɗi shuɗi tare da baki mai iyaka, abin tunawa yayin bayyanar ido. Lokacin da fuka-fukan suka bazu, waɗannan wuraren wasan baƙi suna tsoratar da mafarautan da suke son cin abinci a asu. Ana gyara tasirin ta hanyar matakan oblong a kan dabarun fikafikan, suna kama da ponytails.
Shekaru saba'in da suka shude, an ɗauki kwari kamar kwari a sakamakon yawan tsire-tsire da mutane suka yi girma. Mutane sun kashe beraye ta kowane fanni, suna kulawa da filayen da guba da sinadarai. Saboda wannan, adadin nau'in ya ragu cikin sauri kuma haɗuwa da wannan halitta mai rarrafe ya zama matsala.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Yawan adadin ruwan ɗumi yana da ƙananan kuma yana da alaƙa kai tsaye ga halakar mazauninsu na asali. A Rasha, yawan jama'a ana ɗaukar su ƙanana ne. Peungiyoyin da ke zaune a yankuna masu ɗaukar hanyar jirgin ƙasa da canjin ƙasa na amfani da guba tare da magungunan kashe ƙwari.
Ingone ciyawar kaka, wanda ya sami babban ɗabi'ar bala'i, yana haifar da lalacewa mafi girma. Lokacin ƙona ciyawa a cikin bazara, babban adadin pupae wanda hunturu akan mai tsire-tsire suna hallaka. Hakanan lalacewar lambobi lamari ne da ya haifar da lalacewar ciyawar lokacin bazara a kan manyan hanyoyi.
Laifin laifi ya rage ne ga masu tattarawa wadanda suke son samun nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari cikin haɗarin tarin su. Suna kama mutane ko dai don keɓaɓɓu na sirri, ko don musayar tare da sauran masoya malam buɗe ido daga wasu jihohi daban-daban. Amma ba wanda ya tattara ƙididdiga, kazalika da bayanai game da adadin lalacewar.
Matsalolin zahiri sun haɗa da yanayin sanyi, yanayin zafi, sanyi mai sanyin gwiwa, saboda wanda mutum bashi da lokacin yin ɗalibi, faduwar da ta tsawaita, wanda ke haifar da nasarar lardin ta hanyar naman gwari da cututtukan fata. An lura da raguwar lambobi a ko'ina cikin Turai. A wasu ƙasashe, ana kiyaye karnukan.
Swallowtail Butterfly Guard
Hoto: Rufe littafin Swallowtail Swallowtail
Masana ilimin halitta a duniya sun damu da yawan kwari kuma suna ɗaukar matakan kawar da barazanar lalata. A cikin Tatarstan, an inganta aikin ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sunan "Machaon Valley". An tsara shi ta wannan hanyar don adana shimfidar wuri tare da manyan tafkuna.
Don jawo hankali ga matsalar, a cikin Latvia a cikin 2013 an sanya hoton kwari a kan suturar makamai na yankin Skrudalien. A cikin 2006, Machaon ya zama alama ta Jamus. A cikin kasashen da ke sama, an dauki matakan kariya don kamun karnuka na manya da kuma lalata caterpillars. An hana shi yada kwari da kuma kiwo dabbobin cikin mazauna.
Masu son mazaunin duniyar suna tsunduma cikin kwari kiwo a gida. don wannan, dole ne a samar da garin barkono tare da akwatin kifin, lita 10 a cikin girman don mutane 5, tare da tanki na ruwa, dill da reshe, inda mahaukatan za suyi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da metamorphoses. Maƙasai suna buƙatar ruwa da zuma don ciyarwa.
Waɗannan rayayyun halittun suna faranta mana rai da kyawunsu, da sauƙin tashi, da canji mai ban mamaki. Wasu suna ƙoƙarin kama asu don nishaɗi, ba tare da sanin cewa rayuwarsa ta gajarta ba. Zai fi kyau a ji daɗin ɗaukakarsu a cikin daji, ba tare da rage taƙaitaccen lokacin da aka riga aka ba wa ɗakin baƙaƙen rayuwa ba.
Siffofi da mazauninsu
Me yasa ake kira malam buɗe ido - babban abincin? Tushen wannan suna mai ban sha'awa yana cikin tsohuwar ƙasar Troy, a cikin abin da mashahurin likitan mai suna Machaon ya taɓa zama na dogon lokaci.
