Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Infraclass: | Lepidosauromorphs |
Lantarki: | Caenophidia |
Superfamily: | Viperoidea |
Iyali: | Vipers |
- Viper (Viperinae)
- Rami (Crotalinae)
- Azemiopinae
Vipers, ko maciji (lat. Viperidae), - dangin macizai masu guba, sananne vipers.
Dukkanin macizai suna da tsayi mai tsayi, rami mara nauyi a ciki, wanda ake amfani dashi don keɓance guba daga gubar da ke tattare da ita a saman babban muƙamuƙin. Kowane ɗayan canines biyu suna gaban bakin bakin akan kashin maxillary wanda yake juyawa da baya. Lokacin da ba'a amfani dashi ba, toshe filayen an ninka su kuma an rufe su da mayafin fim. Fanungiyoyin hagu da na dama suna jujjuya kansu da kansu. Yayin yaƙin, bakin yana buɗewa a wani kusurwa har zuwa digiri 180 kuma kashin yana juyawa gaba, yana toshe ƙyallen. Jajayen suna rufewa yayin tuntuɓar, da kuma tsokoki masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke kusa da gland mai guba suna kwantawa, suna fitar da macijin daga gland. Wannan matakin nan da nan kuma mafi muni fiye da cizo. Macizai suna amfani da wannan inji don lalatawar wanda aka azabtar da kuma kariyar kai.
Shugaban macizai zagaye-uku ne a sifa, tare da ƙarshen hanci da kwanciyar hankali da sasanninta na lokaci-lokaci na ci gaba zuwa baya. A saman hanci, tsakanin hanci, wasu nau'ikan suna da guda ko kuma sun haɗu kamar tsinkaye. A cikin sauran jinsunan, ire-iren su suna fitowa sama da idanun, suna haifar da wani abu mai kama da ƙaho. Idanun suna kanana, tare da ɗalibai na tsaye. Alibi na iya buɗe duka faɗin ido, kuma kusan gabaɗaya, wanda ke ba macizai damar gani a kowane haske. Han karamin matashin kai wanda kafaffen sihiri ke haifar dashi galibi idanun sama da idanun. Kyakkyawan roba mai jan hankali ya ba maciji mummunan kallo ko da mummunar fahimta. Jikin yana gajarta, mai kauri - musamman ma a tsakiyar sashin. Wutsiya takaice. Canza launi daban-daban dangane da iri da kuma mazauna, amma ko da yaushe yana patrol da kuma boye macijin a cikin yanayin wuri mai faɗi.
Vipers suna dacewa da kowane wuri mai faɗi har zuwa mita 3,000 sama da matakin teku kuma yawanci suna jagoranci rayuwar ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci macizai sune mafarauta waɗanda suka fi son salon rayuwa da ba ta dace ba. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran macizai, ana ɗaukar su jinkiri, farauta da daddare, suna kaiwa farauta daga farauta. Suna ciyar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin dabbobi, amphibians, tsuntsaye, da wasu kwari, gwargwadon mazauninsu. Wanda aka ciji, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya mutu a cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan daga sakamakon haemolytic. Bayan wannan, macijin ya haɗiye wanda aka azabtar.
Wakilan dangi sun zama ruwan dare a Eurasia, Afirka, Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, ba a Australia ba, a tsibiran Oceania, New Guinea da Madagascar.
Dabbobin da suka lalace na mallakar ɗanyun Laophis crotaloides, kai tsawon 3-4 m da kuma mafi girman mafi girman sanannun macizai masu guba.
Mafi haɗari sune nau'ikan vipers.
An rarraba ƙawancin gama gari (Vipera berus) a duk gandun daji na Turai da Asiya daga Tsibirin Biritaniya har zuwa Sakhalin da tsibirin Shantar. Tsawon sa bai wuce cm 75 ba.Rabbon launi na sama yana ɗauka daga launin shuɗi zuwa kusan baki. A gefen ƙashi akwai madaidaicin zigzag, ba a bayyane yake koyaushe ba.
A wajen kudu, a cikin gandun daji-steppe da kuma bangarorin, gami da gefen gabar Tekun Black da Caspian, ana samun ƙarami mai launi mai launi (V. ursini). A gefen arewacin tekun Bahar Rum akwai aspis (V. aspis) da yashi (V. atmodytes) vipers.
Cutar duk waɗannan murnan ba masu haɗari ga mutane bane. Sakamakon mutuwa na ƙarshe bai wuce 0.5% ba, kuma tare da taimakon farko da aka ba da taimakon farko, ba su nan.
Kirjin Armeniya (Vipera xantina), wanda aka samo a cikin kasashen gabashin Bahar Rum, ya fi hatsari sosai. Tsarinsa na musamman shine bayyananniyar yanayin zagayen orange ko launin shuɗi tare da duhu mai duhu, galibi yana haɗa cikin babban falon iska tare da tudun.
Gyurza (Vipera lebetina) babban maciji ne, wasu daga cikin kayanta sun kai tsayin mitoci miliyan 1. Launi na gyurza na iya bambanta. Matsayi na gaba daya na launin ruwan kasa wanda yake saman duhu tare da tabo duhu wadanda ke bayyana akan sa. A underside ne haske launin toka tare da kananan duhu aibobi.
Yankin da aka rarraba na gyurza yana da faɗi sosai. Ana samo shi a yawancin sassan Tekun Bahar Rum na Afirka da kuma tsibiran da dama na Tekun Bahar Rum, a cikin ƙasashen gabashin Tekun Bahar Rum, a Iraki, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan da Arewacin-yammacin India. A kan yankin USSR an rarraba shi a cikin Caucasus kuma a cikin yankuna na kudanci na Tsakiyar Asiya. Shi,) galibi yana zaune a busassun duwatsun, a cikin reeds da sparse bushes, tare da cliffs da a cikin kwari. Da yardar rai ya zaunar da shi kusa da canjin ban ruwa, a kan wuraren da aka noma, galibi yakan ratsa karkarar ƙauyuka. A lokacin bazara, yakan jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa mara kyau, a damina da damina yana aiki yayin rana. Sau da yawa kan hau bishiyoyi, suna jiran tsuntsaye. Idan mutum ya kusanci mutum yawanci yakan lullube shi, wanda hakan ke kara hadarin karo da ita.
Cutar gyurza tana haifar da guba mai nauyi. Ba tare da kulawar lafiya ba, kashi 10% na waɗanda abin ya shafa suna mutuwa.
Sand hat epha (Echis carinatus, Fig. 85) shine ya fi yaduwa a tsakanin mashigin hamada, wanda ke rayuwa a cikin ƙauyukan hamada da hamada na arewacin Afirka da Kudancin Asia, yana farawa daga Tunisiya zuwa Indiya da Sri Lanka. A cikin ƙasarmu, ana samun ta a cikin yankunan kudanci na tsakiyar Asiya, ciki har da gefen tekun kudu na Aral Sea da gabashin gabar Tekun Caspian zuwa Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay. Wannan karamin maciji, a matsakaita tsawon 50-60 cm, ya bambanta da yawancin vipers a cikin saurin sa da motsi na musamman. A mafi yawancin lokuta, ɓangaren ɓangare na jikinta ana fentin launin shuɗi-yadudduka, a iyakar gefen baya da gefuna akwai rabe-raben zigzag guda biyu waɗanda aka zana daga ƙasa ta layin duhu mara duhu. Tare da bayan baya akwai jerin wurare masu haske masu kyawu. A kan shugaban akwai wani tsarin zane na gicciye mai haske.
