Yanayin yana daɗaɗaɗɗen yanayi, musamman saboda shigar iska da yawa daga Tekun Atlantika da kuma kwararar iskar na nahiyar.

Yanayin sanyi -10-15 ° С, a cikin Urals har zuwa –20 ° С, bazara + 20 + 25 ° С. Intrusions na Arctic iska yana hade da ƙara yawan sanyi zuwa -30-35 ° C kuma yana haifar da lokacin sanyi. A lokacin rani, iska daga tropics ɗaga zafin jiki zuwa + 30 + 35 ° C, kawo fari.

Hazo shine 600-700 mm / shekara tare da yawan ruwan sama.

Ayyukan tattalin arziki

Ayyukan tattalin arziƙi a cikin dazuzzukan daji mai tsalle-tsalle na Rasha suna da alaƙa da ƙasa mai dausayi da kuma samar da phosphorites da glauconite clays.

A yau, filaye da gonaki suna kan tuddai, kuma an ma bace wuraren daji a wuraren hakar ma'adinai, an kuma kirkiro dajin Prioksko-Terrasny, Bryansk da sauransu don kiyaye al'ummomin kasa.

Kayan lambu

M gandun daji-fadi-iri-iri ne. A cikin babban bene akwai itacen oak, ash, maples, elms. A cikin ci gaba na Linden, apple daji da pear, hazel, warty spindle itace, buckthorn, viburnum, ceri tsuntsu.

Hoto 1. indan itacen mai tsananin ƙarfi.

Ganye, wakoki, chives, dawakai, nivyanik, tsire-tsire da sauran tsire-tsire suna wakilta.

Ephemeroids na bazara sune na kowa - dusar kankara, crested Crest, anemone, albasa mai guba, waɗanda ke fitowa daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara kuma suna ɓacewa da sauri har sai lokacin bazara mai zuwa.

Hoto 2. Resioksko-Terrasny Reserve, galanthus ko dusar kankara.

Dabbobi

Kasancewar jinsin halittu daga gandun daji gauraya (launin ruwan kasa, bera, lynx) da nau'in gida (ja, ƙwar daji, barewa, bera, jemagu) halaye ne.

Tun daga 1948, Prioksko-Terrasnyi Zapovednik ta kasance tana karbar bakwancin da aka jera a cikin Littafin Red na Rasha; a duk tsawon lokacin an haife bison sama da 600 a nan, waɗanda suka koma tsoffin mazaunansu a Rasha, Belarus da sauran ƙasashe; a yau akwai mutane 50 a cikin garken.

Hoto 3. Bison a cikin Tsarin Prioksko-Terrasny.

Kyauta

• Gwaji mai dangantaka

• Dabbobi da tsirrai na yankin steppe
• Dabbobin jeji na Rasha
• Cakuda da dazuzzuka daji
• Dabbobin daji ba Geasar Geographical wurin dazuzzuka-tsukokin Rasha
• Siffar Taiga
• Dabbobin daji
• Masana'antar dabbobi
• Duniyar dabbobi ta Rasha
• Abubuwan albarkatun kasa na Gabas ta Tsakiya
• Dabbobi
• Resourcearancin albarkatun ƙasa na Rasha
• Kifi

Ta hanyar shahararren buƙatu, zaku iya yanzu: ajiye duk sakamakon ku, sami maki kuma shiga cikin jerin jama'a gaba ɗaya.

1. 1. Polad Ismailov 503
2. 2. Murad Alekperov 499
3. 3. Valentin Drugakov 348
4. 4. Vagif Ismailov 260
5. 5. Adelia Avkhadeeva 255
6. 6. Katya Deeva 249
7. 7. Tatyana Galkina 193
8. 8. Daria Markelova 192
9. 9. Ksenia @@ 175
10. 10. Julia Zharikova 164

1. 1. Kristina Volosocheva 19,120
2. 2. Ekaterina 18,721
3. 3. Julia Bronnikova 18,580
4. 4. Darth Vader 17,856
5. 5. Alina Saibel 16,787
6. 6. Mariya Nikolaevna 15,775
7. 7. Larisa Samodurova 15,735
8. 8. Liza 15,165
9. 9. TorkMen 14.876
10. 10. Vlad Lubenkov 13.530

Mafi yawan mahalarta taron na mako:

• 1. Victoria Neumann - katin kyauta na kantin sayar da littattafai na 500 rubles.
• 2. Bulat Sadykov - katin kyauta na kantin sayar da littattafai na 500 rubles.
• 3. Daria Volkova - kantin sayar da katin kyauta ga 500 rubles.

Masu sa'a uku waɗanda suka wuce gwajin aƙalla 1:

• 1. Natalya Starostina - katin kyauta na kantin sayar da littattafai na 500 rubles.
• 2. Nikolay Z - katin kyauta na kantin sayar da littattafai na 500 rubles.
• 3. David Melnikov - katin kyauta na kantin sayar da littattafai na 500 rubles.

Katunan katunan (lambar), za'a aika su cikin kwanaki masu zuwa ta hanyar sakon Vkontakte ko imel.

M daji

Yankunan Turai da ke cike da tsalle-tsallake masu tsabtace gandun daji na cikin haɗari. 'Yan centuriesan shekarun da suka gabata, sun mamaye yawancin Turai kuma suna cikin mafi arziki da bambancin duniya. A cikin karni na XVI - XVII. gandunan itacen oak na gargajiya sun girma a wani yanki na hectare miliyan da yawa, kuma a yau, bisa ga asusu na daji, babu kadada sama da kadada dubu 100 da suka rage. Don haka sama da ƙarni da yawa, yankin waɗannan gandun daji ya ragu goma. Kafa ta bishiyoyi masu rarrafe tare da fad'in ganye, dazuzzuka masu santsi suna da yawa a gabashin Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Arewacin China, Japan, da Gabas mai nisa. Sun mamaye wani yanki tsakanin gandun daji masu hade da arewa da kuma kwari, da Rum ko ciyayi masu kwari a kudu.

Yankunan daji masu faffad da kansu sun yi girma a yankuna masu daushin yanayi da laima, wadanda ke sanadin ɗaukar nauyin hazo (daga 400 zuwa 600 mm) a duk tsawon shekara kuma kusan yanayin zafi yake. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Janairu shine -8 ... 0 ° C, kuma a cikin Yuli + 20 ... + 24 ° C. Matsakaicin yanayi mai zafi da gumi, da kuma aiki mai rai na kwayoyin halitta (kwayoyin cuta, fungi, invertebrates) suna taimakawa cikin saurin lalata kwayoyi da ganyayyaki na humus. A ƙarƙashin gandun daji masu fa'ida, ana kafa gandun daji mai launin toka da ƙasa mai launin shuɗi, ƙasa da chernozems.

Babban bene a cikin wadannan gandun daji ya mamaye itacen oak, beech, hornbeam da linden. A Turai akwai ash, elm, maple, elm. A cikin bishiyoyi ne aka kirkiro bishiyoyin - hazel, warty spindle itace, honeysuckle daji. A cikin yalwar da kuma babban ciyawar murfin gandun daji na Turai mai mamayewa shine mamayewar daji, korefinch, ciyawa mai tsami, medunica, itace, sigar gashi, shigan ephemeroids: creeed creme, anemone, dusar kankara, scilla, albasa, da dai sauransu speciesan itacen oak na al'ada suna girma a Arewacin Amurka a wannan yanki. kawai ga wannan babban yankin. A cikin dazuzzuka marasa ƙarfi na Kudancin hemisphere, Kudancin Beech sun mamaye.

Yankunan daji na zamani da ke cike da yadudduka-manya-manyan bishiyoyi sun kafa shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai da suka wuce, lokacin da duniyarmu ke ta dumama dumu-dumu kuma nau'in kananan bishiyoyi na iya tafiya zuwa arewa. Sama da shekaru dubu na gaba, yanayin ya zama sanyi kuma yanki na dazuzzuka masu hankali. Tunda mafi kyawun kasa daga daukacin gandun daji an kirkireshi a karkashin wadannan gandun daji, an sare gandun daji sosai, kuma tudun ƙasa mai maye gurbinsu. Bugu da kari, itacen oak, wanda ke da itace mai ƙarfi, ana amfani dashi sosai wajen gini.

