Hanyar wayewa ta ƙasa, biyowa daga birai zuwa ga mutum, ya haɗa da matakan birrai. Masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa manyan sikandirin da suke da nau'in homo sapiens, musamman, sun samo asali ne daga nau'ikan halittar tsoffin halittu biyu, inda ban da ramapithecus da Australopithecus, ba zai yiwu a yi watsi da dryopithecus ba. Wancan tsohon mutum driopithecus ya ƙunshi mafi yawan adadin alamun biri, sunansa ya ce, inda aka fassara kalmar Girkanci "pithek" a matsayin biri. Amma "drio", a cikin yaren Grik iri ɗaya, yana nufin itace, wanda ke ba da alamar mazauninsa kuma yana taimakawa fahimtar wani abu game da rayuwar dryopithecus.
Wadannan anthropoids, wadanda suka rayu a lokacin Miocene shekaru 30-9 miliyan da suka shude, galibi sune magabatan gidan chimpanzees da gorillas da mutane. Yin hukunci da bayanan kwayoyi, lemu da gibbons (gibbons, huloks, nomaskus da siamangas) sun tafi reshen pongid, ko birai ankoropomorphic (gibbon, gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee) da farko.
Iri na Driepithecus
Farkon abubuwan da aka samu game da wannan nau'in an samo su ne a kudu maso gabashin Afirka cikin ɓacin rai daga ƙasan filayen tsakanin kwatancen rago (raft rafi). A wannan lokacin ne duniya ta kasance, yanayin isar da zafi wanda yake yin yawo a cikin suturar Duniyar wanda ya haifar da karyewar duniyan cikin ramuka daban.
Wannan subfamily na nau'i na birrai sun kasu kashi uku: subyotsera: dryopithecus, sivapithecus, propolul, da kuma wasu nau'ikan: Dryopithecus wuduensis, Dryopithecus fontani, Dryopithecus branco, iDryopithecus babuetanus, Dryopithecus crusafonti. Don dacewa da fahimtar wanda masanan kimiyya ke ma'amala da su, an fara kiran magabacin dryopithecus, wanda ya zauna a nahiyar ta Afirka a matsayin mai yawan Afropithecus. Bayan lokaci, idan aka haɓaka wannan nau'in a ko'ina cikin Afirka da Arabia, ana kiran shi heliopithecus, kuma tare da shiga cikin Turai da Asiya, ana kiran shi heliopithecus.
Bayyanar Dryopithecus
Yin hukunci game da ragowar da suka rayu har zuwa zamaninmu, busarwar ta kasance ta fuskoki da dama masu kama da biranen zamani da birai na gibbon. Tare da rabo daga girma (kusan 60 cm ko 1 m) da kuma manyan kusurwa na girman tsayi, irin wannan halittar zai iya yin tafiya da sauri tare da rassan bishiyoyi, tare da motsawa da sauri a kan doron ƙasa akan dukkanin hudun.
Hoto 1 - Dryopithecus
Babban muƙamuƙi, wanda ke haɓaka gaba, yana da kullun tsarke, ƙanƙan gwiwar ƙanƙan gwiwar ƙyallen kafaɗa, ƙananan huhun wucin gadi da ƙaramin girman kwanyar, wanda ya sa yayi kama da biri kamar yadda zai yiwu. Nesa da ɗan adam da dryopitec kwakwalwa, ofarar wacce ba ta wuce 320-350 cm³ ba. Kuma manyan motsi suna da alamun halayyar dukkanin hominids. Amma a lahadin bakin ciki da bakin enamel, sassun dabbobi da kuma yiwuwar cin abincin da bai dace ba yana da wahala a magana. Faifan hancinsu da hancinsu mai fadi daban daban, zai iya jin daɗin dabbobin farauta, da sauri suka sami yan uwansu kuma sunada amfani sosai wajen neman abinci.
Da aka ba da fasalin fasalin jikin kasusuwa mutane daga wasu nau'in dryopithecus (Dryopithecus brancoi da Dryopithecus laietanus), wasu masana kimiyya suna da ƙarfin zuciya don ba da shawarar yiwuwar motsi a kan wani yanki mai wuya a kan wata gabar ƙafa biyu. Gaskiya ne, tabbataccen hujja game da wannan rudani ba zai yiwu ba. Amma layin gashi mai yawa, halayyar dabbobi, a cikin dryopithecus ya zama ƙasa sosai.