Efa ya dace sosai ga rayuwa a cikin hamada. Yana da sauri yana tafiya tare da yashi a wata hanya ta musamman, ta "a kaikaice" kuma yana iya haƙa a ciki, yana yada haɓar yashi tare da motsin jikin mai juyawa. A lokaci guda, da alama ta zahiri "nutsar" a cikin yashi a gaban idanunmu. Kamar yawancin macizai na jeji, a cikin lokacin zafi, ephs suna aiki da dare. Da farko na sanyaya, sun canza zuwa rayuwa ta yau da kullun. Kirkin Efa yana da yawan guba ga mutane. Idan ba a kula da lafiya ba, kusan kashi 6% na wadancan suturar ke mutuwa.
Mafi haɗari ga mutane shine ƙawancin sarkar, ko daboya (Vipera russeli, Fig. 86), wanda aka rarraba a duk kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya daga Indiya zuwa kudanci China, kazalika a Taiwan, Ceylon, Gabas Java da wasu tsibiran. Wannan babban katon maciji har zuwa tsawon 1.5 m yana da kyakkyawan launi. A gefen baya, akan asalin launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka, akwai layuka uku na kyawawan ma'anar launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi wacce ke kewaye da zobba mai duhu tare da fararen hakoran. Maƙwabta maƙwabta na iya haɗu da juna, suna samar da sarkar. Akwai tsarin kibiya mai siffa kan kai. Farin fari yana gudana daga idanu har zuwa kusurwar bakin.
Yankin sarkar tayi rayuwa biyu a yankuna da kuma tsaunukan tsaunuka, zauna a kan wuraren da ake noma su. Suna jagorantar rayuwa mai amfani da hasken rana, kuma yayin rana suna ɓoyewa cikin ɓoyayyen ɓarke a cikin sauran mafaka ko mashigar rana. Suna kutsawa cikin hanyoyi da hanyoyi, suna ratsa gidaje.
Lokacin saduwa da mutum, ba masu tayar da hankali ba ne, amma a lokacin tsokana suna iya jefa kusan duk tsawon jikin mutum, rushewar ƙasa.
Hadarin karo da Daboya yana raguwa saboda gaskiyar magana za'a iya jin sautin sautin maciji a nisan nisan mita da yawa. Duk da wannan, a fili mai bayar da sarkar ya zama mafi yawan adadin rubutattun maciji da aka rubuta a Indiya da Indochina.
Venon Daboya yana da guba sosai ga mutane, kuma maganin da cizo yake dashi yana da yawa, sabili da haka, guba yana da wahala. Ba tare da magani ba, sama da 15% na waɗanda abin ya shafa suna mutuwa.
A Nahiyar Afirka, ban da tsibirin arewacin, vipers na Afirka (kwayar cutar Busa) sune gama gari. Daga cikin nau'ikan goma, mafi hadarin gaske shine cutar matsanancin sanyi (Bitis arietans), manyan samfurori waɗanda suka kai 1.5 m tsawon. Launinta launuka ne masu launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi. A gefen baya akwai jerin rawaya masu launin rawaya masu haske waɗanda aka jagoranta tare da ƙarewar doki gaba da ɗaure a gaba ta hanyar duhu mai ruwan duhu. Daga idanu zuwa cikin temples akwai madaukai biyu masu haske wadanda aka haɗa ta hanyar layi mai haske.
Akwai wani kara mai tsananin sauti a cikin dukkanin shimfidar wurare, sai dai gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da hamada, ana samun sa a cikin filayen noma, yana shiga cikin gine-gine. Godiya ga launinta daban-daban, yana da matukar wahala a lura da abin da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin haɗuwa da ita. Yana jagorantar rayuwa mara kyau. Rana ta yaudareni da maganganu marasa kyau. Kawai idan akwai damuwa mai zafi ya fara magana da ƙarfi, inflating? jiki, wanda shine dalilin sunan "mai kururuwa".
Abubuwan da ke tattare da cutar kutsawa suna sa mutane hanzari.
Mafi girma daga cikin macizai na Afirka shine macijin Gabon, wanda ya kai tsawon mil 2. Ta canza launi, ɗayan macizai ne masu kyawu. Hannun gefen saman jikin yana rufe da wani tsari na lambobin lissafi na yau da kullun na siffar triangular, wanda aka fenti cikin shuɗi mai haske, shunayya, baƙar fata, fararen fata da launin ruwan kasa. A gefen dutsen akwai layin fari ko hasken rawaya mai launin shuɗi, shugaban yana da launin toka tare da kunkuntar duhu tsaka-tsaki a tsakiya da kuma manyan bangarorin biyu a ɓangarorin. A gefen bakin mucks akwai manyan sikeli masu girman gaske guda biyu da suka juya baya. Rashin canza launi yana sa macijin ya zama ba a gan shi ba game da yanayin motsi na ciyayi na wurare masu zafi. Ana samun cutar ta Gabon a gabar yamma da yammacin Afirka.
Ya fi son gandun daji da gumi. Itaciya a Gabon tana da yanayin kwanciyar hankali kuma ba kasala mai saurin cizo ba. Koyaya, guba ta lalace ta ciwuka tana da matukar wahala kuma galibi tana kaiwa ga mutuwar waɗanda suka mutu. Itace ɗan itacen katako ya zama ruwan dare a cikin dazuzzukan daji na ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan, tsufa, macizai na hannu kusan tsawon 50-60 cm, wanda aka daidaita da rayuwa akan bishiyoyi. An fentin su a cikin tabarau daban-daban na kore tare da rawaya masu launin shuɗi, saboda abin da suke ɗauka da kyau a cikin furen. Hadarinsu da aka shafa a jikin na sama na iya haifar da mummunar guba a cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa.
Vipers (Viperidae)
Vipers, ko Viperidae (Viperidae) - babban iyali ne na macizai masu dafi, waɗanda aka fi sani da maciji. Itaciya ce wacce ita ce macijin da yafi hatsari a rayuwarmu, saboda haka yana da matukar muhimmanci a iya bambance wadannan halittu masu rarrafe a jikin macizai irin na mutane.
Bayani mai kyau
Dukkanin macijin yana da alaƙa ta kasancewar ƙararrun lambobi a ciki da kuma ƙarancin tsummokaran tsayi da aka yi amfani da shi don keɓe guba da ke tattare da glandon guba na musamman waɗanda ke kai tsaye a bayan babban muƙamuƙi. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan tsintsayen suna nan a gaban bakin macijin, kuma yana kan kashin maxillary mai juyawa.
