Daga cikin dukkan bambancin tsuntsayen da ke duniyarmu, ana rarrabe tsuntsayen masu ba da fata da kuma ƙaura. Musamman yawancin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura suna zaune a yankuna na birni, inda ake kafa kasuwancin tsuntsayen bazara a lokacin rani - manyan tarin tsuntsayen da ke zaune a gabar ruwa. A cikin kaka, duk wannan yalwa suna ƙaura zuwa kudu, yin nasara dubban kilomita zuwa wuraren hunturu.

Amma akwai ɗaya da gaske na musamman cikin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura na lardin Arctic, waɗanda suka cancanci yabo da girmamawa. Kuma sunan ta Arctic Tern.

Wannan shi ne kawai tsuntsu a duniya wanda ke tashi don hunturu ba don ƙasashe masu zafi ba, amma yana daɗaɗa kudu, zuwa Poan kudu. Arctic terns gida da kuma zuriyar zuriya a cikin Arctic, kusa da lean sanda Arewacin. Amma a cikin hunturu suka tashi zuwa inda cikakken m yanayin rayuwa da kuma inda a wannan lokacin da polar rani - zuwa gabar Antarctica. A bayyane yake, terns basu sami wuraren zama masu dacewa ko'ina ba. Sai dai itace a gare su rayuwarsu gaba daya ta bazara ce ta shekara, a lokacin da suke shirin tashi zuwa ƙarshen duniya.

A cikin hoto: Ana nuna wuraren adon launin a cikin ja, ana nuna filayen hunturu a shuɗi, kibiyoyi suna nuna manyan ƙaurawar hanyoyin Arctic terns

Wadannan tsuntsayen ban mamaki suna ƙaura zuwa wuraren hunturu na tsawon wata guda, kuma a lokacin bazara suna yin wannan jirgirin a cikin hanyar. Don haka, a cikin jirgin suke kashe kimanin watanni biyu a shekara. A lokaci guda, nisan da suke rufewa a cikin shekara ya kai kilomita 70,000.

Duk da irin wannan babban adadin, turancin polar ba su koka game da lafiya ba, kuma matsakaicin rayuwar su shine shekaru 25, wanda ya fi na sauran tsuntsayen yawa. Kuma wasu mutane, a cewar masana kimiyya, sun sami damar rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30.

Arctic terns kananan tsuntsaye ne, masu girman su wanda ya bambanta daga 35 zuwa 45 cm. Suna nutsewa da kyau kuma suna ciyar da rayuwar ruwa iri daban-daban, ƙananan kifaye, mollusks da larvae, kuma basu damu da cin berriesan itacen berries ba a cikin faduwar cikin tundra. Abin sha'awa shine, waɗannan dodanni amintattun mazaje ne na dangi kuma suka zama ma'aurata don rayuwa.

Arctic terns suna da wani fasalin fasalin. Suna da ƙarfin hali sosai, kuma da haɗuwa cikin rukuni-rukuni, Zan iya saurin tsayar da hare-hare na karnuka arctic kuma ba ma jin tsoron mutum idan sun ɗauka cewa yana da haɗari a gare su. Wannan rashin tsoro ya kasance da sauri ga sauran nau'in tsuntsayen da suka fara zama a kusa da tsibirin Arctic a cikin begen tserewa daga ikirarin mafarautan.

Duk da sauyin yanayi na yau da kullun, ana iya ɗaukan Arctic a matsayin gidan waɗannan tsuntsayen, saboda a nan ne suka fara kamun kajin, kuma su da kansu an taɓa haihuwar su a yankuna na arewaci. Suna zaune a kan iyakar Arctic na Kanada, Alaska, Greenland, Arewacin Turai kuma, ba shakka, a cikin ƙasarmu a kan gaba gabar tekun Arctic.

Yaduwa

Duk da cewa namiji da mace na iya magana iri daban-daban suna iya rabuwa da mafi yawan shekara, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun kirkiro nau'i-nau'i na tsawon rai.

Kowace shekara suna komawa zuwa wurin girke girke iri ɗaya. A gefen tekun da kuma tsakanin tsaunukan bakin teku, turancin polar suna zama manyan lardunan mazauna. A lokacin farauta, tirinjin mazan yana yin wani kyakkyawan rawar matsi. Tare da mace, yana tashi sama. Dukkan tsuntsayen a hankali suna fuka fikafikan su, sannan sai su daskare na wani dan lokaci a cikin iska kuma su sauka da sauri. Tsarin aure yana ci gaba a duniya. Namiji yana ba da ƙaunataccen magani - kifi, yayin da yake alfahari ya zagaya mace tare da fikafikan ƙasa kuma wutsiyarsa ta ɗaga. Mace da kifi a cikin berarta sukan tashi zuwa cikin iska. A matsayin gida, terns suna amfani da ƙarami a cikin ƙasa.

Tsuntsaye suna rufe rami da tsire-tsire. Matar polar tern ta sanya kwai 1-3. Qwai wannan tsuntsu yana da launi mai kariya, an rufe su da ƙananan maganganu, saboda haka kusan ba a ganin su a cikin yashi da pebbles. Iyaye suna haɗa su. Kyankyasai na kyankyashe bayan kwana 20-25.

An riga an zaɓi 'ya'yan biyu na rana daga cikin gida. Iyaye suna ciyar da su har tsawon wata guda. Kare gida, tsuntsayen suna kai hari ga wani baƙon, har ma da kajin waɗancan turancin da ke gida. Tan samari sun zama fuka-fuki bayan kwana 20-30.

