Za'a iya bayyana bayyanar Dicynodonts kamar haka: ƙwanƙarin kunkuru, jikin hular gashi da tsumma biyu na walrus.
Masana kimiyya sun kwatanta Dicinodont a matsayin ƙarami - ba fiye da mita ɗaya ba tsayi, herbivore tare da wani irin kwanon ruɓi da gajeren wutsiya. Masana binciken burbushin halitta suna ba da shawarar cewa zai iya rayuwa cikin ramuka. Masana ilimin kimiyya kuma sun yi imanin cewa Dicynodonts wani rukuni ne na dabbobi da aka bayyana a matsayin jinsin dabbobi masu shayarwa, daga inda dabbobi masu shayarwa suka samo asali.
Dicinodont (lat.Dicynodontia)
Masu binciken sunyi imanin cewa farkon shaidar bayyanar alamun alamomin nuna bambancin Jima'i a cikin dabbobin ƙasa shine babban rafin Dicinodont, wanda ya rayu a duniya tun kafin dinosaur. Daga cikin dabbobin da ke rayuwa a zamanin Permian, Dicynodonts sune mafi yawan dabbobi masu rarrafe. A cewar masu binciken, Dicynodonts ya bayyana ne a duniyarmu a karshen lokacin Permian na Paleozoic, kimanin shekaru miliyan 30 kafin heyday na zamanin dinosaur.
Wasu nau'ikan Dicynodonts sun dawwama har zuwa ƙarshen Babban Triassic kuma sun rayu akan ƙasar Australiya ta zamani shekaru miliyan 105 da suka gabata. A wannan zamani ne aka gano burbushin halittar tsohuwar halittar halittar dabbobi - jaw da, canine da baki. Kodayake a baya an yi imani da cewa Dicynodonts ya mutu kusan shekaru miliyan 220 da suka gabata. A wani lokaci, wannan karyar da aka yiwa lakabi da dabba ita ce babbar dabba a doron duniya, a cewar masanin ilimin binciken burbushin dabbobi na Australiya Talbourne.
Dicinodont Placerias hesternus
Wasu masu binciken ba su yarda da binciken na Talbourne ba kuma sun yi imani da cewa sassan jikin burbushin halittu na iya kasancewa mallakar dinosaur ne mai ban tsoro. Misali, Fraser, masanin burbushin halittu a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amurka da ke Amurka, yayi tambayoyi game da ikirarin cewa dicynodonts ya tsira daga rugujewar dabbobi shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata (kamar yadda hadarin duniyarmu ya haifar da wata babbar asteroid). Ko ta yaya, Talbourne ya ce Dicynodonts na iya ɓoyewa a gabashin ƙasan Gondwana, a yankin da a cikin ƙarni da yawa ya zama Australiya.
Nau'in dicynodonts.
An gano mafi girman kashin halittar ɗan Ditsinodontov kusa da Kotelnich. Binciken binciken, masana kimiyya suka yanke shawara cewa tsoffin dabbobi masu rarrabe sun sami canje-canjen juyin halitta. mafi yawan wakilan wannan pangolin sunada girman giwayen zamani. Dicynodonts a cikin heyday yada nama zuwa duk nahiyoyin duniya zuwa Ostiraliya, inda aka samo gawarwakinsu.
Dicinodont listozavr.
A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, an gudanar da rami a Afirka ta Kudu kuma an gudanar da cikakken bincike game da kusan asusuwa Dicinodonts da aka samu. Sakamakon binciken kimiyya ya ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da kasancewar waɗannan tsoffin dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke tattare da yanayin zamantakewar al'umma. An gano cewa Dicinodonts ya jagoranci rayuwar garken, ya rayu kusa da tafkuna, kuma a fili yana da asali. Dabba na iya tafiya da kyau a doron ƙasa, amma ya jagoranci rayuwar rayuwa mafi yawan ruwa.
Dicinodont Hundezahn.
Tare da canje-canje na juyin halitta, bisa ga kyakkyawan zaton masana kimiyya, marigayi Dicynodonts yana da yanayin zafin jiki koyaushe, yana da gashi, har ma yana da matukar tasiri.
A cikin jinsunan Dicynodonts iri ɗaya, an samo kasancewar demorphism na jima'i, wanda ke nuna kanta a cikin daban-daban fasali na ilimin halittar mutum tsakanin jinsi daban-daban (a girma, sifa da launi), wanda masu binciken suka gano tabbatacce. Bayyanar farko ta lalata tsarin jima'i a cikin Dicynodonts ya bayyana shekaru 252-260 shekaru da suka gabata. Namijin Dicinodont, ba kamar mace ba, yana da manyan rago biyu masu girma daga sama muƙamuƙi.
Primin dicinodont Australobarbar (lat. Australobarbarus) wanda aka samo a cikin yankin Kirov.