Bayan ƙarancin amfani, fanfan ɗin sun ninka tare da rufe tare da membrane fim na musamman. Fanan uwan dama da hagu suna jujjuya kansu da kansu. Yayin yaƙin, bakin macijin ya sami damar buɗewa a wani kusurwa har zuwa digiri 180, kuma kashin da ke juyawa yana tura kwarjinin a gaba. Rufewa da jaws yana faruwa yayin saduwa, yayin da tsokoki da sifofi masu kyau wadanda ke kewayen gland ɗin masu guba suna lura sosai, wanda ke haifar da guba. An san wannan matakin nan da nan a matsayin cizo, macizai kuma suna amfani da shi don hana wa wanda aka zalunta rauni ko kariya.
Shugaban macijin yana da siffa mai siffa sau uku tare da karshen hanci mai santsi da kuma hanzarta zubewa daga kusurwa na lokaci-lokaci. A saman hanci, kai tsaye tsakanin hanci, ga wasu nau'in, kasancewar kasancewar guda daya ko kuma nau'ikan fashewa wanda aka samar da sikeli shine sifofi. Sauran nau'ikan macizai ana rarrabe su da wurin irin wannan fitowar bishara a saman idanun. A wannan yanayin, suna samar da wani abu mai kama da ƙahonin talakawa.
Idanun dabbobi masu rarrafe kanana ne manya, tare da ɗalibin ɗakunan tsaye wanda zai iya buɗewa ba kawai izuwa cikakkiyar fa'idarsa ba, har ma ya kusan rufe gaba ɗaya, godiya ga wanda macizai ke bayyane sosai a kowane haske. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, akwai karamin abin birgewa sama da idanun da suka samar da sikeli.
Kyakkyawan roba yana ba macijin mugu ko kuma bayyanannensa. Jikin mazaunin dabbobi masu rarrafe ya zama kaɗan a cikin girma da kauri a cikin ɓangare na tsakiya. Launi ya bambanta da kyau dangane da mazauninsu da halayen ɗabi'a, amma koyaushe yana kiyayewa da ɓoye maciji a cikin yanayin shimfidar wuri.
Iyalin ƙazanta - Viperidae
Shugaban yana da zagaye uku-uku, a bayyane yake daga wuyan wuyansa, kuma an rufe saman dutsen ta ko dai da manyan sikeli masu yawa ko kuma garkuwa ta wucin gadi. Jikin yayi kauri, wutsiya takaice. Idanu tare da ɗalibin tsaye. A saman muƙamula zauna manyan tubular guba mai guba mai guba. A cikin fauna na USSR akwai nau'ikan 7 guda biyu mallakar biyu. Zai yuwu a sami wata nau'in - macijin Farisa (Table 31), wanda ke yaduwa a cikin yankuna na arewa maso gabashin Iran din da ke kan iyaka da USSR.
Tebur 31: 1 - gyurza (279), 2 - Minaramar Asiya (278), 3 - macijin Farisa (270), 4 - sandy efa (281)
Viper Rod - Vipera
Mataki na jini - Vipera ursini Vonap.
Tebur 30: 1 - viper gama gari (274), 1a - baƙar fata, 2 - ƙawanin ƙaya (271), 3 - Caucasian viper (274), 4 - noper viper (277), 5 - mucks na kowa (283), 6 - kashin gabas (282)
Taswira 113. Matukin Kafa
Bayyanar. Girman girma ƙanana ne ko matsakaici: yawanci tsawon jikin mutum shine 35-45 cm (har zuwa 57 cm). An cire kansa a fili daga jiki, kuma mucks a sama, a gaban layin yana haɗa gefuna gaban idanun, an rufe shi da ƙananan garkuwa na yau da kullun. An yanke bude hanci zuwa kasan hanci. Ana nuna gefan maƙallan kuma a ɗan ɗaga shi sama da saman farfajiya na sama. A saman launi mai launin ruwan kasa-launin toka tare da tsiri mai duhu zigzag tare da dutsen, wani lokacin sai a karye cikin sassan daban ko aibobi. Yankunan jiki a cikin duhu, aibi mara nauyi. Itaciya mai duhu
Hoto 55. Shugaban bishiyar mataki daga sama
Hoto 56. San hanci na gwaji: sama - talakawa, a ƙasa - steppe
Yaɗa. Matakan yankin kudu da gandun daji na sassan Turai, Crimea, yankuna na yankin Caucasus, Kazakhstan da Asia ta Tsakiya.
Rayuwa. Tana zaune a wurare daban-daban, bakin teku, shukoki, tsaunukan dutse, makiyaya iri iri, kwari, rafin hamada da sandunan kafaffun sandal. Guji ƙasar noma kuma ya kasance lokacin yin shuru a cikin tsirrai, katako, tare da hanyoyin titi. Dangane da wannan, kusan gaba daya ya ɓace a yawancin Moldova da kudancin Ukraine. Bayan wintering, yawanci suna bayyana a watan Maris - Afrilu. Bayan sun bar matsanancin kwari, fashewar ƙasa, voids tsakanin duwatsu da sauran mafaka inda suke hibernated shi kaɗai ko a cikin ƙananan rukuni, kwanan nan vipers fara mating. Maza suna neman mace sosai, kuma kusan mace ɗaya galibi suna "wasannin mating". Bayan lokacin da suka dace da juna, a lokacin bazara, 'ya'yan itacen ciro suna cin abinci a jikin zakoki, a wani yanayi kuma sukan kama voles, tawadar murhun lemo, hamsters, da bera. Abubuwan ƙura da ƙuraje sun zama farkon ganima ga masu ci a lokacin bazara. Suna kuma kama gida da ciyawa, masu zafi, burodin nama da wasu ƙananan tsuntsaye, lokaci-lokaci, frogs da tafkin mata suna zama ganima. Matasa masu shayarwa suna ciyar da kwari da arachnids, ƙasa da ƙananan ƙuruciya. Ciki kwana 90-130 kwana (yawanci 105-110). Daga farkon watan Agusta zuwa tsakiyar Satumba, mace yawanci suna kawo awakin 5-6 (3 zuwa 16) tsumma 12-18 cm tsayi. Jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa, ƙaramin molt.Manya suna molt sau 3 a shekara (Afrilu - Mayu, Yuli - Agusta, ƙarshen watan Agusta - farkon Satumba). Suna balaga da jima'i a lokacin da suke da shekaru uku tare da tsawon tsayin 31-35 cm. Tsawon rayuwa a yanayi shine shekaru 7-8.
Yana da guba, amma yana da ɗan haɗari ga mutum, ba a san abubuwan da suka faru da mutuwa ba. Ana amfani da guba a cikin sarrafa magunguna. An ƙunshi a cikin gandun daji.
Irinsu iri ɗaya. Ya bambanta da talakawa viper a cikin manyan masu girma dabam, da nuna da kuma tashe gefuna na mucks da matsayi na hanci a cikin ƙananan ɓangare na hanci scutes, daga Caucasian viper in the dull, dim launi, daga Asiya Minder viper a gaban scires, kuma ba ƙaramin sikeli ba a saman farfajiya na kuncin.
Faƙin Caucasian - Vipera kaznakowi Nik.