Sarautar Bitrus Na kasance lokacin da Rasha ta kirkiro wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu. "Tunanin Tsar" ya buƙaci babban itace mai inganci, don haka ake kira da itacen oak na jirgin da aka tsare. Mazaunan dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka-yanki suna daure yankanin gandun daji wadanda basa cikin yankuna masu kariya a karkashin kasa mai makiyaya. A tsakiyar karni na XIX. zamanin jirgi mai saukar ungulu ya ƙare, an daina aikin kiyaye jirgi, kuma gandun daji ya fara raguwa sosai.

A farkon karni na 20 kawai yanki na ɗayan haɗin kai da kuma ɗumbin ɗumbin daɗaɗɗun daji da aka kiyaye. Ko da a lokacin, sun yi kokarin haɓaka sabon itacen oak, amma wannan ya zama da wuya: matasa itacen oak waɗanda suka mutu saboda rashin ruwa da fari. Nazarin da aka gudanar a karkashin jagorancin babban masanin kimiyar kasar Rasha V.V. Dokuchaev, ya nuna cewa wadannan bala'o'in suna da alaƙa da katsewar daji kuma, a sakamakon haka, canje-canje a tsarin aikin ruwa da yanayin yankin.

Koyaya, a cikin karni na 20, sauran sare gandun daji suka sare shi sosai. Magungunan kwari da kwari masu sanyi na ƙarshen ƙarni sun lalata daji na itacen oak na halitta ba makawa.

A yau, a wasu wuraren da ake yin yaduwar daji sosai, gandun daji na gaba da tsirrai na wucin gadi, wanda jinsunan bishiyun bishiyoyi ke gudana. Ba shi yiwuwa a maido da tsari da kuzarin dazuzzukan itacen oak ba kawai a cikin Rasha ba, har a duk Turai (inda suka ɗan sami ci gaba mafi tasirin ɗan adam).

Halin halaye

Abubuwan da ke amfani da gandun daji na fadada sune cewa zasu iya bambance matakai daban daban. Ofayansu yana da girma, ɗayan yana ƙasa. Wadannan gandun daji suna da bishiyoyi, ciyawar da suke da ita suna girma a cikin matakai uku, murfin ƙasa yana wakilta ta hanyar lasisi da mosses.

Wani fasalin halayyar shine yanayin haske. A cikin irin wannan dazuzzukan, ana bambanta kofofin haske guda biyu. Na farko an lura dashi a cikin bazara, lokacin da ba a rufe bishiyoyi da ganye ba. Na biyu - a cikin fall, lokacin da ganye suna thinning. A lokacin rani, shigar haske haske ƙanƙanta ne. Yanayin da ke sama yana bayanin fasalin murfin ciyawa.

Soilasar dazuzzuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna da wadatuwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ma'adinai na ma'adinai. Sun bayyana a sakamakon lalata bazuwar zuriyar dabbobi. Itatuwan daji na daji masu dauke da toka. Musamman ma yawa a cikin ganyayyaki - kusan kashi biyar. Ash, bi da bi, yana da wadata a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa (kashi ashirin cikin ɗari na jimlar). Hakanan ya hada da potassium (kusan kashi biyu) da silicon (har zuwa kashi uku).

M bishiyoyi daji

Zedan gandun daji na wannan nau'in suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan itace. Na karshe anan ana iya kirgawa goma. Misali, gandun daji na taiga, alal misali, ba su da arziki sosai a wannan batun. Dalilin shi ne cewa yanayin yanayin yanayin taiga mai sanyi ba sa cika fifikon girma da bunkasar fure. Yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyin suna buƙatar abun da ke cikin ƙasa da sauyin yanayi kawai ba za su rayu cikin mawuyacin yanayi ba.

A kudancin yankin Tula wani sanannen gandun daji ne. Yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da menene gandun daji mai tsayi-tsinkaye na iya zama. Ofasa ta wannan ƙasa tana da kyau don ci gaban bishiyoyi kamar petioles, ƙananan lillens llyens, holly da maples filin, ash, na elm, elm, apple apple da pear. Itacen oak da itacen ash sune mafi girma, wanda ya biyo bayan manya-manyan mazaje, almara da lindens. Mafi ƙarancin su ne filayen filin, pears daji da itacen apple. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, babban rinjaye shine itacen oak, sauran bishiyoyi suna aiki azaman tauraron dan adam.

Yi la'akari da cikakkun bayanai dalla-dalla na wakilan dendroflora.

Oak. Ita ce babbar gandun daji da ke da kafaffun daji a cikin yankin Turai. Oan itacen oak na ɗayan itaciya mafi girma da girma. Ana samo shi a cikin wurare masu zaman kansu a cikin keɓaɓɓun wurare. Saboda iyawar itacen oak don jurewa da girki, yana yiwuwa a samar da mafi kyawun tef ɗin da ke da shimfidar fili, obovate, kambi mai kama da tanti.

Ganye

Tsarin tsire-tsire mai tsalle-tsalle mai zurfi yana fasalin manyan biyun ganye. Saboda wannan, ana kiransu dazuzzuka masu banbancin itacen oak. Wasu ganyayyaki suna yin samfuran Kadaici, basu taɓa samun ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa ba. Wasu kuma, akasin haka, suna samar da wani irin kafet wanda ke rufe manyan wurare. Irin waɗannan ganye sune rinjaye. Daga cikin su, ana bambanta datti, sedge mai gashi da zelenchuk rawaya.

Yawancin tsire-tsire na herbaceous da suke rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka masu ɗorewa Suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru da yawa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, rayuwarsu tana tallafawa ta hanyar yaduwar ciyayi. Ta hanyar tsaba suna haifarwa talauci. Siffar halayyar waɗannan tsirrai - dogo na ƙasa da ƙasa mai faɗi, yana girma cikin hanzari a cikin matakai daban-daban kuma suna ɗaukar sabuwar ƙasa.

Partsangarorin sararin samaniyar yawancin wakilan itacen oak-ciyawa mai fadi suna mutu a cikin kaka. Sai kawai tushen da rhizomes located a cikin ƙasa overwinter. Suna da rassa na musamman, daga abin da ake yin sabon harbe a cikin bazara.

Yi sauri Oak Epmeroids

Wadannan tsirrai suna da matukar sha'awa ga kwararru da ke nazarin kwalliyar daji. Daga cikin su akwai chisty spring, butter butter anemone, da yawa jinsunan corydalis da Goose albasa. Wadannan tsire-tsire yawanci ƙananan girma ne, amma suna haɓaka sosai da sauri. Epmeroids suna cikin sauri don a haife su nan da nan bayan ɓacewar murfin dusar ƙanƙara. Wasu sanadiyyar fashewar furanni masu kama da hanya suna yin hanyarsu ko da dusar ƙanƙara. Bayan mako guda, aƙalla biyu, kumburarsu sun riga sun fara toho. Bayan 'yan wasu' yan makonni, 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba sun yawaita. Bayan wannan, tsire-tsire suna kwance a ƙasa, juya launin rawaya, bayan wannan ɓangaren su wanda ke saman ƙasa ya mutu. Haka kuma, wannan tsari yana faruwa a farkon lokacin bazara, lokacinda kamar yadda yakeyi alama, yanayin haɓakawa da haɓaka suna da kyau kamar yadda zai yiwu. Sirrin abu ne mai sauki. Epmeroids suna da nasu salon rayuwa, wanda ya bambanta da tsarin ci gaban peculiar na wasu tsirrai. Suna fure kawai a bazara, kuma lokacin rani shine lokacin da zasu bushe.

Lokacin da yafi dacewa da ci gaban su shine farkon bazara. A wannan lokaci na shekara, ana lura da mafi girman adadin haske a cikin gandun daji, tun dazuzzuka da bishiyoyi ba su sami murfin kore mai yawa ba. Bugu da kari, a wannan lokacin, kasar gona tana cike da danshi da danshi. Amma game da babban zafin jiki na bazara, ephemeroids basu buƙatar shi kwata-kwata. Duk waɗannan tsire-tsire suna perennial. Ba su mutu bayan sashinsu na sama ya bushe. Tushen rayayyun karkashin kasa ana wakilta ne ta hanyar tubers, kwararan fitila ko rhizomes. Wadannan gabobin suna aiki a matsayin kwantena na abubuwan gina jiki, galibi sitaci. Abin da ya sa mai tushe, ganye da furanni suna bayyana da wuri kuma suna girma da sauri.