Labarin game da shi ya ce da yawa daga cikin sojojin da suka ji rauni a zahiri sun dawo daga duniya ta gaba saboda godiya da kokarin wannan kwararrun likitan. A cikin girmamawarsa, masanin ilmin halitta Karl Liney ya ba shi kyakkyawar malam buɗe ido.
Wannan kyakkyawar halittar halitta an san shi da babban girma da kuma kyakkyawan launi mara kyau. Fuka-fukan wannan malam buɗe ido ya kai daga 65 zuwa 95 mm. Launin fuka-fuki an mamaye sautikan rawaya mai ɗumi.
A kan wannan yanayin launin rawaya, alamomin baƙi a bayyane suke, wanda mafi kusancinsa yake kusa da jikin machaon da kuma a kan firam ɗin fikafikan. Hanyoyi sune rariyoyi da tatsuniyoyi. An kawata fikafikan hular da wutsiyoyi, tsawon sa shine kusan mm 10.
Kyakkyawan fikafikansu guda ɗaya an kawata su da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da nau'i mai zagaye kusa da kolin reshe da fatar ido mai kyau daga gefen ta. Ana amfani da machaons na bazara ta hanyar launin paler.
A cikin bazara, ya fi kyau da haske. Har ila yau launin yana shafar mazaunin marmari. Wadanda suke zaune a kudu suna da launi mai rawaya mai tsananin gaske kuma ba haka ba ne aka bayyana launuka na baki. A mazaunan yankuna na arewacin, launin rawaya akan fuka-fuki yana da ɗan paler, amma baƙar fata akan su an bayyane a sarari.
Maza yawanci suna ƙasa da mace. Gwanin da aka yiwa alama a cikin machaon antennae ne mai ƙirar ƙwallon ƙafa, waɗanda suke cikin asalin ƙwayoyin cuta. Daga kowane bangare wannan nau'in yana da kyau da wadatar. Ba zai yuwu a yi sha'awar ba tare da nuna sha'awa ba hoton wata malam buɗe ido.
Tana isar da kyawawan sihirin ta da sihiri. Idan ka kalli wannan halitta ta dabi'a, ka fara fahimtar yadda duniyar nan take kyakkyawa. Wasu daga cikin wakilansa sun sa shi yin imani da labarin almara da kuma mu'ujizai. Kawai kallon wannan kwaro ya faranta maka rai.
Malam buɗe ido malam buɗe ido yana zaune a yankuna da yawa. Kuna iya saduwa da ita a duk ƙasashen Turai ban da Ireland. Sha'awan wannan kyakkyawan kyakkyawa a Arewacin Amurka, Arewacin Afirka da Asiya.
Machaon yana zaune a sararin kudu, gami da yanki mai zafi. Hakanan ana iya samun wannan kwaro a cikin Tibet a wani nisan mil 4,500. Wadannan baƙin ƙarfe suna da kwanciyar hankali a wuraren buɗe kai. Suna son ciyawa, ciyayi, gefukan daji, tsutsotsi, tundra, wani lokacin mahimmin hatsi.
Habitat
Malam buɗe ido malam buɗe ido yana zaune a cikin dukkan Turai banda Ireland. Hakanan ana samun su a Asiya, Arewacin Amurka da Afirka. Ana iya ganin wannan malam buɗe ido a cikin tsaunukan teku, kuma a cikin duwatsun Tibet ana samunsa a wani yanki wanda tsayinsa ya ƙasa da mita 4500.
Machaon yana son wuraren bude wurare, saboda haka, galibi yana zaune ne a gefunan makiyaya, a cikin tundra, the steppe, wani lokacin har ma a cikin rabin hamada. A cikin sassan arewacin na malam buɗe ido yana faruwa daga Yuni zuwa Agusta, kuma a kudu - daga tsakiyar bazara zuwa Oktoba. Yaro ya yi kusan sati uku.
Yadda machaon yake yadawa
Dajin danshi na malam buɗe ido yana farawa a watan Mayu. Amma dangane da yankin zama, wannan lokacin na iya bambanta - wani lokacin yana faruwa a cikin Yuli, Agusta ko Satumba. Dabbar ta hanyar canjin yanayi ke faruwa a cikin iska, a yayin da ake kira dabbar ta hanyar canjin kwari.