Juyoloji na zama

Babban wurin zama na tsuntsu ana iya yin hukunci da sunan shi, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna zaune a arewacin Kanada, Alaska, gefen tekun Greenland, a kan Tsibirin Scandinavia, kuma a cikin tundra ta Rasha daga Kola Peninsula zuwa Chukotka. Da zaran damina ta isa bakin Arctic, sai tsuntsu yayi tahowa har zuwa iyakar kudu har zuwa lokacin dusar kankara.

Arctic Tern ya nemi ganima. Arctic tern a kan farauta. Arctic Tern. Arctic Tern zaune yana riƙe fuka-fukansa sama.

Jirgin tsuntsaye na bazara

Abun fure mai ban mamaki yayi sa'a - shine kadai tsuntsu wanda yake ganin bazara sau biyu a shekara - a kudanci da arewacin hemispheres. Waɗannan heredan uwan ​​da suke da fifiko na tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle na shekara-shekara sun yi tafiyar mil 80,000, don haka, sama da jiragen sama 10 na shekara, tsuntsu ya rufe nesa da tashi zuwa duniyar wata da dawowa.

Godiya ga kayan aiki na zamani da bandejin tsuntsu, masana harkar binciken sun yi nasarar gano hanyar tsuntsayen. Don haka ya yiwu a gano cewa tsuntsayen suna tashi daga kudu ba tare da sauri ba, suna tsayawa a nesa ba kusa ba, alal misali, a Newfunlandland, irin wannan dakatarwar ta wuce kwanaki 30. Dukkanin tsuntsu ya kan dauki kwanaki 70 zuwa 130, don haka matsakaicin saurin tsuntsu ya kai kimanin kilomita 330 a kowace rana. Tsuntsayen bazara na rani suna ciyarwa a bakin Tekun Weddell.

Terns sun tashi daga Arctic a farkon tsakiyar tsakiyar Afrilu, sun dawo da sauri kuma ba sa tsayawa masu tsawo, saboda haka suna gida a cikin kwanaki 36-50, yanzu saurin jirginsu yana kusan kilomita 500 kowace rana.

Arctic terns a kan dutse. Arctic Tern: hoton tsuntsu a cikin jirgin sama.

Arctic Tern / Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763

Bayyanar

Tsuntsu mai matsakaici mai tsayi tare da kamanninsa sunyi kama da na '' yar uwa '' kogin kogin Tsawon jikin tsuntsu shine 35-45 cm, fikafikan nisansa yakai kimanin 80-85 cm, nauyin tsuntsun yana daga gram 85 zuwa 130.

Kayan tsuntsayen suna da jituwa sosai. A cikin tsuntsaye manya, gashin fuka-fukan a kirji da ciki sune launin toka a launi, wani lokacin tare da ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda. A saman wata “a hatan gashin featan fari. Mayafin fuka-fukin tsuntsu ya cika ta da sutturar launin launin toka mai haske, saman fuka-fukan kuma ana zana shi, da gashin fuka-fukan launin shuɗi a saman fikafikan da saman alkyabbar. Fuka-fukan fuka-fukan suna translucent tare da kunkuntar ratsi na baƙi a gefuna.

Kafafun tsuntsun nan gajere ne ja mai haske. Gashin itacen, kamar kafafu, an yi masa fenti mai haske, kuma a wasu daga cikin tsuntsayen a watan Maris ko Agusta, saman beak yana cikin duhu. A cikin kaka, beak bek din ya zama baƙi, kuma a cikin hunturu goshi ya zama fari.

A cikin samari matasa, kayan da ke da sheƙa suna da guntun wutsiya da fika fika fikai fiye da na tsuntsu da suka girma. Chanyen da ke gangaro na Arctic tern suna da kama sosai da jarirai na kogin, kawai bambancin shine ɓarkewar baƙar fata a makogwaro da goshi. Wutsiyar tsuntsun tana da fari sama da launin toka, mai fasalin mai yatsa a ƙasa.

Abubuwan jima'i a cikin waɗannan tsuntsayen ba ya nan.

Arctic Tern akan dutse. Arctic tern a kan tudu a kan dutse tare da fuka-fuki. Arctic Tern tare da kwari.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Kayan abincin kaji ya dogara da lokacin. A lokacin ƙaura na lokaci, terns ana mamaye da ƙananan kifi, krill, mollusks da crustaceans. Don kama ganima, tsuntsun ya tashi zuwa tsayin mita 10 zuwa 11-11 kuma a hankali ya bincika cikin ruwa, da zaran an samo "abincin", sai tsuntsayen suka yi nitso bayansa, amma sai zuwa zurfin zurfin. Ana kiran wadannan jirage na Tern jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu, idan ba zai yiwu a kama ganima ba, da tern yakan farauto ganima ko da a ruwa.

A lokacin farauta, tern yana ciyar da larvae da ƙananan kwari, ciyawar ƙasa, ƙananan kifi - ba fiye da 50 mm. Wani lokaci abincin shuka ya bayyana a cikin abincin - berries kawai.

Arctic tern tare da kifi a cikin bakin sa. Arctic Tern yana cin abinci a cikin jirgin sama.

Ina ne Arctic Tern gida?

Don asalinsu, terns suna zaɓar yankin tare da gefen ruwan sanyi na arewacin tekun, tunda akwai wadatar abinci a koyaushe. Yawancin lokaci yakan zama bakin tekun Greenland, arewacin Kanada, Rasha, Alaska da tsibiran da ke kewaye da su. Lessarancin kullun, wasu daga cikin tsuntsayen za su iya zama a cikin tundra, kusa da tafkuna da fadama, suna ciyar da kwari da ruwa. Haka kuma an ga ƙananan ikon mallakar tsuntsaye a arewacin Biritaniya, Ireland.