Epmeroids sun yaɗu cikin gandun daji na itacen oak. Gaba ɗaya akwai kusan nau'ikan goma. Furanninsu ana fentin su da launin shuɗi, shuɗi, launuka masu rawaya. A lokacin furanni, ephemeroids suna samar da farin kifi mai kauri.

Yankakken daji mai faffadar Rasha shine wuri ne na tsiro iri daban-daban na mosses. Ba kamar gandun daji na Taiga ba, wanda awannan tsirrai suke samar da murfin ƙasa mai laushi, mosses a cikin gandun itacen oak basa rufe ƙasa sosai. Matsayin mosses a cikin gandun daji mai santsi Babban dalilin shine gaskiyar cewa ganyayen ganyen dazuka ke lalata waɗannan tsirrai.

Fauna

Dabbobin dazuzzuka masu tsalle-tsalle na Rasha sune ungula, ƙaddara, kwari, beraye da jemagu. Mafi yawan bambance-bambancen ana lura da su a waɗannan yankuna waɗanda mutum bai taɓa ba. Don haka, a cikin dazuzzuka daji ana iya ganin barewa, boars daji, barewa, zambiri da barewa, elk. Umarni da karnuka, karnuka, martonai, almara da masu bankwana suna wakilta tsarin kaddara. Yankunan daji masu fa'ida, waɗanda faunarsu ke da wadata da bambanci, gida ne ga masu bi, squirrels, muskrats da nutria. Kari akan haka, wadannan yankuna suna zaune da beraye, beraye, moles, shinge, shege, macizai, kunkuru da kunkuru.

Tsuntsayen dazuzzuka marasa kwari - larks, finches, scallops, tsuntsaye, flytraps, hadiye, starlings. Kurdawa, rooks, amarya baƙi, itace, katako, jakadu, da amarya suma suna zaune a wurin. Tsuntsayen da ke cin abincin dabbobi suna wakilta ta shaho, owls, mujiyoyi, mujiyoyi masu cin abinci da kuma wata. Swamps - gida don manyan bindigogi, cranes, herons, gulls, ducks da geese.

A zamanin da, bison ya kasance yana zaune cikin dazuzzuka. Yanzu, rashin alheri, akwai da yawa daga cikinsu sun ragu. Doka ta kare waɗannan dabbobin. Suna zaune a cikin Belovezhskaya Pushcha (a cikin Jamhuriyar Belarus), a cikin Resioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve (Tarayyar Rasha), a wasu jihohin Yammacin Turai da Poland. An kwashe dabbobi da yawa zuwa Caucasus. A can suna kusa da bison.

Yawan deer ya kuma canza canji. Sun zama masu karami saboda ayyukan dabaru na mutum. Ciyawar bishiyar dabbobi da filayen noma ta zama ta zama mugu ga waɗannan kyawawan dabbobi. Deer zai iya kaiwa mita biyu da rabi tsawonsa da kilo ɗari uku da arba'in na nauyi. Yawancin lokaci suna zaune a cikin ƙananan garken dabbobi har zuwa goma. Mafi rinjaye a cikin mafi yawan lokuta mata ne. Zuriyarta suna zaune tare da ita.

A cikin kaka, maza sukan tattara nau'ikan abubuwan ƙonawa. Idan za a tuna da sautin bututu, ana ɗaukar amon roƙonsu yana tafiyar kilomita uku zuwa huɗu. Dewararren maharbi mafi nasara, bayan ya yi nasara a yaƙin abokan hamayyarsa, yana iya tara mata kusan ashirin. Don haka aka sake kirkirar wani nau'in bareyin. A farkon lokacin bazara, ana haihuwar barewo.An haife su masu nauyin kilo takwas zuwa goma sha ɗaya. Har zuwa watanni shida sun ɗanɗano girma mai zurfi. Maan shekara ɗaya sun sami kaho.

'Ya'yan itako sun ciyar da ciyawa, ganyayyaki da tumatir na bishiyoyi, namomin kaza, lichens, reeds, ciyawa mai ɗaci. Amma allura ba su dace da abinci ba. A cikin daji, dame yakan rayu shekara goma sha biyar. A cikin bauta, wannan alamar tana ninki biyu.

'Yan Biredi wasu mazaunan gandun daji ne da ke cike da ruwa. Ana lura da mafi kyawun yanayi a kansu a Turai, Arewacin Amurka, Asiya. Matsakaicin ɗaukar nauyin wannan dabba ita ce kilo talatin, kuma tsawon jikin mutum mita ɗaya. An bambanta bea ta hanyar babban jiki da wutsiya mara laushi. A cikin membranes tsakanin yatsun kafafunsa na baya na taimaka wa jagoranci rayuwa mai ruwa. Launin Jawo na iya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa mai haske zuwa maraƙi. Ana shafa mai gashi ta musamman tare da wani sirri na musamman, ana hana 'yan bea yin rigar. Lokacin da aka nutse cikin ruwa, kunnuwan wannan dabbar ya ninka, kuma kafafen hancin sun rufe. Amfani da iska na tattalin arziƙi yana taimaka masa ya kasance ƙarƙashin ruwa har zuwa minti goma sha biyar.

Aladu iri ne wani hali na mazaunan dazuzzuka masu ruwan birni. Suna da babban kai da tsufa mai ƙarfi. Mostarfin ƙarfi na waɗannan dabbobi shine katako mai tsayi, waɗanda an tanƙware sama da baya. Harshen boar bashi da kyau sosai, amma wannan an kashe shi ne ta kyakkyawan ji da kyakkyawar wari. Manyan mutane sun isa kilogram ɗari uku. Jiki na wannan dabba yana kariya ta launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Tana da dindindin.

Boars daji masu kyau ne masu gudu da kuma masu iyo. Wadannan dabbobin zasu iya iyo ruwa ta hanyar ruwa, wanda girman sa yana kilomita da yawa. Tushen abincinsu shine tsire-tsire, amma zamu iya cewa ƙwan daji shine Omnivores. Abubuwan da suka fi so shine cincin bishiyoyi da ƙoshin kudan zuma; ba za su ƙi frogs, mice, kaji, kwari da macizai ba.

Wakilan dabbobi masu rarrafe

Unguwannin da ke cike da tsalle-tsalle suna zaune a cikin macizai, macizai, masu zane, dabbobin ruwa, ciyayi da kuma masu amo. Hadarin ga humansan Adam yana wakilta ne kawai ta masai. Mutane da yawa cikin kuskure sun yi imani cewa kifin jan ƙarfe ma yana da guba, amma wannan ba haka bane. Mafi yawan halittun masu rarrabewar gandun daji sune macizai.

Abubuwan taimako

Yankunan gandun daji masu fa'ida (kuma gauraya) a yankin Turai na Rasha na samar da alwati mai bambanci, tushen wanda yake shi ne kan iyakokin ƙasashen yamma, kuma mafi girma yana kan tsaunukan Ural. Tun da yake yankin Iceland yana rufe fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin yankin Quaternary, sauƙin yana da yawan gaske. Bayyanannun abubuwan ganowa na kasancewar Valdai Glacier an kiyaye su a arewa maso yamma. A can, yanki na faffadar-gwal da cakuda an hade shi da yanayin rikice-rikice na tsaunuka, tsaunukan tsafe-tsafe, ramuka masu rufe da rami. Yankin kudancin yankin da aka bayyana yana wakiltar filayen moraine na biyu, wanda aka kirkiro saboda ragewa zuwa tsaunukan tsaunuka. Taimakawa daɗaɗɗan gandun daji da marairaicewa ana halin da kasancewar filayen yashi masu girma dabam. Asalinsu ruwa ne mai daskarewa. Suna da almubazzaranci, wani lokacin zaka iya ganin yashirun yashi.

Tsarin daji na Conifered-deciduous na Itacen Rasha

Wannan yankin yana cikin yanki mai yanayin zafi. Sauyin yanayi akwai ɗan laushi, laima. Soilasan waɗannan yankuna na sod-podzolic. Wurin kusa da Tekun Atlantika ya ƙayyade siffofin taimako. Hanyar sadarwar kogi a cikin dazuzzukan daji masu kyau-deciduous suna da haɓaka. Ponds suna da babban yanki.

Ayyukan tsarin hana ruwa na ruwa ya dogara ne da kusancin ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma yanayin dumin yanayi. Shuke-shuke masu rinjaye a cikin murfin ciyawa suna da babban faifan ganye.

