rashin kome a ciki | Tarbosaurus yawanci ya kasance daga dangin tyrannosaurids na subropnosaurids, zuwa ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin mallaka. Bayani na ƙarshe an raba shi ne kawai daga wani ɓangare na masu karɓar haraji, alal misali, Lu tare da abokan aikinsa a cikin 2014 sun haɗa da asalin kai tsaye a cikin dangin tyrannosaurid.
A cikin bayyanar, tarbosaurus ya kusanci zuwa ga tyrannosaurus fiye da na albertozaurus da gorgosaurus. An rarrabe ta da mafi girma jiki, gwargwadon girma mafi girma kuma gwargwado mafi tsayi fiye da wakilan reshe na juyin halitta na iyali, gami da albertosaurus da gorgosaurus, yayin da a lokaci guda, wannan reshe na biyu yana da tsayiwar tibia da metatarsus na dangi gaba daya. Wasu masu binciken suna la'akari T.bataar a matsayin nau'in zalunci, an bayyana wannan ra'ayi duka jim kaɗan bayan ganowa da kuma cikin sababbin karatun. Musamman, Ken Carpenter sabani har ma da kafaffen ra'ayi, bisa ga abin da tarbosaurs sun kasance ƙasa da mulkin zalunci, kuma duk bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kwanyar tsakanin tarbosaurus da azzalumi, a ra'ayinsa, ya dace da tsarin bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kwanyar mutane daban-daban a cikin jinsin Tyrannosaurus rex . Sauran marubutan sun bambanta tarboosaurs a matsayin wani nau'in daban, duk da cewa sun lura da kusancin su da azzalumi.
Daga binciken 2003, ya bi bayan cewa alioramas waɗanda suke kusa da tarbozaurs suna raba fasalin kwanyar da babu su cikin sauran nau'in azzalumi. (duba tsarin kwanyar). Idan aka tabbatar da wannan mahangar, wannan zai nuna cewa juyin halittar danniya a Amurka da Asiya ya tafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma ba za a iya gano fasfon din da zalunci ba. A lokaci guda, sanannen wakilin alioramas, gwargwadon halaye da yawa, shine samfurin samari, ga alama, ba tarbosaur ne na matasa ba, tun da yana da adadin hakora masu yawa (daga 76 zuwa 78) da takamaiman sarkar tarin fitsarin ƙashi tare da ɓangaren ɓangaren maƙarƙashiyar. A lokaci guda, a cikin nazarin 2013, wani dan Asia wanda aka fi sani da sunan dangi mafi kusa na tarbosaurus - Zhuchengtyrannus, kuma an gabatar da wani zalunci a matsayin na gaba a kusancin halayen ilimin halittar mutum.
Matsayi na tarbosaurus a cikin tsinkaye dangane da azzalumi a cikin karni na 21 yana da ma'amala tare da tunani game da batun yaduwar cutar zalunci a Arewacin Amurka da Asiya. Musamman, a cikin labarin 2013 wanda ke bincika tsohuwar ƙasa ta Laramidia a matsayin wurin fito da zalunci, an ɗauka cewa daga nan ne suka yadu a cikin Asiya ta fuskoki guda ɗaya - a daidai lokacin da matakin saman duniya ya faɗi a ƙarshen zangon kampani. Arin juyin halittar tyrannosaurids ya faru a layi daya a cikin Amurka da Asiya, kuma don haka cutarwar Amurka tana da nisa sosai daga Asiya kusa da juna. Tarbosaurus da Zhuchengtyrannus . Akasin haka, wani binciken na 2016, a cikin wanda marubutan su ke tallata ka'idar babban kusancin mulkin mallaka da tarhosaurus, suna nuni da cewa Tyrannosaurus rex shine zuriyar manya-manyan siraran da aka kirkira a Asiya, wanda ya shiga Amurka har ma daga baya - zuwa ƙarshen Cretaceous, kuma wannan shine dalilin wannan shine mafi girman nau'in da aka gano har yanzu a Arewacin Amurka inda kawai ake samun ƙananan matsakaitan ƙarfi ban da shi.
Tarihin ganowa da suna
A shekara ta 1946, tsarin binciken kimiyya na Mongolian na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR wanda I. A. Efremov ya gabatar a cikin Gobi, a cikin Kudancin Gobi, ya gano kwanyar da wasu dabbobi masu yawa a cikin Nemaget suite. A cikin 1955, masanin ilimin kimiyyar binciken Soviet A. A. Maleev ya bayyana waɗannan binciken a matsayin holotype na wani jinsin da ba a ba da sunayensu ba, wanda ya ba wa suna Tyrannosaurus bataar wakiltar wani gurbata da juna. Baatar (gwarzon Rasha). A wannan shekarar, Maleev ya ba da bayanin wasu kwanukan mutum uku da aka samo yayin wannan balaguron a shekarar 1948 da 1949. Tare da kowane ɗayan kwanyar, an sami sauran bayanai game da ƙasusuwan, kuma Maleev ya rarrabata kowane ɗayan jinsin halittar ne. Aka sanya kit ɗin farko Tarbosaurus efremovi - sabon salo na asali wanda aka samo daga dr. (Tsananin tsoro, girmamawa) da σαῦρος (masu magana da harshen Rashanci), da takamaiman sunan da aka bayar don girmamawa ga marubucin Soviet masanin ilimin kimiyyar rubutu da marubucin almara I A. A. Efremov. Sauran dabbobin guda biyu an sanya su a matsayin sabon jinsin halittar Gorgosaurus da aka sani a Arewacin Amurka (bi da bi, G. lancinator da G. novojilovi) Duk waɗannan samfuran suna ƙasa da na farko.
