Holothuria - Wannan dabba ce ta ban mamaki da ke kama da shuka. Wannan dabba tana cikin rukuni na invertebrates, nau'in echinoderms. Wadannan "sausages", kuma wannan shine yadda suke kallo, suna da sunaye da yawa - kokwamba na teku, kokwamba na teku, ginseng na teku.
Holothuria aji haɗu da mutane da yawa, wato 1150. Kowane jinsi ya bambanta da sauran wakilan wannan aji a hanyoyi da yawa. Saboda haka duk nau'in holothuria aka hade cikin nau'ikan 6. Ka'idojin da aka yi la’akari da su yayin rabuwa sun kasance waɗannan: halayen dabi'a, waje da sifofin ƙwayoyin halitta. Don haka, bari mu san nau'ikan holothuria:
1. Holothuria mara lahani ba shi da kafafu ambulacral. Ba kamar sauran danginsu ba, sun jure wa shan ruwa ruwa sosai, wanda ya shafi mazaunin mazauna. Za'a iya samun adadi mai yawa marasa yawa a cikin ragon dabbobi da ke cikin ajiyar Ras Mohamed.
2. An bayar da holothuria mara lahani tare da ƙafafun ambulacral a tarnaƙi. Sun fi son rayuwa a manyan zurfafa.
3. Holothurians masu kamun kai. Siffar jikinsu ta fuska ce. Irin wannan nau'in holothurium saba da rayuwa a cikin ƙasa.
4. Kofar runfar da aka tanada sune suka zama ruwan dare. Cucumbersan itacen da yafi birgewa na zamanin yau suna cikin wannan nau'in.
5. Gefen thyroid suna da gajeren tanti waɗanda basa ɓoye cikin jiki.
6. Dactylochirotides yana haɗar da yaƙe-yaƙe tare da tanti 8 zuwa 30.
HolothuriamarineSakamakon bambancinsa da ikon daidaitawa ga kowane yanayin rayuwa, ana samun shi a kusan dukkanin tekuna. Ban banda kawai Caspian da Baltic Teas.
Wuraren buɗe sararin samaniya ma sun yi kyau don zaman su. Babban ambaliya teku kokwamba holothuria a cikin ruwa mai tsananin zafi da mara zurfi. Wadannan kwastomomin za su iya tsayawa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da kuma zurfin teku. Babban mafakarsu shine murjani murjani da ƙasa mai toshi ƙasa da ciyayi.
Jikin waɗannan mazaunan ruwa mai zurfi ne, wataƙila saboda wannan dalili ana kiransu cucumbersan itacen teku. Fatar ta yi rauni kuma yana karyewa. Duk tsokoki suna haɓaka. A wani ƙarshen jiki shine bakin, kuma a ƙarshen ɗayan dubura. Tumaki suna zaune kusa da bakin.
Tare da taimakonsu, ginseng na teku yana kama abinci da aika shi cikin bakin. Sun haɗiye abinci gaba ɗaya, tunda ba su da haƙora. Yanayin waɗannan dodannin ba su ba da kwakwalwa ba, kuma tsarin juyayi 'yan ƙalilan ne kawai da aka haɗa cikin haɗuwa.
Holothuria kokwamba teku
Bambancin fasalin holothuria teku ginseng shine tsarin injin su. Ruwan huhun waɗannan dabbobi masu ban sha'awa suna buɗe a gaban dubura zuwa cikin cesspool, wanda yake sabon abu ne ga sauran rayayyun halittu.
Launin waɗannan dabbobin yana da haske sosai. Su ne baki, ja, shuɗi da kore. Launin fata ya dogara da ina zaune holothuria. Launin su shi ne mafi yawan lokuta a hade tare da tsarin launi na shimfidar karkashin ruwa. Girman waɗannan "tsutsotsi na karkashin ruwa" ba su da tsayayyun sarari. Zasu iya zama daga 5 mm zuwa 5 m.
Bayanan kwayoyin halitta game da holothurians
Menene bambanci tsakanin holothuria da sauran echinoderms?
M, daidaituwa na holothurians shine kasancewar yanayin elongated, tsutsa-tsutsa, sifar jikinta, siffar mai sihiri ba ƙasa da ita.
Hakanan, holothurians basu da spikes, kwarangwal na fata suna raguwa, yana kunshe da ƙananan kasusuwa masu kazanta. Suna da nau'ikan katako biyar na jiki, kuma gabobin jiki da yawa suna zaune tare.
Holothuria (Holothuroidea).
Fata na waɗannan ɓarna na tekun yana da wuyar taɓawa, tare da wrinkles da yawa. Jikin yana da katanga mai yawa tare da babban turgor (yawa). Bundaƙarin murfin tsoka yana da haɓaka sosai. Kwayar na ciki kewaye da tsokoki na tsaye, an haɗa su da zobe mai santsi. Endaya daga ƙarshen ƙarshen jikin yana wakilta ta bakin, ɗayan ƙarshen yana da dubura. Bakin da ke gefen an kambi da ƙyalli, aikinsu shi ne kama abinci da canja shi zuwa hanjin ciki, wanda aka juya zuwa cikin karkace.
Don numfashi, holothurians suna da tsari na musamman na ambulacral (hydraulic), haka kuma huhun ruwa. Ana wakilta su da jaka waɗanda ke buɗe a gaban dubura a cikin cloaca.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin abinci ana kiransu gaba ɗaya ana kiran trepang.
Cucumbersanyen tekun suna kwance a ƙasa, a gefe, wanda ba alama ce ta halayyar sauran echinoderms ba. Yankin ventral yana wakilta layuka uku na kafafu ambulacral, kuma gefen dorsal ya ƙunshi layuka biyu na irin waɗannan kafafu. Ana kiran gefen maraƙin a gefe ana kira trivium, kuma gefen baya shine bivium. Wasu holothurians da suke zaune a cikin ruwa mai zurfi suna da kafaffun kafaffun ambulacral, ana amfani dasu azaman stilts. Sauran nau'in suna motsawa tare da taimakon tsokoki, wanda aka rage da nau'in peristalsis.
Ainihin, holothurians masu launin baki, kore, wasu lokuta tare da sautunan launin ruwan kasa. Tsawon jikin yana da bambanci sosai, daga 3 cm zuwa 2 mita. Akwai kuma wani kallo wanda tsawonsa yakai mita biyar.
Fauna na zamani ana wakilta shi da nau'ikan 1150, an kasu kashi shida.
Abinci da salon rayuwar holothuria
Kokwamba ta teku dabba ce mai jan hankali wacce take motsa kadan. An bazu ko'ina cikin teku, a kowane zurfi. Ana samun su a cikin rami mai zurfi, har ma a gefen tekun. Coral reefs wuri ne da holothurians ke tarawa musamman manyan lambobi. Yawancin jinsin suna haifar da rayuwa ta zalla, duk da haka, akwai waɗanda suke rayuwa a cikin rukuni na ruwa ko kusa da farfajiya. Wannan rayuwar ana kiranta da pelagic.
Endarshen bakin bakin koyaushe. Plankton, da duk wasu sharan ƙasan halitta da aka samo a cikin ɓoye, ana amfani dasu don abinci, holothurians. Suna shan su tare da yashi kuma suna wucewa ta hanyar narkewa, inda komai yake tacewa. Amma wasu nau'ikan suna tacewa ta amfani da alfarwansu da aka rufe da gamsai.
A cikin Rasha, akwai kusan nau'ikan cucumbers guda 100.
A lokacin tsananin zafin rai, sai su zubar da wani bangare na hanji ta dubura, har ma wani bangare na huhun ruwa. Ta wannan hanyar ta musamman, ana samun kariya daga maharan, to sai an mayar da gabobin su nan ba da jimawa ba. Hakanan yana faruwa cewa suma suna zubar da bututun mai mai guba. Holothurians sau da yawa sun zama wadanda ke fama da gastropods, kifi, wasu crustaceans da starfish. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa a cikin huhun natsattsunsu na iya daidaitawa - kananan kifi har ma da kifayen.
Hanyar yaduwa da haɓaka sake zagayowar garin cucumbers
Sashin jima'i na holothuria yana da aure, wanda gonad ya wakilta, ya ƙunshi shambura da aka tattara a cikin ɓoye. Mafi yawancin lokuta ana hadu da kwan kwayar a waje da fitsarin; Wasu lokuta holothurians suna nuna azama da kama ƙwai tare da tanti, jefa su a ƙashin jikin mutum, a wasu lokuta na musamman ƙwai yana cikin jikin.
Tsohon tsoffin burbushin halittun sun kasance ne a zamanin Silurian.
Kwai na fuskantar canje-canje. Metamorphoses yana farawa tare da tsutsa mai iya iyo, amma tsari na farko, halayyar dukkanin echinoderms, wakiliyar difloma ce, wanda a cikin fewan kwanaki suka zama cuta, sannan kuma lobar. Akwai wasu nau'ikan nau'in lardin, irin su vitellaria da pentactules, suna da asali a cikin wasu nau'in holothurians. Cucumberswararren teku na zaune, a matsakaita, shekaru 5-10.
Ya kamata a sani cewa wasu nau'ikan holothurians suna daurewa, saboda haka, yaduwar kifi a Sin, Japan, da kuma Kudancin Pacific. Kama yana faruwa a Yankin Gabashin Rasha.
Masana ilimin harhada magunguna suna da sha'awar abubuwan gubobi da kukis na teku ya samar, kuma wasu masunta suna kama kifi ta amfani da bututu masu guba.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Menene kokwamba na teku
Kokwamba na teku (trepang) ko holothuria (lat. Holoturoidea) dabba ce mai invertebrate, mallakar nau'in echinoderms. Shahararrun wakilai: Jafananci da cucumaria. Halittu ya banbanta a tsarin sa, bayyanar sa, karfin kariya, kuma yana da wasu abubuwan amfani. Ana amfani dasu da karfi don dalilai na magani, kuma ana samun abinci mai daɗin ci daga naman trepang. A tsohuwar China, an kira dabbar "ginseng sea".
Nawa ne kuma menene nau'ikan cucumbers na teku
Yawan ra'ayoyi: 1100.
Akwai raka'a 6:
Kamewa | Siffofin |
Banda kafa | Kafafu Ambulacral ba su nan. Jin girma cikin yanayin ruwa. Habitat: kifaye masu yawa na reshen Masarautar Ras na ƙasar Ras (wanda aka fassara shi da "Cape Mohammed"). |
Legacy | Siffar jikin mutum biyu ne. Kafafun Ambulacral suna gefen jikin. Suna zaune a zurfafan ƙasa. |
Barrel-dimbin yawa | Tsarin jikin mutum shine fusiform. An dace da rayuwa cikin ƙasa. |
Itace alfarke | Tana da mafi girman lamba da yaduwa. Rayuwa - ba aiki. |
Gefar thyroid | Thyanan alfarmar thyroid waɗanda ba a jan ciki. |
Dactylochirotides | Kafaffun kafaffun kafa. |
Masana kimiyya sun gano holoturia a cikin Caribbean, wanda ya bambanta da takwarorinsu. Enypniastes eximia ko ruwan kwakwa na ruwan teku suna kama da jellyfish. Masana binciken halitta suna wasa da shi "kaji ba tare da kai ba." Bioluminescence, motsi a cikin shafi na ruwa (iya yin iyo har zuwa mil 1) sune ƙwarewa na musamman na wannan wakilin.