Kammalawa

Tsararruka masu tsayi-tsalle-tsalle da ke cikin Turai ana rarrabe su da yanayin lalacewar yanayi. Amma ko da ƙarni biyu ko uku da suka wuce, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin bambance-bambancen duniya kuma suna cikin yawancin Turai. Saboda haka, a ƙarni na sha shida da goma sha takwas, sun mamaye yankin daidai da kadada miliyan daya da yawa. Yau, kadada bata wuce kadada dubu ɗari ba.

A farkon karni na ashirin, kawai hadaddun giyar-yatsun da suka mutu basu da rauni. A safiyar wannan karni, a yankuna daya suka ragu, an yi kokarin yin girma da itacen oak. Koyaya, wannan ya zama mafi rikitarwa: mutuwar fari ta itacen oak sabili da fari sakamakon lalacewa. A wancan lokacin, an gudanar da bincike, wanda shahararren masanin kimiyar kasa Dokuchaev na kasar Rasha ya jagoranta. A sakamakon haka, an gano cewa gazawar da aka samu a cikin samar da sabbin bishiyoyi suna da alaƙa da katsewar ƙasa, saboda wannan har abada ya canza tsarin samar da ruwa da yanayin yankin.

A yau, a cikin yankunan da daji da ke daɗewa, gandun daji na gaba ke girma, kazalika da tsire-tsire masu kiba. Itatuwan bishiyoyi masu ƙarfi a cikin su. Abin takaici, kamar yadda masana suka ce, kuzari da tsarin dazuzzukan oak na halitta ba batun sakewa suke ba.

Halin alamun gandun daji na Rasha

Yankunan daji masu kyau suna cikin yankin taiga, kuma sun mamaye kusan kashi 70% na yawan yanki na ƙasar. An san wannan yanki don ƙarancin zafin jiki da iska mara nauyi. Yankunan daji masu rarrafe suna daga kan iyakokin yamma na Rasha zuwa Rancin Verkhoyansk. Babban nau'in halittar gandun daji shine spruce, Pine, fir da larch.

A cikin lokacin bazara mai zafi, galibi gandun daji ana samun su: duhu coniferous da haske coniferous. Speciesan bishiyar Evergreen suna haɓaka da kyau. Photosynthesis yana farawa ne daga bazara tare da farkon yanayin yanayi mai kyau. Kasa a cikin taiga kusan ba ya nan. A nan ƙasa podzolic da fadama masu yawa. Kwayoyin suna saukar da allura, wanda, lokacin da ya lalata, ya saki mahadi waɗanda ke da guba ga tsirrai da yawa cikin ƙasa. Isasa ta rufe, a matsayin mai mulkin, tare da mosses da lichens. Shuke shuki da furanni galibi suna girma a gefen kogunan, a cikin duhun wurare na gandun daji babu kaɗan daga cikinsu. Akwai lingonberries, junipers, ash ash, blueberries da furannin fure.

Yanayin yanayin yanayi ne ke tantance duniyar shuka. A cikin yanayin yanki na gandun daji, yanayin dumamar yanayi yake zama. Masu cin nasara sun bushe da sanyi, kuma na tsawon wata shida. Shortan gajeren lokacin bazara suna da ɗumi da danshi, tare da yawancin cyclones. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, kawai wata daya ana ba da izinin kaka da bazara. Sanyawar kwalliya ba sa neman tsauraran yanayi.

Wakilan duniyar dabba suna ciyar da kan guna, leɓen lemo, ƙwari da cones. Babban kambi na daji yana kare dabbobi daga iska, kuma rassan sun sa ya yiwu a gina masaukin. Misalin wakilan fauna na gandun daji na coniferous sune voles, farin hares, mallaka, chipmunks. Daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, mutum zai iya lura da damin Siberian, bera mai launin ruwan kasa, lynx da kuma gwiwar hannu, kuma reindeer ya fito ne daga yankin dajin-tundra zuwa gandun daji mai ban sha'awa. Mikiya da kwalliya suna tashi a cikin sama.

Ana ɗaukar itacen katako mai tsayi ɗaya daga cikin mahimmanci. Matsataccen ajiyar shi shine mita biliyan 5.8. Baya ga shiga cikin taiga, ana fitar da mai, zinare da gas. Yankunan daji na Rasha - babban gandun daji. Yana fama da gobarar daji da guguwar rashin tsari. Sakamakon ayyukan mutane marasa kyau, dabbobi marasa galihu suna mutuwa. Akwai fannoni da yawa, amma don cikakken dawo da gandun daji, ya zama dole a tsara kariya ta yadda yakamata a yi amfani da albarkatun gandun dajin kasar.

Alamar gandun daji mai fa'ida ta Rasha

Yankin dazuzzuka masu faffada ya tashi daga kan iyakar yamma da Rasha zuwa Dutsen Ural. Babban nau'in itace shine beech, itacen oak, Elm, Linden, Maple da hornbeam. Ukurai suna daure-daure: ana maye gurbin bene na biyu ta hanyar alfarwa da dogaro, wanda, bi da bi, sune tsire-tsire da ciyawar daji. An rufe ƙasa da mosses. Akwai yankuna waɗanda rawanin ciyawa gabaɗaya suna kawar da ɓarnar ƙasa. Ganyayyaki, faduwa, bazuwar tsari da fasalin humus. Gasa cike take da ƙasa tana da wadata a cikin ƙwayoyin ma'adinai.

Ana samun gandun daji a cikin yankin mai yanayin yanayi. Yanayin anan yayi zafi sosai fiye da na taiga makwabta. Lokacin rani yana tsawon watanni hudu, matsakaicin zazzabi don lokacin shine + 10 ° C. Wannan yana taimakawa ci gaban bishiyoyi masu lalacewa. Yanayin yana da laima, yawan ruwan sama. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane wata a watan Janairu ya sauka zuwa -16ºС. Matsakaicin hazo yana faɗuwa a lokacin bazara, babu murfin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi.

Ganyen ba zai iya rayuwa lokacin sanyi, kuma ya faɗi a tsakiyar kaka. Darshen murfin ganye, rassa da haushi suna kare ƙasa daga wucewar ruwa. Soilasa tana da wadatar abubuwa masu kyau, tana ba da itatuwa tare da duk abin da ya cancanta. Fallen ganye na hunturu yana rufe tsarin tushen, yana kare shi daga sanyi kuma yana ƙarfafa tushen zuwa gaba.

Abun da ya shafi mulkin dabba a cikin ɓangaren Turai ya ɗan bambanta da gandun daji na gabas. Asianasashen Asiya sun rufe ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa na fern, ilmeni da linden. Elk, dutsen Himalayan da dutsen Ussuri suna zaune a cikin ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa. Shchitomordnik, viper da Amur maciji sune dabbobi masu rarrafe. Yankunan daji da ke Turai sun zama gida ga boar daji, fadada, barewa, wolf, weasel, beaver, muskrat da nutria. Mice, gwanaye, macizai, moles da kuma shinge suna zaune a can. Tsuntsayen wakilai ne da amarya baki, owls, mujiyoyi, tauraruwa, haɗika da larks.

Yankin dajin mai lalacewa ya dade yana haɓaka mutum, musamman a yammacin Rasha. Dole mutane su rage yankin kore kore kiwo, samar da amfanin gona da gina birane. Bishiyoyi sune babban kayan albarkatun masana'antar shiga ginin. An girka aikin sarrafa abubuwa. Jirgin karkashin ruwa na da wadatar ma'adanai, kuma a cikin manyan koguna akwai yuwuwar ci gaban samar da makamashi.

Yankin gandun daji yana raguwa sosai, yayin da ake sare gandun daji bisa sikelin da ya gabata. Saboda tasirin cutar anthropogenic, tsire-tsire na Red Book da dabbobi suna mutuwa. 'Yan kasuwan da ba su da kima, sun sare wuraren dazuzzukan daji. Don kiyaye gandunan halitta, an kirkira ajiyar wurare da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, amma wannan bai isa ba. Itatuwan bishiyoyi masu tsalle-tsalle suna girma da sauri. Wajibi ne a tsara dasa shuki a cikin yankin dazuzukan da aka sare, da kuma yin amfani da dazuzukan da aka kiyaye.