Bayan ma'aurata ta faru, mace zata sanya kwai daya zuwa uku a lokaci daya. A lokacin kakar, tana iya haihuwar har ƙwai 120. Masarautan sun bayyana a mako guda. Suna da kyau sosai, masu haske. Da farko, kawai baki tare da fari da ja. Daga nan sai suka zama kore, ƙarin ruwan lemuka da rariyoyi baƙi suka bayyana. Suna da hankali sosai kuma nan da nan bayan haihuwa sun fara cin ganye.
Don karewa daga abokan gaba, malam buɗe ido yana da ƙyallen fuska a kansa wanda ba a bayyane idan masarautar tana cikin kwanciyar hankali. Amma a cikin haɗari, sun juya zuwa tsiro na orange, suna yada wari mara dadi mai daurewa.
Bayan haka, kamar sauran namomin kaza, matattarar tsuntsayen sun zama pupae. Ya danganta da lokacin, suna iya samun launuka daban-daban. A lokacin rani, masu launin shuɗi-maraƙi ne, sun girma na tsawon makonni uku. A cikin hunturu suna launin ruwan kasa. A wannan lokacin, pupae ci gaba na watanni da yawa har zuwa kullun yanayi mai dumama yanayi, lokacin da aka samar da malam buɗe ido na iya rigaya tashi ba tare da tsoron yanayin sanyi ba.
Maƙasai Maƙiyi
Babban abokan gaban machaons sune tsuntsaye, gizo-gizo da sauran kwari. Amma kuma malam buɗe ido yana da matukar rauni a cikin matakan juyawa zuwa ga manya: a cikin hanyar qwai, matafiyu da pupae. Da yawa suna mutuwa saboda gobarar.
Yawan waɗannan baƙin labaren a yankuna daban-daban. Wannan yana tasiri sosai saboda tarkowarsu don tattarawa. A cikin Yankin Ukraine, Jamus, Lithuania da Latvia, waɗannan haƙarƙƙaran sunayen suna cikin jerin litattafan Bookan Adam. Malam buɗe ido malam buɗe ido ba ya cikin ɗimbin dabbobi kuma ba ya cutar da aikin gona. Amma wannan ya zama sananne ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a baya an fara gwagwarmaya mara tausayi a kan ta. Idan masana kimiyya suka kasa dawo da yawan wadannan kyawawan halittun, to suna iya bacewa daga fuskar duniya.
Yanayin hali
Yayinda Machaons suka zama masu aiki tare da farkon ranar, suna da damar yin furanni da yawa. Wadannan manyan malam buɗe ido suna buƙatar ƙwayoyin lectar da yawa, saboda haka ana iya samun su sau da yawa a cikin wuraren shakatawa da lambuna daban-daban.
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Maza kwari kwari ne. Sun zabi sararin nasu ne ta wani babban tsayi. Hakanan, ba baƙon da zasu tara ba ne a cikin ƙarami, suna zaune a bakin tafkunan tafkunan. Duk mutane suna son zama a kan tuddai da dogaye. Yawancin Machaons suna birgima a tsayi kuma suna nuna rawar da suke yi sama da ƙasa.
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A yanayin, kusan abu ne mai wuya a samu Machaon ta huta tare da dukkan fikafikan fadada, tunda ba a iya ganin fikafikan hular gaba da gaba. Swallowtail na iya shimfiɗa fikafikan gaba ɗaya lokacin da aka fallasa shi ga hasken rana mai haske mai haske.
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Tsawon rayuwa
Lokacin tashi daga cikin waɗannan ɓarayin suna faɗuwa daga bazara zuwa kaka. A wannan lokacin, kimanin ƙarni uku na waɗannan wakilan suna bayyana. Yawancin Machaons suna ba da ƙarni 2 kawai na malam buɗe ido. Matsakaicin rayuwar shekarun malam buɗe ido da wuya ya wuce makonni 3.