Idan ana tunanin hanyar motsin wadannan anthropoids a jikin rassan da kuma sararin samaniyar kasa, ya isa a sanya ido a kan irin wadannan ayyukan ta birai da biri gibbon. Daga dukkan nau'in dryopithecus (anoyapithecus da aka samo a Catalonia, pyrolapithecus, udobnopitek daga Georgia, da dai sauransu), reshe mafi kusa ga mutane shine ramapithecus.
Yanayin rayuwar Driopithecus
A lokacin zama na dryopithecus, ba lallai ba ne a yi mamakin rabe-raben halittu, wanda ya karo juna, wanda ya haifar da bala'i waɗanda ke tsoratar da girman sakamakon su. Kawai a wannan lokacin, Afirka ta fadi cikin Turai da Asiya, wanda ya haifar da haifar da Alps da kuma haifar da Duniya a cikin Himalayas, Rockies, Andes. Ganin yadda motsin duniyan ke gudana, kasancewar manyan mafarauta da sauran hatsarori da ke tsoratar da duniyar tamu ta wancan lokacin, dammarithecus ta samu kwanciyar hankali lokacin da take hawa tsayin daka a qarfin murfin manyan bishiyoyi.
Haka kuma, asalinsa ya dace da salon rayuwar mazaunin itaciya. Wadannan halittun zasu iya zama a kan dogayen rassan na dogon lokaci, suna karkatar da bayanansu, ba tare da jin wata damuwa ba. Ba a hana shi damar yin tafiya a ƙasa, driopithecus ya ɗauki yawancin rayuwarsu a kan bishiyoyi: sun yi barci, sun ci abinci, suna kula da dangi da yara. A nan ne driopite ya yi ƙoƙarin farko don ilmantar da jama'a.
Kuma tun da yake a cikin abincin driopithecus, wanda ya ƙunshi hatsi, Tushen, da sauran ciyayi, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da berries sun fi so, rayuwa akan bishiyoyi sun yi alkawarin ba aminci ne kawai da kuma damar samun dangantaka a cikin garken ba, amma ya kawo kusanci ga abinci. Tabbatar da abin da ke sama shine rufin bakin ciki na enamel akan motsi, wanda ya ba da abinci mai inganci kawai tare da irin waɗannan kyaututtukan marasa tsayayyen yanayi kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries, amma ba nama mai tsabta ba. Gaskiya ne, rashin yiwuwar kwayar wadannan anthropoids ba ta yanke hukunci ba. An yi sa'a, sun rayu a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi tare da ciyayi mai yawa, kwari da yawa da kuma kyakkyawan yanayin da ba ya buƙatar damuwa da rufin gidaje.
Sauƙaƙa rayuwa a cikin bishiyoyi ya samo asali ne daga gaban haɗin gwiwar mahaifa, wanda ya ba da damar ikon hannu don juyawa ta kowane bangare. Wannan ba zai yiwu ba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa tetrapod suna jagorancin hanyar rayuwa ta duniya. Mu ne abin da muke, saboda cin gaban maƙalar da ƙarfin hannu don aiwatar da jujjuya juzu'i, ciki da waje, halaye ne kawai na magabata da mutane. Wata gabar jiki mai narkewar ruwa tana iya yin motsi tare da kewayon fiye da 180 ° Gaskiyar cewa magabatan mu na nesa zasu iya rayuwa akan bishiyoyi an tabbatar da su ta yanayin da ya bambanta akan hannu da ƙafa, wanda muke kiyaye su.
An ba da damar amfani da zaɓi na zahiri daidai Yanayin rayuwar Driopithecuslokacin da babu wata hanyar fita, ta yaya za'a iya ci gaba ta hanyar inganta rikice-rikice masu daidaita tsari. Misali: rayuwa a cikin bishiyoyi suna buƙatar haɓakar aikin riƙewa na hannun birai, wanda ba zai iya ba amma ya kai ga ikon sarrafa abubuwa, kuma ƙarshe samun ƙwarewar motsi na mutane na zamani da kyakkyawar haɓaka kwakwalwa, a matsayin tushen haɓaka halayen rikitarwa.