Halin halayen gandun daji hade da Rasha

Hadaddun gandun daji suna cikin filayen filayen Rasha, Yankin Siberian yamma, Yankin Amur da Primorye. A wannan yankin, ana samun nau'ikan nau'in bishiyoyi. Wadannan gandun daji suna sananne ta hanyar keɓewa. Poplars, pines da spruces sun shimfiɗa zuwa ga haske. Themarfinsu ke tashi daga jikin maza, zazzaɓi, lindens da itacen oak. Matsayin bishiyoyi ana wakilta ta hawthorn, fure fure, rasberi da blackberry. Lichens, mosses da ƙananan ciyawa sun rufe ƙasa.

Hada bishiyun gandun daji suna ɗaukar tsananin sauƙin sauƙin sauƙi fiye da na maƙwabta makwabta. Ciyayi na tsayayya da sanyi zuwa ƙasa -30ºС. Ruwan ruwan sama ya bambanta daga yanki. Akwai dusar ƙanƙara a cikin dazuzzukan Turai fiye da na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Matsakaicin ruwan sama yana faruwa a lokacin dumi. Hunturu mai laushi da rigar. Yanayin yana tafiya daga tebur zuwa teku, daga yamma zuwa gabas.

Cigaba da ci gaba da sabunta koren kore yana taimakawa ciyar da itaciyar da kuma tsabtace duniya daga abubuwan da ba dole ba. Mazauna gandun daji na amfani da albarkatun dukkan tiers a matsayin tushen abinci. 'Ya'yan kwanduna masu ban sha'awa suna jan hankalin tsuntsaye, ƙwayoyin dabbobi suna cin kwayoyi, larvae a ƙarƙashin haushi abinci ne ga tsuntsayen kwari.

Sau da yawa an lalata dabbobi a sakamakon farauta da ba a sarrafawa. Hakanan zaka iya saduwa da barewa da boar daji. Bison da dabbar ja kawai ana kiyaye su a cikin ajiyar. Shahararren mafarauta daga cikin gandun daji gauraye shine fox gama gari. A cikin ɓangaren Turai, badakaren yana zaune. Squirrel, mink, sleepyhead, Marten, cat daji, launin ruwan kasa bear ana dauke su wakilan gama gari na gandun daji gauraye. Duniyar tsuntsaye kuma tana da bambanci, musamman ma yawancin katako mai itace, kabeer, damisa daji, fin fin kyankyasai.

Kasuwancin katako masu mahimmanci suna cikin ɓangaren Asiya. Gwanin manchurian, itacen al'ul na Koriya, itacen ganye na ganye duk sun shahara saboda ƙarfin su da juriya ga lalata. Don dalilai na likita, ana amfani da Eleutherococcus da Schisandra. Ana gudanar da ayyukan logging a cikin Turai.

Cakuda gandun daji sun sha wahala mafi yawa daga hannun mutane. Wannan ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa na muhalli. Buƙatar ƙasar noma ta haifar da lalata yanki mai mahimmanci na yankuna. Sakamakon magudanar fadama fadama, yanayin kasa ya canza. Haɓaka ƙauyuka, musamman a yamma, ya haifar da rage murfin gandun daji da kashi 30%.

Ganyayyun bishiyoyi suna aiwatar da carbon dioxide. Ciyawar daji, wanda yakai girman girmansa, ya lalata miliyoyin kadada. Saboda haka, gas mai cutarwa ya haɗu a cikin sararin samaniya, yana haifar da tasirin hayaƙi. Undredaruruwan nau'in dabbobi na rayuwa da tsirrai suna shuɗewa daga fuskar duniya. Sakamakon laifin mutane, gobarar daji ta faru wanda ya canza yanayin tsabtace yanayi. Ana farautar dangin da ba su da kyau. Albarkatun kasa sun kusan gajiyawa, kawai ma'amala tsakanin jihar da 'yan ƙasa za su iya dakatar da ayyukan lalata gandun dajin ƙasar.

Halin kananan gandun daji-Rasha

Yankunan kananan gandun daji-yadudduka daga yankin Turai ta Yamma zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya. Surukan daji suna buɗewa a cikin wani maɓallin kunkuntar, wani lokacin kuma suna maye gurbin manyan. Treesanananann bishiyoyi masu tsalle-tsalle suna taka rawar daji na biyu, da maye gurbin manyan tsirrai da nau'ikan halittu.

Babban nau'in halittar gandun daji shine Birch, alder da Aspen. Abubuwan ganye suna bambanta su da farantin ganye. Bishiyoyi basa raguwa ga yanayi da ingancin ƙasa. Yawancin daji na Birch sun fi yawa.

Sau da yawa bishiyoyi suna girma a wurin da gobara ko ɓarkewar ƙasa. Alder propagates da harbe, da kuma Aspen - by tushen zuriya. Inda babu gandun daji, itatuwa suna girma ta iri. Kyakkyawan fasalin shine ikon tara danshi. Ickaickan itace na alder da Birch suna toshe hanyar zuwa wuta, kar ku ƙyale su yada zuwa kyawawan kiwo.

An gina duniyar dabbobi a ƙarƙashin rinjayar bishiyoyi na asali. Yawancin tsuntsaye. Daga dabbobi masu shayarwa, hares, lynxes, muzir da squirrels ana samun su. Tsarin karamin-tsalle-tsalle na daji tare da filin gona sune wuraren da aka fi so don karnukan raccoon.

Yankunan daji na sakandare suna ba da gudummawa ga maido da wuraren kore, kodayake yana ɗaukar kimanin 180 shekaru don kammala sake fasalin. Suna aiki kamar mai kashe wuta. Ana fatan cewa kananan gandun daji-da aka tsallake za su ba da gudummawa ga sake tsara kayan albarkatun daji na kasar.

Yanki Broadleaf Yanki na Rasha

Yankunan daji da ke yawo a Rasha sun mamaye yanki cikin siffar alwatika. Toparshe saman ƙasan dutsen Ural ne, tushe kuma yana kan iyakar yammacin ƙasar. Abubuwan da aka shimfiɗa na bishiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi halaye ne na ɓangaren Turai: kudu maso tsakiyar Rasha, yankuna na Tsakiyar Volga.

Dukiyar waɗannan massifs an ƙaddara ta da bambancin jinsunan bishiyoyi da tsirrai da suke girma a nan. Abin mamaki shine, waɗannan gandun daji waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a yawancin yankuna na ƙasarmu saboda karbuwarsu ga yanayin canjin yanayi da yanayin zafi da sauri.

Yankunan dazuzzuka masu lalacewa a cikin Rasha, musamman ma ɓangaren Turai, an sami bunƙasa ta mutum tun lokacin da ya dace kuma yana buƙatar kariya ta musamman daga mummunan tasirin huhun flora da fauna.

Yawan ash

Tsarin ya kai tsawan mita talatin zuwa arba'in. Wannan itaciyar ana nuna shi da ɗan kwandon shara, madaidaiciyar haushi (mai duhu akan lokaci), wani rawanin buɗe ido wanda yake watsa hasken rana da yawa. Tushen tushen sa yana da matukar ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi, inflorescences suna da yawa da tsoro. A rarrabe fasalin - high bukatun kan abun da ke ciki na ƙasa. Haɓaka ash shine ɗayan manyan dabbobi don kare kiwo. Wannan tsire-tsire ne mai dumin dumi da daukar hoto, baya jure yanayin sanyi sosai. Ash fure faruwa a watan Mayu, da pollination tsari ne da za'ayi amfani da iska. Lokacin 'Ya'yan itace ne Oktoba-Nuwamba. Suna faɗuwa ko dai a cikin hunturu ko farkon bazara.

Gidan kudan zuma

Ci gaba da amfani da bishiyoyi ne ke girma a cikin dazuzzuka mai lalacewa, mutum ba zai iya faɗi ba. Ya kai mita arba'in a tsayinsa da mita ɗaya da rabi a diamita. Haushi barkono ne mai launin toka, ganye suna elliptical. Yankunan da suka fi yawan yankuna su ne yammacin Turai, Caucasus, da Crimea. Babban darajar dajin beech ya ta'allaka ne da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Gurasar mai gina jiki ta yadu a lokacin daga Satumba zuwa Oktoba. Kusan kashi talatin cikin ɗari sun haɗa da mai mai bushewa mai bushewa, daidai yawan adadin abubuwa masu guba. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ma suna da wadatar sitaci, sugars, acid (malic da citric), tannins.