Tsuntsayen gida a cikin mazauna, ba sau da yawa - a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban akan dutse ko ƙarancin ƙasa kusa da ruwa, suna kuma iya sheƙa a kan kankara. Tsarin wuraren buɗe tsuntsaye kusan babu ƙarancin ciyayi (saboda iska da kuma guguwa), don haka terns suna gina mazaunin su a ƙasa, wani lokacin zaɓi yanki mai buɗewa saboda kada maƙiyin da ya gane. Gida yana da talauci mai kyau tare da ciyawar teku, guda na itace da bawo.

Gwagwarmaya don ƙasa yawanci yakan faru a cikin ikon tsuntsaye - a tsakiyar mazaunin, damar ceton kajin ya fi yadda yake bayan gari, inda matasa fellowan uwan ​​kabilu ke zaune.

Abun fure na fure a cikin sama. Arctic Tern. Arctic tern a kan wani dutse overgrown da gansakuka. Arctic tern a cikin jirgin, kallon baya.

Kiwo

Arctic terns zama balagagge jima'i a shekaru 3-4 da haihuwa. Koyaya, rikice-rikice na farko sau da yawa sukan mutu, saboda rashin ƙimar rashin girman uwar uwa don ciyar da zuriya.

Polar terns sune tsuntsaye masu aure, suna haifar da ma'aurata, suna kiyaye junan su da aminci, rayuwa, duk da wannan, mafi yawancin shekarar an nisanta su da juna.

Kowace shekara suna komawa zuwa wurin da yake a kan haka. A lokacin wasannin ma'aurata, namiji yana yin rawar matsi a gaban mace, to sai mazan su tashi sama, na wani lokaci a rataye a cikin iska su nutse tare. Bayan ya sauka, namiji yana baiwa mace magani - kifi, tunda ya yarda wanda mace ta cire.

A cikin masonry na polar tern, akwai yawanci daga 1 zuwa 3 qwai na launin toka tare da abubuwan da aka bayyana sosai, irin wannan adon kariya yana sa ƙwai ya zama ba a ganuwa a cikin kuliyoyin. Akwai masonry ɗaya kawai a shekara. Uwa da uba sukan dauki karensu, suna kare abin da zai iya karewa daga kowane magabaci, kuma suna kaiwa hari ga kowane dabbar, koda kuwa hatsarin bai yiwa nasu ba, sai dai makwabta. Tsuntsaye masu kiyayya suna ɗaukar kwanaki 20-25.

Kajin sabon jarirai sun sauka kuma sun dogara ne da iyayensu. Suna girma da sauri kuma bayan kwanaki 14 suna yin ƙoƙarin farko don fita daga gida. A farkon watan farko na rayuwa, iyaye suna da alhakin abincin su, duk da cewa bayan kwanaki 20-25 tsuntsaye sun zama fuka-fuki. Chanan kajin suna dacewa da yanayi mai ƙarfi, saboda haka a cikinsu adadin ingantaccen rayuwa ne na kashi 82%.

M polar terns. Arctic Tern tare da kajin. A polar tern a jirgin ciyar da kaza. Arctic Tern yana ciyar da kajin da ya girma. Teen polar tern.

FASAHA

Arctic Tern sanannu ne saboda ƙaurarsa mai nisa - bayan duk, tsuntsayen suna hibernates a cikin Tekun Kudancin da Antarctica. Yankin Turai da Siberian polar terns suna tashi tare da gabar Eurasia zuwa yamma, sannan kuma tare da gabar Tekun Atlantika zuwa kudu. Kudancin Amurkawa suna tashi a gefen yammacin da gabashin Arewacin Kudancin da Kudancin Amurka.

Theaura daga cikin waɗannan tsuntsayen tsawon watanni huɗu. Gabaɗaya, terns suna tashi daga 20,000 zuwa 30,000 kilomita. A yayin ƙaura, tsuntsaye su kasance kusa da ruwa saboda koyaushe kuna iya samun abinci. Yin hijira, terns kowace shekara suna yin balaguro a duniya.

MENENE Abincin

Arctic Tern yana cin nasara ne a kan kifi da ƙananan crustaceans, don haka yana iya samun sauƙin samun abinci a yayin jirgin. A cikin neman abinci, tern kwari kwari sama da ruwa, wani lokacin daskarewa a cikin iska da sauri flaps fuka-fuki. Da ya lura da abin da ya farauto, sai ya sheƙa da sauri ya kama kifin da bakin nasa. Irin wannan jefa don ganima ana kiranta jirgin sama mai tashi ruwa. Masu binciken sunyi nasarar gano cewa, a matsakaita, kawai kowane na uku irin wannan ƙoƙarin yana nasara. Idan farkon jefawar bai yi nasara ba, tern yana kama ganima: tsuntsun ya shiga cikin ruwa na ɗan wani lokaci kuma ya kama shi da baki.

Arctic terns, kamar ciyawar teku, suna sa ido inda abokan aikinsu suke farauta, saboda a waɗannan wuraren zaka iya samun makarantar ƙananan kifaye.

BAYANIN FASAHA, BAYANIN.