A cikin shekarar 1965, A.K. Rozhdestvensky ya buga wani labarin wanda dukkan samfuran huɗun nan huɗu da Maleev suka bayyana a matsayin wakilan nau'ikan jinsi ɗaya a matakai daban daban na haɓaka. A cewar Rozhdestvensky, wannan jinsin bai kasance da dan Arewa ta Arewa ba Tyrannosaurus rex. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, wanda Kirismeti ya ba da shawarar sunan Tarbosaurus bataar, ya haɗa ba kawai samfuran da aka bayyana a cikin 1955 ba, har ma da sabbin kayan. A cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata, gami da aikin Maleev kansa, an yarda da matsayin Rozhdestvensky a matsayin gaskiya, kodayake wasu marubutan sun fi son yin amfani da takamaiman suna Tarbosaurus efremoviamma ba haka ba T. bataar . Koyaya, a cikin 1988, Gregory S. Paul ya sake nufin dinosaurs na tsinkaye. Tarbosaurus efremovi ga dangi Tyrannosaurus . Shekaru hudu bayan haka, masanin ilimin burbushin halittar nan na Amurka Kenneth Carpenter ya sake yin nazarin samfuran da Rozhdestvensky ya bincika ya kuma tabbatar da cewa burbushin ya kasance na wakilan kwayoyin halittar. Tyrannosaurusyarda da yankewar farko na Maleev. Kafinta ya danganta ga jinsin Tyrannosaurus bataar duk lokuta banda wanda Maleev ya bayyana a matsayin Gorgosaurus novojilovi. A cewar masassaƙin, wannan samfurin yana wakiltar keɓaɓɓun, speciesaramar nau'in tyrannosaurids, wanda ya ba da shawarar yin suna Maleevosaurus novojilovi . Wani ra'ayin ra'ayi ya bayyana a 1995 ta mawallafin marubucin binciken George Olshevsky, wanda ya gabatar da sabon suna Jenghizkhan (cikin girmamawa ga Genghis Khan) don Tarbosaurus bataar, da tarozosaur Efremov da Maleevosaurus Novozhilov an dauki su a matsayin wasu abubuwa daban daban, na zamani dana na farko kuma suna rayuwa a wannan yankin. Masanin ilimin burikanci dan kasar Kanada Thomas Carr ya sake bayyana Maleosaurus a shekarar 1999 a matsayin wani matashi mai suna Tarbosaurus. Bayan 1999, duk wallafe-wallafen sun bayyana nau'in daya kawai, ko dai a ƙarƙashin sunan Tarbosaurus bataar ko, ƙasa da kullun, Tyrannosaurus bataar .
A shekarar 1963, aka fara aikin hawan Poland da Mongol zuwa Gobi. A lokacin balaguron, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1971, an gano sabon burbushin halittu da yawa, gami da samfurori da yawa na tarboosaur a cikin Nemaget Suite. Balaguron Jafan-Mongolian daga 1993 zuwa 1998, kazalika da balaguron balaguro na wani masanin binciken burikanci, Philip Curry, shima ya kawo sabon kayan kasusuwa a farkon karni na 21, wanda aka nada a matsayin mallakar tarboosaur. Gabaɗaya, an samu ƙasusuwa mallakar sama da samfurori 30, cikinsu har da manyan kantuna 15 da kuma ƙasusuwa cikakke.
Ma'anar Suna
Tarbosaurus (lat.Tarbosaurus, daga wasu Hellenanci hor "tsoro, batun tsoro" da "lizard") asalin abubuwa ne na katako (tsawan tsawan mita 12) na cin abinci na gidan dangi wanda ya rayu a ƙarshen Cretaceous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 70-65 da suka gabata, a ƙasar Mongolia da China ta yau.
Gano tun 1946, ragowar mutane goma sha biyu na tarbosaurus, gami da dunƙule da ƙasusuwa, suna ba mu damar bayyanar da bayyanarsa da kuma yanke hukunci game da yadda rayuwa take, da kuma gano asalinta. Tun 1955, lokacin da sunan Tarbosaurus A. A. Maleev ne ya fara amfani da shi, masu binciken sun ba da gano ragowar sunaye iri daban-daban. Koyaya, a farkon karni na XXI a cikin gungun masana kimiyya babu tabbas kasancewar daya daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan, Tarbosaurus bataar (ba a saba ba, saboda manyan kamanceceniya da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Amurka, ana rarrabe su azaman Tyrannosaurus bataar) Hakanan kusancin dangin tarbosaurus sune alioramas da aka samo a Mongolia.
Tarbosaur manyan dabbobi ne masu kafaffen kafa biyu wanda suka kai nauyin tan shida zuwa 4-6, tare da manyan yatsun hannayensu biyu da ke kan gaba kadan da sauran sassan jikin. Kimanin hakoran dozin shida har zuwa tsawon mm mm 85 suna kasancewa a bakin tarbosaurus. Kodayake da yawa daga cikin masu binciken suna daukar jiragen ruwa a matsayin masu ba da izini, amma abin da aka fi sani game da shi shine cewa sune mafi tsinkayen zamanin su da yankin su, suna farautar manyan dinosaur na dabbobin da ke cikin kogin ambaliyar ruwa.
Tsara da Shirya harara
Tarbosaurus ya kasance ne daga cikin Theropods da ke ƙasa mai zartarwa, wani yanki ne na mulkin zalunci na dangi. Subfamily ya hada da mulkin zalunci na Arewacin Amurka da daspletosaurus na baya, har ma da aliorama da aka gano a cikin Mongolia. Wakilan subfamily sun fi kusanci da mulkin zalunci fiye da na Albertosaurus, sun bambanta su ta jiki mafi girma, kwanyar mafi girma kuma mafi tsayi mata fiye da yadda wakilan na biyu subfamily - albertosaurus.