Abin sha'awa shine, ƙwayar alkaloid mai guba da ake kira phagin tana jin daɗin lalata lokacin da ƙwayar ƙwayar gyada. Don haka ya zama lafiyayyiya ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Madadin kofi ana samarwa daga 'ya'yan itãcen, kuma idan ƙasa, ana haɗa su da gari na gari a cikin shirye-shiryen kayayyakin gari. Itace Beech itace kyakkyawa ce mai dorewa.

Wuraren daji da ke da faffadar zama a yankin Turai na Rasha, da kuma cikin Caucasus, ana nuna su a matsayin yanki mai dacewa don haɓakar acutifoliate (talakawa) na maza. Wadannan bishiyoyi sun yi girma har zuwa tsawon mita ashirin. Ganyayyakinsu manya ne, koren duhu, biyar-lobed. Launin haushi ya yi launin toka.

Rassan da ganyen wannan bishiyar ana amfani dasu sosai domin magance cututtuka daban-daban. Wadannan kyautuka na yanayi suna ɗauke da babban adadin ascorbic acid, alkaloids, tannins. Decoctions da infusions suna bi da raunuka, kumburi. Hakanan suna haifar da choleretic, diuretic, maganin antiseptik da analgesic sakamako. Mabiyan gargajiya na maganin ganyayyaki sun san sosai bishiyoyi a cikin gandun daji wanda yake da fa'ida. Don haka, maple ganye da harbe suna bada shawarar don ingantaccen aikin jaundice, duwatsu koda, don kawar da tashin zuciya da amai.

Linden wani wakili ne na yau da kullun na gandun daji da ke ciki kuma yana girma zuwa mita 30 a tsayi. Linden yana da akwati madaidaiciya, kambi mai kamshi. Girman ƙananan ƙananan rassan Linden suna da sauƙin ganewa ko da a cikin hunturu lokacin da babu ganye a kansu. M buds wanda aka zagaye a saman ana yin su ne a kan yadda ake harbe-harbe. Suna da kyau cikakke kuma mai haske, amma suna da fasali ɗaya na musamman - kowane ɗan kodan an rufe shi da ma'auni biyu kawai. Ba za a iya samun irin waɗannan buds a cikin sauran itatuwanmu ba.

Linden ya yi fure mai yawa fiye da sauran ragowar bishiyoyinmu, tuni a tsakiyar lokacin bazara. Smallananann furanni masu launin rawaya masu launin fure masu kamshi suna da ƙanshi mai ban sha'awa kuma suna da arziki a cikin nectar. Linden yana ɗayan tsire-tsire mafi kyau na zuma.

Linden ne mai yawanci-haƙuri haƙuri. A cikin wannan, ya zama na biyu kawai don beech, spruce, fir, hornbeam. Musamman ma inuwa mai jure yanayin-fure sune fure na Linden, waɗanda ke girma cikin nasara a ƙarƙashin murfin ciyawa, kuma har ma suna buƙatar shading a wuraren buɗe. Haka kuma, yana ƙarƙashin wata igiyar daji mai haƙuri-haƙuri da kanta sosai rikitar da ƙasa.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa

Dabbobi masu shayarwa na daji linzamin launin rawaya, dormouse (polchka, dormouse gandun daji, lambu da hazel), farin farauta, bera mai ruwan kwalliya, shinge na kowa, cat daji, lynx, fox, wolf, brown brown, badger, ermine, Pine marten, weasel, mink Turai. Manyan dabbobin sun tsira ne kawai a cikin wasu dabbobin daban da ayyukan tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam bai lalata su ba (misali, a tsaunukan Carpathian).

Fauna na kogin da yake da fadi-nesa a Gabas ta Tsakiya (Amur-Ussuri, Sinanci, Koriya) yana da arziki musamman, tunda ra'ayoyi daga kudu sun shiga can. Daga dabbobi masu shayarwa, Ussuri mole, bishikin Manchu, zakari, goral, Ussuri black bear (Himalayan, ko fari-breasted bear), harza, kurkuriyar kare, Amur tiger, damisa ta gabashin gabas, bishiyar daji ta gabas yanada sifofi.

Dabbobin da ba a saba gani ba daga cikin dazuzzukan daji na Amurka ita ce dabbar skunk. Tare da shunk baki na baki daga kai zuwa babban wutsiya fuka fukafukai farar fata biyu ne. Wani gandun daji da ke da bambanci zuwa Amurka shine raccoon, ko kuma rakataccen rakodi.

Tsuntsaye

Yawancin tsuntsaye suna gida a kambi na bishiyoyi. Waɗannan su ne finches da Swallows, rooks da watana, larks da nightingales, crows da shaho, tsuntsaye da gizo-gizo. Sau da yawa a cikin ciyayin itace zaka iya samun pigeons, bullfinches, woodpecker, magpies, cuckoos, orioles. Tsakanin manyan tsuntsaye, pheasants da baƙar fata, har da mujiya da mujiya, ana samunsu a cikin dazuzzukan daji. Wasu nau'ikan hunturu a cikin gandun daji, kuma wasu sun bar ƙasarsu kuma suna tashi zuwa yanayin zafi a lokacin bazara, suna dawowa a lokacin bazara.

Masu rarrafe da Ampiyawa

A cikin dazuzzuka masu rarrafe akwai macizai da macizai, macizai da masu ɗorawa. Wannan ƙaramin adadi ne na macizai. Mutane da yawa a cikin gandun daji zaku iya samun alaƙa. Waɗannan lamuran kore ne, ƙassai, masu haɗarin ruwa. Bishiyar itace, yatsu, kunkuru, kunkuru, fuskoki masu kaifi da kandami, kananan dabbobin, salamanda ke gani a zaune kusa da gawarwakin ruwa.

Dukkanta ya dogara ne da ina a cikin duniya gandun daji-fifikon da kuma menene ruwan jikinsu yake a cikin yankin su. A cikin koguna, tafkuna da fadamai, ana iya samun salmon da cyprinids. Kifayen kifi, pike, minnows da sauran nau'ikan suma zasu iya rayuwa.

Gandun daji na buƙatar taimako

Kurmi na Broadleaf da gaske yana buƙatar taimakon ɗan adam. Paradoxical kamar yadda yake sauti, amma kawai yana da ikon rage cutarwa akan yanayi.

Don adana gandun daji, kuna buƙatar:

• don dasa shuki a waɗancan wuraren da katse gandun daji don kowane dalili,
• Tabbatar da kariya daga manyan kwari da sauran nau'in gandun daji daga hare-hare daga masu ba da fata da kuma 'yan kasuwa masu hankali, tare da yanke manyan wuraren wannan kayan,
• ƙirƙiri duk yanayin don gine-gine da biranen su kasance a wani tsinkaye daga gandun daji.

Duk waɗannan yanayin ba su da sauƙi a lura, tunda yawancinsu ba su da ikon mallakar jihar. Kasuwancin masana'antu suna aiwatar da matatun mai yawa a cikin yanayinmu. Forestan kurmi kawai zasu iya taimakawa tare da tsarkake iska. Saboda haka, adana su yana da matukar muhimmanci ga makomar duniyarmu.

Kamar gandun daji, kamar sauran gandun daji, masu sauyi ne. Ba tare da gandun daji ba, duniyarmu ba zata wanzu ta yadda muke aiki da ci gabanta ba yanzu.

Abinda kawai ake buƙata don kula da lafiyar lafiyar yanayin duniya shine kariya daga gandun daji. Wannan ba shi da wahala, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa a cikin ƙasarmu kawai tsattsage gandun daji, waɗanda ba su da alamun analogues a duniya gwargwadon ƙwaƙwalwar su. Tun da irin wannan wadatar ya girma a yanki ɗaya, kawai yana buƙatar kiyaye shi.

Abin da ke deciduous daji

Yankunan daji da ke yawo sun haɗa da gandun daji waɗanda bishiyoyi tare da faranti masu ganye suka girma. A lokacin bazara, irin wadannan bishiyoyi sukan bar ganye, saboda haka ana kiransu deciduous. Wadannan sun hada da, da farko, itacen oak, saboda wannan dalili ana kiran mafi yawan gandun daji.