Baya ga inganta daidaituwa da motsi, wadannan halittu suna da hangen nesa mai launi na kwayar halitta kuma kwakwalwa ta fara canzawa, dukda cewa ba yawa bane ta fuskar kara girma, amma a canza canji a matakin kwayoyin. Driopithecus ya riga ya sami hangen nesa na sitiriyo da ikon motsa safa na ido zuwa saman jirgin sama.
Jagoranci hanya ta garken garke ta wasu hanyoyin samar da hanyar sadarwa, driopithecus zai iya rayuwa yadda suke rayuwa kawai saboda kusan, kamar manyan birai ne, masu halin masu karancin halaye ne. Ofa thean zuriyar sun ɗauki wani muhimmin wuri a cikin rayuwarsu, suna ƙarfafa ta hanyar kusancin mahaifiya da yaran. Bugu da kari, rayuwa tare ta samu damar hada karfi da karfe don kare kai daga dabbobin daji da sauran hatsarin muhalli.
Kayan aiki
Rayuwa a doron ƙasa da bishiyoyi, waɗannan halittun humanoid basu da ƙwaƙwalwar haɓaka da hannuwa, wanda shine kan gaba wajen kerawa aƙalla wasu kayan aikin. Gaskiya ne, duk da matakin ci gaba na hankali, har yanzu sun kasance a babban matakin juyin halitta fiye da sauran dabbobi. Driopithecus ya koyi yin amfani da abubuwan da ke kewaye da kuma samo aikace-aikace masu amfani don ƙasusuwa, sandunansu, duwatsu, da ƙwaƙwalwa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman kayan aikin dryopithecus don sauƙaƙe rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Abubuwan binciken tarihi
Shaidar farko ta tabbatarda wanzuwar dryopithecus shine humerus da ƙananan kashin, wanda akan kiyaye hakora. Masanin kimiyya Lartet ne ya gano wadannan kayayyakin tarihi a shekarar 1856 a Faransa. Binciken farko ya biyo bayan wasu: ragowar dryopithecus a Hungary, Spain, China, Turkey, Kenya.
Hoto 2 - Dryopithecus kwanyar
An samo muƙamuƙin ramapithecus, na kowane nau'in driepitopes kusa da mutum na zamani, a cikin 1934 a Indiya (a cikin tsaunukan Sivalik), kuma ana amfani da sunan allah Rama da sunan. Mahalli na ramapithecus wani yanki ne mai nisa daga zamani zuwa miliyan 12-14 da suka gabata. Rage girman haƙoran haƙoran wannan halitta, wataƙila, yana nuna amfanin wasu na'urori da kayan aikin ne, kuma ba maɗaukakkunansu ba, kamar yadda ake yi a farkon lokacin.
Amma tunda akwai karancin kayan tarihi daga zamanin wannan nau'in, ba lallai ne a fadi shi da cikakkiyar kwarin gwiwa cewa Dryopithecus nasa ne ga magabatan mutane na yau ba ko kuma reshe na wayewar kai.
Lokacin rarrabawa
Dryopithecus, wanda tsawon rayuwarsa ya shafi Miocene, wato kimanin shekaru miliyan 11 zuwa 99 da suka gabata, yayi kama da birai fiye da mutane. A gaskiya, sun kasance. Masu bincike sunyi imani da cewa waɗannan wakilan magabata sun zama magabatan birai na zamani:
Driopithecus shima asalin halittar dan adam ne.
A wane yanayi ne waɗannan halittun suka rayu? Don fahimta, mun juya zuwa ma'aunin yanayin ƙasa. Don haka, tsawon rayuwar driopithecus yayi kama da haka:
- Aeon - Phanerozoic.
- Era - Cenozoic.
- Lokacin shine Neogene.
- Raba - Miocene.
- Takaice ƙarshen Serraval ko farkon Tortonian.