Ina kokwamba na teku yake rayuwa?
Babban wuraren: China, Japan, tarin tsibiri na Malay, tekun Pacific Ocean, tsibirin Philippine na kusa.
Gabas ta Tsakiya shine wurin da ake kama kamun kifi don cucumaria da kokwamba na tekun Japan.
Kayan kwalliyar kwai sun fi son zafi, ba wurare masu zurfi ba, suna ɓoyewa a cikin algae ko a cikin ɗakunan farfajiya na silt. Dabba ba ya rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai ɗumi (ban da wakilan dokar rashin oda).
Siffofin halayya da motsi
Holothurians suna zaune a cikin garken shanu, amma suna tafiya da kansu, kaɗai. Dangane da kasancewar da tsawon kafafun ambulacral, saurin da ikon motsawa sun bambanta ga kowa. Wasu mutane ba su da fashewar musamman, don haka suna motsawa tare da taimakon karkatattun abubuwa, ana jifa su daga sama ta kasusuwa.
Rayuwa da halaye na cin abinci
A mafi yawancin halayen, dabbar ba ta aiki, saboda haka, yana da sauƙin ganima ga sauran mazaunan tekun (crustaceans, kifi, starfish). Don kariya yayin farmaki, holothurium yana zubar da bayanan jikin sa na ciki. Wannan yana jan hankali, kuma yana bada damar a ɓoye a gaban kokwamba na teku. Cikakken sakewa yana faruwa a cikin makonni 6-8.
Mai haɗari ko a'a
Kawancen kwai ya zauna a cikin symbiosis tare da kifi. Suna cikin dabba, wato, cikin dubura da huhun ruwa. Ana fitar da abubuwa masu guba kawai don kariya.
Don haka duk iri ɗaya ne, mai guba ne ko a'a? Wasu nau'ikan suna da ikon sakin bututun mai guba idan ya cancanta. Guba yana da haɗari ga ƙananan dabbobi masu ruwa. Ga mutum, capsules na teku yana da cikakken kariya.
Abin da ke ci
Plankton, barbashin kwayoyin halitta - tushen abinci mai gina jiki na holothuria. Ta hanyar wucewa da ruwa ta hanyar tantin, kwayoyin hana ruwa da tukin jirgi suna kama cikin bakin dabba. Don yin wannan, akwai tanti 10-30 waɗanda aka sanya a kusa da bakin.
Masu bincike sun ce holothurians suna da kayan aikin bipolar don abinci mai gina jiki. A takaice dai, yawan abinci yana faruwa ta hanyoyi biyu: ta bakin baki da dubura.
Ana neman abinci ne da yamma ko da dare. A lokacin kaka-hunturu, holothurians kusan ba sa cin abinci. Haɓakar nema don abinci yana faruwa a farkon bazara.
Bayan sun yi tsami, mazan suna sawa don sake samun ƙarfi kuma ba sa cin komai. Daga nan suka farka, suka fara bincike don neman abinci.
Kiwo
Lokacin ciniki: Yuni - Satumba.
A lokacin hadi, dukkan maza da mata sun ja jiki, suna shan matsakaicin matsayi na jiki, fara juyawa. Tsarin yana farawa ne yayin da ake musayar samfuran jima'i yayin da aka haɗu da buɗe hanyoyin jinsi.
Daga cikin wakilan akwai masu yin jinsi iri daya (hada kwayar maza da maza) da dioecious. Ana yin huɗowar sel na haihuwa da kwai a cikin gonads, sannan ana fitar da samfuran haihuwa ta hanyar ƙwayar ciki.
A yawancin holothurians, tsarin daukar ciki da ci gaban tayi ne na waje. Tare da taimakon tantuna, qwai yana haɗe da ɓangaren ɓangaren jikin. Wani lokacin samuwar tayi yakan faru ne tsakanin saurayi. Qwai ya zama larvae - dipleuroles. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, sai su juya zuwa auricularia, sannan kuma zuwa lobes, vitellaria da pentatulum.
Yawan rayuwar holothuria kusan shekaru 10 kenan.
Abun hadewar kemikal
Kokwamba na teku ya ƙunshi furotin na abinci. Arziki a cikin amino acid, macro da abubuwan ganowa: potassium, magnesium, aidin, fluorine, cobalt, jan ƙarfe, bromine, chlorine, nickel, alli, baƙin ƙarfe. Har ila yau yanzu akwai fiber na abin da ake ci, polyunsaturated mai acid, bitamin B, C, da kuma nicotinic acid (PP). Iskancin shine 15,95.
Dukiya mai amfani a magani
Amfanin cin naman trepang yana da tasirin gaske akan lafiya:
- Yana hanzarta lokacin murmurewa bayan tiyata ko cuta.
- Shekaru da yawa, magani a Yankin Gabas yana amfani da naman trepang na nama don daidaita yanayin aiki da ƙananan karfin jini.
- Yana da tasiri mai kyau tare da amosanin gabbai (kumburi da gidajen abinci).
- Cire daga trepang yana da sakamako mai kyau akan yanayin juyayi da tsarin zuciya.
- Cosmetology yana amfani da kwayoyi dangane da trepang don tsarin farfadowa.
- Inganta tsarin endocrine.
- Tun zamanin da, ana ɗaukar kokwamba mai ƙarfi a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan aphrodisiac. An yi amfani dashi don magance prostatitis a cikin maza, da kuma don dawo da aikin jima'i na maza.
- Kalori abun ciki 100g na samfurin: 35kcal. Saboda haka, yana da shawarar yin amfani da holothuria mai cin abinci ga mutanen da ke sarrafa nauyin su, cikakke ne don asarar nauyi.
- Abubuwan amfani masu amfani da kokwamba na teku a magani ana nufin dawo dasu matakin kare garkuwar jiki.
- Damuwa ta wuce, gajiya ta shuɗe.
Girke-girke Trepang
Kafin dafa abinci, yakamata ku sani cewa naman abincin da ke cikin kokwamba na teku ya ƙayyade - ba shi da daɗi. Sabili da haka, bai kamata ku tsammaci daga irin wannan abincin don jin daɗin ɗanɗano ba. Amma irin waɗannan jita-jita za su kawo fa'idodi na kiwon lafiya. Mafi shahararrun girke-girke don shiri na holothurians edible:
- Mazauna wasu ƙasashe na Gabashi suna cin albarkatun ƙasa. A saboda wannan, an tsabtace gawa daga cikin insides, a wanke. Sannan yankakken yankakken, nace a soya miya.
- Skoblyanka abinci ne mai zafi wanda ake yi da kan shi ko kuma abincin gefen.
- Peeled, a yanka a cikin guda teku kokwamba.
- Albasa
- Gishiri, barkono, kayan yaji don dandanawa
- Tumatir
- Sunflower ko man shanu.
Tafasa gawa har sai da taushi. Soya albasa har sai zinariya, ƙara nama mai gishiri, gishiri, barkono, tumatir. Bayan ya soya, bar shi yayi gumi na tsawon mintuna 5. Sanya tafarnuwa idan ana so.
- Tare da kayan lambu - quite da dadi tasa, za a iya amfani da shi azaman gefen tasa.
- Boiled nama trepang 2-3pcs.
- Karas 2pcs.
- Kabeji 200-300g
- Albasa 2 inji mai kwakwalwa.
- Kyaftin Chicken nono 100-150g
- Fuskokin Chives 3-4
- Faski
- Tushen Gindi 100g
- Butter 6 tbsp
- Gishiri, barkono dandana.
- Sesame 1-3 tbsp.
Tafasa yankakken nama, ginger. Mix yankakken ganye tare da nama. Sannan a aiko da stew din a kabeji. Bayan minti 5 (ko lokacin da kabeji ya shirya), ƙara albasarta mai soyayyen da karas. Simmer a kan zafi kadan har sai an dafa na minti 10-15. Ku bauta wa tare da tsaba na sesame.
- Kokwamba na tekun akan zuma magani ne. An adana duk kaddarorin masu amfani.Don shirya tsamewar zuma daga trepang da kanka, ya kamata ku yanke naman a cikin zoben rabin kuma bushe. Honeyara zuma, lura da adadin 1: 1. Nace a cikin wuri mai sanyi na tsawon watanni 2, yana motsa su lokaci-lokaci. 1auki 1 tbsp. Minti 15 kafin abinci.
Masterok
Calledanyen itace, cucumbersanyen tekun ko kukarin teku ana kiransu dabbobi, waɗanda jikinsu ya matsu a ƙanƙantar da taɓa, bayan wannan, a cikin nau'ikan da yawa, ya zama kamar tsohuwar ƙwayar kwai ko kokwamba. Kimanin nau'ikan kabilu masu hatsi 1,100 aka sani. Wadannan dabbobin sun Pliny sun ba da suna "cucumbersanyen marma" a teku, kuma kwatancin wasu nau'ikan mallakar Aristotle ne.
Holothurians suna da ban sha'awa a cikin abubuwan su na waje, launuka masu haske, rayuwa mai ban sha'awa, da wasu halaye, ƙari, sunada mahimmancin tattalin arziki. Sama da nau'ikan 30 da nau'ikan holothurians mutane suna amfani da su don abinci. Holothurians da ake cinyewa, waɗanda galibi ana kiransu trepangs, an daɗe suna da daraja a matsayin abinci mai daɗin abinci da warkewa, don haka sana'ar kamun kifin na waɗannan dabbobin an yi su tun zamanin da.
Babban kamun kifin da aka fiskanta shine mafi yawan bakin tekun Japan da China, a cikin ruwan tsibirin Malay, kusa da tsibiran Tekun Pacific mai tsananin zafi, kusa da tsibirin Philippine. Conductedarancin kifin kifi ana gudanar da shi a cikin Tekun Indiya, a cikin Tekun Red, a bakin tekun Amurka, Afirka, Australia da Italiya. A cikin Tekuna na Gabas, ana haɓaka nau'ikan 2 na holothurians (Stichopus japonicus da Cucumaria japonica), waɗanda ake amfani da su don shirya abincin gwangwani da abinci mai bushe. Jikin musculoskeletal na holothuria, wanda a da ana fuskantar tsawan aiki ta hanyar dafa abinci, bushewa, da shan sigari a wasu ƙasashe, ana yawan amfani dashi azaman abinci. Daga cikin waɗannan samfuran da aka gama, an shirya broths da stews. A Italiya, masunta suna cin soyayyen tumatir ba tare da tilasta musu aiki mai tsaho ba.
A cikin tsari mai kaifi, ana amfani da holothurians a matsayin abinci a Japan, inda suke, bayan cire kayan cikin, ana yanke su cikin yanka kuma a sanyaya tare da soya miya da vinegar. Baya ga jakar musculoskeletal, mazaunan Japan da tsibirin Pacific suna amfani da hanji da gonad na holothurians masu cin abinci, wanda aka fi daraja. Wasu kamfanoni na Turai na zamani suna yin kayayyaki na gwangwani iri daban-daban daga kankarar teku, waɗanda suke da matukar buƙata. Kifi na duniya na Stichopus japonicus a shekara ta 1981 yakai tan miliyan 8098. Baya ga kamun kifi, ana kuma aiwatar da kiwo holothurian, musamman a Gabas namu.