Taswira 114. Kafewar Caucasian (1), macijin da aka gani (2), ,aramar Asiya (3)
Bayyanar. Girman matsakaici matsakaici ne: tsawon jikin mutum yawanci shine 40-45 cm (har zuwa 59 cm). Shugaban yana da fadi sosai tare da yin zurfin ciwuka na lokaci-lokaci. Tsarin mahaifa ya raba kai daga lokacin farin ciki. Buɗa hanci ko da yaushe ana yanka shi zuwa ƙasan hanci. Matsayi da lambar garkuwa a kai, kamar ƙawancen bugun jini. Launi mai haske. Jikin rawaya mai ruwan shuɗi-lemo ko tubali mai launin ja, tare da jigon yana wucewa da zigzag duhu ko kuma baƙar fata, kullun tsage cikin wurare masu zurfin gaske. Shugaban a saman baƙi ne, sau da yawa tare da aibobi masu haske. Dukkanin murhun baƙar fata ba sabon abu bane.
Yaɗa. Western Caucasus da Western Transcaucasia.
Rayuwa. Tana zaune a dazuzzuka masu dutse, dabino da makiyaya mai tsayi, suna zaune daga tekun Bahar Maliya zuwa girman 2500 m sama da matakin teku. Yana ciyarwa a kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin linzamin kwamfuta. Masu mamaye. Biology ne kadan nazari.
Mai guba, dabbobi da ƙarancin ɗan adam suna wahala daga cizonta. Ana iya amfani da guba don yin magunguna.
Irinsu iri ɗaya. Ya banbanta da ƙawanin ƙaura a cikin launuka masu haske, daga Asiya orarami a gaban almara, kuma ba ƙaramin sikeli ba ne a saman saman muck ɗin, kuma ya keɓance ta hanyar ƙawancin gaba ɗaya.
Viper na gama gari - Vipera berus (L.)
Taswira 115. Viper na gama gari
Bayyanar. Girman matsakaici: yawanci tsawon jikin 50-60 cm (har zuwa 80 cm). Shugaban yana bayyane daga jiki, da mucks yana saman, a gaban layin yana haɗa gefan gaban idanu, yana da, ban da ƙananan sifofi, manyan guda 3 (frontal da 2 parietal). Gefen maƙallan ya zagaye. An yanka ta hanci a tsakiyar garkuwar hanci. A saman launin toka mai launin shuɗi, mai ruwan shuɗi ko launin shuɗi, mai ruwan duhu zigzag tare da dutsen. A kan kai shi ne tsarin ƙirar X. Hanyar duhu tana gudana daga ido zuwa kusurwar bakin. Sau da yawa akwai baƙin kwari.
Yaɗa. Yankunan tsakiya da arewacin ɓangaren Turai, a kudu, har zuwa kusan 40 ° C. N, Siberiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Sakhalin gaba daya kuma zuwa arewa zuwa 61-63 ° C. w.
Rayuwa. Mazauna gandun daji da kuma gandun daji-steppe, fifita hade dazuzzuka tare da glades, fadama, konewa overgrowing, kogi, tabkuna da kõguna Duwatsu sun haura zuwa 3000 m saman matakin teku. Kamar yawancin macizai na arewa da tsayayyun tsaunuka, ana rarrabawa sosai ba a ko'ina cikin yankin ba, yana samar da “macijin foci” a wurare da suka dace, amma ba ya nan gaba daya a manyan wurare. Yawancin wurin da ake amfani da maciji ne ta hanyar yanayin hunturu. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, vipers are sedentary, kar a motsa gaba 60-100 m, kuma wurin da macizai shine 1.5-4.0 ha. Tafiya ne kawai lokacin bazara da bazara zuwa ƙawancin hunturu da na bayan fitsari na iya tafiya zuwa kilomita 2-5, wasu lokuta kan tsallake tafkuna da kuma manyan koguna. Suna hibernate a cikin ƙasa, a ƙasa da daskarewa Layer, a zurfin 40 cm zuwa 2 m, mafi sau da yawa a cikin burrows na rodents, moles, a cikin sassa na decayed Tushen itace, a cikin hollows na peat bogs, a karkashin haystacks, a cikin dutsen fasa, da dai sauransu Zazzabi a wuraren hunturu baya fada a kasa 2-4 °. Mafi sau da yawa, vipers hibernate singly ko a cikin kananan kungiyoyi, duk da haka, tsararrakin hunturu da suka kai 200-300 sanannu ne sanannu a wuraren da suka dace. Bayan wintering, suna bayyana a cikin Maris - Afrilu, wani lokacin a watan Mayu. Maza sune farkon waɗanda zasu bar wintering a rana mai zafi, lokacin da akwai sauran dusar ƙanƙara a wurare a cikin gandun daji. Suna barin don hunturu a rabin rabin Satumba - a watan Oktoba. A cikin bazara, ana kiyaye vipers a wurare masu kyau, mai amfani da hasken rana da tuntuɓar ƙasa mai ɗamara, duwatsu masu zafi, bishiyoyi masu fadi, kututture, da dai sauransu imumarancin zafin jiki na maza shine 25 °, mace 28 °. Sama da 37 ° a vipers thermal rigor mortis kuma mutuwa ta faru. A lokacin rani, mafaka su ne burrows, rotten stumps, bushes, fasa a cikin ƙasa, voids tsakanin duwatsun. Kwarewa cikin rana yana narkarda lokuta da yawa a cikin rana, amma ku tafi farauta a yamma kuma sun kasance mafi yawan aiki a farkon rabin dare. Itaccan da ke wadataccen abinci mai yiwuwa ba za su bar tsari ba har tsawon kwanaki 2-3. Mouse-kamar rodents da kwaɗi suna haifar da tushen abinci mai gina jiki a duk tsawon lokacin aiki, sai don farkon lokacin bazara - lokacin taro na ƙananan tsuntsayen tsuntsaye. A wannan lokacin, daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa farkon Yuli, kajin kajin, skates, buntings, finches, da dai sauransu, sune mafi yawanci ganima ta maciji. Lokaci-lokaci yakan kama masu sa maye. Matasa yawanci suna ciyar da kwari, ƙasa da mollusks da tsutsotsi. Mating yakan faru makonni 2-4 bayan barin lokacin hunturu, yawanci a tsakiyar Mayu. Lokacin haila kusan watanni 3 ne. A arewacin yankin, ana sake haihuwa duk shekara. Matar tana yawan kawo karami 8-12 daga rabin na biyu na Yuli zuwa ƙarshen Satumba. Matasa a lokacin haihuwa suna da jimlar kusan cm 16 Bayan hoursan awanni ko kuma kwanaki 2-3, sai su yi molt, bayan hakan kuma suka bazu su fara ciyarwa. A nan gaba, yin izgili ga matasa da manya na faruwa sau 1-2 a wata. Yayin motsi, macizai suna ɓoye a cikin mafaka kuma basa ciyarwa. Vian mata suna balaga yayin jimawa yana da shekaru biyar tare da duka tsawon 54-55 cm, maza yana da shekaru huɗu, yana da tsawon kimanin cm 45. Tsayin rayuwa shine shekaru 11-12 (har zuwa 14-15).