• Arctic Tern, wanda aka sanya wa waya a watan Yuni na 1966 a Wales, an samo shi a Ostiraliya a ƙarshen Disamba na waccan shekarar. A sakamakon haka, ya tashi kilomita 18,056 - rakodi don tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura.
• Sau da yawa, gulls zauna a kusa da wani yanki na polar terns. Dukda cewa Arctic Tern wani karamin tsuntsu ne, yana da taka tsantsan da tashin hankali. Don haka, nau'ikan teku, waɗanda ke daidaitawa da yankunanta, suna ba da kansu kariya daga abokan gaba.
• A Greenland, an lura da murfin polar, wanda ke da nisa a nesa mai nisan mil da dama daga Poan Arewa.
• Matsayi na mazaunin terns polars yana kiyaye shi ta musamman "patrol". Lokacin da tsuntsayen da ke gadi suka ɗaga kararrawa, dukan mallakarsu ta yi ƙaura zuwa wurin abokan gaba.

HUKUNCIN HUKUNCIN TARIHIN POLAR. LITTAFINSA

Beak: dogon, nuna. A lokacin rani ne ja, a lokacin hunturu baƙi.

Mishi: mace tana sanya ƙwai 1-3 a cikin gida. Suna da kariya, launi mai launi.

Umyalli: kafadu da na sama a cikin fikafikan suna da launin toka. Featarshen gashin tsuntsaye masu haske ne, ɗan baƙi na baki.

Jirgi: tana motsawa cikin sauƙi da ladabi. Don neman abinci, sai ta tashi, sau da yawa tana fuka fukafukanta.

Wuta: tsuntsu yana da wutsiya da aka kama. Fuka-fukan wutsiya sun fi gashin gashin fikaffi (sun fi tsayi fiye da na fern na kowa).

- wuraren buɗa ido
- Cin nasara

INA YADDA SHAWARWAR POLAR take zaune

Arctic tern ne gama gari kusa da duka sanduna. Ya yi nunin a cikin yankunan Arctic da subarctic na Arewacin Amurka, Greenland da Arewacin Eurasia. A ƙarshen bazara ya bar kudu zuwa kudanci a cikin Antarctica da kuma a Kudancin Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Ostiraliya.

Adana, Kariya

Polar tern bai yi barazanar lalata ba, saboda haka, baya buƙatar kariya ta musamman.

Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin

Krachka na matsakaici, tare da kogi, wanda yake da kamanni. Tana da wutsiya mai tsayi (a cikin tsuntsu zaune yana shimfiɗa sama da ƙarshen fikafikan fuka-fukai), daga S. h. hirundo, ban da haka, launin duhu mai duhu na ƙananan jikin mutum, kuma daga S. h. logipennis - tare da ja baki. Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye a gona kusan ba za a iya bambance su ba. Yanayin jirgin, kamar tern kogi. Don ganima, tsuntsu ya mutu daga tashi. Yana motsa kadan da rashin jituwa akan kasa; a cikin tsuntsu zaune, gajeriyar kaya (gajarta fiye da ta itacen rafi) yana jan hankalin mutane.

Muryar ta yi kama da ta muryar kogin, amma ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi. Cryararrawa tana kara sauti sama da na bakin kogi, kamar mai “kerrr” ko “krrr”. A yayin kararrawa a yankin, ana yawan jin kukan “kaya,” wanda tsuntsayen da ke tashi akan mai matsalar. Jin kukan mai dawowa zuwa yankin (Talla - kira ta: Cramp, 1985) yana kama da "kriyr" ko "pir", kusan koyaushe yana shiga cikin mawaƙa mai ban tsoro kamar "kiti-ki-kiyer, kiti-ki-kiyer. "Ko" kiti-ki-kiri. ". Wani irin kukan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar namijin da ke ciyar da mace (na ƙarshen, mai roƙon abinci, da ƙabilanci "'pee-pee-pee."), Har da terns a lokacin m ci karo. A shari'ar ta karshen, mutum na iya jin busasshen murfin bushewa (ana kuma amfani dashi yayin chatsin don masu kaddarawar fata) da dannawa ko son sauti (don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai duba: Anzigitova et al., 1980, Cramp, 1985).

Bayanin

Launin launin shudi kusan iri ɗaya ne irin na tren kogin, amma babban hula yana gangara ƙasa da kai daga gefen kai, launi na saman jikinsa yana da launin toka-ƙasa da ƙasa mai ashen, launin launin toka na ƙananan jikinsa yana da ƙarfi fiye da na tern kogin, kuma ya hau sama a kan Chin da ƙananan cheeks. Girman gashin fuka-fukan da ke da launuka daban daban, gashin fuka-fukai yawanci duk fararen fata ne, kawai madannin sune launin toka daga matsanancin nau'i biyu, kuma amintattun launuka suna da launin launin toka mai duhu. Furucin Farko, kamar a cikin terns kogi, amma fagen fiska na ciki ya faɗaɗa sosai, tsakaninta da ƙyallen gashin tsuntsu a can ya rage tsintsin launin toka kawai 1.5-2.5 mm.Farar launi a kan fi da webs na ciki na ƙananan flyworms sun haɓaka. Gefen yana da ja ja, wani lokaci tare da baki, kafafu suna ja, iris duhu ne mai launin shuɗi.

Namiji da mata a cikin hunturu. Ya yi kama da terns kogin a cikin kayan da ya dace, ana rarrabe su da canza launi na tsuntsayen firamare da sakandare (duba sama), kazalika da ƙaramin haɓakar launin launin toka a ƙananan baya, manyan juzu'in wutsiya da wutsiya.

Fitar kaya. Ya yi kama da na gangaren rafin kogin, jaket na waɗannan nau'ikan biyu sun bambanta da wahala ba abin dogaro ba. Sautin launi na gaba ɗaya ya bambanta daga launin toka har zuwa tan, duhu duhu da tatsuniyoyi suna warwatse a kusa da wannan bangon. Goshin, amarya da makogwaro launin ruwan kasa har zuwa duhu, thean fari farare ne da wuya. Bodyasan jiki yana da fari, a gefuna da ciki tare da launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa. Beak, bakan gizo da kafafu, kamar terns kogin.