Holothurians sune manyan dabbobi, matsakaicin girman wanda yake daga 10 zuwa 40 cm. Duk da haka, daga cikinsu akwai nau'in dwarf wanda kawai yakai aan milimita, kuma manyan ƙattai, waɗanda tsayin jikinsu suke da ɗan ƙanƙantar da kusan - 5 cm - na iya isa 2 m, kuma wani lokacin har ma da m 5. Holothurians sun bambanta sosai a cikin jikin mutum daga wakilan sauran azuzuwan echinoderms. Mafi yawansu suna iya kama da tsutsotsi, amma wasu nau'ikan suna da kusan sikelin ko fasalin yanayin, kuma wani lokacin ma jiki mai sihiri ko kuma ɗan lalataccen jiki, yana ɗaukar tsoffin ƙwayoyin cuta a bayan sa.
Duk da wannan yanayin jikin, holothurians a koyaushe suna iya bambancewa tsakanin bangarorin biyu da bakin ciki, kodayake bangaren jikinsu baya da nasaba da na dabbobi daban daban. A zahiri suna tafiya a cikin tarnaƙi, tare da bakin ƙare a gaba, saboda haka sunayen "ciki" da "kashi" ɓangarorin suna da sharaɗi, amma tabbas ne. A fannoni da yawa, gefen ventral gefen ya fi ko lessasa da ƙarfi ƙazanta da daidaitawa zuwa rarrafe. Kashin ciki na ciki ya hada da radii 3 da interradiuses guda biyu, saboda haka ana kiran sa trivium, kuma bangaren baya, ko bivium, ya kunshi rada guda 2 da interradiuses guda 3. Matsayi na kafafu akan jikin kifin teku-kwai yana kara inganta banbanci tsakanin bangarorin biyu da na bakin ciki, tunda kafaffun kafaffun kafafu masu karfi, wadanda aka maida hankali kansu akan radii ko kuma wani lokaci ana samunsu a kan cakulan, ana sanye dasu da kofuna masu tsotsa kuma suna hidimar motsa dabbar, yayin da kafafun bivium sukan rasa aikinsu, suna rasa kofuna waɗanda za su tsotse sun zama bakin ciki kuma sun riga sun ɗauki aiki mai hankali. Holothurians ba shi da rabuwa da kai, kodayake a cikin wasu siffofin, alal misali, a cikin wakilan-zurfin teku na tsari na holothurians na ƙafa, mutum na iya lura da wasu rabuwa da ƙarshen ƙarshen daga sauran jikin, saboda haka wani lokaci ana kiransa shugaban.
Bakin, wanda bashi da wata hanyar datse abinci kuma rufewar kusa-kusa da bakin bakin, yana a gefen gaban jikin shi ko kuma dan kadan an canza shi zuwa gefen ciki, an sanya dubura a bayan karshen. A takaice dai wasu siffofin da zasu binne kansu cikin sarkoki ko kuma suka haɗu da kan dutse, bakin da dubura suna motsawa zuwa gefe, yana bawa dabbar wata mahaifa, ƙwalƙwalwa ko sifar kamanninsa. Tumaki da ke kewaye da bakin, wanda aka gyara kafafu ambulacral, halaye ne na duk holothurians. Yawan adadin tantuna sun tashi daga 8 zuwa 30, kuma tsarinsu ya banbanta ga wakilan umarni daban-daban. Gidajen suna itace-katako kuma yana daɗaɗɗa da yawa, yana rufe babban jikin ruwa lokacin kamun kifi, ko gajere, thyroid, fure mai kama da nufin tattara kayan abinci daga ƙasa, ko kuma mai sauƙin tsari iri-iri da yatsa, ko cirrus, wanda ke taimakawa tare da tonowa. holothuria a cikin ƙasa. Dukkanin su, kamar kafafu na ambulacral, suna da alaƙa tare da tashoshi na tsarin aquifer kuma suna da mahimmanci ba kawai don abinci mai gina jiki ba, amma har ma don taɓawa, da kuma a wasu yanayi don numfashi.
Wani fasalin rarrabewa na kwandon kwai na teku shine kasancewar fata mai laushi a yawancin siffofin. Representativesan wakilai ne kawai na umarni na holothurians da dactylochirotides suna da kasusuwa na waje wanda aka lura da ido tsirara a cikin faranti waɗanda ke da kusanci da juna kuma suna samar da wani nau'in harsashi. Kasusuwan fatar fata na ragowar holothurians sun hada da faranti na kwakwalwa mai kyawu da kyawu mai kyawu.
Tare da faranti masu laushi waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙaramin ramuka, za mu iya nemo ayyukan buɗe ido "kwanduna", "tabarau", "sandunansu", "ƙwanƙwasa", "raket", "turrets", "crosses", "ƙafafun", "ango . Baya ga fatar jiki, ana iya samun faranti mai kwalliya a cikin tantin, kusa-bakin membrane, ƙafafun ambulacral, da gabobi. Fewan halittu kaɗan ne kawai ba su da faranti masu walwala, saboda yawancin nau'ikan, halayya ne kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantancewa.
Manyan kasusuwa mafi girma suna cikin jikin holothurium kuma yana kewaye da fatar. Ringararrawar ƙwayar calryous na holothurians na iya zama da sifofi iri-iri: tare da ko ba tare da aiwatarwa ba, duka ko mosaic, da sauransu, amma, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya ƙunshi guda 10, 5 wanda ya dace da radii na dabba, 5 zuwa interradiuses. Ta fannoni da dama, ringin pharyngeal yana aiki a matsayin wurin da aka makala da kifin ribbon guda biyar (tsokoki na jujjuya) waɗanda suke ja da ƙarshen gaban jikin tare da tantin.
Matsawa na gaban gaban jiki da fadada daga cikin tantuna an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar wasu tsokoki guda biyu kamar (tsokoki tsotse) da aka sanya a jikin zobe na kusa da na yan fansho. Gashinan da ke cikin kwarin kwai-kwai suna da isasshen tsari da haɓaka ƙarfin abubuwan haɗin su; musculoskeletal jakar ya ƙunshi tsarin tsokoki masu jujjuyawa da nau'i-nau'i nau'i biyar na kashin tsoka mai tsawo tare da radii.
Tare da taimakon irin waɗannan ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙarfi, wasu holothurians suna motsawa, burrow a cikin ƙasa kuma suna ba da izini sosai ga jikin a ƙarancin fushi. An riga an bincika tsarin cikin ciki na kwalayen kwai na teku tare da nau'in halayyar A. Wataƙila, mutum ya kamata kawai ya kula da na'urar ta musamman - gabobin Cuvier da aka samo a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na holothurians, da gabobin na numfashi na musamman - huhun ruwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin Cuvier sun haɓaka a cikin wakilai daban-daban na tsari na holinuria na thyroid-tentacle. Sunan halittar tubuular tubular glandular tubular da suka fada cikin fadada aikin daga baya - cloaca.
Lokacin da dabba ta fusata, za su iya jefa su ta cikin cloaca kuma su manne wa abu mai sa haushi. Tsarin huhun ruwa, wanda ba ya cikin ɓarke da ƙafar ƙafafun kafafu, ana haɗa su da cesspool ta hanyar amfani da jijiyar guda. Sun kasance sanduna biyu ne masu matukar kyau waɗanda ke kusa da hagu da dama na Cloaca kuma an haɗa su tare da bangon jikin mutum da madaukai na hanji ta ƙyalli da jijiyoyin nama. Tsarin huhu na ruwa na iya zama mai haske a sautunan orange kuma suna ɗaukar wani ɓangaren ɓangaren ƙwayar jikin dabba.
Sassan ƙarshen sassan sassan jikin huhu na yin taɓar daɗaɗɗen kayan ampoule, kuma yawanci haɓakar huhun hagu na haɗuwa cikin hanyoyin jini. Ganuwar huhun ruwa tana sanye da tsokoki masu tasowa, shakatawa wacce take kaiwa zuwa ga fadada huhun huhu da kuma jawo ruwa a cikin ruwa ta hanyar kumburin ciki, da raguwa zuwa fitar da ruwa daga huhu. Don haka, saboda rikicewar jiki da shakatawa na cesspools da huhu na ruwa, ruwan tekun ya cika ƙananan ƙananan rassan, kuma iskar oxygen ta narke cikin ruwa ta bangon bakin ciki yana ratsa ƙwayar jijiyar jikin kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin jiki. Mafi yawan lokuta, ta hanyar huhun ruwa, ana fitar da abubuwa marasa amfani. Wallsatattun ganuwar huhu na ruwa suna iya tsagewa, kuma ana fitar da amoebocytes tare da kayan lalata. Kusan duk holothurians suna dioecious, hermaphrodites daga cikinsu akwai wuya, kuma mafi yawansu suna cikin lalata holothurians marasa doka.
Yawancin lokaci, a cikin hermaphrodites, glandar jima'i suna fitar da sel na farko na maza - spermatozoa, sannan mata - ƙwai, amma akwai nau'ikan da samfuran namiji da na mace suka haɓaka a cikin glandar jima'i iri ɗaya. Misali, Labidoplax buskii (daga tsari irin na holothurians marasa tsari), wanda yake zaune a arewacin yankuna na Tekun Atlantika, ya shayar da bakin tekun Sweden a faɗuwar, daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba. A wannan lokacin na shekara, ƙwayar cuta ta hermaphroditic ta ƙunshi daidai gwargwado da ƙwayoyin mace da namiji, amma kowane holothurium yana saki ƙwai cikin ruwa da farko, kuma bayan kwana ɗaya ko biyu - maniyyi, ko akasin haka.
Sakin kayayyakin haihuwa a cikin ruwa na iya faruwa a tazara da kuma kananan bangarori. Yawancin abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa holothurians suna lalata kayayyakin jima'i da yamma ko da dare. A bayyane yake, duhu babban al'amari ne don ba da sha'awa. Mafi sau da yawa, haihuwa yana faruwa ne a cikin bazara ko lokacin bazara kuma yana da alaƙa da zazzabi, amma an san nau'ikan da za'a iya samo samfuran haihuwa a cikin shekara, amma mafi girman haɓakarsu, alal misali, a cikin Holothuria tubulosa, ana lura dashi a watan Agusta ko Satumba. Lokaci na tsalle-tsalle daban-daban ba wai kawai ga jinsuna daban ba ne, har ma ga nau'ikan iri guda idan tana da babban fannoni.
Don haka, Cucumaria kokwamba na teku, sau da yawa ana samun su a cikin Barents da Kara Seas, suna yaduwa a cikin waɗannan tekuna a watan Yuni - Yuli, da kuma bakin teku a Burtaniya da Norway a watan Fabrairu - Maris. Yawanci, ana fitar da samfuran haihuwa a cikin ruwa, inda ake haɗuwa da ƙwai da haɓaka. Bayan murƙushewa, an samar da tsutsa tsutsa cikin ruwan-fulawa kyauta. Yawancin auricularia suna da babban girman - daga 4 zuwa 15 mm. A cikin da yawa holothurians, larvae, kafin zama kamannin zuwa ga tsofaffi kwayoyin, je zuwa wani matakin lardin-ganga-dimbin yawa - lobolaria, sa'an nan na karshe larval mataki, da ake kira pentactula.