An gano ragowar farkon wannan nau'in tsohuwar a cikin Faransa, daga baya a Hungary, China da Gabashin Afirka.
Siffofin Bayyanar Su
Rayuwar rayuwa, bayyanar da kayan aikin ta dryopithecus ba su da karanci, tunda masana kimiyya suna da karancin kayan aiki a hannunsu. Saboda haka, bayani da yawa maganganu ne na halitta. An yi imanin cewa wannan dattilar tana da fasalin kamannin ta kama da na gibbons na zamani da lemuranut. Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa Driopithecus yayi kama da wannan:
- Girma bai wuce mita 1 ba.
- Dogon forelim, godiya ga wanda magabatan mu zasu iya hawa bishiyoyi da gangan.
- Kwanyar tana karami, tana da babban muƙamuƙi da wucin gadi.
- Goshin yayi ƙasa, tsummokaran ka'idodin halayyar halayya ne.
- Hancin ya shimfiɗa, hanci ya kaɓance.
- Tsarin gashi a jikin mutum ya zama mafi wuya fiye da na wasu nau'ikan zamanin da.
- Rashin ya ɓace.
Ana zaton cewa wadannan birai zasu iya tafiya a doron kasa gaba dayansu. Wasu masana kimiyya suna da tabbacin cewa dryopithecines ya motsa a kan gabar gabansu, kamar mutane na zamani (fasalullulolin ginin kashinsu basu kebe wannan yuwuwar ba), amma basu sami damar tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ba.
Yawan kwakwalwar su ba ta bambanta da girma ba, bisa ga binciken gutsutsuren da ya kai gare mu, masu binciken sun kammala cewa bai wuce 350 cm³ ba. Ba su yi amfani da kayan aikin ba. Amma masu bincike suna ba da shawara cewa, kamar birai na zamani, driopithecus na iya daidaita abubuwa da bazuwar su aiwatar da wasu ayyukan. Misali, karya kwakwa da dutse mai nauyi.
Tunda munyi nazarin zamanin rayuwa (dryopithecus), wanda ya wuce lokaci kimanin shekaru miliyan 11-9 da suka shude, zamuyi la'akari da wane nau'in halittun halittun anthropoid da ke fitowa a cikin kimiyya:
- Afropithecans wakilan Dryopithecus ne, ragowar wanda aka gano a gabashin Afirka.
- Masu shayar da Mutanen Espanya - waɗanda aka samo a Spain.
- Rudapiteks - a Harshen Harshen.
- Heliopithecus - a Arabiya da ko'ina cikin Afirka.
- Griffopithecus - birrai masu narkewa suna motsawa zuwa Eurasia.
- Proconsuls shine mafi yawan mutane.
Ana tsammanin cewa matsuguni ya faru kamar haka: a farko akwai Afropithecans, waɗanda sannu a hankali suka bazu zuwa cikin nahiyar - an kafa heliopithecines. Lokacin da ƙarshen ya zauna a Turai da Asiya, griffopithecus ya bayyana. A zahiri, dukkan su driopithecus ne, suna da bambanci a yankin da suke zama kuma, sabili da haka, a wasu fasalolin kamanninsu.
Cikakkun bayanai na zamanin
Shekarun driopithecus yana daukar shekaru miliyan da yawa. Sha'awa shine yanayin da aka tilasta su wanzu. Don fahimtar wannan batun, ya kamata kuyi nazarin fasalin zamanin Miocene.
Sakamakon motsin, ƙasashen ba sa rarrabuwar teku, don haka mazaunan wancan lokacin suna da damar tashi daga Afirka zuwa Turai da Asiya. Ruwa na teku a Australia da Kudancin Amurka har yanzu suna rabuwa da su, don haka nau'o'in rayuwa akan wadannan nahiyoyi suka kafa hanyoyi da yawa na daban.
Yanayin ya yi sanyi, da yawa daga tutoci suka bayyana. Wataƙila wannan shine ainihin dalilin da yasa magabatan mu na nesa suka sauka daga bishiyoyi suka fara tafiya a ƙasa. Yawancin hatsi, herbivores, da rodents suna bayyana.