Wasu masu binciken suna la'akari T. bataar a matsayin nau'in zalunci, an bayyana wannan ra'ayi duka jim kaɗan bayan ganowa da kuma cikin sababbin karatun. Musamman, Ken Carpenter sabani har ma da ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyi, wanda a cikin abin da tarbosaur ya kasance ƙasa da mulkin zalunci, kuma duk bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kwanyar tsakanin tarhosaur da azzalumi, a ra'ayinsa, ya dace da tsarin bambance-bambancen a cikin tsarin kwanyar a cikin jinsin Tyrannosaurus rex . Sauran marubutan sun bambanta tarboosaurs a matsayin wani nau'in daban, kodayake sun fahimci kusancinsu da azzalumi. Daga binciken 2003 ya biyo baya cewa alioramas waɗanda suka fi kusa da tarbosaurs suna raba fasalin kwanyar da babu su cikin sauran nau'in tyrannosaurins (gani Tsarin kwanyar). Idan aka tabbatar da wannan mahangar, wannan zai nuna cewa juyin halittar danniya a Amurka da Asiya ya tafi ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma ba za a iya gano fasfon din da zalunci ba. A lokaci guda, sanannen wakilin alioramas, gwargwadon halaye da yawa, shine samfurin samari, ga alama, ba tarbosaur ne na matasa ba, tun da yana da adadin hakora masu yawa (daga 76 zuwa 78) da takamaiman sarkar tarin fitsarin ƙashi tare da ɓangaren ɓangaren maƙarƙashiyar.
Tarihin ganowa da sunan Shirya
A shekara ta 1946, tsarin binciken kimiyya na Mongolian na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR wanda I. Efremov ya gabatar a Gobi, Waimak Umnegov, ya gano kwanyar da wasu dabbobi masu yawa a cikin Nemaget suite. A cikin 1955, masanin ilimin binciken Soviet A. Maleev ya bayyana wannan binciken a matsayin holotype na wani jinsin da ba a ba da sunayensu ba, wanda ya ba wa suna Tyrannosaurus bataar , wanda ke gurbata Mongolian "Baatar" (Rus. gwarzo) A wannan shekarar, Maleev ya ba da bayanin wasu kwanukan mutum uku da aka samo yayin wannan balaguron a shekarar 1948 da 1949. Tare da kowane ɗayan kwanyar, an sami sauran bayanai game da ƙasusuwan, kuma Maleev ya rarrabata kowane ɗayan jinsin halittar ne. Aka sanya kit ɗin farko Tarbosaurus efremovi - sabon salo na asali wanda aka samo daga dr. (Rasha tsoro, girmamawa) da σαῦρος (Rashanci lizaki), da sunan nau'in da aka bayar don girmamawa ga masanin ilimin burbushin Soviet da marubutan labarin almara na A. A. Efremov. Sauran dabbobin guda biyu an sanya su a matsayin sabon jinsin halittar Gorgosaurus da aka sani a Arewacin Amurka (bi da bi, G. lancinator da G. novojilovi) Duk waɗannan samfuran suna ƙasa da na farko.
A cikin shekarar 1965, A.K. Rozhdestvensky ya buga wani labarin wanda dukkan samfuran huɗun nan huɗu da Maleev suka bayyana a matsayin wakilan nau'ikan jinsi ɗaya a matakai daban daban na haɓaka. A cewar Rozhdestvensky, wannan jinsin bai kasance da dan Arewa ta Arewa baTyrannosaurus rex. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, wanda Kirismeti ya ba da shawarar sunan Tarbosaurus bataar, ya haɗa ba kawai samfuran da aka bayyana a cikin 1955 ba, har ma da sabbin kayan. A cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka gabata, gami da aikin Maleev kansa, an yarda da matsayin Rozhdestvensky a matsayin gaskiya, kodayake wasu marubutan sun fi son yin amfani da takamaiman suna Tarbosaurus efremoviamma ba haka ba T. bataar . Koyaya, a cikin 1988, Gregory S. Paul ya sake nufin dinosaurs na tsinkaye. Tarbosaurus efremovi ga dangi Tyrannosaurus . Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, ɗan masanin ilimin kimiyyar halittar nan na Amurka Kenneth Carpenter ya sake yin nazarin samfuran da Rozhdestvensky ya karanta kuma ya ƙarasa da cewa ragowar wakilai ne na wakilan halittar ɗan adam. Tyrannosaurusyarda da yankewar farko na Maleev. Kafinta ya danganta ga jinsin Tyrannosaurus bataar duk lokuta banda wanda Maleev ya bayyana a matsayin Gorgosaurus novojilovi. A cewar masassaƙin, wannan samfurin yana wakiltar keɓaɓɓun, speciesaramar nau'in tyrannosaurids, wanda ya ba da shawarar yin suna Maleevosaurus novojilovi . Wani ra'ayin ra'ayi ya bayyana a 1995 ta mawallafin marubucin binciken George Olshevsky, wanda ya gabatar da sabon suna Jenghizkhan (cikin girmamawa ga Genghis Khan) don Tarbosaurus bataar, da tarozosaur Efremov da Maleevosaurus Novozhilov an dauki su a matsayin wasu abubuwa daban daban, na zamani dana na farko kuma suna rayuwa a wannan yankin. A shekara ta 1999, masanin ilimin burikanci dan kasar Kanada Thomas Carr ya sake bayyana Maleosaurus a matsayin samfurin matashi na kungiyar Tarbosaurus. Bayan 1999, duk wallafe-wallafen sun bayyana nau'in daya kawai, ko dai a ƙarƙashin sunan Tarbosaurus bataar ko dai Tyrannosaurus bataar .
A shekarar 1963, aka fara aikin hawan Poland da Mongol zuwa Gobi. A lokacin balaguron, wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1971, an gano sabon gawa da yawa, gami da samfurori da yawa na tarboosaurs a cikin Nemagat Suite. Balaguron-Mongolian na Japan daga 1993 zuwa 1998, haka kuma balaguron balaguro na wani masanin binciken burikanci na Kanada, Philip Curry Philip J. Currie), a farkon karni na XXI shima ya kawo sabon kayan kasusuwa, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin mallakar Tarbosaurs. Gabaɗaya, an samu ƙasusuwa mallakar sama da samfurori 30, cikinsu har da manyan kantuna 15 da kuma ƙasusuwa cikakke.