Koyaya, ba duk holothurians ke haɓaka ta wannan hanyar ba. Yanzu sama da nau'ikan kabilu 30 na teku masu sanannu sanannu ne, waɗanda ke kulawa da zuriyar kuma suna ɗaukar matasa. A irin wannan nau'in, ana rarraba shi a cikin ruwan sanyi, mataki na tsintsiya mai lalacewa mai lalacewa kuma ƙwai suna haɓaka ko dai saboda yawan gwaiduwa, ko samun abinci mai gina jiki kai tsaye daga jikin mahaifiyar. A cikin mafi sauƙi, ƙwai da ƙananan yara suna haɓakawa a saman jikin mahaifiyar, alal misali, ƙarƙashin kariyar faranti mai narkewa, ko a cikin fata mai kumburi ta baya, ko kuma a haɗe kawai da tafin kafa. Changesarin canje-canje ya haifar da haifar da baƙin ciki na fata, ɗakunan brood na ciki waɗanda ke ba da izini ga sashin jiki na sakandare, da kuma yawan holothurii da keɓaɓɓu da ƙarancin motsa jiki, don haɓaka ƙananan yara zuwa gaba matakan kai tsaye a cikin kogon jikin mace. A duk waɗannan halayen, jima'i holothurians yana da rarrabe a rarrabe, yayin da yawanci wannan kusan ba zai yiwu ba.
A cikin holothurians, an bayyana lokuta na warewa na haihuwar haihuwa, lokacin da dabba ta kasu kashi biyu kuma kowane rabi ya dawo da ɓace. Holothurians suna rayuwa, kamar duk echinoderms, na musamman a cikin tekuna, amma idan aka kwatanta da sauran azuzuwan wannan rukuni na dabbobi ba su da damuwa ga deskination. Saboda haka, na echinoderms a cikin Tekun Black Sea wanda aka yiwa kwalliya sosai, ana samun mafi yawan holothurians, kuma wasu wakilan holothurians marasa kafafu zasu iya rayuwa har cikin ruwan gishiri na ɗanɗano daɗaɗɗen bishiyar mangoro. Kabarin teku shine dabbobin ƙasa, yawanci suna rarrafe tare da kasan tare da taimakon ƙafafun ambulacral, alfarwansu ko ƙanƙantar tsoka na jikin mutum, ƙasa da kullun ana binne su a cikin ƙasa. Haka kuma akwai sanannun lokuta na yin iyo a saman farfajiya na ƙasa, amma don kawai kaɗan kaɗan siffofin, da kuma wasu nau'o'in holothurians da ke cikin pelagoturiids (Pelagothuriidae) dangi suna ciyar da rayuwarsu gabaɗaya cikin ruwa, kodayake akwai zurfin zurfi, kasancewa ainihin pelagic siffofin. Holothurians suna ciyar da ƙananan dabbobi, tsirrai da detritus. Kasancewa dabbobi masu sassaucin ra’ayi, kusan suna da kariya daga cututtukan wurare daban-daban da kuma commensals. Yawancin ciliates, gregarins sun zauna a kan jikin mutum, a cikin huhu na ruwa, cikin hanji, a cikin jijiyar jikin mutum har ma a cikin gibin jini na capsules na teku, karɓar tsari, abinci, oxygen daga gare su ba tare da “biya” ba, bi da bi, na waɗannan ayyukan. Amma ba wai kawai kwayoyin masu sauƙin amfani da holothurium ba. Wasu lokuta tsutsotsi daban-daban, mollusks, crustaceans, har ma kifayen da suka zauna a kan farfajiya ko a cikin ƙwayar jikinsu, a cikin hanji, cikin kumburin polyvial, a cikin wasu gabobin daban-daban suna haifar da lahani mai yawa ga holoturia. Holothurians sun kasu kashi 6.
Babban kokwamba na teku
Holothurians na rabin-rabi, wanda ke jagorantar yanayin rayuwa mafi yawanci har ma da zama madawwamin gidaje ga wasu ƙananan mazaunan tekun, na iya harba ruwa kusan mil 800 a kowace awa. Jikin waɗannan dabbobin yana kawar da oxygen daga sauran abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan teku kuma yana cike sel da shi.
Dr. William Jaeckle na Jami'ar Wesleyan na Illinois da Richard Strathmann na Jami'ar Washington sun yanke shawarar yin nazarin waɗannan halittu masu ban mamaki dalla-dalla.
Sun gano cewa tsarin jigilar jini wanda yake haɗu da jigon jigilar iska zuwa cikin hanjin (wanda ake kira rete mirabile) ba ya nufin ɗaukar iskar oxygen zuwa cikin hanjin. Daga mahangar kimiyya, zai zama mafi ma'ana a ɗauka cewa wannan tsarin ya zama dole don canja wurin abinci daga dubura zuwa cikin hanjin, kuma ba haka bane, kamar yadda yake yawanci a cikin dabbobi. Likitocin dabbobi masu binciken dabbobi sun yanke shawarar gwajin maganin su.
Don tabbatar da hasashensu, masu binciken sun ciyar da katon kogin da ke cikin tasoshin alkama waɗanda ke ɗauke da baƙin ƙarfe. Tare da taimakon wannan dabarar, kungiyar ta sami damar gano duk hanyar da abinci ke bi ta hanyar echinoderms. Kari akan haka, barbashi mai aiki a jiki yana tarawa a wannan sashin na jiki inda ramin da halittun suke ci abinci yake.
Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa holothurians suna ciyar da bakin ta gaba.Amma kuma an lura da gagarumin taro mai hanawa da ƙarfe a cikin tsarin rete mirabile, wanda ke tabbatar da amfani da dubura azaman bakin na biyu ta tekun cucumbers. Sai dai itace cewa dubura a cikin wadannan halittu suna yin abubuwa da yawa kamar ayyuka uku masu mahimmanci: numfashi, abinci mai gina jiki da kuma motsa jiki.
Masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi jayayya cewa yin nazarin nau'ikan kokwamba ɗaya kawai ba yana nufin cewa kawai suna amfani da hanyar bipolar ce ta abinci ba. Daga baya, likitocin dabbobi sun yi niyyar yin nazarin wasu nau'in halittun echinoderms.
An buga sakamakon binciken a cikin littafin Maris na Invertebrate Biology.
Daga cikin nau'ikan holothurians, trepang da cucumaria sune mafi mahimmanci ga kamun kifi. Trepang da cucumaria iri ɗaya ne a tsarin tsarin jikin mutum da kayan sunadarai. Trepang ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu mahimmanci na rayuwa (na motsa jiki), wanda akan kira shi da tushen rayuwa na rayuwa (ginseng) a cikin ƙasashen Gabas kuma ana ba da shawarar ga waɗanda ke fama da koma baya a cikin ƙarfin jiki da karuwar gajiya. Cin trepang yana taimakawa karfafa tsarin juyayi. Ana aiwatar da kamun kifi a lokacin bazara da damina kawai a Gabashin Gabas. An yanke shinge da aka cire a wurin kamun kifi - an yanke ciki kuma an cire kayan ciki. Ana wanke peeled trepangs kuma a dafa shi na awanni 2-3, har sai naman ya yi laushi, bayan wannan ana amfani dashi don shirya jita-jita na dafuwa.
Skreplyanka tare da trepang a cikin tumatir miya.
Yanke tafasasshen tekun tafarnuwa a kananan ƙananan kuma toya a cikin man tare da albasa, gari da man tumatir. Haɗa komai, saka a cikin kwanon rufi, ƙara ruwa kaɗan kuma tafasa don minti 10-15 akan zafi kadan.
400 g na trepangs, 3/4 kofin man, 3 albasa, 4-5 tablespoons na tumatir manna, 2 tbsp. gari gari, 4 tbsp. tablespoons na ruwa, gishiri dandana.
Trepangs soyayyen tare da albasa.
Yanke ruwan teku da albasa da kuma toya daban, sannan sai ku haɗu, ƙara kayan yaji ku bauta wa teburin mai zafi. Yayyafa tare da albasarta kore.
400 g na trepangs, 2 shugabannin albasa, 1/2 kofin kayan lambu mai, 1 teaspoon na allspice, 100 g na kore albasa, gishiri dandana.
Stewed teku cucumbers.
Narke man shanu a cikin kwanon frying kuma sanya yankakken tekun tafasasshen yankakken cikin yanka, simmer na minti 3. Sanya madara, gishiri, barkono a kawo a tafasa. Ku bauta wa ado da jan barkono.
250 g na trepangs, 4 tbsp. tablespoons margarine ko man kayan lambu, 1 tbsp. cokali mai madara, barkono baƙi, barkono ja, gishiri dandana.
Trepangi tare da kayan lambu.
Yanke tafasasshen ruwan tekun a cikin guda kuma soya. A dafa sabo ne da kabeji, sara da kayan lambu (dankali, karas, zucchini, tumatir) kuma a cakuda shi da garin dumama, a sa a cikin garin a cikin miya a kuma dafa shi a kan ƙaramin zafi har a dafa kayan lambu.
300 g trepang, 1/4 cokali na farin farin kabeji, 3-4 inji mai kwakwalwa. dankali, karas 1-2, zucchini 1-2, gilashin mai 1, tumatir 2-3 ko 2 tbsp. tablespoons na tumatir manna, barkono, sukari, gishiri dandana.
Trepang stewed tare da kaza.
Sanya tafasasshen nama a cikin jirgin ruwa tare da dafaffen naman kaza ko soyayyen, kullun tare da dafaffen miya da simmer akan zafi kadan har dafa shi.
200-300 g na trepangs, 1/2 kaza. Don miya: 1-2 tbsp. tablespoons na tumatir puree, 1 tbsp. cokali na 3% vinegar, 2 tbsp. tablespoons giya (tashar jiragen ruwa ko Madeira), 2-3 tbsp. tablespoons man shanu, 1/2 kofin nama broth.
Trepangi tare da mahara.
Boiled trepangs an yanka a cikin yanka. Vinegar an narke shi da ruwa, ƙara grated horseradish, gishiri, sukari da kuma kawo ga tafasa. Sai a zuba tafasasshen, yankakken yanka na kokwamba. Ana ba da tasa mai sanyi.
Dafaffar trepangs 70, tebur vinegar 40, grated horseradish 10, sukari 2, gishiri
Kwasfa da trepang, zuba tafasasshen ruwa. Bayan kamar minti 1, magudana ruwa, yanke trepang cikin guda.
Sauce: soya miya 2 tbsp., Tafarnuwa 3 cloves (matsi), mayonnaise 1 tbsp. Haɗa duka. Da dadi sosai.
Salatin tare da trepang.
Boiled trepangs an yanka a kananan guda, Boiled dankali a cikin cubes, sa kore Peas, yankakken kwai, ƙara ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami, gishiri. Duk samfuran sun gauraye, sannan a sanyaya shi tare da mayonnaise kuma an yi masa ado tare da salatin kore da kwai.
Boiled trepang 80, dankali 80, kwai 0.5 inji mai kwakwalwa., Peas kore 40, mayonnaise miya 40, ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami, gishiri.
