Humpback Whale wakilin dangin Minke Whale ne. Wannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna rayuwa a cikin kogin Maris na Kudancin Hemisphere. Ya sami suna don yanayin yin iyo - lokacin da humpback yake iyo, ya kama bayansa sosai. Wannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna ciyar da bazara a cikin ruwan Tekun Kudancin, kuma a cikin hunturu tana iyo zuwa arewa kuma tana zama a cikin ruwa mai tsananin zafi da can.
Bayanin
Hadarin humpback ya bambanta da sauran kifayen kifi a cikin sifar halayyar da launi na jiki, siffar dorsal fin, girman ƙusoshin bangirma, manyan “warts” akan hancinsa da ƙarshen ƙashin hancin guda biyu, da kuma ƙarshen ƙoshin kifin. Jikin hampback whale yayi gajarta da laima, a sashin cikin falon ya kara fadada, a sashi na baya an gyara shi kuma an matsa shi daga bangarorin. Shugaban ya lalace, tare da ciwan fuska a karshen; a cikin manya, ya zama sau 3.2-3.5 ya fi guntu jiki. Manyan ƙananan tsokoki suka zage dantse daga 10-30 cm. Tsarin tsayi na tsayi a cikin makogwaro da ciki suna da yawa, amma ba yawa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, akwai daga 14 zuwa 22 furrows. Maɓuɓɓugar humpback ba shi da kyau, wani lokacin a cikin siffar harafin V, har zuwa 3 m tsawo.
Bayanan kan girman girman humpbacks ya sabawa juna. A bayyane yake, mafi girma mace (idan an auna daidai) ba su wuce 17.4 m, kuma maza - 16 m, amma a halin yanzu suna da matukar wuya ko da tsayi 15-15.5. Whales na humpback na kudu yana kan matsakaicin ɗan girma fiye da na arewa. Koyaya, wannan ya shafi ɓangaren Atlantika na Afirka na Antarctic, inda mata suke balaga ta hanyar jima'i na 12.4-12.5 m, amma ba ga ɓangarorin Ostiraliya da Pacific ba, inda balaga ta faru a 11.6-12.2 m. Tsawon jariri shine 4-5 m.
Yawancin lokaci mata da suka manyanta suna jimawa na 40-70 cm, yayin da mace ta zahiri tayi girma 1-1.5 ya fi maza girma, fuskokinsu na kai sun fi girma. Jikin ya yi kauri, tare da komawar wuri, da kuma huhun ciki da ciki. Kara caudal a cikin bayanin martaba zuwa ga ƙarshen mutanen da ke zuwa ƙarshen bada labari mai larura. Tare da shekaru, shugaban yana ƙaruwa da sauƙi, kuma ɓangaren wutsiya yana raguwa.
Fashin ɗakin suna da girma sosai (1/3 -1/4 na tsawon jikin), tare da gefen mara nauyi mara kyau. Abun da ke cikin ciki suna da yawa, sau 2-3 sau da yawa kuma sunada zurfin finwale, kadan ne (daga 17 zuwa 36, kuma yawanci raunin 25-30). Doarfin ƙwanƙwasa tana cikin wani yanayin murɗaɗɗu, lokacin farin ciki, ƙanƙanan lahirar, ƙashin bayanta yana kangara, sau da yawa tare da daraja, gabanta yana tashi ƙwanƙwasa, tare da ƙaramin baƙin ciki. A kan kai akwai layuka 3-5 na manyan warts - cones tare da gashi ɗaya akan kowannensu. Tsakanin layuka dama da hagu na whiskers akwai babbar farar fata ko ruwan hoda mai haske da tsintsiya madaidaiciya biyu. Shugaban manya yawanci 3.2-3.5 sau mafi guntu fiye da tsawon jiki. Doarshen dorsal da bangarorin baƙi ne, wani lokacin ma launin ruwan kasa. Abun ciki da na ƙananan hakoran a saman baƙi ne, baƙuwar ciki ko (da wuya) fari. Tail lobes baƙi sama, haske a ƙasa, ƙanshi ko duhu. Kwanyar tana cike da kunci.
Whale humpback yana daya daga cikin kuzari mai karfin gaske a cikin manyan kifayen, sanannu ne ga abubuwan ban mamaki na tsalle daga cikin ruwa, wutsiyarsa da kuma fuskokin sa. Shine kuma daya daga cikin abubuwanda za'a iya tantance kifin kifi.
Shugaban yana da hankali, kadan yake, ya mamaye 28.2-30.9% na duka tsawon jikin. A cikin lokuta mafi wuya, an jingina shi sosai a cikin jirgin sama na sagittal. Manyan (rabin orange) warty cones a cikin ɓangaren ɓangaren abu na kai an shirya su a cikin layuka uku zuwa biyar: tsakiyar (5-8 cones) da daya zuwa biyu layuka a bangarorin (5-15 cones a dama da hagu daga tsakiyar layi). A kan ƙananan ƙananan muƙamuƙi 10-15. A kan cones yawanci suna girma gashi guda. Jawunƙar wuka ta shimfiɗa 1.0-1.9% na tsawon tsinkayen gaba sama da iyakar babba. A kan yanayin mandibular, babban (har zuwa 30 cm a diamita) girma ba shi da kyau a cikin siffar. Falo wanda aka sanya tsakanin layuka na whis yana da girma kuma yayi ƙasa, tare da tsummoki biyu na tsayi a gaban.