Masu binciken burbushin halitta basu samo wata alama ba sarai cewa dabbobi sun yi amfani da kugunan don tona ramuka. Kuma suma tonon sillar baza su iya hidimtawa Mahallan abinci ba, tunda basa cikin matan. Koyaya, waɗannan kusoshin sun girma yayin rayuwar dabbar. A yayin da fang ɗin ya fashe, ba ta ƙara girma ba. Dangane da duk waɗannan alamun, masana kimiyya sun kammala da cewa jita-jita wata alama ce ta lalata tsarin jinsi. Wataƙila, mazan suna amfani da maɗaukaki don yaƙe-yaƙe na al'ada ga mace yayin lokacin kiwo, don kuma kare kansu da zuriyarsu daga mafarauta.
Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.
DICYNODONTS
A cikin littafin
Juz'i na 9. Moscow, 2007, shafi 112
Kwafi hanyar haɗin littafi:
DICYNODONTS (Dicynodontia), wani ɓoyayyen abubuwa masu rarrafe na ƙananan kayan dabbobi. KO. 40 samar, fiye da nau'ikan 150. A tsakiyar Permian, D. ya bayyana a kan yankin Gondwana, a cikin Triassic - a kan dukkan nahiyoyi, ciki har da a Antarctica, a Ostiraliya suna zaune har zuwa Cretaceous. Tsawon jikin yana daga 10 cm zuwa m 4. Sunan (an fassara shi daga Latin ta "canine biyu") ana ba da shi ta gaban gabbai biyu a cikin babban muƙamuƙi. Sauran hakora an maye gurbinsu da murfin ƙaho. Herbivores mai yiwuwa ne ya haƙa asalin tsirran tsire-tsire daga ƙasa. A cikin Late Permian da Triassic - DOS. babban herbivorous rukuni na dabbobi.
Dicynodonts - Dicynodon
dicynodonts |
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Owen, 1859
Dicynodontia Haraji ne daga asomodont na therapside tare da farawa a tsakiyar Permian, wanda ya mamaye Late Permian kuma ya ci gaba cikin Triassic, tare da yiwuwar kiyaye shi a farkon Cretaceous. Dicynodonts ya kasance herbivores biyu tare da haƙora biyu, saboda haka sunan su, wanda ke nufin "karnuka biyu na haƙori." Su ne kuma mafi nasara da kuma hanyoyin warkewa daga dabbobi masu shayarwa, tare da sama da mutane sanannu 70 wadanda aka samo su daga girman bera-da-giwa.
DICINODONTS
DICINODONTS (Dicynodontia), wani ɓoyayyen abubuwa masu rarrafe na abubuwan ɓoyayyun abubuwan ɓarna na terapsid. Groupungiya mafi girma a cikin tawagar. Sanannen lokaci daga Late Permian har zuwa Late Triassic na dukkan nahiyoyi (babban binciken a Afirka ta Kudu). Tsawon daga cm 20 zuwa 4 m. Kwanyar kwanyar tana da girma, tana da ƙarfi sosai na ƙasusuwa na rufin. Babban sakandare yana da tsari. An maye gurbin hakora ta hanyar beke mai kaɗa, a cikin mafi yawan 2 da aka faɗaɗa ƙaramar tsageran maxillary, a cikin wakilan masu iya magana - suma hakoran muƙamuƙi ne. Skeaƙƙarfan ƙaya ne mai girma, yatsun kafa biyar masu ƙarfi tare da manyan yatsun lebur. Iyalai 6, fiye da 100 iri. Hydro da amphibionts, da yuwuwar siffofin digging. Mafi yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su, na gargajiya, na dabbobin, ba su da yawa.
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Halaye
Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwanyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne, masu haske amma masu ƙarfi, tare da ƙara yawan buɗewar wucin gadi a bangon kwanyar da aka faɗaɗa don ɗaukar manyan tsokoki na kashin. Bangaren gaban kwanyar da kashin kashin kai yawanci kunkuntar ne kuma babu hakori a ciki sai dai nau'ikan nau'ikan tsarin rayuwa. A maimakon haka, gaban bakin yana sanye yake da katako mai ban tsoro, kamar a cikin kunkuru da ceratops dinosaurs. Ana sarrafa abincin ta hanyar maido da ƙananan muƙamuƙin lokacin da ya rufe bakinta, samar da ƙazamar ƙarfin karfi wanda zai ba da damar dicynodonts su jimre da kayan abu mai ƙarfi. Yawancin janareto kuma suna da nau'i biyu na tsumma, wanda aka yi imanin ya zama misalin misalin ƙarfin jima'i.
Jikin yayi gajere, mai karfi da siket, mai kafafu, mai karfi. A cikin manyan janareto (misali. dinodontosaurus ) Rawayen gwiwar hannun an rike su a tsaye, amma farkon yatsun ya sunkuya a gwiwar gwiwa. Dukansu pectoralis da ileum suna da girma da ƙarfi. Wutsiya takaice.