Yana nufin nau'in echinoderm, dabba mai invertebrate. Ana kuma kiranta kokwamba na teku ko kwalin teku. Daga cikinsu akwai nau'ikan abin da ake ci, wanda ake kira "trepang".
Holothuria ya hada da adadi mai yawa, nau'ikan sama da 1100, dukkanin jinsuna sun kasu kashi shida. Bambanci tsakanin umarni shine ire-iren fasalin fasali da kuma wakilai daban-daban na zobe mai santsi. Tsarin gabobin ciki ma ya bambanta tsakanin wakilan umarni daban-daban.
100abi'a 100 ne kacal suka zama ruwan dare a Rasha. Nemo burbushin nau'ikan nau'ikan holothurians yana da alaƙa da lokacin Silurian (lokacin na uku na Paleozoic, bin maɓallin Ordovician).
Trepang
Trepang abinci ne mai baƙon abu wanda baƙon abu ne wanda ya shahara sosai a cikin abubuwan cin abinci na gabas sannan kuma ainihin haƙiƙa ne ga Turawa. Kayayyakin magani na musamman na nama da iyawarta suna ba da izinin waɗannan abubuwan rashin daidaituwa su sami matsayin da suka dace a dafa abinci, amma saboda tsarin sarrafa hadaddun, ƙarancin mazauna, trepangs ba yaduwa. A Rasha, sun fara cire sabon ruwan teku mazaunan ne kawai a ƙarni na 19.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Trepangs sune ɗayan nau'in kukis na tekun ko cucumbers na teku - incoebrate echinoderms. A cikin duka, akwai nau'ikan dabbobi sama da dubu na waɗannan dabbobi masu ruwa, waɗanda suka bambanta da juna ta hanyar shinge da kasancewar ƙarin gabobin, amma kawai ana cinye su. Holothurians shine mafi kusancin dangi na kifin katako da shinge.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Photo: Menene trepang yayi kama?
A cikin taɓawa, jikin trepans yana da fata kuma mai laushi, galibi ana wrinkled. Ganuwar jikin kansu da kansu suna tare da roba tare da cikakke kayan ƙwayar tsoka. A wani gefensa shine bakin, a dubura na gaba. Yawancin alfarwar da ke kewaye da bakin a cikin nau'ikan kaya suna aiki don kama abinci. Ana buɗe bakin bakin ta ta hancin ciki. Dukkanin gabobin ciki suna cikin aljihun fata. Wannan ita ce kawai halitta da ke rayuwa a duniyar da ke da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta marasa ƙarfi, gaba ɗaya sun rasa ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta.
Yawancin trepangs suna da launin ruwan kasa, ko baƙi ko launin shuɗi, amma akwai kuma jan, shuɗi. Launin fata na waɗannan halittu ya dogara da mazauninsu - ya haɗu da launi ruwan ƙasa mai faɗi. Girman tekun cucumbers zai iya zama daga mita 0.5 zuwa 5. Basu da gabobin ji na musamman, kafafu da kafafunsu suna aiki kamar gabobin taɓawa.
Dukkanin holothurians iri-iri an kasu kashi biyu, kowane ɗayan yana da halaye na kansa:
- kafafu - basu da kafafu na ambulacral, jure despaation na ruwa daidai kuma ana samunsu a cikin fadowar mangoro,
- bak'in ciki - suna nuna kasancewar kafafu a gefunan jiki, sun fi son zurfin zurfin,
- ganga-mai fasalin jiki - suna da yanayin kamannin jiki, wanda ya saba da rayuwa a cikin ƙasa,
- Tsananin tserewa shine ya zama gama gari,
- thyroid-tentacle - suna da gajerun kafaffu wadanda dabbar ba ta taba boyewa a cikin jikin ta,
- dactylochirotides - rikice-rikice, da samun daga 8 zuwa 30 ci gaba tantuna.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: cucumbersanyen tekun suna numfasawa ta dubura. Ta hanyar, suna jawo ruwa a jikinsu, daga nan ne suke shan iskar oxygen.
A ina yake zaune?
Hoto: Tekun Trepang
Trepangs suna zaune a cikin ruwan teku na bakin teku a zurfin nisan mita 2 zuwa 50. Wasu nau'ikan kifin teku ba su taɓa gangara zuwa ƙasa ba, suna amfani da rayuwarsu gaba ɗaya a cikin jerin ruwa. Mafi yawancin nau'ikan halittu, lambobi, waɗannan dabbobin sun isa gaɓar gabar teku na wurare masu dumbin yawa na teku, inda manyan lusungiyoyi tare da keɓaɓɓen halittu har zuwa kilogiram 2-4 a kowace murabba'in murabba'in zai iya kafawa.
Trepangs ba sa son ƙasa mai motsi, sun fi son hanyoyin da za a ba da kariya daga guguwa tare da silban-sandbanks, masu saka dutse, kuma ana iya samun su kusa da ƙauyukan mussel, a tsakanin ɓarnar tekun. Habitat: Jafananci, Sinawa, Rawa Tekuna, bakin tekun Japan kusa da gabar kudu da Kunashir da Sakhalin.
Yawancin rikice-rikice suna da mahimmanci musamman don rage salinity na ruwa, amma sun iya yin tsayayya da yawan zafin jiki mai kauri daga alamu mara kyau zuwa digiri 28 tare da ƙari. Idan kun daskare babban mutum, sannan sannu a hankali cire kayan, zai zama rayuwa. Mafi yawa daga wadannan halittu suna tsayayya da karancin iskar oxygen.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan kun sanya trepang a cikin ruwa mai kyau, to, yana zubar da abubuwanda zai mutu. Wasu nau'in rikice-rikice suna yin wannan idan akwai haɗari, kuma ruwan da suke jefa abubuwan jikinsu yana da guba ga rayuwar ruwa da yawa.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo trepang na teku da abin da ke da amfani. Bari mu ga abin da ya ci.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Far Eastern trepang
Trepang dabba ce mai motsa jiki, mafi yawa sun fi son kasancewa a bakin ruwa tsakanin algae ko kuma filayen duwatsu. Yana zaune a cikin manyan garken dabbobi, amma yawo a ƙasa shi kaɗai. A lokaci guda, trepang tana motsawa kamar mataƙa - yana jan ƙafafun kafa kuma yana ɗaure su da ƙarfi zuwa ƙasa, sannan kuma, yanyanke ƙafafu na tsakiyar da gaban ɓangaren jiki yayin biyun, yana jefa su gaba. Ginseng na teku yana motsawa a hankali - a mataki daya yana nasara da nisan da bai wuce santimita 5 ba.
Ciyar da kwayoyin halitta a kananzir, hadadden matattarar algae, tare da kwayoyin dake jikinsu, trepang yafi aiki da dare, da rana. Tare da canjin yanayi, kayan abincirsa ma ya canza. A lokacin rani, a farkon kaka, waɗannan dabbobin ba su da buƙatar buƙatar abinci, kuma a lokacin bazara suna da babban abinci. A cikin hunturu, wasu nau'ikan 'yan' kukis 'na teku suna barin bakin tekun Japan. Wadannan halittun marine suna iya yin jikin su duka mai matukar wahala da jelly-kamar, kusan ruwa. Godiya ga wannan fasalin, yankuna na tekun suna iya hawa dutsen sauƙaƙe ko da a cikin kunkuntar abubuwa a cikin duwatsu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: fishan ƙaramin kifi da ake kira karasus na iya ɓoye a cikin tarkace a lokacin da ba sa neman abinci, amma ya ratsa ta ramin da huɗun yake hurawa, wato, ta hanyar cloaca ko dubura.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Teaside Trepang
Trepangs na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10, kuma lokacin balaga a cikinsu yana ƙare da kimanin shekaru 4-5.
Zasu iya haifuwa ta hanyoyi biyu:
- ƙwai na jima'i
- asexual, lokacin da holothuria, kamar shuka, ya kasu kashi kashi daga wanda mutum daga baya ya bunkasa.
A yanayi, hanya ta farko ana samunta. Trepangs spawn a cikin ruwa zafin jiki na 21-23 digiri, yawanci wannan ne daga tsakiyar Yuli zuwa kwanaki na ƙarshe na watan Agusta. Kafin wannan, hanin maniyyin yana faruwa - mace da namiji suna tsaye tsaye gaban juna, suna danganta karshen jikin su zuwa kasan ko kuma a cikin duwatsun, kuma a lokaci guda za su fitar da caviar da ruwa ta seminal ta hanyar budewar maza da ke kusa da bakin. Oneaya mace ta haɗiye ƙwai sama da miliyan 70 a lokaci guda. Bayan tsallake-tsallake, mutane masu bakin ciki suna hawa zuwa mafaka, inda suka kwanta su sami ƙarfi har sai Oktoba.
Bayan wani lokaci, larvae ya fito daga kwai wanda ya hadu, wanda ya ratsa matakai uku a cikin haɓaka su: diflomasiyya, auricularia da lobar. A cikin watan farko na rayuwarsu, larvae koyaushe yana canzawa, suna cin abinci mai ɗorewa. A wannan lokacin, yawancinsu suna mutuwa. Don juyawa zuwa cikin soya, kowane tsutsa na kokwamba na teku dole ne a haɗe da ruwan ruwan anfelia, inda soya zai zauna har ya girma.
Abokan gaba na ƙabilanci
Hoto: Tekun Trepang
Trepangs ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri, saboda dalilin cewa kyallen jikinsa ta cika da dumbin abubuwan abubuwa masu mahimmanci ga mutane, waɗanda suke da matukar illa ga yawancin masu cin gashin kansu. Starfish shine kawai halitta wanda zai iya jin daɗin trepang ba tare da cutar da jikinsa ba. Wani lokaci kokwamba na teku ya zama wanda ke fama da crustaceans da wasu nau'in gastropods, amma wannan yakan faru da wuya, saboda mutane da yawa suna ƙoƙarin guje shi.
Treafin trepang da aka firgita ya taru cikin ƙwallo, kuma, kare kansa tare da spicules, ya zama kamar shinge na yau da kullun. A cikin mummunan haɗari, an jefa dabbar a baya hanjin ta da huhun ruwa ta dubura don jan hankali da tsoratar da maharan. Bayan dan kankanin lokaci, gabobin sun koma daidai. Babban abokin gaba da cin amanar ana iya kiransa mutum lafiya.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa naman trepang yana da kyakkyawan dandano, mai wadatar furotin mai mahimmanci, ainihin ɗakunan ajiya ne na abubuwa masu amfani ga jikin ɗan adam, ana fitar dashi daga bakin ruwa mai yawa. An yaba da shi sosai a kasar Sin, inda ake yin magunguna da yawa don cututtuka daban-daban daga gare ta, kuma ana amfani da ita a matsayin kwaskwarima azaman azhrodisiac. Ana amfani dashi a bushe, tafasa, nau'i na gwangwani.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Photo: Menene trepang yayi kama?