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Lokacin kiwo
Femaleaya mace tana yin kusan ƙwai 120. A lokacin masarry, malam buɗe ido ya rataye kan tsire-tsire don sa ƙwai a gefen tushe ko a kan ganye. Matakan kwai a cikin Machaons yana kasancewa har zuwa kwanaki 5, a ƙarshen abin da tsutsa tsintsiya tare da alamun haske ke bayyana. Tare da shekaru, suna canza launi zuwa kore tare da dige orange da ratsi baƙar fata.
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Canza Swallowtail Caterpillar zuwa Pupa
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Larvae suna matuƙar aiki kuma suna ci koyaushe. Saboda wannan, a zahiri a cikin mako guda sun kai 9 mm a tsayi. Abincin da aka fi cin abinci larvae shine ovaries, fure, da ganye. Vaaya daga cikin tsutsa zai iya cin gado na Dill. Amma tare da farawar chrysalis, tsutsa yana daina adana abinci daga abinci. Lokaci na ɗalibi yana faruwa akan mai tsire-tsire. Launi na iya zama kolafiya-kore ko launin ruwan kasa. Ya dogara da lokacin karatun. Lokacin dalibi yana daga makonni 2-3 zuwa watanni da yawa. Saurin bayyanar malam buɗe ido ya dogara da yanayin.
Canji
Mallakin ƙarni na farko da daidaikun mutanen da ke zaune a arewacin yankin suna da launi mai ɗimbin haske, haƙarƙarin bishiyoyin bazara sun kasance mafi girma kuma suna da launi mai haske. A cikin samfuran farkon ƙarni na fari, tsarin duhu akan fuka-fukan an faɗo shi sosai. A cikin shekaru masu zafi, bayyanar ƙaramin malam buɗe ido tare da kyakkyawan tsarin baƙar fata.
Biyan kuɗi
Sakamakon iyaka mai yawa, tsarin nutsuwail ya kasance har zuwa rabe-raben 37.
A Gabashin Turai, wakilcin wakilai masu wakilci ne. A kudu na Siberiya ana samun tallafin kuɗi orientis (Gaskiya, 1911), wutsiyoyi a fuka-fukan marubutan suna da gajeru kuma launin launi baki daya akan hancin ya inganta. A cikin yankin Amur da Primorye - tallafi ne ussuriensis (Sheljuzhko, 1910) (= tseren amurensis Verity, 1911), wanda tsararrakin bazara ke saninsa da manyan masu girma - fuka-fukan maza ya kai mm 84, kuma mata sun kai 94 mm.
A Sakhalin, tsibirin Kuril da Japan ɗin suna zaune ne hijabi (C. et R. Felder, 1864), - wani shuɗi mai ruwan shuɗi a saman idanun ƙashin baya ya kasance tsakanin ɗaya biyu baƙar fata. Biyan kuɗi amurensis - gajerun wutsiyoyi, tsararraki daya a shekara, launi mai rawaya mai haske. Tana mamaye daukamn kwari da tsakiyar Amur a cikin kewayonta. Ana kiran babban nau'in nutsuwail da aka bayyana a baya daga yankin Ussuri ussuriensis kawai lokacin bazara ne na rarar kudi amurensis.
Biyan kuɗi sachalinensis, idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da suka gabata, ya fi kyau mai haske launin rawaya tare da yanayin baƙar fata mai tsananin gaske. Transbaikal steppes, Yakutia ta Tsakiya akalla biyu ke zaune a cikin: orientismamaye yankin da ke kudu da yawa, kuma asiaticagama gari arewa. Aka bayyana shi da marubucin Jafananci (Matsumura, 1928), raka'a biyu na abubuwan maye - mandschurica (Manchuria) da chishimana Mats. (Fr. Shikotan) har yanzu ba a fayyace su sosai ba.
Mafi kyawun mafi kyawun ƙananan launinta - kamtschadalus (Alpheraky, 1869). Yayin riƙe kyakkyawan launi mai rawaya, ana iya rarrabe shi da babban jigon launin fata a cikin fuka-fukan kuma akwai taƙaitaccen wutsiyoyi.
A Tsakiyar Turai, yankin kudu maso yamma Caucasus, da kuma kudu na Kudancin Rasha, tallafin ya zama ruwan dare. gorganus (Fruhstorfer), a cikin Burtaniya wani tallafi britannicus Seitz, wani nau'in jinsin ne a Arewacin Amurka - aliaska Scudder.