Asali da Juyin Halittar Dryopithecus
Ana zaton asalin magabacin Dryopithecus (Afropithecus) ya fara samun cigaban halitta ne a wani wuri a kudu na gabashin Rift na gabashin Afirka sannan kuma ya yadu a cikin Afirka gaba daya har ma ya shiga cikin yankin larabawa (heliopithecus). Bayan haka, ya riga ya shiga sunan griffopitec, ya kama hanya zuwa Asiya kawai, har ma zuwa Turai.
Da alama, Dryopithecus yana da alaƙa da ragowar da aka samo a cikin Catalonia. Wannan shi ne anoyapithek (Anoiapithecus brevirostris), wanda yake da kamannin kamanni zuwa aphropithecus da birrai na anthropoid na zamani. Hakanan an samo su kusa da driopithecus sune pyrolapithecus (Pierolapithecus catalaunicus) waɗanda aka samo su a cikin Catalonia da udabnopithecus (Udabnopithecus garedziensis) waɗanda aka samo a Georgia.
Masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi imani da cewa tsarin rayuwar garken yana halayyar driopithecus.
Bayyanar Dryopithecus
Bayyanancin tsarin mulkin gargajiyar mahalli ba shi da ma'ana. Tsarin dryopithecus ya kasance tsawon 60 cm, kuma yana yin hukunci da gaskiyar cewa ya jagoranci rayuwar itace gaba daya, goshinsa ya fi tsayin duwawunsu, wanda ya ba shi damar motsawa daga wannan reshe zuwa wani, kamar dangin sa na yanzu - gibbons da Oragutans.
Wasu masu binciken, bayan sun yi nazarin peculiarities of the kwarangwalwar mutane mallakar jinsin dabbobi irin su Dryopithecus babuetanus da Dryopithecus brancoi, sun hango cewa bipodalism ya kasance a cikin Spanopithecus da Rudapittec, wato ikon daidaitawa a cikin sa, sakamakon jerin abubuwan hawa masu aiki masu yawa cakuda daidaituwa na tsokoki na jikin gabar jiki da gangar jikin, yana gudana ne ta sanannun nau'ikan motsin bugun zuciya. Tare da wannan motsi, tallafi akan kafa ɗaya a madadin da kuma hanyar keke tare da goyan baya a ƙafafu biyu da canja wurin tallafi a kan kafa na biyu.
An gano ragowar driopithecus a Gabashin Afirka da Eurasia.
Wannan zato ya haifar da sha'awar duniyar kimiyya, amma, cigaba da karatuna bai tabbatar da wannan hasashe ba.
Siffofin rayuwa
Mun bincika driopithecus: lokacin rayuwa, mazauni da fasali na tsarin. Duk wannan ya ƙayyade peculiarities of salonsu. A cewar masu binciken, wadannan birai suna zaune a fakitoci, sun gwammace tserewa daga mafarautan a jikin bishiyoyi masu tsayi. Abin da ya sa, da yake da ikon motsawa cikin ƙasa, waɗannan tsofaffin halittun sun yi sakaci da shi, suna ɓoye a kan rawanin bishiya. Anan suka kwana suka ci abinci, suka kula da yaran. Bugu da kari, ya kasance mai sauqi ka sami abinci ga wadannan halittun dabbobi na bishiyoyi.
Canza yanayin rayuwa ya tilasta driopithecus, wanda aka yi la'akari da lokacin rayuwarsa a sama, don daidaita ayyukan su tare da sauran mambobi na fakitin, hanyar kawai don tsira. Wannan ya zama tushen tushen ingantacciyar al'umma. Tabbas, ba su yi magana ba tukuna, amma suna iya ba da juna ga alamun sauƙi, tare da tsawa don gargaɗin haɗari. Wadannan birai sun kasance suna nuna halin rashin cancanta, sabili da haka, sun sami ingantaccen koyarwar mahaifiya da kulawa da zuriya.
Dryopithecus ya zama mafi mahimmancin matakan ci gaban ɗan adam. Wadannan halittun 'yan adam, tare da dukkan alamominsu, sun sami damar rayuwa cikin yanayi mai wahala, akasari saboda karfin yin aiki tare.