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yawan wasu nau'in trepang sun sha wahala sosai kuma tuni ya kusan kusan ƙarewa, daga cikinsu akwai Far Eastern trepang. Halin da wasu nau'ikan ke kasancewa sun tabbata. An haramta kamun kifin na teku a Gabas ta Tsakiya, amma wannan bai dakatar da masu bautar kasar China ba, wadanda suke keta iyakokin, suna shiga cikin ruwan Rasha musamman ga wannan dabba mai mahimmanci. Hayar ba bisa ka'ida ba na ta'addancin Yankin Gabas yana da matukar yawa. A cikin ruwan kasar Sin, kusan adadinsu ya lalace.
Sinawa sun koyi shuka tsiran tekuna a cikin yanayin wucin gadi, suna haifar da gonaki mai cike da tarko, amma a halayensu abincinsu ba shi da ƙima da waɗanda aka kama a yanayin rayuwa. Duk da yawan adadin abokan halitta na halitta, da takaddama da karbuwa na waɗannan dabbobin, suna kan gab da hallakawa saboda yunƙurin ɗan adam.
A gida, yunƙurin haifar da sarewar tekun teku galibi ya ƙare cikin gazawa. Isasshen sarari yana da matukar muhimmanci ga waɗannan halittun. Tunda a mafi ƙarancin hatsarin da suke kare kansu ta hanyar jefa wani ruwa mai guba da gubobi a cikin ruwa, sannu a hankali zasu cutar da kansu a cikin karamin akwatin kifaye ba tare da tace isasshen ruwa ba.
Mai tsaro Trepang
Hoto: Trepang daga Littafin nan na Red
Tashe-tashen hankula sun kasance cikin Littafin Red of Russia na shekaru da yawa. An haramta kama kokwamba na tekun Bahar Rum daga watan Mayu zuwa ƙarshen Satumba. Akwai mummunar gwagwarmayar yaƙi da farauta da kasuwancin inuwa da ke da alaƙa da sayar da trepang ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A yau, kokwamba na teku abu ne na zaɓi na kayan tsini. An kirkiro yanayi mai kyau don haifuwa da waɗannan keɓaɓɓun dabbobi a cikin mazauninsu na halitta, an tsara shirye-shirye don maido da ƙididdigar su a cikin Far Far Reserve, kuma a hankali suna ba da sakamako, alal misali, a cikin Peter the Great Bay trepang ya sake zama jinsin gama gari da ke zaune a waccan ruwayen.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tare da kafuwar Soviet Soviet tun daga karni na 20 na ƙarni na karshe, ƙungiyoyi na jihohi ne kawai suka gudanar da kamun kifin. An fitar dashi da tarin yawa. Shekaru da yawa, yawan masarar ruwan teku ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa kuma a cikin 1978 an gabatar da cikakken dakatar da kama shi.
Don jawo hankalin jama'a game da matsalar ɓarkewar alamura ta musamman saboda kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, an buga littafin "Trepang - Treasure of the Far East", wanda rukunin rukunin Cibiyar Bincike na Gabashin Faris ya kirkira.
Trepang, wanda a waje ba kyakkyawa ba ne ga halittar teku, ana iya amincewa da shi a matsayin karamin halitta mai mahimmanci. Wannan dabbar na musamman tana da fa'ida ga mutane, ruwan teku na duniya, don haka ya zama wajibi a yi duk ƙoƙarin da za a iya kiyaye shi a matsayin ɗabi'a don tsararraki masu zuwa.
Habitat
Kuna iya haɗuwa da holoturia ko trepang a cikin Far East, musamman, a cikin Tekun Rawaya, Tekun Okhotsk, Tekun Japan da gabashin Tekun China.
Yawancin yankuna na tekun teku suna zaune kusa da Sakhalin, a gabashin Japan, kusa da bakin tekun Kunashir da Koriya, tsibirin Kyushu, a gabar Tekun Peter Great, Kagoshima da tsibirin Kuril.
Tooƙarin zaɓar trepang, wurin yana da zafi kuma ba zurfi ba, yana son ɓoye a cikin ɓarnar tekun a ƙarƙashin murfin mussel ko a saman bene na silt.
Da yamma sai ya hau saman ruwa. Kuma gefen kanta wuri ne da ake so da mazauninsa.
A wasu lokutan zafi musamman, ya nitse zuwa zurfin matsakaicin mita 150 - wanda yake so a gasa shi a rana.
Trepang baya jin tsoron kifi, tsuntsayen, arthropods, dabbobi masu shayarwa. Amma yana da abokan gaba - wannan mutum ne da kifin kifi
Halin hali
Trepang tana kama da tsutsa. An narkar da shi daga bangarorin, ya girma zuwa cm 40 tsawonsa .. Jikinsa ya ƙunshi, a zahiri, ɓangarori biyu:
- Ta wani gefen gefen bakin da bakin ƙofar gida (guda 20), wanda yake ɗaukar matakan dakatarwa da kuma ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa mai laushi don aika ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwa cikin bakin.
- Kashi na biyu shine fita daga dabi'a, watau dubura.
A cikin trepang, waɗannan sassan biyu suna haɗa hanjin.
Wannan tsarin ana kiran shi raguwa, shine, yawancin gabobin jiki da sassan jikin mutum waɗanda basu da mahimmancin aiki don holothuria sun ɓace lokaci lokaci, barin kawai mafi mahimmanci.
A bayan trepang akwai haɓakar conical - papillomas ko papillomas dake cikin layuka huɗu. Papillon launi launin ruwan kasa ko fari
Ban sha'awa! Idan trepang ba da gangan ko an yanka ta musamman zuwa sassa uku ba, to, matsanancin ɓangarorin nan da nan sun zama masu zaman kansu kuma suna rarrafe. Tsakanin yana kwance kaɗan kuma ya zama mai rayuwa, kawai zuwa yanzu yayi gajarta.
Trepang baya jin tsoron mazaunan ruwa kamar axolotls da guppies, tsuntsaye, arthropods, dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar maniyyi saha.
Amma yana da abokan gaba - wannan mutum ne da kifin kifi.
Ban sha'awa! Tsoro mai firgita ko damuwa yana tattare a cikin ƙwallo, kamar shinge, yana kare kanta tare da spicules - spikes.
Koma bayan trepang yana da sauƙin rarrabewa daga ɓangaren ciki. A cikin ciki akwai bakin ciki wanda aka kewaye da tantuna, launin yana launin ruwan kasa ko ruwan zaitun. Komawa baya duhu, yawancin lokuta duhu ko cakulan, wani lokacin baƙar fata. Fata yana da yawa ga tabawa, elasticity ana ba shi ta sashin jiki na ciki - hanjin hanji
Abubuwan Kyau
A bayan trepang akwai haɓakar conical - papillomas ko papillomas dake cikin layuka huɗu. Launin papillas launin ruwan kasa ne ko fari.
A cikin ciki akwai kafafu na ambulacral, tare da taimakon wanda trepang a hankali yana motsawa tare da ƙasan.
Daga makiya trepang kare spicules - calcareous fata formations.
Ban sha'awa! Yunkurin holothuria tare da kasan yayi kama da motsin macijin. Trepang ta tattara a dunƙule, tana motsa alfarwar ta, ta jingina zuwa kasan ko ganyen algae tare da bayan. Bangaren gaba ya mike yana neman tallafi, sannan ya ja da baya.
Ba za ku iya kiran cin nama ba. Suna wucewa ta ruwa, suna tursasa microorganism, gundarin algae, sel plankton kuma suna cinye su abinci
Daraja
Abubuwan warkarwa na warkewa ya zama sananne a karni na 16.
Sannan manyan sarakuna sun cinye su don tsawaita rayuwarsu da inganta lafiyarsu.
An kira su "ginseng teku" saboda abubuwan da suke da matukar muhimmanci.
Sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu canza jiki:
- bitamin da fats,
- phosphorus da aidin,
- magnesium da jan karfe
- zakara_samani,
- baƙin ƙarfe da alli
- sunadarai da manganese,
- kitse mai kitse da phosphatides.
Irin wannan abun da yake tattare da attajiri zai iya yin fahariya. Me ake kulawa da su? Mutane da yawa cututtuka:
- ciwon sukari,
- gastritis, ciwon huhu,
- cututtukan endocrinological
- maƙarƙashiya
- mastopathy da igiyar ciki fibroids,
- avitaminosis,
- raunuka
- amosanin gabbai,
- cututtukan numfashi da ido
- prostatitis,
- helminthiasis da dama wasu cututtuka.
A matsayin magani, kamfanoni masu samar da magunguna suna samar da tsinkayen abubuwan ɓarna da aka samu tare da zuma. Baya ga halaye na magani, yana da daraja don tasirin tsufa da ikon iya ɗaure raunuka da alaƙa.
Ban sha'awa! Trepang, kamar kowane ruwa mai rarrafe, mai mayuka ne mai ƙarfi, saboda haka ya jimre da matsalar rashin jima'i.
Asiya tana dafa stewandan ganye da ganye da albasarta, cikin yalwar kayan yaji da kayan yaji, bushe da yankakken.
Ba kamar mollusks ba, holothurians suna buƙatar dafa shi muddin ya yiwu. Daga wannan sai naman su ya zama mai taushi da taushi.
A matsayin magani, kamfanoni masu samar da magunguna suna samar da tsinkayen abubuwan ɓarna da aka samu tare da zuma.
Baya ga halaye na magani, yana da daraja don tasirin tsufa da ikon iya ɗaure raunuka da alaƙa.
Mahimmanci! Ya kamata yara ba za su ci yara ba 'yan ƙasa 15, masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa, mutane masu ƙin jini.
Trepang: karamin halitta ne mai mahimmanci
Mazauna gabashin ƙasashen da aka samo a cikin teku analogue na ginseng ƙasa - wannan shine Far Eastern trepang. Ginseng na teku saboda kaddarorin ta yana da matukar yabo ga likitocin biyu da kwararrun na dafuwa.
Trepang (holothuria) shine dabba mai invertebrate dabba mai mallakar aji na echinoderms. Wurin zama daga yankin arewacin tsibirin Kuril da ruwa na kudancin Sakhalin zuwa yankin tsakiyar Jamhuriyar Sin (Hong Kong). Holothurians sun fi son hanyoyin kare hadari da guguwa da filayen siliki. Mutanen suna kiran wa annan dabbobin “cucumbersanyen fari” ko “ƙwayayen kwai,” tunda suna narkewa lokacin da haushi, ya zama kamar “pimpled” ball.
Trepang wani ɗakunan ajiya ne na abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ke ɗauke da tarin adadin abubuwan gina jiki, abubuwan gina jiki da kuma ma'adinan ma'adinai. Saboda haɗuwa ta musamman na abubuwan gina jiki, samfurin yana da tonic, immuno-ƙarfafa da sakamako na ƙwayar cuta a jiki. Bugu da ƙari ga ƙirar magunguna masu mahimmanci, naman holothuria an bambanta shi da kayan dandano na musamman wanda aka saba da shi (tunawa da maɗaukakin marmari tare da bayanin ruwan teku). Halin abinci ne wanda ya bambanta wannan abincin daga wasu nau'in abincin abincin teku.
Tsarin trepang
Trepang sanannen mazaunin duniyar ruwa ne wanda yayi kama da babban katako mai fure. Holothuria yana da jiki mai kyau na tsawon lokaci, a gefen ventral wanda akwai bakin tare da ƙafafun ambulacral (tantuna). Yin amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin, dabbar tana kamawa da niƙa da ƙwayar abinci mai gina jiki (daga ƙasa). Yawan tantuna a cikin trepang sun bambanta daga 10 zuwa 30 guda. An rufe fatar mollusk da yawan adadin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta (spicules). Bugu da kari, a kasan dorshinsa akwai alamun fashewa mai taushi tare da farin “dunmai”.