Endothermia da gashi
An dade ana zargin darinodonts da dabbobi masu jin jini. Kasusuwarsu suna da cikakken izini kuma suna da tashoshin Haversian, kuma adadin jikinsu yana ba da gudummawa ga kiyaye zafi. A cikin samari matasa, ƙasusuwa suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi cewa suna da babban adadin tashoshi sama da na sauran terapsids. Koyaya, karatuttukan akan LAT-Triassic dicynodonts na paradox rubrolite coprolite narkewa na kwalliya sun fi kama dabbobi ga jinkirin aiki.
Kwanan nan, gano ragowar gashi a Permian rubrolites na iya ba da damar matsayin dicynodonts azaman dabbobi masu lalata dabbobi. Tunda wadannan kwaroron roba sun fito ne daga jinsin dabbobi masu rarrafe da narkewar dattinodonts na kasusuwa da yawa, an ba da shawara cewa aƙalla daga cikin waɗannan ragowar gashin suna fitowa ne daga abubuwan ɓoye abubuwa.
Pentasauropus waƙoƙin dicynodonts sun ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan dabbobin sun kasance ƙulli na nama a ƙafafunsu.
Labari
An san abubuwa masu guba tun tsakiyar 1800s. Masanin ilimin tarihi na Afirka ta Kudu Andrew Geddes Bain ya ba da bayanin farko na dicynodonts a cikin 1845. A wannan lokacin, Bane ya kasance mai dubawa don gina hanyoyin sojoji a karkashin rukunin injiniyan masarauta kuma ya samo burbushin halittu masu yawa a lokacin yin fim a Afirka ta Kudu. Bane ya bayyana wadannan burbushin ne a wata wasika 1845 da aka buga a ciki Ayyukan Kungiyar Masana ilimin Landan suna kiransu "bama-bamai" saboda sanannen shahararrun su. A wannan shekarar, masanin ilimin burbushin halittu dan kasar Ingila Richard Owen ya sanya sunaye iri biyu daga kasar Afirka ta kudu: Dicynodon lacerticeps da Dicynodon bainii . Tunda Bane ya mallaki Royal Injiniyan Masarauta, yana son Owen ya bayyana burbushinsa sosai. Owen bai buga bayanin ba sai a shekara ta 1876 Littattafan tarihi da misalai na Fossil Reptilia Afirka ta kudu a tarin Gidajan Ingila . A wannan lokacin, an bayyana ƙarin dicynodonts da yawa. A shekara ta 1859, an kira wani muhimmin nau'in halitta Ptychognathus declivis mai suna daga Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan shekara guda, a cikin 1860, Owen ya sanya wa suna kungiyar Dicynodontia. AT littafin bayanai da kwatanci , Owen ya karrama Bain da ya kafa Bidentalia a matsayin sunan maye gurbin Dicynodontia. Sunan Bidentalia ya daina aiki da sauri a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shahararren Dicynodontia Owen.
Taxonomy
Dicynodontia an samo shi ne daga masanin ilimin binciken layin tarihi na Ingilishi Richard Owen. An gina shi a cikin gidan Anomodontia kuma an haɗa shi da haihuwa Dicynodon da Ptychognathus . Sauran kungiyoyin Anomodontia sun hada da Gnathodontia, wanda ya haɗa Rhynchosaurus (yanzu an san shi da archosaurus) da Cryptodontia, waɗanda suka haɗa oudenodon . Cryptodonts ya bambanta daga dicynodonts da rashin tsatsotsi. Duk da karancin tsummoki. oudenodon ba a rarrabe shi azaman abubuwan ƙaura, kuma ba a amfani da sunan Cryptodontia. Huxley ya sake duba Dwenynodontia na Owen a matsayin oda wanda ya haɗa Dicynodon da oudenodon . Dicynodontia daga baya an yi masa alama azaman suborder ko lalata tare da ƙungiyar Anomodontia mafi girma, wanda aka tsara a matsayin tsari. Matsayi na Dicynodontia sun bambanta a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, inda Ivakhnenko (2008) yana ƙididdige ƙananan yanki, Ivanchnenko (2008) yana ƙididdige ƙwaƙwalwar sa, da Kurkin (2010) yana la'akari da umarninsa.
Yawancin taxa da yawa, gami da abubuwan lalata da iyalai, an kafa su a matsayin wata hanyar rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in dicynodont. Cluver and King (1983) sun gano wasu manyan kungiyoyi a Dicynodontia, ciki har da Diictodontia, Endothiodontia, Eodicynodontia, Kingoriamorpha, Pristerodontia, da Venyukoviamorpha. An gabatar da iyalai da yawa, wadanda suka hada da Cistecephalidae, Diictodontidae, Dicynodontae, Emydopidae, Endothiodontidae, Kannemeyeriidae, Kingoriidae, Listosaurus, Myosauridae, Oudenodontidae, Pristerodontidae da Robertiidae. Koyaya, tare da haɓakar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, yawancin waɗannan taxa ba a ɗaukar amfani da inganci ba. Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009) sun ba da shawarar cewa tsarin matsala mai rikicewa da kuma rikice-rikice na Dicynodontia da sauran rukunin sakamakon daga yawan karatun da ke rikice-rikice da halaye na sunayen marasa amfani sun kasance ba daidai ba.