Nesting kaya. Launin kai da gangar jikinsa suna kama da na tern kogin, amma ƙananan baya da manyan wutsiya na farin fari. Webs na waje na helmsmen suna da launin toka, iyakar kuma nauyi na ciki daga cikinsu fari ne. Launin fuka-fukai suna da bambanci da na tsuntsu kogin: tsirin carpal ya fi sauki da fadi, fikafikan fikafi ya fi girma fiye da manyan bangarorin fuka-fukai (kuma ba duhu ba ne fiye da terns kogin), farin launi a ƙarshensu ya fi ci gaba, ciyawar ciki sune fuka-fukan fikafikai tare da faffadar fagen fari . Gefen baki ne mai launin ruwan hoda mai haske ko ruwan lemo, a cikin watan Satumba yawanci baƙi baki ɗaya, kafafu sune ruwan lemo-ja, ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi ko launin toka-ja, bakan gizo mai duhu launin ruwan kasa.

Farkon hunturu. Bayan cikakken molt, yana kama da kayan wasan hunturu na ƙarshe, duk da haka, kifin kifi yana wanzuwa a reshe. A cikin bazara da bazara na kalandar shekara ta biyu, terns ba sa suturar bikin aure, yana kiyaye lokacin hunturu. Kowane ɗayan mutane a wannan lokacin na iya bayyana a cikin arewacin hemisphere; sun bambanta da terns kogin a cikin kaya iri ɗaya daidai da tsuntsayen hunturu, da kuma yanayin ƙaurawar fari ta fari. A cikin kalandar shekara ta uku, terns sun saka kayan da suka dace, amma wasu tsuntsaye (kusan 11%) har yanzu suna da gashin fuka-fukai daban na kayan hunturu na baya akan fikafikan su, goshi, gado da ciki.

Tsarin da girma

Girman mutane (mm) (ZM MSU) da nauyin jiki (g) (Bianchi, 1967):

Tsawon tsawon:
Maza: (n = 44) —257–286 (matsakaita 268),
Mata: (n = 20) - 246-276 (matsakaita 265).

Layin Beak:
Maza: (n = 41) - 26.2-33.8 (matsakaici 30.3),
Mata: (n = 20) - 26.7-31.1 (matsakaici, 28.8),

Tsayi tsayi:
Maza: (n = 43) −13.7-16.7 (matsakaici 15.3),
Mata: (n = 21) - 13.8-16.7 (matsakaici 15.1).

Jikin taro:
Maza: (n = 56) - 82- 135 (kimanin 104),
Mata: (n = 37) - 89–153 (matsakaici 107).

Miƙa

(Cramp, 1985). Shedding a farkon kayan hunturu ya cika, yana farawa a lokacin hunturu. Koyaya, tarawa kai, karamin jiki, baya, da gashin tsuntsaye na iya fara canzawa wani lokaci a cikin Oktoba, yayin hijira. Zuwa watan Fabrairu, zubewar kananan filawa da gashin fuka-fukai, kare canjin fuka-fukai zai fara a watan Disamba - Janairu kuma ya ƙare, a fili, daga Mayu. A cikin wasu tsuntsaye, yana yiwuwa ƙusar da firam ɗin fari yana faruwa a baya, kamar yadda ake cikin manya. Shedding a cikin kayan sanyi na biyu yana faruwa a lokaci guda kamar yadda yake a cikin manya. Shedding a cikin kayan farawa na biyu yana fara ne daga baya fiye da na manya, kuma yana ɗaukar ƙaramin ɓangaren juzu'i: duk fuka-fukan murfin sama, ɓangaren gashin fuka-fukan baya da na gashin tsuntsaye na gaba da na ciki ba maye gurbinsu. Yana da matukar wuya cewa a lokaci guda za a iya maye gurbin firam na 1.5 na cikin gida.

M slting m na faruwa sau biyu a shekara: cikakken prenuptial da m prenuptial. Post-nuptial molting yawanci yana farawa a cikin hunturu. Ba a san ainihin lokacin da ya fara ba - a fili, ƙarshen Satumba - farkon Nuwamba. A watan Janairu, tsuntsayen sun riga sun shiga sabo mai tsananin sanyi, an fara maye firam din ne a farkon watan Fabrairu - farkon Maris. Pre-molting yana faruwa a ƙarshen Fabrairu - Maris, kuma ya ƙare da farkon ƙaurawar bazara. Gashin fuka-fukan kai, akwati, wutsiya da kuma fikafikan suttura an maye gurbinsu, sabanin rafin kogin, canjin yanayin kwari na ciki da na waje ba ya faruwa.

Yaɗa

Matsakaicin yankin. Jigilar kewaye, ta mamaye yankunan Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka da ke kusa da Tekun Arctic, tsibiran da kuma iyakar Arewacin Atlantika da Arewacin Pacific. A Yammacin Turai, an rubuta farashi a Iceland, a tsibirin Jan Mayen, tsibiri Bear, Svalbard, a gefen iyakar Biritaniya, Ireland, Netherlands, Denmark, Jamus, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jamhuriyar, Norway, kuma suna zaune a kan iyakar Baltic na Sweden da Finland, da kuma arewa. na waɗannan ƙasashe - da kuma ruwayen da ke cikin ruwa. An ba da rahoton ƙauyuka marasa tsari a Faransa, Belgium da Poland (Cramp, 1985).