Launin “kwalayen kwai” ya bambanta da launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu (ya dogara da mazaunin da nau'in dabba). Don haka, akan “silsilar ƙasa” akwai wasu siffofin '' kore '', na jujjuya ko jujjuya - “ja”, da kan yashi (bakin teku) - “shuɗi” (albinos).
Matsakaicin ma'auni na rayuwar ruwa: nisa - 3-4 cm, tsawon - 13-15 cm, nauyi - 0.7-0.8 kg. Tare da wannan, duka ƙananan mutane ƙanana biyu (0.5 cm a girma) da kuma manyan wakilan dangin echinoderm (sunfi girma cm 50 ainun) ana samunsu a cikin yanayin. Babban taro na ƙananan trepangs shine 0.02-0.03 kg, kuma babba - 1.5-3 kg.
Shahararren fasalin holothurians shine ikon su na iya sakewa. Idan an sare kokwamba a cikin kashi uku kuma a jefa shi cikin ruwa, ɓangaren da ya ɓace (kafafu, allura, alfarwansu, gabobin ciki) zasu murmure tsawon lokaci. A wannan yanayin, kowane sashi na dabba an canza zuwa rayayyen kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin dawowa shine watanni 3 zuwa 7. Bugu da kari, ta'addanci yana da dukiya mai ban mamaki don canza elasticity na ganuwar jikin mutum.
Don haka, idan akwai barazanar rayuwa (daga mafarauta), jikinsu ya zama m, kuma idan ya cancanta, ku nemi mafaka a wurare masu wahala - mai taushi.
Amfani da samfur
Propertiesan adam na warkaswa na trepang an san shi da sincean Adam tun daga lokacin tunawa. Koyaya, bayani game da darajar magani na samfurin ya shiga Turai kawai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 (daga al'adun tsohuwar China). Masu maganin warkarwa na gabashin sunyi amfani da cirewar daga mollusk azaman karfin karfafawa da tonic. Bugu da kari, daulolin kasar Sin sun yi amfani da jingine trepang a matsayin farfadowa da elixir (don tsawaita mulkin). Abin sha'awa, a zamanin da, ana daukar irin waɗannan magungunan a matsayin tushen tushen banmamaki.
A halin yanzu, an tabbatar da darajar magungunan trepang ta hanyar binciken da yawa da kuma karatun asibiti. Ganin cewa kyautar dabbobi ta ƙunshi abubuwan gina jiki sama da 200, ana yin abubuwanda aka tsara abubuwa masu rai da kuma hadaddun kan tushen sa. Babban tasirin irin waɗannan magunguna sune masu motsa jiki, oncological, antiviral, antioxidant, immunomodulating, hematopoietic, hypotensive. Don haɓaka lafiyar jikin mutum, zaka iya amfani da kayan haɗin shagon da aka shirya da kuma potions waɗanda aka kirkira a gida.
Shirye-shiryen magani tincture (tare da zuma):
- Don share sabon fata na fata da viscera. Idan ana amfani da busasshen mollusk, an riga an tsoma shi cikin ruwan sanyi tsawon awanni 10-12.
- Yanke naman da aka shirya cikin kananan guda. Idan ana so, zaku iya amfani da abincikin nama.
- Sanya kayan da aka girka a gilashin ko gilashi.
- Zuba nama tare da zuma na halitta (wanda ya rufe fillet), haɗa sosai.
- Nace a cikin duhu, wuri mai sanyi don watanni 1-1.5.
Magungunan da aka shirya daidai suna da launi mai duhu mai duhu da laushi mai laushi (iri-iri).
Yadda ake ɗaukar tincture na trepangs?
Don dalilai na magani, ana cakuda cakuda 15 ml sau biyu a cikin mintuna 20 kafin abinci. Tsawon lokacin jiyya shine wata 1. Makonni uku bayan haka, ana sake amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi (idan ya cancanta).
Don dalilai masu hanawa, ana amfani da abun da ke ciki a cikin kaka kafin lokacin sanyi da kuma bazara don ƙarfafa rigakafi (5 ml sau uku a rana). Koyaya, a cikin makon farko na far, girman sabis guda ɗaya bai kamata ya wuce saukad da 15 ba (saboda tasirin ƙarfafa mai ƙarfi). Bugu da ƙari, yayin ɗaukar cirewa daga trepang, yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa ƙimar zuciya. Idan ya cancanta, sukan cinye magani da daddare (don taimakawa tashin hankali).
Sakamakon amfanin treus infusions (wanda ya dace da tsarin liyafar):
- yana karfafa tsarin na rigakafi, yana karfafa juriya ga jikin jami'ai,
- kwantar da karfin jini
- normalizes lipid da cholesterol metabolism,
- yana ƙara ji da gani,
- stimulates da sabuntar ya lalace yadudduka na dermis (ciki har da nama nama),
- lowers sukari jini
- ke motsa ikon namiji,
- yana inganta aikin thyroid,
- yana ƙara ƙaruwa,
- yana kara janye jiki daga jikin kwayar cutar,
- yana rage yawan matakan kumburi (a cikin maida hankali),
- yana inganta halayyar mutum-mai tunani,
- yana da sakamako mai kashe kwayoyin cuta,
- yana kara yawan garkuwar jiki, yana rage girman ciwacewar jiki.
Tare da gudanarwa na baka, ana amfani da cirewa daga trepang don lalata cututtukan waje na jiki. Wato, don lura da fitsari na fata, rinses na bakin ciki (bayan tsoma baki na hakori), ƙoshin hanci, lubrication na ganuwar farji (tare da myoma).
Ka tuna, cirewar daga trepang bai kamata a yi amfani da ita ba don maganin hyperthyroidism da rashin lafiyan kudan zuma da kayayyakin marine.
Yadda za a dafa abinci mai ɗanɗano?
Trepangs suna da kyau ga dukkan nau'ikan dafa abinci: tafasa, tuƙi, gasa, kayan gwaiwa da ɗaukar abinci. Usedaƙƙarfan tsohuwar dabbar, wadda aka 'yanta daga fata da viscera, ana amfani da ita azaman abinci. Dangane da kokwamba na teku, suna shirya duka abubuwan ciye-ciye masu zaman kansu (sanyi da zafi), kazalika da kayan abinci da yawa, kayan marinade, suttura da darasin farko. An hada naman Trepang tare da duk abincin teku, biredi mai zafi, albasa, man tumatir, kayan lambu.
Holothuria yana kan sayarwa musamman a cikin bushewa ko daskararre. Yi la'akari da yadda ake dafa clam.
- Kurkura gawawwakin a ƙarƙashin ruwa mai gudu (don wanke kashe foda).
- Jiƙa nama a cikin sabo ruwa na tsawon awanni 24. A lokaci guda kowane sa'o'i 3-4 don canza ruwa.
- Kurkura matse gawawwakin, zuba sabon ruwa, saka murhu.
- Tafasa clam nama na 60 seconds a kan zafi kadan, sannan cire daga zafin rana, nace a cikin broth (na awanni 20).
- Fitar da sharar gida. Guttattun gawawwakin gawawwakin.
- Sanya samfurin da aka yanke tare da ruwan sanyi sannan a sake dafawa na tsawon 60 na kan zafi kaɗan.
- Nace trepang a cikin asalin ruwa na tsawon awanni 20 (akai-akai).
Idan bayan sake zagayowar jiyya na kwana biyu nama ya dushe (tare da wari iodine mara dadi), ana maimaita tsarin dafa abinci (na kwanaki 3-7). Bayan laushi, ana sanya samfurin don minti 3 a cikin ruwan zãfi. Cikakken sake zagayowar sarrafa bushewar yawu yakan dauki kwanaki 2 zuwa 7 (ya danganta da matakin samuwar).
Lokacin amfani da gawawwakin sanyi, suna daskarewa a saman shiryayyen firiji ko cikin ruwan dumi (a zazzabi na digiri 10-15). Sannan a datse kayan a yanka a wanke a karkashin ruwa mai gudu. Bayan wannan, samfurin yana tafasa a cikin canje-canje da yawa na ruwa (sau 3-6). Ana maimaita wannan tsari har sai broth ya daina baƙi (saboda yawan abun ciki na aidin). Lokacin kowane magani bai kamata ya wuce minti 5-8 ba. Bayan dafa abinci, an wanke naman a ƙarƙashin ruwan sanyi (har sai an sanyaya gaba ɗaya), sannan a sanya shi cikin firiji. A lokaci guda, suna lura da tsabtace jita-jita, tunda lokacin da ya shafi hulɗa da mai, samfurin yana lalata da sauri.
Lokacin adanawa a cikin zazzabi na 0 zuwa + 5 shine kwanaki 3-4. Don ƙara rayuwar shiryayye (har zuwa watanni 2), an sanya naman da aka gama a cikin injin daskarewa.
Holothurians na gwangwani suna shirye don amfani ba tare da maganin zafi ba.
Abin sha'awa, ana amfani da samfurin da aka yanyanka azaman madadin zaituni da namomin kaza.
Pea miya tare da tekun cucumbers
- trepangs - 100 grams,
- Peas (lentils) - 30 grams,
- karas - 15 grams,
- faski faski - 20 grams,
- naman alade (mai) - 20 grams,
- ganye - 20 grams.
- Tafasa tarko a cikin ruwa da yawa na ruwa, a yanka a cikin cubes.
- Soya daga abincin teku, karas da tushen faski (cikin mai).
- Tafasa Peas har sai da rabi ya dafa (minti 20-30).
- Sanya cakuda da aka soyayyen, ganye, kayan yaji a cikin broth.
Ku bauta wa miyan pea tare da kirim mai tsami ko mastad ɗin yaji.
Trepang soyayyen kayan lambu
- teku cucumbers - 300 grams,
- man kayan lambu - 45 milliliters,
- farin kabeji - 400 grams,
- karas - 200 grams,
- zucchini - 200 grams,
- dankali - 300 grams,
- tumatir - 200 grams,
- mayonnaise - 150 mililite,
- cuku - 150 grams.
- Tafasa cucumbersan itacen inabin a cikin ruwa sau uku (bayan soya yau da kullun).
- Soya trepangs a cikin kayan lambu mai (na 5 da minti).
- Kara kayan lambu. Yanke kabeji a cikin rabin zobba, dankali - "straws", karas da zucchini - cubes. Grate da tumatir.
- Sauté cakuda kayan lambu akan zafi kadan (5 mintuna).
- Haɗa kabeji, karas, zucchini da dankali tare da trepangs, ƙara gishiri da kayan yaji.
- Sanya taro da aka shirya akan takardar yin burodi.Zuba a cikin tumatir miya.
- Gasa tasa a cikin tanda na minti 20 (a zazzabi na digiri 180).
- Yayyafa rabin abin da aka gama tare da cuku, gashi tare da mayonnaise, (Minti 10 kafin dafa abinci).
Ku bauta wa gasa tare da ruwan tumatir da kyawawan namomin kaza.