Yankin gabashin gabashin Babban Caucasus, yankuna masu matsakaici na hamada na yankin arewacin Caspian, tekun Caucasian na Tekun Caspian, kwari Kura da tsaunukan Talysh mazauninsu tsakiya, ya ratsa cikin Iran kuma ta hanyar dutsen Elburs ya tafi Kopetdag. An bayyana rarar kudi daga Elbur muetingi Seyer, 1976, daga kudancin gangara na Kopetdag - weidenhofferi Seyer, 1976.
Orarancin ƙananan Asiya syriacus (yankin na gari: Siriya). Mazaunin shimfidar wurare masu tsayi da tsauni a ko'ina cikin Caucasus ƙaƙƙarfan reshe ne rustaveli.
Koyaya, yawancin masu karɓar haraji basu yarda da yawancin "asusu" na Machaon ba, don haka weidenhofferi Seyer, 1976 karamin tsari ne na bazara, wanda yayi kama da mutane masu zaɓaɓɓu, a lokacin bazara na ɗaiɗaikun mutane suna tashi a wurare guda tsakiya. Latterarshe ana la'akari da shi azaman yanayin zazzabi ne kawai.
Yankin
Mabudin kallo na duk yankin Holarctic. An samo shi a ko'ina cikin Turai (ba a Ireland kawai, kuma a Ingila yana zaune ne kawai a cikin lardin Norfolk) daga tekun Arctic Arctic zuwa tekun Bahar Maliya da Caucasus. An samo shi a Asiya (ciki har da tropics), Arewacin Afirka da Arewacin Amurka. A duwatsun Turai yakan hau zuwa 2000 m sama da matakin teku (Alps), a cikin Asiya - har zuwa 4500 m (Tibet).
Habitat
Yana zaune a cikin ingantaccen cakuda halittun dabbobi, yawanci yana da wuraren dake da ciyayi inda tsirrai masu ciyawa suke girma. Ana samo shi a cikin nau'ikan tundra a arewacin. A cikin bel na gandun daji - fi son makiyaya iri daban-daban, gefuna, sharewa, tituna, kogunan ruwa. Sau da yawa ana samun shi a cikin agrocenoses. A cikin ƙasa ta Caspian (yankin Astrakhan da Kalmykia a Rasha, a cikin Azerbaijan) Hakanan ana samun shi a cikin busasshen ƙasa da busasshen ƙasa mai bushe. Kadai waɗanda ke da ƙaura daga ƙaura za su iya tashi zuwa cikin manyan biranen biranen.
Fodder tsire-tsire
A tsakiyar layi, tsire-tsire laima daban-daban, musamman, hogweed (Heraclium), karas (Dawuda) - duka daji da na kowa, Dill (Anethum), faski (Petroselinum), mala'ikaMala'ika), butene (Chaerophyllum), gorinik (Peucedanum), prangos (Prangos), Fennel (Foeniculum), abun yanka (Libanotis), gircha (Selinum), gyrnovitsa (Thyselium), seleri (Apium), caraway tsaba (Carum), cinya (Pimpinella), abun yanka (Falcaria) A wasu yankuna, akwai wakilan tushen wadanda ke da gaskiya:Dictamnus dasycarpus), Amur karammiski (Amfaninns na Phellodendron), nau'ikan ganye daban-dabanYankin Haplophillum), Asteraceae: tsutsa (Artemisia) (a cikin matakai da hamada na tsakiyar Asiya), birch: alder Maksimovich (Alnus maximowiczii), Alder Jafana (A. japonica) (na biyun a Kudancin Kuril).
Bayanan Tsaro
An jera shi a cikin Red Books of Ukraine (1994), a Rasha - a cikin littafin Red na Yankin Moscow (1998) - rukuni na 3, Smolensk Yankin - rukuni na 2, Yankin Vologda (2006) - aji 3, Latvia (1998) - 2 rukunin, Lithuania - 3 rukunin, Jamus - rukunin 4, Karelia - rukunin 3, A matakan farko, yana da saurin lalacewa ga gobara (musamman ciyawar daji), ci gaba da motsi, girgizar ƙasa, tarko mai zurfi na ciyayi.