Rarraba da ƙaura
Gorbach wani yanki ne da ke da masaniya a cikin teku wanda kuma ya kasance a gefen tekun da ke kusa da shi daga yankin mai zuwa zuwa wurare masu nisa, ban da yankin kankara na Arctic da Antarctic. Ba a same shi a cikin Tekun Arctic sama da 65 ° C ba. sh., ba ya cikin kwafin ruwa na Tarayyar Rasha daga Tekun Kara har zuwa Tekun Gabas na Siberiya, hade. Humpback Whales ya kasance yana kutsawa cikin tekun Bahar Rum da Baltic har zuwa Tekun Finlan. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana samun shi a bakin teku da ruwa mai tsari, yana shiga cikin zurfin teku kawai lokacin ƙaura. Rashin gurɓatarwar arewa a lokacin ƙaura sun fi ta kudu ƙarfi, suna lamuran ƙasashen duniya.
Yawan garken kifayen humpback suna ƙaura cikin gida, gwargwadon wadatar abinci, kuma lokaci-lokaci tare da lokutan canji, suna ciyar da ƙarshen shekara a wuraren ciyarwa a cikin ruwan sanyi ko kuma lokacin sanyi, kuma a cikin hunturu don daskarewa da haihuwa, suna motsawa zuwa ruwa mai zurfi da ruwa, inda kasancewar tana haɗuwa tare da tsibiran tsibirai ko tsarin rairayin bakin teku. Bincike ya nuna cewa kifayen humpback suna ta ɓoye ko ina cikin ruwa a yanayin zafi na 21.1-28.3 ° C, ba tare da lafazin yanayin ƙasa ba. Ban da doka ta gaba ita ce yawan mazaunin a Tekun Arabiya, wanda ya rage shekara-shekara a ruwa mai zafi. Igrationaura sau da yawa yana ɗaukar watanni 1-2, mafi saurin ajiyar bayanai (daga kudu maso Alaska zuwa Hawaii) ya ɗauki kwanaki 39. Tsawon gudun hijirar dabbar da ke amfani da shi yakai kilomita 8000, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Aura shekara shekara suna faruwa ne a cikin wani tsari: filayen ciyarwa na farko a ƙarshen kaka suna shayar da mace tare da cuban ta waɗanda ke motsawa a hankali. Animalsan dabbobi, marasa hankali, maza manya, mata masu juna biyu kuma, a ƙarshe, mata masu juna biyu suna bin su. A ƙarshen lokacin hunturu, ƙaura yana gudana a cikin tsarin baya. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi a 1995 a bakin Tekun gabashin Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa ba duk dabbobi ne ke ƙaura kowace shekara ba - wasu mata suna zama a wuraren ciyarwa a cikin hunturu duka.
Manyan garkunan kifen humpback suma sun kasu kashi kananan. Sabili da haka, a cikin yammacin arewa Atlantik garken, ana ba da rarrabuwa 4-5 a cikin Tekun Maine, a yankin Gulf na St. Lawrence, kusa da Newfoundland da Labrador, a cikin ruwa na Greenland da kuma a cikin ruwa na Iceland, waɗanda aka haɗa a wasu wurare a wuraren hunturu.
A cikin ruwa na Rasha, ana iya samun nau'in kifin hular Whables a cikin Barents, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk da kuma tekun Japan. Wani lokaci, yana shiga Tekun Baltic. A halin yanzu, a cikin Tekun Chukchi, Anadyr Bay, kusa da bakin iyakar Kamchatka da dutsen Kuril, ya zama da wuya, kuma a Tekun Barents ya kusan ɓace.
Halayyar
Humpback kifayen kifi suna ciyar da filayen ciyarwa, kuma a lokacin hunturu da lokacin ƙaura suna matsananciyar amfani da kitsen mai. A wannan lokacin, suna rasa mahimmancin taro, suna raguwa zuwa kashi 1/3 daga cikin adadinsu. Yawancin crustaceans da ƙananan kifi na makaranta, kuma wani lokacin cephalopods, suna matsayin babban abincin abinci don humpbacks. Humpbacks suna ciyar da ruwa a bakin ruwa, kuma idan an cire shi zuwa wasu yankuna, ana amfani da krill a matsayin abinci.
A cikin yawan mazaunan arewacin kifin kifayen humpback, kifi ya tashi da kashi 95% na yawan abincin da ake ci. Waɗannan sune herring, mackerel, sardines, anchovies da sauran su. Bakin ciki na humpback zai iya ɗaukar fiye da rabin tan na abinci.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa game da kifin kifi na humpback shine hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda ake ciyar da Whale. Yana faruwa da yawancin kifi Whales shiga cikin ciyarwa.