Amma ga mafi yawan sashi, irin wannan gandun daji ana bambanta shi da nau'in nau'ikan bishiyoyi, daga cikinsu akwai kuma gama gari:

Wannan nau'in gandun daji ya ƙunshi muhimmin yanki na Yammacin Turai, zaka iya samun su a Poland, Ukraine, Russia, yankuna na arewacin China, Korea, Japan, Arewacin Amurka.

Wurin da yalwataccen gandun daji yanki na Rasha

Yankunan daji da ke yawo a Rasha sun mamaye yanki cikin siffar alwatika. Toparshe saman ƙasan dutsen Ural ne, tushe kuma yana kan iyakar yammacin ƙasar. Abubuwan da aka shimfiɗa na bishiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi halaye ne na ɓangaren Turai: kudu maso tsakiyar Rasha, yankuna na Tsakiyar Volga.

Garkunan da ke da faffada da sauran wurare na zahiri a Rasha

Sun kuma rufe kananan yankuna a yankin kudu maso gabas na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ba a samun irin waɗannan gandun daji a Siberiya saboda yanayin yanayi mai tsauri.

Duniyar dabbobi

Yankunan daji masu fa'ida na Rasha sun bambanta ta hanyar nau'in jinsin dabbobi na duniyar dabbobi. Haka kuma, fauna gandun daji na yankin tsakiya da kuma kudu maso gabas yana da bambance-bambance masu yawa.

A cikin daji mai nisa na gabas ta gabas zaka iya haduwa da wakilan wakilan duniyar dabbobi, irin su:

• Ussurian tiger,
• Amur maciji,
• Kunkuru na kasar Sin
• baki bear,
• Damisa na gabas
• Manchu kudan.

A cikin yankin Turai, mafi yawancin nau'ikan nau'in halittun fauna a wannan ɓangaren ɓangaren gandun daji wanda ɗan adam bai haɓaka ba.

M shuke-shuke daji

Yankakken daji mai faffadar Rasha, duka Turai da gabashin Gabas, suna da bambanci a cikin nau'in halittar bishiyoyi, ciyayi, ciyawa. A lokaci guda, kamar yadda yanayin sha'anin fauna, ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan yankin a Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Wani fasalin wannan yanki na halitta shine bishiyoyi masu girman tsayi. Anan zaka iya ganin lindens ɗin ƙarni, manyan itacen oak.

Haka kuma a cikin dazuzzuka masu dazuka na gabashin Gabas suna girma:

• ganye mai ganye,
• Amur kumar,
• Manchu ash
• ilmen
• Itacen al'ul na Koriya
• Manchurian irin goro.

Gabaɗaya, gandun wannan nau'in ana saninsa ta hanyar rarraba tsire-tsire ta hanyar benaye ko ɗakuna.

A cikin itacen daji mai zurfi, itacen oak yana mamaye. Ragowar tsire-tsire sune sahabbansa. Bishiyar tana da zafi sosai, saboda haka tana girma a tsakiyar Rasha, daga Urals zuwa yammacin iyakar ƙasar.

Tana buƙatar ƙasa mai dausayi, bata yarda da yawan danshi ba. Kyakkyawan nau'in itacen oak: kambi yana da amo, haushi ya yi kauri, an haɗa shi da manyan fasa, rassan suna yaduwa. Itatuwan oak mafi girma suna girma a cikin lokacin farin ciki na gandun daji, inda tsakanin tsirrai akwai gwagwarmaya akai-akai don haske.

A cikin irin wannan itacen, kambi ba shi da faɗi sosai, yana farawa daga ƙasa. Idan wannan itaciyar ta girma a buɗe, zai iya zama ƙasa kaɗan, amma tana da ƙarin kambi da yalwatacce, yana ƙasa da ƙasa.

Oak yana da katako mai ƙarfi, wanda aka ƙima da shi a cikin samar da kayan ɗaki.

Sau da yawa a cikin daji deciduous zaka iya samun linden. Ba shi da daɗi kamar sanyi kamar itacen oak, sabili da haka yana girma a yankuna na arewacin tare da yanayin canjin yanayin. Hakanan, linden yana da ƙarin juriya ga inuwa, kambiɗinsa yana da denser. Wannan tsire-tsire kyakkyawan tsire-tsire ne na zuma.

Smallananan furanni masu launin rawaya, tare da ƙanshin ƙanshi mai danshi, suna ɗauke da ƙoshin ƙoshin fure. Linden itace mai taushi. Daga zamanin da, ana yin jita-jita na katako da abubuwa na gida iri-iri daga gare ta. Yanzu kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan gargajiya.

Daga cikin bishiyoyi a cikin gandun itacen oak, ana samun mafi yawan hazel. 'Ya'yan itãcensa suna cikin buƙatu duka mutane da mazaunan gandun daji: squirrels, mice. Hazelnuts samfuri ne na abinci mai mahimmanci, saboda suna ɗauke da bitamin A, bitamin B, yawan fats na kayan lambu yana da yawa a cikinsu - kusan kashi 60%.

Daga cikin tsirrai na gandun daji a cikin itacen oak, mafarkin an bambanta shi musamman. A cikin tsohuwar gandun itacen oak, tana samar da dunƙun katako. Za a iya cin 'yan littafin matasa. A wasu yankuna ana amfani dashi don dafa miyan kabeji kore, kamar nettle ko zobo.

Tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa sune ephemeroids na gandun daji deciduous. Su perenni ne, amma lokacin su girma yayi ɗan gajeru, yan makonni kawai. Misali, buttercup anemone. Ana iya ganin furannin furanni masu haske a cikin daji, da zarar dusar ƙanƙara ta narke. Kuma a farkon lokacin bazara, mai tushe da ganyayyakin shuka sun ɓace ba tare da wata alama ba.

Tushen ya kasance a cikin ƙasa. Kuma kawai bazara mai zuwa zai ba da sabon harbe. Karen da aka kakkafa ma kananan tsire-tsire iri ɗaya ne. Its m purple inflorescences bayyana a farkon bazara da kuma Bloom a cikin 'yan kwanaki.

Soasa mai mahimmanci

Wadannan nau'ikan ƙasa mai kyau sune na larduna masu rarrafe:

• launin toka
• launin ruwan kasa
• duhu gandun daji m
• chernozems - a lokuta da wuya.

An kafa nau'ikan launin ruwan kasa na gandun daji saboda lalacewar ganye, tsirrai da tarawar humus. Sun ƙunshi yawancin adadin kwayoyin halitta kuma suna dauke da kyakkyawan haihuwa.

Nau'in launin toka yana da yawa humus, kuma, gwargwadon haka, abubuwan gina jiki na tsire-tsire. Wannan yanayi ne mai canzawa tsakanin chernozems waɗanda suke asali a cikin yankin sashi da kuma sod-podzolic ƙasa na hade gandun daji.

Soilasar dazuzzuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ana saninsa da yawan adadin danshi. Ya isa, amma ba mai yawa ba, tunda waɗannan nau'ikan ƙasa suna da kyau.

Matsalar muhalli

Yankunan daji masu fa'ida na Rasha sun sha wahala da farko saboda gaskiyar cewa an yanke shekaru a cikin bishiyoyi. Mafi mahimmanci shine itacen oak. Ana amfani da itace dashi don kera abubuwa daban-daban na ciki, kayan daki, da kayayyakin gida. Saboda wannan dalili, yankin dazuzzukan oak ya ragu sosai.

Yana da matukar wahala a maido da itacen oak da aka cinye. Wurin da itacen oak ɗin an girke shi da sauri ta hanyar Aspen ko Birch, wanda baya bada izinin haɓakar matasa itacen oak. Akwai canjin nau'in halitta, itacen birch ko bishiyoyin Aspen sun bayyana akan wurin tsohuwar gandun itacen oak.

Haka kuma an sare sare gandun daji domin samun hanya domin bunkasa tsirrai, don gina matsuguni, manyan hanyoyi, sassan layin dogo. Duk wannan yana haifar da ɗayan matsaloli masu mahimmancin muhalli - ɓarkewar ƙasa. Yana tafiya da sauri - a kowace shekara 10, sama da murabba'in miliyan 1 ya ɓace. km na gandun daji tsaye.

Gobarar daji ma tana haifar da lalacewa a gandun daji. Dalilin su ba kawai lokacin zafi bane ba tare da ruwan sama ba, har ma ya yi fice a cikin gidajen da yawon bude ido, da masu kiwon naman kaza ko mafarauta. Hakanan, mutane sukan bar duwatsun shara. Samuwar rafukan ƙasa a cikin tsakiyar gandun daji ba kawai zai haifar da ƙazantar wurare ba.