Mai guba, amma cikin kwanciyar hankali kuma da wuya ya ciji mutum. Shekaru da yawa, an san lokuta da suka zama sanadin lokacin da cizo ya haddasa mutuwa, amma ba a bayyana ko guba ko cutarwa ba, "magani" ba daidai ba ne ya yi sanadin mutuwa. Ana amfani da guba don yin magunguna. An ƙunshi a cikin gandun daji.
Irinsu iri ɗaya. Ya bambanta da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafa a cikin girma masu girma dabam, matsayin ƙoshin hanci a tsakiyar hancin hanci, da madaidaiciya, maƙallan maƙallan hancin. Geographically ware daga wasu vipers.
Abubuwan ƙawanni * - Vipera ammodytes (L.)
* (Wannan macijin ana kuma kiransa sandy ko horned. Duk waɗannan sunaye biyu basa nasara, domin ba a samo macijin a cikin yashi, da sauran tsintsayen da ke zaune a cikin Sahara da Larabawa na Larabawa (Cerastes), waɗanda haƙiƙa sun haɗu da tsinkayen da ke saman idanunsu, ana kiransu masu tsoro hanci ne tsarin aikin da ba a kula da shi ba a kan “hanci”.)
Bayyanar. Girman matsakaita matsakaici ne, yawanci tsawon jikin mutum shine 60-70 cm (har zuwa 90 cm). Sama na kai an rufe shi da kanana, yawanci ya yage, sikeli, amma sikelin mucks yakan zama mai santsi. A gefen mucks, zuwa sama da dan kadan gaba nuna fashewa mai taushi 3-5 mm tsawo, an rufe shi da sikeli. Manya launin toka, mai ruwan hoda ko launin shuɗi, da mai ruwan duhu zigzag ko babbar rhombic ko ratsi mai ratsa jiki ta baya. Cutar ciki-mai-launin toka-sanyi ce, cikin manyan dige da aibobi. Wutsiyar wutsiyar dake ƙasa tana da ja, rawaya, ko kore.
Hoto 57. Shugaban macijin da ya fito
Yaɗa. An haɗu da shi a kan jigon Trialeti da Meskheti a Georgia.
Rayuwa. Yana zaune a dutsen mai tuddai na tsaunukan da aka rufe da bishiyoyi, tare da rafukan tuddai da kwari a cikin kwarin kogin, a cikin tsaffin katako, cikin shinge na dutse, rushe gine-gine, cikin tarin duwatsun. Yana farauta a yamma da farkon rabin dare. Yana ciyarwa a kan rodents, tsuntsaye, marasa galihu masu ruwa a jiki. Mating a watan Maris - Afrilu. A watan Agusta - Satumba, macen ta kawo tsayi 20 zuwa 20-25 cm tsayi.
Muni, amma ba a san mutuwar mutane ba. Ana iya amfani da guba don yin magunguna. M amfani da rodents.
Irinsu iri ɗaya. Ya bambanta da kowane murƙushewa ta hanyar fashewa a ƙarshen matsewar.
Asiya Vian tsira * - Vipera xanthina (Grey) (= V. raddei)
* (Ana kuma kiranta wannan nau'in viper Radde, ko kuma Arperian viper.)
Bayyanar. Girman matsakaitan matsakaici ne ko babba: tsawon jikin mutum yawanci 60-75 cm (har zuwa 110 cm). Sama ta kai an rufe shi da sigar daskarewa, ba tare da hakarkarinsa ba ne Sikeli ne kawai daga cikin kuncin. A saman kowace ido, akwai girman girma babba da haɓakawa sama da ido, sikeli (ƙyallen girman girman), rabuwa da ƙananan ƙananan sifofi daga saman ido. Babu ƙasa da nau'i-nau'i na garkuwar wutsiya. A saman launi mai launin toka mai duhu tare da tint launin ruwan kasa. A gefe guda, akwai layi daya na launin shuɗi ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi tare da duhu mai duhu, wani lokacin kuma ana haɗa cikin babban falon zigzag tare da gefen. Abubuwa biyu masu duhu na ban mamaki sun fito daga bayan shugaban. An yiwa ciki ciki da kananan baƙi, ƙashin wutsiyar wutsiyar launin shuɗi-ƙasa a ƙasa.
Hoto 58. Shugaban wata karamar Asiya
Yaɗa. Armenia da Nakhchivan 'Yan mulkin mallaka na Soviet
Rayuwa. Yana zaune a cikin tsauni a kan girman 1000 zuwa 3000 m sama da matakin teku, a kan tsaunin dutse tare da ciyawar itace ko ciyawar dutse. Yana ciyarwa a kan jijiyoyi, tsuntsayen, mashaya da kwari. Matasa macizai kan ciyar da fari ne. Sukan yi watsi da duwatsun da ke barin watan Afrilu - Mayu. Mating a watan Mayu, haihuwar matasa ne a watan Agusta. Matar tana kawo -10an tsana 5-10 16-18 cm.
M, mai yiwuwa m ga mutane. Ana iya amfani da guba don yin magunguna.
Irinsu iri ɗaya. Ya bambanta da ɗan ɓoyayyen ɓoye ta hanyar ɓacin ɓarna a ƙarshen makarin, daga Caucasian ɗayan - ta haƙarƙarin ƙyallen da ke rufe kunshin daga sama, daga gyurza - ta gaban ƙaddarar ƙarancin kayan ciki da ƙarami (har nau'i-nau'i 38) adadin garkuwar garkuwa da-caudal.
Gyurza - Vipera lebetina (L.)
Taswira 116. Gyurza
Bayyanar. Matsakaici babba ne: tsawon jikin mutum yawanci kusan 100 cm (har zuwa 160 cm). Sama ta kai an rufe shi da sigar daskarewa, ba tare da hakarkarinsa ba ne Sikeli ne kawai daga cikin kuncin. Babu ƙararraki na ɓoyewa, kuma sikelin yanki na infraorbital kai tsaye yana rufe ido. A saman ana zana shi a cikin launin shuɗi-yashi ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi, tare da bayan akwai wasu wurare masu duhu mara duhu. Darkarancin duhu duhu tare da bangarorin. Shugaban a bayyane yake, ba tare da tsari ba. Cikakken ciki yana da haske, tare da ƙananan duhu. Sautin launin launi gaba ɗaya ya bambanta sosai, wani lokacin ana samun macizai masu launi iri ɗaya.
Hoto 59. Shugaban gyurza
Yaɗa. Dagestan, Transcaucasia, matsanancin kudu na Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan ta Yamma.