Magana mai yiwuwa Shirya
A shekara ta 1976, masanin ilimin burbushin Soviet S. M. Kurzanov, ta amfani da wasu tsoffin kayan tarihi, wanda aka samo a cikin Mongolia, ya bayyana wani sabon salo na zalunci, Alioramus . Binciken daga baya ya nuna kusancin dangantaka tsakanin aliorama da tarbosaurus. Kodayake samfurin da aka samo an bayyana shi a matsayin babban mutum, elongated da low kwanyar yana halayyar manya ne, wanda ya jagoranci Curry ya ɗauka cewa Alioram kawai tarbozaur ne mai haɓaka, amma kuma ya lura da adadin hakora masu yawa da kasancewar kashin kasusuwa a cikin tasirin aliorama, wanda ba ya yin damar yiwuwar yin irin waɗannan abubuwa ba tare da izini ba. A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, masana kimiyyar binciken masana kimiyya na kasar Sin sun gano a yankin Xinjiang Uygur mai cin gashin kansa (Tsarin Subashi) wani ƙaramin ropan tsalle-tsalle waɗanda suka sami lambar lamba. IVPP V4878. A shekarar 1977, masanin ilimin burbushin halittu na kasar Sin Dong Zhiming ya bayyana wannan samfurin a matsayin wakilin sabon salo. Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis . A cikin 1988, a cikin aikin mai binciken Amurka Gregory Paul, an bayyana chanchanosaurus a matsayin wakilin jinsin Aublysodon (wani nau'in tyrannosaurids, daga baya an cire shi daga nau'in nazarin halittu), daga nan Dun da Curry, suka sake nazarin ragowar shanshanosaur, sun yanke hukuncin cewa sun kasance cikin samfurin manya na babban zalunci, amma sun kasa tantance wanne nau'in da suke wakilta, kodayake an jera tarbosaurus a matsayin guda Na yiwuwar, kungiyar binciken Jafanawa-Mongolian ta zo daidai wannan shawarar a shekarar 2011 bayan nazarin ragowar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan shekara tun yana da shekaru 2-3, waɗanda ke da alaƙa mai kama da sauran shanshanosaurus. pa A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an samo burbushin kayan kwalliya na zalunci a sauran fannoni na PRC, kuma masu bincike na gida sun ba yawancinsu sunayensu, tare da ragowar da aka bayyana a matsayin Albertosaurus periculosis, Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis, Tyrannosaurus turpanensis da Chingkankousaurus fragilisna iya zama cikin tarboosaurs.
A shekara ta 2009, an gano ragowar abincin dinosaur, wanda ko shakka babu yana cikin mulkin zalunci ne, a cikin Gobi. Da farko, an bayyana ragowar a matsayin samfurin ƙuruciya na Tarbosaurus, amma daga baya aka gano cewa mallakar sabon, ƙaramin dinosaur, raptorex, da kuma kwanan wata lokacin haɓaka-ƙananan Cretaceous. A shekara ta 2011, wasu gungun masana kimiyyar binciken fata na Amurka sun bayar da rahoton sakamakon wani sabon bincike, wanda sakamakon yadda ƙashin kasusuwa yake da tabbas kuma ragowar ya kasance na ƙwaya ne na babban zalunci - mai yiwuwa tarosaurus ne.
Bayyanar da tsarin Shirya
Shahararren ragowar tarbozavra, da kuma wasu manyan ranan mulkin zalunci, suna da yawa, kuma an kiyaye su da yawa daga cikinsu.A cikin Nemagate Suite kadai, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk ƙasusuwa da aka gano suna cikin tarboosaurs. An gabatar da gwanaye, kwanyar mutum da ƙasusuwa na tarbosaurs a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na duniya, ciki har da tarin Paleontological na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Rasha da Cibiyar Paleobiology na Kwalejin Polish na Kimiyya a Warsaw, Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na andan Tarihi da Paleontological Museum of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolatar a Yuni 2013 an bude gidan kayan gargajiya na wucin gadi a tsakiyar Ulaanbaatar, inda aka nuna dukkan kwarangwal din tarboosaurus), Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi na Kasa (Yanada Shizuoka, Japan) kuma a Paris, da kuma Melbourne Museum (na yara misali). Duk da cewa karancin tarboosa din ba a karance shi ba kamar yadda ake aiwatarwa a Arewacin Amurka, kayan da ake dasu sun isa ga masana kimiya su zo ga wani matsayi game da jikinsu.
Rasawa cikin girma ga tyrannosaurus, tarbosaurus har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman azzalumai. Manyan sanannun mutane sun kai tsawan mita 10 zuwa 12 (1983 bugun ya ambata tsayin mita 14). An dauki nauyin jikin tsoho iri ɗaya ko ƙarami fiye da na wancan Tyrannosaurus rex (Tan 5.5-6).
Tyrannosaurids bai bambanta da yawa da juna ba a cikin bayyanar, kuma tarbosaurus bai ban da wannan dokar. Shugaban tarbosaurus ya zauna a wuyan S-S, da sauran kashin baya, gami da dogon wutsiya, a kwance. Forean ƙananan kantunan tarbosaurus sun kasance kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan jiki fiye da sauran membobin iyali. Kowane forelimb, kamar sauran nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa, yana da yatsun yatsu biyu, kuma wasu samfuran ma suna da yatsa na uku ba tare da kambori ba. T. Holtz yana nuna cewa an rage yatsun tarbosaurus da ƙarfi sosai fiye da sauran tyrannosaurids, tunda kashi na biyu na metacarpal na tarbosaurus ƙasa da rabin tsawon farkon, yayin da a sauran nau'in wannan rabo ya kusan daidai da 2: 1. Kashi na uku na metacarpal na tarbosaurus shima yayi kadan da na sauran tyrannosaurids, yayi kasa da na farkon, yayin da, alal misali, a cikin albertosaurus da daspletosaurus ya fi na farkon girma.