Abubuwan sunadarai da ke cikin sharar suna shiga ƙasa da ruwa, suna lalata lalacewar ƙasa baki ɗaya - daga tsirrai zuwa fauna.

Canjin yanayi da gurbatar iska suma ba su wuce ba tare da barin wata alama don gandun daji. Itatuwan daji na fama da ruwan sama mai cike da sinadarai. Suna haifar da rushewar hanyoyin tafiyar da aikin photosynthesis, mummunar tasiri kan ci gaba da haɓaka bishiyoyi.

Duk wannan a hadaddun ya zama dalilin cewa a wasu yankuna an keta mutuncin gandun daji mai tsayi, wasun su gaba daya sun lalace.

Reserve State Ural ta Kudu

Tana kasancewa akasari akan yankin Bashkortostan, wani karamin sashin ajiyar wurin kuma ana shi a yankin Chelyabinsk. Yankin daji mai faffadar mamaye yakai kadada sama da dubu 8 a filayen da suke da kariya. Tana shimfida rakataccen rami a yammacin gangaren tsaunin Ural, akwai kuma sassan banginta.

Babban nau'in itace:

• Turanci itacen oak
• dutse elm,
• Linden,
• maple

A wasu yankuna, an cakuda su da Birch da Aspen. Onasa ce ta yankin ƙasar yankin arewa maso yamma na yankin da ke yawo a shimfidar bishiyoyi masu fa'ida.

Fiye da nau'ikan dabbobi 250 sun sami mafaka a cikin wurin da aka ajiye; fiye da nau'ikan 1000 na tsire-tsire masu girma, lichens, mosses da namomin kaza suna girma. 8 jinsunan tsirrai da nau'ikan 3 na lasisi an jera su a cikin littafin Red na Rasha.

Sikhote-Alin State Biosphere Reserve

Daya daga cikin mafi tsufa a cikin Far East, an kafa shi a cikin 1935. Yanzu ya mamaye kusan 350 dubu ha. Ana zaune a cikin yankin Terimorsky. Kilogram na gandun daji, da yawan tsaunuka - a wannan yankin akwai wurare masu wuya da dabbobi ba su taba ganin mutane ba.

Itacen oak na Mongolian yana tsiro a nan, gandun-caca-fadi-yalwatacce suna tartsatsi, ash, elm, da alder sun zaɓi kwarin kogi. Farfajiyar waɗannan ƙasashe tana da bambanci sosai har yanzu ba'a gama bincikenta ba. Baya ga nau'ikan 1000 na tsirrai masu girma, da ɗaruruwan moss, namomin kaza, algae girma a nan, akwai tsire-tsire masu relic da endemic.

Dabbobin fauna ma sun bambanta: dabbobi masu shayarwa sun fi jinsin 60 girma, tsuntsaye sun fi 300. A yankin da aka kiyaye shi, ana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga tsuntsayen Amur, ana gudanar da bincike don kiyayewa da dawo da yalwar wannan dabbar dabba.

Reshen jihar Bolshehehtsirsky

Kasancewa a Yankin Khabarovsk. Yankin - sama da 44 dubu ha.Anan tare da dazuzzuka masu firfe (fir da tsiro) akwai katakan itacen al'ul-fadada. Hakanan, itacen oak na Mongolian ya girma akan filayen ajiyar ajiya, ash, alder, da poplar ana samun su a cikin kwarin kogin da kuma wuraren shimfidawa.

Farfajiyar filayen da aka keɓance ta wakilta su sama da nau'ikan tsire-tsire 750, fauna - nau'in dabbobi 267. Akwai ƙananan nau'ikan da aka jera a cikin Littafin Layi. Na tsire-tsire, wannan siket ne na hutu, Burtaniya, na dabbobi - forestan daji Amur, toan wasan gabashin gabashin.

Yankunan flora

Babban nau'in itacen bishiyoyin da aka cakuda sune oaks da lindens, chestnuts da maples, beeches da hornbeams, elms da ash.

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Oak

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Linden

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Chestnut

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Maple

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Bee

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Hornbeam

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Elm

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Ash

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A Arewacin Amurka, akwai itacen oak na itacen oak-maple da kuma itacen oak-hickory.

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Oak groves

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Beech da mave ɗan kurmi

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Ana iya samun nau'in tsiro mai zuwa a cikin gandunan Turai:

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Ceri Bird

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Euonymus

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Hazel

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Holly Holly

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Yew Berry

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Karya

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Dattijo

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Rasberi

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Viburnum

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Dologse

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Daga cikin tsirrai na dazuzzuka na dazuzzuka masu rarrafe, akwai dusar ƙanƙan da dusar ƙanƙara da gyada, cakulan da kuma cincin dabbobin, Corydalis da anemones, ciyawar kabeji da kuma man shafawa.

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Santana

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Goose baka

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Zubyanka

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Tayi

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Corydalis

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Kawancen

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Meadow Clover

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Caustic buttercup

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Mosses da lichens, da ferns, suna girma a nan.

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Moss

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Lichen

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A ajiyar "Bryansk gandun daji"

Located in yankin Bryansk. Yankin - fiye da kadada dubu 12. 80% na yanki shine gandun daji. A kwarin Kogin Nerussa, an bazu a kan shimfidar bishiyoyi masu yawa, kamar itacen oak da ash. Adana dazuzzukan itacen oak shine asalin aikin wannan yanki na kiyayewa. Hakanan a cikin waɗannan gandun daji akwai maple da linden. Akwai yankuna inda itacen oak kusa da wurin tsiro.

Flora ta ƙunshi nau'ikan tsire-tsire sama da 780, yawancinsu halayyar gandun daji na gabashin Turai ne. A cikin wurin akwai nau'ikan dabbobi 272. Ana ci gaba da aiki don maimaita adadin launin ruwan bera da bison, don adana yawan bakaken fata da ke kunshe cikin littafin Red na Tarayyar Rasha.

Reserve "gandun daji a Vorskla"

Wannan wani bangare ne na babban wurin ajiyar “Belogorye” a yankin Belgorod. Waɗannan wurare sun bambanta a cikin waccan tsohuwar gandun itacen oak da aka kiyaye su anan bankunan Kogin Vorskla. Yawancin bishiyoyi sun tsallaka karni. Kuma a shafin da ke da girman hekta 150, akwai gandun daji na itacen oak, wanda shekarunsa suka wuce 300.

Flora da fauna sune yawancin lamuran dazuzzuka na tsakiyar Rasha.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da gandun daji

Babban itacen bishiyar daji - itacen oak - na iya girma har zuwa shekaru 500. A lokaci guda, kambinsa yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara ta 1 m. Domin kwana 1, itacen oak na ƙarni yana iya “sha” har zuwa lita 600 na ruwa. A lokaci guda, itaciyar tana ɗaukar 1/10 na dukkanin abubuwa masu mahimmanci don rayuwa da haɓaka daga ƙasa. Ragowar yana dauke daga yanayin.

Yanke gandun daji itacen oak suna da wuya a warke. A halin yanzu, kilogiram 80 na takaddun da aka sake yin amfani da su don aikawa suna iya ajiye itacen 1.

Wata itaciya mai fadada - linden - tayi girma har zuwa shekaru 400. Amma akwai ɗaruruwan shekaru waɗanda suka ƙetare layin 1000.

Asalin sunayen mutane da yawa na ƙasa tsakanin Slavs suna da alaƙa da linden: Lipki, Lipovets, Lipetsk, Lipno, Podlipki. Daga cikin bishiyoyi mafi saurin girma shine Maple. Wannan itacen mai tsalle-tsalle zai iya girma da mitoci 2 a cikin shekara guda kawai. Sabili da haka, ana dasa su gaba da apiaries.

Bazuzzukan daji da ke yawo ba su da girma a Rasha. Sunan babban gandun daji ba wai kawai a cikin kasar ba, har ma a duniya ana riƙe ta ta Siberian taiga. Amma an yi imani da cewa shi ne yankin girma na hade da kuma fadi-leaved gandun daji shi ne ƙasa a kan abin da al'adu, al'adu da al'adun mutanen Russia.

Tsarin rubutu: Vladimir Mai Girma