Rayuwa. Suna zaune a busassun ƙafa, a kan tuddai na duwatsun da aka rufe da bishiyoyi, a cikin katako, tare da tsaunuka a kwarin kogin. A cikin tsaunuka sun tashi zuwa 1,500 m sama da matakin teku. Takaitattun wurare a gonakin marmari, da gonakin inabinku, a cikin rufin gini. Suna yin motsi, suna rarrafe bayan hunturu a cikin duwatsun kankara, inda galibi sukan taru a manyan kungiyoyi. A lokacin rani, yawanci sukan taru a tafkunan, suna yin wanka da yardar rai kuma suna kama tsuntsayen da suka isa wani wurin shayarwa. A cikin bazara sun bayyana a watan Maris - Afrilu, lokacin da suke jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun. Daga baya, sukan sauya zuwa aikin magariba da na dare. Matasa macizai suna ciyar da shayarwa, masu girma - ƙananan ƙwayoyi. Manya ne galibi ke ciyar da jijiyoyi, amma a damina da damina, yayin tafiyar tsuntsaye, suna hawa cikin daji, suna jira tsuntsaye, a cikinsu akwai oatmeal da wagtail musamman ganima. Macizai da suke zaune a gonakin inabin suna cin gurasa da yawa, suna isa zuwa waina furanni. Dabbar ta hanyar canjin Aprilan Afrilu - Mayu A ƙarshen lokacin rani, gyurza tana sanya ƙwai na 15-20 a cikin ɓarnar ƙwayar translucent na bakin ciki wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaukar ciki da aka sani da alama. Bayan kwanaki 35-45 matasa masu tsawon shekaru 23-25 cm daga ƙwai.
Mai guba sosai. Ana amfani da guba sosai wurin ƙirƙirar magunguna. An ƙunshi a cikin gandun daji.
Irinsu iri ɗaya. Ya bambanta da Asiya peraramin ƙawanni ta hanyar rashin ɓarkewar ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta, adadi mai yawa (fiye da 40) na filayen caudal, babban girma da launi, kuma daga sauran vipers - ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen sikelin da ke rufe kai daga sama.
Asalin Efa - Echis
Sand efa - Carinatus na mahaifa (Schneid.)
Taswira 117. Sandy Efa
Bayyanar. Girgiza matsakaici: tsawon jikin mutum yawanci 50-60 cm (har zuwa 75 cm). An rufe kansa da kananan sikeli. Dorsal Sikeli tare da yin aiki sosai da ribs. A gaɓaɓɓe na jikin akwai wuce layuka 4-5 na ƙananan ƙanana da sikelin, ana jinkiri zuwa ƙasa kuma sanye take da haƙarƙarin rijiyoyin. Ana buɗe tutocin caudal a cikin layi ɗaya. A saman launin toka-yashi, sikirin da aka makala shine mafi yawancin lokaci yafi duhu fiye da na baya. Tsakanin maɓallin sa zuwa sama da na ƙarshe, gefen kowane ɓangaren jiki tare da tsinkayen zigzag. A saman ƙasan bayan baya suna daɗaɗawa, suna daɗaɗɗuwa ko'ina cikin tuddai, waɗanda ke tsakanin fikalaƙin zigzag. A kansa akwai wani abu mai kama da haske wanda yake kama da silsilar tsuntsu mai tashi.
Hoto 60. Lateral Sikeli na yashi efa
Yaɗa. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan ta Kudu, Tajikistan ta Kudu maso yamma.
Rayuwa. Yana zaune a cikin yashi mai kankara wanda aka rufe da saxaul, a cikin loess da yumɓu na yumɓu, dazuzzukan daji, a kan tsaunukan kogin da cikin rufin gine-gine. A cikin bazara sukan bayyana a ƙarshen Fabrairu - Maris kuma har zuwa Yuni suna aiki da rana, a lokacin rani sukan sauya zuwa ayyukan dare, kuma a cikin kaka sukan saba dawowa a kan rana a lokacin. Sun tashi zuwa hunturu a watan Oktoba, suna neman mafaka a cikin ɓarna na ɓarnataka, maɓuɓɓugai da kwararar dutse. A ranakun da dumama, wani lokacin yakan fita zuwa rana. Yana ciyarwa a kan ƙananan ƙananan jiyoyi, ƙarancin ruwan sanyi, tsuntsaye, kwaroron tafkin, yatsin kore, wani lokacin ƙananan macizai. Matasan ephs suna cin yan fari, daɗaɗɗan baƙar fata, scolopendras, kunama da ƙananan beraye. Jingina cikin Maris - Afrilu, a watan Yuli - Agusta, mace ta kawo daga 3 zuwa 16 matasa 10-16 cm tsayi. Efa tana motsawa a cikin "hanya ta geza", yayin da take jefa kanta a gefe, sannan ta dauki baya ta gefe ta gaba da gaba, sannan kuma ta ja sashin gaba. jiki. Kamar dai macijin yana jujjuya baya, amma a gefe. Wannan hanyar motsi tana haifar da mafi kyawun tallafi ga jikin mutum akan gurɓataccen sako. Halin halayen "bugun daga gefe" yana kunshe da rabe-raben fanni daban-daban tare da iyakar da aka rufe. Har ila yau efa mai rikice-rikice yana ɗaukar halayen tsaro na hali. Wanƙwasa a cikin rabin biyu zobba da rike kanta a tsakiyar, ta rubs da rabin zobe daya a kan sauran, kuma gefen sikelin tare da serrated haƙoran sa sauti mai kara sauti, tunawa da man of man a cikin wani zafi kwanon rufi.
Mai guba sosai. Ana amfani da guba don yin shirye-shiryen likita. An ƙunshi a cikin gandun daji.
Irinsu iri ɗaya. Ya bambanta sosai da sauran murfin a launi da a gewaye, oblique Sikeli tare da serrated hakarkarinsa.
Bayyanar
Faper viper, ko kuma Sinanci (Azemiops feae) suna daga jinsin macizai masu dafi. Tsawon jikin tsofaffi ya kai cm 76-78, kuma manyan garkuwa suna kan kai. Launin launi na sama shine ruwan zaitun. Lowerarshen ɓangare na jiki yana mau kirim, kuma a gefunan akwai raɗaɗin rawaya mai launin rawaya. Shugaban yana rawaya ko duhu a launi. Dukkan wakilan wannan subfamily suna cikin rukunin kwalayen kwanciya.
Toad viper (Causus) wani abu ne mai haɓakawa wanda ya haɗa da HALITTAR Sausus kaɗai. Irin waɗannan macizai suna cikin rukuni na tsoffin wakilai na asali na dangi saboda kasancewar waɗannan halaye masu zuwa:
- oviparous
- fasalin fasalin kayan aikin mai guba,
- baƙon kai baƙon abu
- yara.
Relativelyarancin kananan macizai masu tsayi, tsawon sa wanda bai wuce mita ba, yana da dumu dumu, sifar ɗimin silima ko kuma ɗan ƙaramin laushi, ba lokacin farin ciki ba. Haka kuma, tsananin matsalar shiga cikin mahaifa baya nan. Wutsiya takaice. An rufe kansa da manyan, sifofin da aka tsara daidai da daidaitaccen tsari, saboda abin da yatsun murfin suna da kamannin waje ga macijin da ya bambanta da tuni. Abun wuyan intermaxillary yana da girma kuma babba, wani lokaci ana juya su. Sikeli a jikin sa ya yi kyau ko kuma da ake kira ribsal din kadan. Pupilsaliban idanun suna zagaye.