Hoto 80. Yankin rarraba Tern
1 - yankin farauta (layin da aka nuna yana nuna iyakar da ba a bayyana ba), 2 - nest a cikin kunkuntar tsararren rairayin bakin teku da ƙauyukan mutum, 3 - wuraren da ake nema a nan, 4 - Yankin ƙaura, 5 - wuraren hunturu, 6 - jiragen

A cikin USSR, sanannun ƙauyuka an san su ne a cikin jihohin Baltic, galibi akan tsibiran ne a yamma da arewacin Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Aumees et al., 1983). A shekara ta 1978, an tabbatar da bayyanar shelar polar tern a cikin kusancin Riga (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), ana tsammanin ya bayyana a Latvia bayan shekarun 1950 (Viksne, 1983) A cikin adadi kaɗan, kumburin polar tants a tsibirin Birch a bakin Vyborg Bay (Khrabry, 1984), a wasu wuraren na Yankin Leningrad. yanzu ba shi da gida, kodayake a cikin 1940s, an samo ikon mallaka a gabashin tekun Lake Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Zuwa arewacin Arewacin Arctic tern, yana zaune a tekun Barents da bakin Tekun Fasha na Kola Peninsula, gami da tsibirin Ainu, Tsibiri bakwai da sauran tsibirai (Uspensky, 1941, Blagosklonov, 1960, Kishchinsky, 1960a, Malyshevsky, 1962, Bianchi, 1967, Kokhanov, 196 komai, 196) bakin Tekun Fasha, ciki har da tsibirin Solovetsky (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960, Kartashev, 1963, Korneeva et al., 1984). An yi rubutun Nesting a kan manyan layukan Kola Peninsula (Vladimirskaya, 1948), kuma ba shi da gida a cikin tabkuna na kudancin Karelia (Neufeldt, 1970).

Hoto na 81. Yankin polar tern a cikin USSR
1 - yankin farauta (layin da aka nuna yana nuna iyakar da ba a bayyana ba), 2 - nest a cikin kunkuntar bakin tudu, 3 - ƙauyuka daban, 4 - wuraren da ake zargi da farauta, 5 - jirgin, 6 - kwatance na ƙaura na bazara, 7 - ƙaura na kaka ɗaya

Eastarin gabas, iyakar kudu na kewayon ta tashi daga bakin tekun kuma ƙari ko exactlyasa daidai ya zo daidai da iyakar kudu na yankin tundra, wani lokacin yana gangarawa cikin gandun daji-tundra har ma da arewacin taiga (Dementiev, 1951, Uspensky, 1960). Yankin arewa da babban yanki ya shimfiɗa tare da bakin Tekun Arctic da tsibiran da ke kusa. Krachki zauna da Malozemelskaya da Bolyzezemelskaya tundra (Gladkov, 1951, 1962, Lobanov, 1975, Mineev, 1982), birni a ko'ina cikin Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), sannan iyakar iyakar iyakar ta wuce, a bayyane, a cikin kusancin Arctic Circle, akan Yenisei - kusa da Igarka (Skalon, Sludsky, 1941, Rogacheva et al., 1983). Akwai alamun asalin wannan nau'in gonar a kudu - a tsakiyar Ob a kusa da Surgut da kuma tsakiyar tsakiyar kogin. Vakh (Vdovkin, 1941, Sharonov, 1951, ZIN), a bayyane yake, wata ƙungiya ce ta zama ruwan dare, saboda ba a yi rubutun Arctic tern kudu da Labytnangi a theasar Ob (Danilov, 1965). Gaba gaba gabas, polar tern ta mamaye Taimyr, kodayake ba ko'ina ba a cikin tsari: a wasu wurare a kan sashin ƙasa ba inda ake farawa (Krechmar, 1966, Zyryanov, Larin, 1983, Kokorev, 1983, Matyushenkov, 1983, Pavlov et al., 1983, Yakushkin , 1983, Morozov, 1984). A cikin kwandon Khatanga, tabbas iyakar ta wuce ta kusa da 68 ° N. (Ivanov, 1976).

A kan kogin Lena, iyakar iyakar iyakar tazarar arewa ne daga 68 ° 30 ′ N (Labutin et al., 1981), akan Indigirka - kudu da 69 ° 30 ′ N (Uspensky et al., 1962), a cikin Kolyma - tsakanin 67 ° da 67 ° 30 'N (Buturlin, 1934; Labutin et al., 1981). An lura da nesting na Arctic terns a Alasea (Vorobev, 1967), a Chaun Bay da kuma tsibirin Aion (Lebedev, Filin, 1959, Zasypkin, 1981), gabashin Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin, 1983), a duk faren kogin. Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Yankin kudu wanda ya ci gaba ya wuce zuwa tsakiyar rafin. Anadyr da gefen arewa na Koryak sama, suna samar da yanki mai tazara mai juyayi da tarkon kogin (Kishchinsky, 1980). A bayyane yake, yana zaune a duka cikin Chukotka, amma baƙunci ne gaba daya anan (Portenko, 1973). Zuwa kudu na iyakar takaddun ci gaba, an san yawancin ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu: a cikin Parapolsky dol (Dementyev, 1940: Lobkov, 1983), a cikin ƙananan kogin. Karagi (Lobkov, 19816), a cikin yankin Hek a gindin kogin. Gatymynvayam (Firsova, Levada, 1982), a tsibirin Karaginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a), a gabar yamma da gabar Kamchatka a bakin kogin. Tigil (Ostapenko et al., 1977) da ƙauyen. Kirovsky (Lobkov, 1985). Nesting a cikin ƙananan kogin ya kamata. Penzhins kuma a bakin tekun Penzhinskaya (Yakhontov, 1979), kazalika a kudu maso yammacin Kamchatka a cikin yankin Ust-Bolsheretsky (Glushchenko, 1984a).