Ba kamar na gaba ba, yatsun kafa uku na yatsun kafafu suna da tsawo da ƙarfi, suna ɗauke da nauyin jiki gaba ɗaya. Dogon wutsiya mai nauyi ya yi aiki a matsayin mara nauyi zuwa kai da jiki, har tsakiyar nauyi ya kasance a cikin kwatangwalo.
Tsarin kwanyar
Babban kwanyar tarbosaurus da aka samo shine mita 1.3 a tsayi, fiye da kowane mulkin zalunci sai tyrannosaurus da kanta. Kwanyar tana da girma, kamar azzalumi, amma ba kamar fadi ba, musamman a bayan kai. Kasancewar kwanyar ba ta fadada zuwa bayan kai yana nufin idanun tarbosaurus basu yi ido kai tsaye ba kuma cewa, wataqila, sabanin yanayin mulkin, bashi da hangen nesa. An rage taro na kwanyar saboda manyan windows (buɗe) a cikin kasusuwa na cranial. Haƙiƙa 56-64 suna cikin hakoran, da ɗan girma fiye da ƙarancin tyrannosaurus, amma ba su da yawa kamar ƙaramin ƙarfi, kamar gorgosaurus ko alior. Yawancin hakora sun kasance m a sashi, amma ban da haƙoran semicircular a cikin sashin, wanda ke kan premaxilla. Irin wannan dabi'a heterodontism halayyar duka iyali ne. Dogayen hakora, har zuwa tsawon milimita 85, sun kasance a cikin babban muƙamuƙin.
Bayanin farko na kwanyar Tarbosaurus an yi shi ne a 2003. An jawo hankali ga manyan bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin kwanyar ta tarbosaurus da azzaluman Amurkawa na Arewacin Amurka, kuma yawancin waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da alaƙa da yadda ake rarraba matsa lamba a kan kwanyar lokacin cincin. A lokacin cizo, ana tura kwayar cutar ta cikin babban kashin zuwa kasusuwa makwabta na kwanyar. A lokaci guda, a cikin Arewacin Amurka tyrannosaurids, babban ɓangaren nauyin ya kasance an watsa shi ta hanyar sama zuwa ga kasusuwa na hanci a cikin matsi na sama, an haɗa shi da tabbatattun ƙasusuwa tare da gadoji na kasusuwa, ƙasusuwa an haɗa su da ƙarfi sosai don yanke hukunci cewa matsa lamba ta hanyar kasusuwa hanci zuwa ga lacrimal . A lokaci guda, waɗannan ɓarnayoyi ba su ɓace a cikin Tarbosaurus, kuma haɗin tsakanin ƙashin hanci da lacrimal ya kasance mai rauni. Ta wani bangaren, tarbosaurus, sabanin masarautan Arewacin Amurka, yana da babban yanki mai tsabta a cikin kashin sama, wanda ya shiga cikin “aljihu” wanda aka kafa da ƙashin lacrimal. Don haka, a fili, matsa lamba yayin cizo ya kasance kai tsaye daga muƙamula ta sama zuwa kasusuwa na kasusuwa na tarbosaurus. A takaice, kasusuwa na kasusuwa na tarbosaurus sun fi na dangin mahaifinta na Arewacin Amurka girma, wadanda ke da alaƙa da kasusuwa na gaban da na gabanin gaba, yana mai daɗaɗa babban juji sama sama da tsayayye.
Wani banbancin asali tsakanin Tarbosaurus da azzalumansa na Arewacin Amurka shine tsayayyen ginin wucin gadi. Duk da yake a cikin hanyoyin da yawa, gami da azabar cutar rashin ƙarfi ta Arewacin Amurka, an san maƙarar kasusuwa da kasusuwa na kasusuwa mai sauƙin juyawa, ƙasan ƙananan tarbosaurus ana amfani da shi ta hanyar kulle kafa da gada tsakanin kashi na kusurwa da kuma bayan faranji na kashi na haƙori. Akwai wani lafazin da aka sa a ciki wanda ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙananan kasusuwa na tarbosaurus ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa babban sauropods, titanosaurs, waɗanda har ila yau an samo ƙasusuwa a cikin sunan Namegat, suna aiki a matsayin ganima. Yawancin dinosaurs na herbivorous daidai girmansa bai faru ba a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin Cateaceous.
Takamaiman tsarin kwanyar ya kuma taka rawa wajen tantance wurin da tarbosaurus a cikin ilmin yanayi. Hakanan za'a iya samun irin wannan sifofin a cikin kwanyar aliorama, kuma ana samun ta a Mongolia, wanda ke nuna cewa ita ce alirama, kuma ba azzalumi ba ne, shine mafi kusancin dan 'tarbosaurus. Mai yiwuwa fasali irin wannan a bayyanar tarbosaurus da tyrannosaurus suka ci gaba daban-daban, a matsayin sakamakon girman girman su, kuma misalai ne na juyin halitta.
Tarbosaurus a cikin Shirya Al'adu
A ƙarshen karni na 20, tare da ƙaddamar da sabbin fasahohin komputa, sai aka sami damar samar da samfuran yanayi na dabi'un abubuwa uku na dabbobin da ba a taɓa rayuwa ba. Anyi nasarar amfani da fasahar a masana'antar fim, kuma dinosaurs suna daya daga cikin na farko da za'a "mai da hankali". Za'a iya ganin hotunan fuskoki uku na tarbosaurs a cikin fina-finai masu zuwa da wasannin kwamfuta:
- A cikin 2003, BBC ta saki shirin gaskiya "A cikin ofasar Kattai." Tarbosaurus ya fito a sashi na biyu na fim - "Giant Claw", wanda ke ba da labarin Cinoaceous dinosaurs na Mongolia.
- A cikin 2006, a cikin Jamus, kamfanin Jamus na SEK ya haɓaka wasan komputa na ParaWorld. Tarbosaurus ya bayyana a cikin kayan maye.