Ramin rami, ko rattlesnakes (Crotalinae) sune dabbobin macizai masu guba waɗanda ke bambanta su da gaban rakodin rarar zafin-zafin da ke cikin rami tsakanin hanci da idanu. Zuwa yau, fiye da dari biyu nau'in wannan subfamily aka bayyana.. Tare da sauran 'yan uwa, duk hanyoyin suna da m da kuma dogon hakora mai guba. Shugaban yana da, a matsayin mai mulkin, siffar triangular, ɗaliban idanu suna da nau'in tsaye. Guda biyu daga cikin mashigan ruwan roba da ke yankin suna kula da radadin wutar lantarki, wanda ke ba macijin wannan dangin damar sanin abincinsu daidai da bambancin zafin yanayi da abin ganima. Girman adadin kumburi ya kai daga 50 cm zuwa 350 cm.
A halin yanzu Viper subfamily ya hada da janareta goma sha biyu kuma kadan kadan daga dozin guda shida:
- Itace Itace (Atheris),
- Mountain Vipers (Adenorhinos),
- Ciwon Afirika na Afirka (Vitis),
- Sarkar Chain (Daboa),
- Alamar Taurari (Cerastes),
- Afis (Eschis),
- Giant Vipers (Masrovipera),
- Itako mai rikicewa (ericophophis),
- Mountain Kenya Vipers (Montatheris),
- Itaciya mai ban tsoro (Pseudocerastes),
- Wamwan fari na fure (roatheris),
- Real vipers (Virera).
Wakilan subfamily ba su da ramuka-mai zafi (infrared) rami, kuma tsawon manya na iya bambanta tsakanin 28-200 cm har ma fiye da haka. Yawancin nau'ikan suna da jaka tare da ayyukan azanci, wanda ke kan hanci macijin. Irin wannan jaka jakar fata ce tsakanin fitsarin hanci da hanci, wanda aka haɗa da jijiya ta cranial a kan kewaya.
Sunan gama gari na Rasha “rattlesnake” ya kasance ne sakamakon kasancewar wata ƙara ta musamman, wacce ke ƙarshen ƙarshen wutsiya, a cikin wata generaan wasan Arewacin Amurka mai suna Pit-Head (Crotalus da Sistrurus). Irin wannan jujjuyawar itace aljihunda ake canzawa, yana samar da sassan motsi. Sautin murya mai “sautin murya” yana faruwa ne sakamakon karo na sassan yanki yayin rawar gaban wutsiya.
Rayuwa, halayya
Ba a iya dangantawa da cutar ta rikodin don gudu. Irin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe galibi suna kangara, kuma suna iya ciyar da kusan duk ranar a cikin matsanancin kwanciyar hankali, gaba ɗaya ba tare da motsi marasa amfani ba. Da farkon faɗuwar rana, macizai suka fara aiki kuma a wannan lokacin ne suke fara aikin da suka fi so, wanda ke farauta. Manyan mutane sun fi son kwanciya har tsawon lokaci, suna jiran duk wani ganima ya faɗaɗa yankin da abun ya shafa. A wannan lokacin, macijin ba ya rasa damar yin liyafa, don haka suna yin garkuwa da abin da suka farauto.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi a cikin jumla mai magana da sauƙaƙawa "matattara mai narkewa tare da vipers," yana cikin mafi yawan lokuta gaskiya ne bawai ba tare da hankali ba.
Babban mahimmancin rarrabewar vipers shine ikon yin iyo da kyau, saboda haka irin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe a kan dabbobi suna iya haye ko da kogunan ruwa ko kuma wani babban ruwa. Sau da yawa ana samun vipers a gefen gabar ɗumbin wurare na ɗumbin yawa, haka kuma kada ku guji ƙasashe.
Dimorphism na jima'i
A mafi yawan halayen, dimorphism ba asalinsu bane a yawancin jinsunan macizai, sai dai cewa maza yawanci suna da wutsiya mai kauri - nau'in "mangaza" don hamipenis. A halin yanzu, vipers suna da dimorphism na jima'i. Mutanen da ke iya gani na jima'i na masu jima'i daban-daban suna da halaye da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai bambanci da bambanci da ƙarfin launi. Persan mace na maza da yawa a cikin mafi yawan halayen ana kwatanta su da ƙarancin ɓarna, kuma mata galibi suna da karancin haske da inuwa mai launi. Tare da canza launin melanistic, dimorphism na jima'i kusan ba ya nan.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, kusan 10% na masu sihiri, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, suna da halayen launi na mambobi na mata. Matan yawancin halittu galibi sunada girma kuma suna da kaifi mai fadi da gajere, gajere kuma babba. Yankin shugaban mace yana da yawan gaske a koyaushe, kuma siffar sa kusa da fitowar alwati mai dace. Maza sun banbanta cikin kunkuntar da kunkuntar kai, jigogi gaba daya wanda yayi dace da sifar katako mai isosceles.
Nau'in Vipers
A cikin dakin canzawa, tsarin Scaly, da dangin Viper, akwai ƙananan ƙananan yankuna huɗu da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa:
- Kasar Namibiya (Azemiopinae),
- Tofin Komputa (Causinae),
- Rami (Crotalinae),
- Viper (Viperinae).
Pitheads an ɗauke su a matsayin dangi na asali, kuma a farkon wannan karni akwai ƙananan halittu ƙasa da ɗari uku.
Viper Venom
Saboda halayen halayenta, ana amfani da matsanancin zaki a ciki kuma kayan masarufi ne masu ƙaran gaske waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen kera magunguna da dama har ma da shahararrun kayan kwalliya. Omwafin maciji wani hadaddiyar giyar da ke da matukar ƙarfi, wanda ya haɗa da sunadarai, lipids, peptides, amino acid, sugars da wasu nau'in gishiri na yanayin rashin ƙwayar cuta.
Shirye-shiryen da aka samo daga ɓoyayyen ɓoye ana amfani da shi azaman mai raɗaɗi sosai don maganin cututtukan fata da cututtukan fata, a cikin lura da wasu cututtukan fata da hauhawar jini. Irin waɗannan wakilai masu warkarwa an nuna suna da matukar tasiri wajen sauƙaƙe hare-haren asma, zubar jini, da wasu hanyoyin kumburi.
A cikin mutane ko dabbobi, macijin maciji ya shiga ta hanyar lymphatic, bayan haka yana shiga cikin jini kusan nan take.. Abubuwan da aka ambata mafi munin cizo sun hada da zafi mai zafi, jan launi, da kumburi a kusa da rauni. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, duk bayyanannun bayyanar maye maye suna ɓacewa bayan wasu 'yan kwanaki ba tare da wani mummunan sakamako ba ko kuma barazanar rayuwa.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Ana ɗaukar guba na kowane viper a matsayin mai haɗari ga mutane, kuma sakamakon cizon wasu wakilan dangin Viper na iya zama mai mutuwa.