Arctic terns kuma suna zaune tsibirin Arctic kwari. An lura da Nesting akan Franz Josef Land (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Uspensky, 1972, Tomkovich, 1984), akan Novaya Zemlya (aƙalla a kan iyakar ƙasashen yamma da arewa), tsibirin Vaigach (Belopolsky, 1957 , Uspensky, 1960, Karpovich, Kokhanov, 1967), babu wani cikakken bayani game da rayuwar wannan nau'in a tsibirin Kolguev (Dementiev, 1951). An cigaba da yin gabas, an sanya farashi a tsibirin Bolshevik (Bulavintsev, 1984); Babu wani ingantaccen bayani game da rayuwar mazauna a wasu tsibirai na Arewacin duniya (Laktionov, 1946). Har ila yau Arctic tern nest nishi a tsibirin Novosibirsk da tsibirin Wrangel (Dementiev, 1951, Rutilevsky, 1958, Portenko, 1973).

Hijira

Arctic terns na White da Barents Teas, har ma, ga alama, tsuntsaye daga ƙasan Tekun Kara, Taimyr (mai yiwuwa daga wasu yankuna na gabashin) suna tashi zuwa yamma a faɗuwar rana, sannan kuma wucewa zuwa arewacin tsibirin da yammacin Turai da yammacin gabar Afirka, suna isa wuraren hunturu a Nuwamba - Disamba. Tsuntsaye daga rabin yammacin Arewacin Amurka suna tashi ta wannan hanyar, suna haɗawa da terns na yamma-Pale-Arctic a gefen iyakar Yammacin Turai. Arctic terns na Tekun Bahar da Alaska suna tashi daga kudu a gabar yammacin Amurka. A bayyane yake, terns na yankuna na gabas na USSR suna tashi kamar haka (Cramp, 1985).

Mafi yawan binciken ƙauna na tsuntsayen Tekun Fasha (Bianchi, 1967). Takaitowar balaguron Arctic terns daga yankin Kandalaksha zai fara ne a tsakiyar karni na 20 na Yuli kuma ya ƙare a farkon - tsakiyar watan Agusta; a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, tsuntsaye na wannan yawan sun nuna sha'awar tashi daga baya - kusan kwanaki 20 daga baya fiye da da (Bianchi, Mai wayo, 1972). Daga farkon watan Agusta, terns suna motsawa zuwa kudu maso yamma, suna tashi a cikin Tekun Baltic da gabar Yammacin Turai. A watan Satumba, har yanzu ana samun mafi yawan tsuntsayen a Turai, duk da haka, masu haɓakawa sun riga sun isa gaɓar tekun yamma na Afirka mai zafi. A watan Oktoba - Nuwamba, mahaifa suna ci gaba da haura kudu zuwa gabar yammacin Afirka kuma a cikin Disamba sun isa wuraren hunturu a cikin ruwan Antarctic. Juyawar motsi yana farawa, a bayyane, a cikin Maris, kuma a ƙarshen shekaru goma na biyu na Mayu tsuntsaye na farko sun bayyana a Kandalaksha Bay (tsawon shekaru 17 na kallo, lokacin bayyanar farkon terns ya bambanta daga 6 zuwa 23.V, matsakaicin kwanan wata shine 16.V), kazalika a cikin kaka , tsuntsaye a cikin bazara ba sa zagaye da Kola Peninsula, amma suna tafiya a cikin Tekun Baltic, Finland da Yankin Leningrad. Wata ƙaura ta bazata na gudana ta hanyar kudu maso gabashin Lake Ladoga a ƙarshen Mayu da farkon Yuni (Noskov et al., 1981).

Wasu tsuntsaye, musamman matasa, na iya yin ɓacewa daga babban hanyar jirgin, ana samun su a zurfin ɓangaren duniya. Don haka, an samo ƙananan tsuntsaye na 27.VIII 1958 da 30.VIII na 1960 a yankin Chelyabinsk kuma a Yammacin Ukraine (yankin Khmelnitsky), an kuma lura dasu a cikin Bahar Maliya (Bianchi, 1967).