- A shekara ta 2009, an fitar da kashin-kashi biyu na '' Ballad of the Tarbosaurus [d] '' '' '' 'Tarbosaurus the Mightiest Ever' ''. Darakta Han Sangho, EBS, Korea.
- A cikin 2012, Tarbosaurs ya zama masu ba da izinin fim ɗin "Tarbosaurus 3D" ("Jeombaki: Hanbandoeui Gongryong 3D"), wanda darektan Koriya ta Kudu ya ƙirƙira.
Nemi Tarihi
Tarbosaurus Holotype PIN 551-1
A watan Satumbar 1946, farkon kwaskwarimar binciken Soviet na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR ta gano kwanyar da wasu nau'ikan cikin mahaifa na wani katon dinosaur a cikin Mongolian Manyan Laifuka na gundumar Nemegt na Kudancin hamada na Gobi. Ivan Efremov ya ba da labarin mai ban sha'awa game da gano wannan maharbin a cikin littafinsa na 1955 "Wind Road": ". Kwanaki biyar masu zuwa suka ci gaba da hawa dutsen kan tsawan tsafe tsafe da ƙasusuwa. Bayan Orlov da ni mun yi baƙin ciki game da kwarangwal ɗin wani katon dinosaur mai kafa biyu-mai kafa biyu, mun sami nasarar gano cewa wasu ƙasusuwa sun tsira a bango mai dutse. Dutsen da yadudduka na taro ya zama tabbatacce, amma muna ci gaba da biye da shi. An kusa da kwanyar gaba, kashin kai, da bakin hakoran hakoran wani babban mai farauta tare da farin kasusuwa na wannan adana. Wannan kwanyar a yanzu tana ƙawata ɗakin ɗakin tarihin Paleontological na Kwalejin Kimiyya. Amma babu daya daga cikin baƙi da ke gidan kayan gargajiya da ke zargin irin ƙoƙarin da aka samu don fitar da wannan kwanyar ga masu binciken Namagat. "Cikakken jajayen dinosaur mai dauke da duhun hanci, saurolophus, wanda dukkan haƙora ɗari biyar da aka kiyaye shi da kyau, an fitar dashi daga rafin makwabta."
Hare-haren da jirgin saman Soviet-Mongolian ya yi don binciken balaguro a 1948-1949 a jejin Gobi, ya haifar da gano burbushin tsoffin kashin kasusuwa da kasusuwa daban daban daban daban. An kuma samu ragowar gawawwakin a shafin Tsagan-Ula, kimanin kilomita 60 yamma da wurin da Nemegt yake. A watan Mayun 1948, hawan Sojoji-Mongolian na balaguro a cikin Gobirt daji sun gano babban kwarangwal:
". Don haka, a ranar 8 ga Mayu, balaguronmu ya sauka a Nemagata Basin, wanda ya ɓace a cikin sands na Gobi ta Kudu a cikin zuriya daga cikin Gobi Altai. A ranar 9 ga Mayu, Jan Martynovich Eglon ya yi sa'ar samun cikakkiyar ƙasidar wani babban dinosaur predatory. Wannan shi ne farkon bincike mai ban sha'awa. Da safe, ma'aikatan tare da shirye-shiryen Lukyanova da Presnyakov sun je wurin rami na wani kayan cin abinci wanda Jan Martynovich ya samo kuma nan da nan ake kira "Eglon skeleton". Tuni ma'aikatan suka fara share kashin. Wani mummunan magabacin Zamani ya bayyana a gaban idanunmu, yana kwance a kabarinsa "kabari" tsawon shekaru miliyan 80 kuma ya taba haifar da fargaba ga dukkan rayuwa. Kasusuwan ya kai tsawon mita 10. Ya kwanta a gefenta, kamar ya rike kafafunsa na hutawa karkashin kansa yana jefa kansa baya, ko kuma wajen kwanyar. Latterarshen yana da mutuƙar haɓakawa (fiye da mita ɗaya), wanda ke wakiltar ƙaƙƙarfan makamin hari, wanda haƙoran 20 na hatsi suka tabbatar da hakan a bayyane.
Tarbosaurus kwarangwal PIN 553-1
tare da gefuna na jaws. Irin wannan ikon ya zama dole don jure yanayin rashin tsaro da dinosaur masu kariya. Tare da babban kwarangwal na tarbosaurus, an gano cikakkiyar kasusuwan "jariri" mai tsawon mil. Yana da, ga bambanci ga samfurin mutum, ƙarancin haɗin gwiwar kasusuwa na ƙasusuwa, maimakon yatsun kafafu na gaba da kuma ƙasusuwa daban, kamar magabatan tarbozaur. ”
A ranar 20 ga Mayu, Efremov ya aika da Rozhdestvensky don yin gyara a yammacin Nemagatu, a yankin Altan-Ula. Hanyar ta zama da wuya matuƙa, har zuwa tsakiyar wannan rana, ƙungiyar ta yi nasarar kutsa kai zuwa ƙarshen ƙwanƙolin gabas a gindin Altan-Ula: ". A kan mafi kusa fashewa nan da nan ya bayyana ƙasusuwa biyu da suka rushe na tarbozavrov. Kasusuwa sun cakuɗe ba da daɗewa ba kuma yawancin ɓangarorinsu sun riga sun lalace, amma duk da haka mun sami damar ɗaukar ƙasusuwa da yawa waɗanda har yanzu suke da kyau. Wannan shine kyauta ta farko don azabar mu mai raɗaɗi. Anan mun sami katon itace mai dausayi a cikin bishiyoyi masu rassa kamar su fadama bishiyoyi. Munyi daren kusa, muna tuka 'yan kilomita kaɗan zuwa yamma, kuma da safe a cikin tsaunukan kusa da nan sai muka iske kashin babban dinosaur. Abin takaici, vertebrae ya shiga zurfin cikin gangara kuma mun sami damar tono fitar, ko kuma kawai mu buga fitar da caudal vertebrae 18 kawai daga sandstone mai yawa. ". (A.K. Rozhdestvensky, "Binciken Dinosaur a Gobi," 1969.)