Kammalawa
Trepang itace mafi darajar echinoderm mollusk wacce take zaune a gabar ruwan tekun Japan, Rawaya da Gabashin China. Abubuwan da ke cikin wannan dabba sun ƙunshi adadin abubuwa masu guba: abubuwan gina jiki, triterpene saponins, ma'adanai, bitamin, Organic acid. Saboda haɗuwa ta musamman na abubuwan gina jiki, ana amfani da naman trepang don rage tsarin tsufa na halitta, rage haushi, haɓaka haɓakar fata, da haɓaka mahimmancin jiki. Tare da wannan, abincin abincin teku yana ba da taimako mai mahimmanci ga glandar thyroid, kwakwalwa, gabobin haihuwa, da tsarin zuciya. Don samun sakamako mai warkewa daga sabo mai mollusk, an shirya cirewa ko cirewa (zaka iya amfani da tinctures da aka shirya).
Shirye-shirye dangane da trepang suna da kyau a yi amfani da rage yawan kariya, rashi na bitamin, adhesions, gajiya mai saurin kamuwa da cuta, raunukan raunuka, rheumatoid arthritis, rashin ƙarfi, mastopathy. Baya ga kayan warkarwa da abinci mai gina jiki, “kwai” nama yana da ɗanɗano kifi mai ƙamshi mai kyau. Ganin wannan, ana amfani dashi sosai a dafa abinci (musamman a ƙasashen gabashin Asiya). Ya zama cikakke ga kowane nau'in sarrafa abinci: yin burodi, soya, dafa abinci, bushewa, salting, adanawa da tara. Miyan, hodgepodge, jita-jita na gefe, salads, kek ɗin cikawa, a biredi, an shirya marinades daga mousus ɗin echinoderm. Samfurin yana buƙatar magani na gaba: soaking na kwana ɗaya a cikin ruwan sanyi, tafasa cikin canje-canje da yawa (tare da daidaita awa 12). Adana a cikin firiji (ba fiye da kwana 2 ba) ko a cikin injin daskarewa (watanni 1.5-2).
Yanayi da rayuwar holothuria
Holothurian salon rayuwa - mara aiki. Ba su cikin hanzari ba, kuma kuyi tafiyar hawainiya fiye da kunkuru. Suna tafiya tare da bakin tekun a gefansu, tunda ga shi suna da kafafu.
Hotothuria marine ginseng
Kuna iya duban irin wannan hanyar baƙin da ba ta saba ba Holothuria. A yayin tafiya, suna kama shinge na kayan da ake iya cinyewa daga kasan.
Suna jin girma a zurfin zurfafa. Don haka a cikin zurfin kilomita 8, ginseng na teku yana ɗaukar kansa mai cikakken shiri ne, kuma wannan ba haɗari bane. Sune kashi 90% na dukkan ƙananan yan ƙasa a zurfin zurfafa.
Amma ko da waɗannan "masu mallakar ƙasa" suna da abokan gaba. Holoturia dole ne su kare kansu daga kifi, kifin dako, crustaceans da wasu nau'in mollusks. Don kariya, cucumbers na teku suna amfani da "makami na musamman." Idan akwai haɗari, zasu iya yin kwangila da jefa kayan jikinsu a cikin ruwa.
A matsayinka na mai mulkin, waɗannan sune hanji da gabobi. Don haka, abokin gaba ya ɓace, ko kuma biki a kan wannan 'fadadden iska,' yayin da gaban kokwamba ya tsere daga fagen daga. Dukkanin sassan jikin da suka ɓace an dawo dasu cikin makonni 1.5-5 kuma holothuria ya ci gaba da rayuwa kamar dā.
Ana kiyaye wasu nau'in ta wata hanyar dabam. Yayin tsere tare da abokan gaba, suna haifar da enzymes mai guba, waɗanda suke da guba mai da yawa ga kifaye masu yawa.
Ga mutane, wannan abun ba shi da haɗari, babban abin magana shine cewa ba ya shiga cikin idanu. Mutane sun daidaita don amfani da wannan kayan don dalilai na kansu: kamun kifi da tsoratar da sharks.
Baya ga makiya, ginseng na teku yana da abokai. Kimanin nau'ikan kifayen 27 na dangin Carapus suna amfani da holothurians a zaman gida. Suna zaune a cikin waɗannan dabbobin da ba a sani ba, suna amfani da su a matsayin mafaka idan akwai haɗari.
Wasu lokuta waɗannan "kifin kokwamba" suna cin gabobin haihuwa da na numfashi na holothurians, amma saboda ikon sabuntar su, wannan ba ya haifar da lahani mai yawa ga "masu".
Hobleuria mai cin abinci la'akari ba kawai mazaunan cikin ruwa ba, har ma da mutane. Ana amfani da trepangs don shirye-shiryen kayan abinci, da kuma a fannin magunguna. Ba su da dandano, amma suna da lafiya sosai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa bayan isa saman kokwamba na teku, ya zama dole a yayyafa shi da gishiri don ya zama da wahala. In ba haka ba, idan an yi hulɗa da iska, mollusk zai yi laushi kuma yayi kama da jelly.
Bidiyo: Holothuria
Kakannin halittu masu halittar echinoderms dabbobi ne masu rayuwa masu 'yanci tare da alamar cudanya biyu. Sannan Carpoidea ya bayyana, sun riga sun kasance masu fara'a. An rufe jikinsu da faranti, kuma an sanya bakinsu da dubura a gefe ɗaya. Mataki na gaba shine Cystoidea ko kuma balloons. Grooves sun bayyana a bakin bakinsu don tara abinci. Daga cikin ƙasashen duniya ne holothurians ya samo asali kai tsaye - sabanin sauran ɗakunan zamanin na echinoderms, wanda shima ya samo asali daga garesu, amma ya wuce wasu matakai. A sakamakon haka, holothurians har yanzu suna da fasali masu yawa waɗanda kuma halayyar maɗaukaka ne.
Kuma holothurians kansu tsohuwar aji ce wacce ba ta canza komai ba a cikin daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata. Masanin ilimin dabbobi na Faransa A.M. ya bayyana su. Blanville a cikin 1834, sunan aji a Latin shi ne Holothuroidea.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai da yawa na vanadium a cikin jinin kwastan teku - har zuwa 8-9%. A sakamakon haka, ana iya hakar wannan ƙarfe mai mahimmanci daga gare su a nan gaba.
A ina ne holothuria ke zaune?
Hoto: Holoturia teku
Yankin su yana da fadi sosai kuma ya hada da dukkan tekuna da mafi yawan tekuna na duniya. Wataƙila wahalar tekuna inda ba a samo holothurians ba, a cikinsu, misali, Baltic da Caspian. Yawancin holothurians suna zaune a cikin ruwan dumi na tsibirin, sun fi so su zauna kusa da ruwan murjani, amma kuma suna rayuwa a cikin tekuna masu sanyi.
Zai yiwu haɗuwa da holothurians a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a gefen tudu, da zurfi, har zuwa zurfin ramuka: hakika, waɗannan nau'ikan jinsin ne gaba ɗaya, sun sha bamban da juna. Holothurians kuma suna zaune a cikin zurfin wuri na duniya, Mariana Trench, a ƙarshen ƙasa. Suna da mahimmancin ɓangaren ƙasa, wani lokacin yana cutar da su. A cikin zurfin zurfin ciki - sama da 8,000 m, macro-fauna (shine, wanda za'a iya gani da idanun ɗan adam) wakilcin su gabaɗaya ne, kusan kashi 85-90% na dukkanin manyan halittun da suke cikin rukunin holothurian ne.
Wannan yana nuna cewa, duk da cancantar halittar waɗannan halittu, suna dacewa da su sosai ga rayuwa cikin zurfafa kuma suna iya ba da babbar madaidaiciya ga dabbobi masu rikitarwa. Bambancin jinsin su yana raguwa ne kawai bayan 5,000 5,000, sannan a hankali. Fewan dabbobi kaɗan ne ke iya yin gasa tare da su cikin unpreentiousness.
Akwai nau'ikan holothuria, masana'anta wanda ke ba da ikon yin ruwa a cikin ruwa: kawai suna tsallake daga ƙasa kuma a hankali suna matsawa zuwa wani sabon wuri, ta amfani da kayan kwalliya na musamman don motsawa. Amma har yanzu suna zaune a ƙasan, ban da nau'in halitta guda ɗaya da ke rayuwa a cikin rukunin ruwa: Pelagothuria natatrix ce, kuma tana yin iyo sau da yawa a cikin hanyar da aka bayyana.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo holothuria. Bari mu ga abin da ta ci.
Abokan gaba na makiya na holothurians
Hoto: Menene misalin holothuria?
Akwai yaduwar cucumbersanyen ƙasa a ƙasa, yayin da suke jinkiri kuma ba su da kariya sosai, sabili da haka yawancin karnukan farautar su daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Amma 'yan kalilan ne ke ciyar da su koyaushe. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa gubobi suna haɗuwa a cikin kyallen takarda (babban cikinsu har ma ana mai da shi ta hanyar da ta dace - holoturin), kuma yawan amfani da ganyen kabeji na teku kamar yadda abinci ke cutarwa ga rayuwar ruwa.
Na nau'ikan da holothuria shine babban tushen abinci mai gina jiki, yana da mahimmanci a nuna mahimmancin ganga. Wadannan mollusks suna kai hari holothuria, suna allurar guba a cikinsu, sannan kuma su tsotse kyallen takarda daga mai cutar. Toxins basa cutarwa a gare su.
Fishe kuma yana iya ciyar da waɗannan ƙananan mazaunan ƙasa, amma suna yin wannan da ɗan wuya, galibi a cikin yanayin inda ba su sami sauran ganima ba. A tsakanin abokan gaba, holothurians suma suna buƙatar nuna bambancin mutane, saboda ana ɗaukar wasu nau'in abincin mai daɗin ci ne kuma ana kama su akan sikelin masana'antu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Holothuria yana da ikon kare kanta daga masu hasara ta hanya guda kawai: tana zubar da wasu sassan jikinta, kuma da shi gubobi waɗanda ke tsoratar da mafarautan sun fada cikin ruwa. Ga kokwamba mai ruwan kanta, wannan ba mai mutuwa ba ne, tunda yana da ikon yin sabbin gabobin maimakon waɗanda suka ɓace.
Holothuria abinci mai gina jiki
Kofin teku ana daukar su da tsari mai kyau na teku da tekuna. Sukan ciyar da ragowar dabbobin da suka mutu. Endarshen bakinsu koyaushe suna ɗagawa don kama abinci ta amfani da tanti.
Yawan adadin tanti sun bambanta ga jinsuna daban. Matsakaicin adadin su shine guda 30., Kuma dukkan su suna cikin binciken abinci na yau da kullun. Kowane ɗayan alfarwar holothurium daidai licks.
Wasu nau'ikan suna ciyar da kayan maye, waɗansu saura sharan gona da ƙananan dabbobi. Suna kama da tsabtattun injin, tattara abinci gauraye da ƙuraje da yashi daga ƙasa. Hanyoyin cikin wadannan dabbobin an daidaita su ne don zabar abinci mai gina jiki kawai, sannan su tura duk abinda suka wuce.