A Tsibirin Ainu (Yammacin Murman), tsuntsayen farko sun bayyana a 8-25.V, matsakaicin shekaru 21 yana da shekaru 18.V (Anzigitova et al., 1980), a tsibirin Bakwai (Gabashin Murman na Gabas) - 24-31.V, a matsakaici na 28 .V (Belopolsky, 1957), a bakin tafkunan Lapland Nature Reserve - 21.V –6.VI, a matsakaici na tsawon shekaru 11.V (Vladimirskaya, 1948), akan Franz Josef Land - 7-24.VI, a matsakaici 18 .VI ko kuma kadan a baya (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). A cikin tundra Malozemelskaya, ana lura da farkon polar terns a ranar 25-31.V., A cikin Bolshezemelskaya tundra - akan 31.V-3.VI (Mineev, 1982), a kudu na Yamal - 28-V - 8.VI, yawanci a farkon Yuni (Danilov et al. ., 1984), a cikin West Taimyr a cikin shekaru daban-daban kuma a wurare daban-daban - daga 3 zuwa 21.VI (Krechmar, 1963, 1966), a cikin ƙananan Yenisei arewacin Igarka - a farkon shekarun Yuni (Rogacheva et al., 1983). Lambobin da aka lissafa, duk da cewa sun sha bamban sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara gwargwadon lokacin bazara, a bayyane yake ci gaban Arctic terns a bazara daga yamma zuwa gabas har zuwa Taimyr. A bayyane yake, dabbobi masu tasowa suna tashi zuwa gabashin Taimyr, waɗanda ke motsawa daga gabas, daga Chukchi da Bering Teas, sun bayyana a nan a ranar 11-15.VI kuma tashi daga gabas zuwa watan Agusta (Matyushenkov, 1979, 1983). A gabashin Taimyr, polar terns ya bayyana a wuraren da ake farawa a baya: a cikin Prikolymsk tundra a kan 27.V, a Alazey a 31.V, a cikin Yano-Indigir tundra a ranar 30.V – 1.VI (Vorobyov, 1963, 1967), a cikin yankin low low na Chaun 1 .VI ( Kondratyev, 1979), a Uelen 31.V, a cikin mashigar Gicciye 1 .VI, Tsibirin Wrangel - 12.VI (Portenko, 1973). Abin lura ne cewa lokacin da terns yake a cikin tundra na arewa maso gabashin Yakutia ya ɗan ɗan lokaci fiye da bakin tekun Chukotka. Idan wannan ba sakamakon haɗari ba ne na dumama da maɓuɓɓugan farko yayin lura, muna iya ɗaukar ƙaura daga terns ta cikin babban yankin wani wuri kusa da Shelikhov Bay da Penzhinsky Bay. A kowane hali, a gabashin gabar Kamchatka a yankin Tigil, an riga an lura da dabino a cikin rabin na biyu na Mayu (Ostapenko et al., 1975), da kuma a 1972-1973. Tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura sun haɗu 22-26.V a kan kogin. Omolon (Kretschmar et al., 1978).

A cikin kaka, ƙwayar polar ta ɓace daga yawancin wuraren farauta a watan Agusta. Jinkiri kafin farawa ko tsakiyar Satumba aka lura kawai a kudu na Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), a cikin Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Mineev, 1982) da kan Franz Josef Land (Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). Amma ga shugabanci na kaka hijira na daban-daban alumomin, har yanzu babu wani tsabta, za mu iya ɗauka cewa a cikin kaka tsuntsaye yi ƙaura, gaba ɗaya, tare da hanyoyi iri ɗaya kamar a cikin bazara, amma a cikin shugabanci. Makiyaya na garkuwa da mutane kusan 100-350 a cikin kusancin Uelen sun bayyana a cikin shekaru goma na uku na Agusta (Tomkovich and Sorokin, 1983).

A cikin watanni na bazara don arewacin hemisphere, terns shekara suna yawo a cikin sararin ƙasa daga Antarctica zuwa wuraren nishaɗin a Arctic. A bayyane yake, iri ɗaya ne halayyar waɗansu tsuntsayen shekaru biyu (Bianchi, 1967). A lokacin ƙaura na bazara, tatsuniyar Arctic sau da yawa suna tashi cikin rukuni na mutane da yawa, ƙasa da sauƙin garken tsuntsaye 100-150 (Mineev, 1982, Danilov et al., 1984). Itacen garken tumaki da na tsuntsaye a lokacin hunturu yawanci sun fi girma (Cramp, 1985).

Baya ga abubuwan da aka ambata, an rubuta tern na polar terns a cikin yankin Pskov (Zarudny, 1910), Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Italiya, Turkiya, Algeria, da Cyprus (Cramp, 1985). Jirgin Fram ya yi tafiya a cikin Arctic Tern a ranar 27.VII 1895: a 84 ° 32 ′ N (Dementiev, 1951).

Lambar

Don yawancin yankuna na USSR ba a bayyana ba. 10-25 nau'i-nau'i na gida a Latvia (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), kimanin lamba ɗaya a tsibirin Birch na Gabar Gana na Finland (Brave, 1984), da Estonia kusan 10,000 nau'i-nau'i (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Renno , 1972), bisa ga sauran kafofin, nau'i biyu 12.5 dubu (Thomas, 1982, ambata: Cramp, 1985). Aƙalla nau'i-nau'i nau'i 25,000 aka fara amfani da su a Tekun White a cikin shekarun 1960, kuma kusan nau'i-nau'i 10,000 sun kasance a cikin tekun Murmansk (Bianchi, 1967). Yawan adadin Bahar Maliya ya ragu tun (Bianchi, Khlyap, 1970; Bianchi, Boyko, 1972); ga alama, abu ɗaya ya faru da yawan mutanen yammacin Murman (Anzigitova et al., 1980). Ba a daɗaɗɗen polar tern akan Franz Josef Land - a 1981 babu fiye da nau'i-nau'i guda 30 da aka kafa a tsibirin Graham Bell (Tomkovich, 1984), kaɗan ne a gabashin Taimyr (Matyushenkov, 1983), mafi ƙaranci a gabashin Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin , 1983) kuma, gaba ɗaya, kaɗan ne a cikin Chukchi Peninsula da Wrangel Island (Portenko, 1973).

Wannan tern ya zama ruwan dare a cikin tundra na Yakutia (Vorobyov, 1963) da kuma wasu wurare da yawa: a Tsibirin Chaun Lowland da Ayon (Lebedev, Filin, 1959), a Kolyuchinskaya Bay (Krechmar et al., 1978), a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan . Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Hundredaruruwan nau'ikan trens na polar na fili suna zaune a tsibirin Karaginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a). Gabaɗaya, trican terns suna da yawa a yamma, ɓangaren Atlantika na kewayon Palearctic: alal misali, sama da nau'i-nau'i dubu 100 a Iceland kaɗai, da nau'i-nau'i dubu 21 a Norway (Cramp, 1985). Adadin nau'ikan jinsin a cikin USSR, a bayyane yake, nau'i-nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i ɗari.