A cikin 1955, masanin ilimin burbushin halittu Evgeny Maleev ya bayyana samfurin kwanyar (PIN 551/1) a karkashin sabon yanayin azzalumi. Tyrannosaurus bataar. A wannan shekarar, Maleev shima ya bayyana kuma ya sanya wasu sabbin halittu guda uku, wadanda kowannensu yana da alaƙa da kwarangwal ya kasance an gano shi ta hanyar balaguro ɗaya a cikin 1948-1949, an bayyana farkon su (PIN 551-2) a ƙarƙashin sunan Tarbosaurus efremovi, yayi samfurin manya-manya tare da kimar tsayin jikin mitoci 10 - 12, amma bai kai girmansa ba Tyrannosaurus rex. Sauran samfuran kananan yaran biyu an sanya su a matsayin sabon jinsin kuma an sanya su ga gorgosaurus na Arewacin Amurka - G. novojilovi (samfurin PIN 552-2), tsawon mita 5-6 da G. lancinator (samfurin PIN 553-1), tare da ƙididdigar tsawon kimanin 9 mita. A shekarar 1965 A.K. Rozhdestvensky ya bayyana dukkanin samfuran Maleev a matsayin matakan haɓaka daban-daban na wannan nau'in, wanda ya bambanta da T-rex na Arewacin Amurka kuma ya bayyana asalinsu a matsayin sabon dabi'ar halitta. Tarbosaurus bataar - "pangolin mai haɗari."
Zaɓin Sunan Tarbosaurus
A 1992, Kenneth Kafinta yayi la'akari da cewa tarbosaurus yana da bambance-bambancen da ba su da yawa daga azzalumi kuma ya mayar da sunan sa na asali. Tyrannosaurus bataar, kuma ɗayan ƙananan samfurori da Maleev ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin ɓoye na Gorgosaurus novojiloviya raira waka da irin nasa Maleevosaurus. A 1995, George Olszewski ya ba da shawarar hadewa, inda ya ba da sabon suna “Jenghizkhan” (Genghis Khan) a maimakon Tyrannosaurus bataar da Tarbosaurus efremovi tare da Maleevosaurus novojilovi kamar yadda samarda dinosaur mai zaman kanta na tsarin halittar Nemegt.
Tarbosaurus kwanyar da aka samo daga balaguron Poland
A cikin 1963-1971, Polish-Mongolian ya fara balaguro, yana ba da sabon kayan abu da yawa, gami da samfurin mafi girma ZPALMgD - I / 4 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Paleobiology a Warsaw, wanda aka samo a 1964-65. An kiyasta tsawon wannan kwanyar a santimita 110. MPC-D 107/2, babban kwarangwal na manya tare da kwanyar marassa nauyi na 122 cm, wanda yawon shakatawa na Japan-Mongolian ya gano a 1984 kuma wanda Kenett Carpenter da Philip Curry suka yi a 2000. Wannan samfirin da aka sananne a cikin marubutan kimiyya kamar GIN 107/2, raguwar wannan samfurin (kamar sauran samfurori da aka sanya a baya a cikin GIN), MPC ya maye gurbinsa bayan an sanya shi a cikin Mongolian Paleontological Center (MPC) a shekara ta 1996.
Tarbosaurus samfurin MPC-D 107/2 a cikin Tarihin Paleontological na Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Yawon shakatawa tare da halartar masana ilimin kimiya na Japan da Mongolian a 1993 da 1998, kazalika da balaguron balaguro wanda masanin binciken masanan Canada Phil Curry ya shirya a karni na 21, ya gano da kuma tattara samfurori sama da 30 na tarbosaur, gami da sama da kwanyar 15 da kwarangwal sau da yawa. Tun daga 1999, duk samfuran da aka samo an gane cewa mallakar wannan nau'in Tarbosaurus bataar ne. An bayyana cikakken kwanyar Tarbosaurus a shekara ta 2003, masana kimiyya sun lura da manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin Tarbosaurus da azzalumi shine daga Arewacin Amurka. Tarbosaurus sanannu ne daga kayan da aka kiyaye su da kyau, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk burbushin da aka tattara a lardin Nemegt mallakar Tarbosaurus ne.
Sakamakon Tarbosaurus na Matasa (MCD-D 107/7)
A shekara ta 2006, a yayin da ake fatan samun wadataccen yanki a yammacin kogin Gobi, ta hanyar hawan Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Jiki ta Japan Hayashibara da Cibiyar Nazarin Labarai ta Mongolian, aka gano burbushin halittar - kusan kusan cikakkiyar kasusuwan matashin jirgin ruwa ne. Bayan dogon nazari da gungun masana masana kimiyyar binciken fata daga Japan, Mongolia da Amurka suka gabatar, sun ba da rahoto game da binciken da suka yi a fitowar mujallar Vertebrate Paleontology 10. Ga masana binciken burbushin Takanobu Zuihiji da Mahito Wataba tare da abokan aiki, asalin samarin tarbosaurus ya kasance mai sauƙin tantancewa, tarbosaurus shine babban babban zalunci da aka samo a cikin tsarin ƙasusuwa mai ƙarfi Bugin Tsav, shine kawai sauran azzalumi wanda ya rayu a daidai wannan lokacin, daga miliyan 70 zuwa miliyan 65 da suka gabata , - Alioramus, ɗan adam ya bambanta sosai. Sabuwar samfuran tana da hakora 13 a cikin babban ɓangaren muƙamula na sama, haɗe tare da hakora 14 da 15 a kowane ɓangaren ƙananan muƙamula, wanda ke cikin kewayon bambancin da aka lura a cikin Tarbosaurs na manya. Kodayake wannan na iya zama kamar alama mai mahimmanci, hakoran tyrannosaurus sune ɗayan manyan hanyoyin da masana ilimin paleontologists ke rarrabe tsakanin jinsuna, kuma wani lokacin tsakanin manya da ƙananan yara iri ɗaya. Wannan samfurin, kundin adireshin da ke ƙarƙashin lambar MCD-D 107/7, yana ɗan shekara 2 zuwa 3 ne, a lokacin mutuwa, tsawon kwanyar sa ya kai 290 mm. Idan aka kwatanta da kwanyar girma, wannan kwanyar da aka gina mara kyau ce, tana da manya-manyan idanu, kuma hakora suna da bakin ciki, suna nuna fifikon abinci iri daban-daban a cikin samari da tsofaffi, wanda hakan ya rage gasa tsakanin rukunoni daban daban.