A cikin nau'ikan guba mai tsanani, alamu sun fi bayyana. Kimanin kwata na awa daya bayan da macijin, alamomin bayyanannu suka bayyana, daukewar wahala, tashin zuciya da roƙon bakin, jin sanyi, da saurin bugun zuciya. Sakamakon karuwar abubuwan guba shine suma, yanke jiki, da kuma ƙwayar cuta. Vipers sun fi yin tashe a lokacin kiwo, daga kusan Maris zuwa Mayu.
Habitat, mazauni
Gidajen wakilan babban taro na macizai masu dafi, waɗanda aka fi sani da maciji, yanzu sun bambanta sosai. Za'a iya samun vipers a cikin babban yanki na yankuna na Afirka, har ma a Asiya da yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Kwakwalwa ji kawai mai girma ba kawai a cikin busassun steppes, amma kuma a cikin gumi yanayin zafi na gandun masu daidaita.
Wakilan wannan dangin zasu iya zama tsaunin dutse, kuma galibi suna zaune gandun daji na arewacin. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, vipers sun fi so su jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa ta ƙasa. Koyaya, tsakanin jinsuna daban-daban, ana samun daidaikun mutane waɗanda ke haifar da ɓoyewar rayuwa ta karkashin ƙasa sau da yawa. Babban abin wakiltar irin wannan nau'in shi ne dabbar dajin, ya kasance mallakar babban ɗan tuburan Shpilkovye (Atractaspis).
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Tsawon lokacin da macijin ke wuce kai tsaye ya dogara da kewayon sa, saboda haka, nau'in nau'in kwalayen arewa na kusan watanni tara a shekara, kuma mazaunan yanayin latitude ana nuna su da fitowar irin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe a kan dabbobi a kusa da Maris-Afrilu, lokacin da suka fara haihuwa.
Vipers overwinter, yawanci fara a Oktoba-Nuwamba. A matsayin "hunturu" mai cike da madaidaiciya tare da dabbobi masu rarrafe, ana zaban nau'ikan burushi da ke shiga ƙasa. Mafi yawan lokuta, zurfin hunturu macizai ba su wuce mita biyu ba, wanda ke ba wakilan dangin Viper damar yin hunturu a cikin iska mai kyau. A cikin yanayin babban adadin ago, a cikin wannan burrow sau da yawa da yawa daruruwan mutane manya tara lokaci guda.
Abincin mara kyau
Vipers suna cikin sanannun masu hasara, waɗanda ke haifar da rayuwar yau da kullun, kuma irin waɗannan macizai suna kai hari ga mafi yawan lokuta. Ganima mai saurin kai hari ta afka masa, bayan haka cizon maƙogwaro mai guba ya faru. A karkashin tasirin guba, irin wannan wanda macijin ya mutu a zahiri da yawa a cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan, bayan haka macen ta fara ci.
A cikin ciyarwa, galibi ganima ake cinye shi. Babban menu na viper ya ƙunshi nau'ikan da ba su da manyan ƙananan ƙwayoyi, har da lizards da sabbin kwari, kwarororo na kankara har ma da wasu nau'in tsuntsaye. Vianann maciji galibi suna ciyar da manyan ƙwaro kamar ƙwaya, ku ci fari, kuma suna da ikon kama burodi da katako.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa Schlegel viper viunts dinta a cikin rataye wuri, zaune a kan bishiya, kuma ƙudurin wutsiyarsa mai ƙarfi.
Kiwo da zuriya
Lokacin damuna na macizai masu guba suna faruwa ne a cikin bazara, galibi a watan Mayu, da kuma tsawon lokacin macijin, tare da wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe daga ajin masu rarrafe, kai tsaye ya danganta da yanayin yanayi kuma yana iya kasancewa daga watanni uku zuwa shida. Wani lokacin macizai masu juna biyu na iya yin hunturu.
A matsayinka na mai mulki, daga goma zuwa goma sha biyu ana haihuwar wadanda ke gado gubar nan da nan daga iyayensu. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i bayan haihuwar matasa macizai molt. Cubs galibi suna rayuwa ne a cikin zuriyar dazuzzuka ko cikin manyan ƙasashe, ana amfani da kwari don abinci mai gina jiki. 'Ya'yan maciji maza sun zama cikakkiyar balaga da kimanin shekaru hudu.
Abokan halitta
A cikin yanayin halitta, vipers suna da adadi mai yawa na makiya. Da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa jin tsoron jita-jita masu guba na wakilan babban iyali mai adalci waɗanda ke haɗe macizai masu guba. Fuka-fukai da masu ba da fata, gandun daji da ciyawa, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi ga rigakafin sakamakon gubobi da ke ƙunshe cikin kunar bakin maciji, suna murna da cin naman maciji. Additionari ga haka, irin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe a jiki na iya zama yawancin tsuntsayen ganima, waɗanda mujiyoyi, da shegunan dabbobi, da maɓoɓin maciji da maciji.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Ana kama dabbobi masu rarrafe masu sihiri don samun tsada mai mahimmanci don guba ta magani. Hakanan, wasu nau'ikan murhu suna aiki sosai ta hanyar filayen tuddai marasa ƙwarewa.
Harshen gandun daji, waɗanda ba dabbobi bane ke cin macizai, yawanci sukan shiga yaƙi da maciji. A mafi yawancin lokuta, shinge ne wanda ya fito daga cikin wannan yaƙe-yaƙe kamar waɗanda ba a tantance su ba. Babban abokin gaba da iri daban-daban viper a halin yanzu mutane. Mutane ne da suke yawan zubar da macizai da suka saba da su. Vipers Har ila yau, suna wahala daga kullun hanyoyin dabaru, sau da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin yanayin farauta marasa tsari.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Yawan wasu nau'ikan murhu suna raguwa a hankali. Misali, yawan aljamammen gaba daya suna rage raguwa, akasari saboda ayyukan mutane. Haɓaka aiki mai ƙarfi na al'ada na macizai, magudanar wuraren lalatattun wurare da ambaliyar ruwan koguna, shimfidar manyan hanyoyi da yawa da canje-canje masu faɗi iri-iri suna mummunan tasiri ga daidaikun mutane.
Haka yake da muhimmanci shi ne gurbatar abinci ya tanadar wa dabbobi masu rarrafe. Irin waɗannan halayen suna zama babban dalilin rarrabuwar kai, har da ɓacewar ɗumbin jama'a a yankuna waɗanda massan Adam suka mallake su. Duk da cewa a wasu yankuna an kare dazuzzuka kuma halin da ake ciki na irin wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe abu ne mai wadata, ana lasafta matattara a cikin littafin Red na yankuna da yawa a lokaci daya, wadanda suka hada da Moscow, Saratov, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod da Orenburg.
A cikin ƙasashen Turai masu masana'antu, adadin vipers yanzu yana raguwa cikin sauri. A halin yanzu, abubuwan da ake amfani da su na zahirin rayuwar irin wannan dabbobi masu rarrabe a bayyane suke. Irin waɗannan macizai suna da hannu cikin tsarin halitta na adadin masu haɗarin ƙwayar cuta masu haɗari, samar da albarkatun ƙasa don samar da shirye-shiryen magunguna da kuma ƙwayar cuta ta musamman.