Kari akan haka, wannan sabon samfurin yayi kama da wani kwarangwal din wani bangare wanda aka bayyana a shekarar 1977 karkashin sunan "Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis", wanda ke nuna cewa shima karamin misali ne na Tarbosaurus.Saboda cikar sabon samfurin, ɗayan yawancin abubuwan ban mamaki, kasushen dinosaur ba a san asalinsu daga China ba, a ƙarshe za a iya lasafta su kasance daidai. Sabuwar cikakkiyar samfurin samfurin Tarbosaurus na yara ƙage ne na gaske. Ba wai kawai kasusuwan ba ne ke samar da masana binciken burbushin halittu tare da kwatankwacin bayyanar wani takamaiman yanayi a cikin lokacin Tarbosaurus, wannan samfurin na iya farfado da doguwar muhawara game da matakan ci gaban azzalumai da sauran nau'ikan da ba a san su ba kamar nanothyran da raptorex. Matasan azzalumai ba ƙaramin kwafin manya bane kawai, manyan azzalumai na marigayi Cretaceous, sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci yayin haɓaka, amma kyakkyawar layin tsakanin samarin matasa na waɗannan Kattai da ire-iren ire-irensu ya kasance yanki ne mai rikitarwa.
Maganganu da kuma kalamai
- Tarbosaurus bataar (Maleev, 1955) - nau'in kallo
- Tyrannosaurus bataar (Maleev, 1955)
- Tarbosaurus efremovi (Maleev, 1955)
- Gorgosaurus novojilovi (Maleev, 1955)
- Gorgosaurus lancinator (Maleev, 1955)
- Maleevosaurus novojilovi (Kafinta, 1992)
- Jenghizkhan bataar (Olshevsky, 1995)
- Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis (Dong, 1977)
A cikin fina-finai
- A cikin fim din BBC "A cikin ofasar Kattai. Giant Claw"
An saki fim din a shekarar 2000. Nigel ya hadu da wata tarbar jirgi da ke fitowa daga cikin kurmin ya ce a kashe kyamarar. Daga baya, tarbosaurus ya yi gwagwarmaya tare da terezinosaurus na herbivorous kuma an ci shi.
- A fim din BBC "Gaskiya Game da Kisan Dinosaurs"
Tarbosaurus da Wanker
An saki fim din ne a shekarar 2005. Tarbosaurus yana fitowa a jerin na biyu kuma yana kai hare-hare (wanda ake kira ankylosaurus). Koyaya, an ci shi kuma ya karya kashi.
- A fim din "Tarbosaurus 3D"
An saki fim din a cikin 2012. An haife jariri a cikin iyali na tarbozaurs. Ya daɗe yana so ya tafi farauta. Koyaya, Mama, ɗan shekara 10 mai sauri, da wasu sistersan mata biyu masu shekaru 6, ba su ɗauke shi tare da su ba. Amma a ƙarshe ya lallashe mahaifiyarsa ta ɗauke shi tare da shi. Amma a wannan rana, mummunan zaluntar saan gani ɗaya ya lalata iyalinsa. "Ya tattake" da sauri, tagwayen tagwaye kuma sun faɗa cikin rami. Mahaifiyarsa mai ido ɗaya da kanta ta jefa kanta cikin rami. Yaron an bar shi kadai har wata rana ya sadu da wata mace Sineglazka. Tun daga wannan lokacin, sunyi gwagwarmaya tare don rayuwa kuma sau ɗaya suka kori -aya. Amma a wannan ranar farin ciki, lokacin da uku daga cikinsu suka tsere, dutsen mai fitad da wuta ya tashi da gandun daji da wuta. Duk dinosaur sun tafi neman sabon wuri. Blueaƙwalwar shuɗi ya raunata, kuma cubaƙatan sun kusan mutu a ƙarƙashin duwatsun. Makonni biyu baya, Sineglazka ya mutu, kuma Spotted yayi gwagwarmaya tare da daruruwan Velociraptors. Makonni biyu baya, wani yanki na kore na daji ya bayyana a sararin sama. Amma akwai teku a gaba. Abin sa'a, kunkuntar isthmus ya jagoranci zuwa daji.
Amma ba tare da sanin shi ba. dinosaurs ya shiga ƙasar -aya-ido. Yanzu dan shekaru 20 da ke Spotted ya fafata da tsohuwar makiyi. Babyaya daga cikin yaran da ido ke jefa yaran a cikin teku. A ƙarshe, -aya ido ɗaya ya faɗi cikin teku kuma yana so ya kashe Junior, ɗan thean ragowar ɗaya. Amma Spotty jefa kansa a cikin fray. Yanzu ya wuce ruwa, kuma tylosaurs yayi iyo don warin jini kuma ya kama -aya ido. Spotted ya ɗauki ɗan sa sai ya fashe cikin bakin sa. A qarshe, wanda ya gaji Spotted an jefa shi bakin tekun. Quetzalcoatl yana tunanin cizo, amma sai "gawa" ya buɗe bakinsa kuma Junior mai rai ya faɗi. Ba da daɗewa ba Spotted shima ya tashi. Suna zuwa daji.
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