Idan akwai babban kifi Whale, tana iyo a cikin garken kifi, ko kuma bakinsa a buɗe, yana haɗiye abinci tare da ruwa, wanda zaiyi magana ta hanyar kayan sawa. Ko kuma wani kifin kifayen ya fasa kifi tare da hurawa daga wutsiyar wutsiyar sa, yana iyo a cikin babban da'irar kewaye da kifin.
Lokacin da kifayen Whales suka hallara a makarantu, sun kewaye makarantar kifaye da kumburi kumburin da ke gefen sa, wanda kifin ba zai iya tserewa ba. Sannan kifayen suna nutse ɗaya bayan ɗaya a ƙarƙashin makarantar kuma, tare da cinyayensu a buɗe, suna haɗiye kifin.
Wani lokacin kifi Whale yakan yi aiki a ƙarƙashin makarantar kifi da iska mai iska wanda ke kewaye da makarantar tare da kukan iska. Wadannan kumfa suna rikitar da kifaye da rufe kifi Whale, wanda, ya tashi sama zuwa saman, yana haɗiye ganima daga ƙasa.
Sau da yawa, kifi Whales, tunda ya daidaita ayyukan su, kusan gaba daya suke cin babban garken sardines. Neman kungiyarsu wani misali ne na daya daga cikin mawuyacin ayyukan hadin gwiwar tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Tawakalwar humpsback kan yi dushe a saman ruwa tare da dogayen ƙusoshinta da wutsiya, ƙyallen ƙyallen, tana juyawa a bayanta, tana fallasa makamin ta. Wani lokacin humpback ya tsallake gaba daya daga cikin ruwa kai tsaye ya fadi a kunne. Masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa ta wannan hanyar kifi Whale yana kawar da parasites da suke zaune a jikinsa. Huda ne, yawancinsu ƙananan ƙananan kifaye ne, waɗanda suke cika da crustaceans, lice, ducks teku da sauransu, kuma ana dasa tsutsotsin tsutsotsi a whalebone.
Kodayake sanin yanayin wasan kwaikwayon humpback, yana da wuya a faɗi daidai abin da irin waɗannan wasannin ke haifar da: larura ko nishaɗi kawai. Wani lokacin humpbacks suna iyo kusa da jirgin ruwa mai iyo, suna wasa kusa da gefenta, suna rakiyar jirgin na dogon lokaci. Kamar sauran kifi Whales, hunchbacks “rairawa”. Wadannan waƙoƙin suna yin sauti har zuwa rabin sa'a, kuma wani lokacin ana yin su ba da kifi ɗaya ba, amma ta mawaƙa gaba ɗaya. Kuma kodayake babu wanda ya tabbata game da ainihin dalilin waƙoƙin whale, da alama dai waƙoƙin humpback suna da dangantaka da lokacin matsewar, lokacin da maza ke gayyatar mata zuwa kansu.
Kiwo
Cutar ciki a cikin mace na faruwa a cikin hunturu, wanda a cikin kudu hemisphere ya faɗi a watan Yuni-Agusta. Kodayake mace na iya yin juna biyu a watan Satumba da Nuwamba, amma hakan yakan faru da wuya. Tsawon lokacin haila shine watanni 11. An haifi ɗa guda ɗaya, wanda nauyinsa yakai tan 1, tsawonsa kuma jikinsa yakai mita 4. Mata suna ciyar da zuriya tare da madara tsawon watanni 10. A ƙarshen ciyar da madara, ɗan kirinyar ya yi tan 8 tan kuma yana da gangar jikin har zuwa mita 9 tsawo. 'Ya'yan suna tare da mace tsawon watanni 18, sai thenan ya bar ta kuma matar ta sake yin ciki. Cutar ciki a cikin hurawar mace tana da tsawon shekaru 2. Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna balaga da jima'i yayin shekaru 5 da haihuwa. Humpback kifayen suna rayuwa shekara 40-45.
Abokan gaba
Wannan babbar dabba mai alaƙa ba ta da abokan gaba, kawai kisa kifi ne da mutane ba banbanci ba, kuma mutum ya fi haɗari da magabatan teku. A cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata, mutane sun ta karkatar da waɗannan dabbobi. Yanzu an jera babban kifi mai suna humpback a cikin Littafin Ruwan Kasa da Kasa kuma doka ta kiyaye shi. Yawanta a yau yakai kimanin mutane dubu 20.
Whalebone
Kowane layi na whalebone ya ƙunshi faranti 270 zuwa 400 na baƙi mai launin shuɗi tare da launin toka (ƙaramin haske launin toka) fringe (lokaci-lokaci faranti a gaban layin suna rabin fari a ɓangaren buɗewa). Matsakaicin tsawo na faranti kusan 1 m ne, yawanci ba shi wuce cm 85. Kowace shekara, faranti suna girma da karfe 8-1 cm.The kauri na manyan a tsakiyar tsayin su shine 0.47-002 mm, a matsakaita, 0.62 mm, kuma a gindinsu 0.6 -1.0 mm. A tsawon cm 1 a gefen gefen farantin, akwai faɗin 42-50.
Kifi
Sauƙin sauron - da ƙarancin whales mara ƙima da ke da alaƙa da bakin tekun - an gama warwatse cikin sauƙi. A da, an kama su sosai a yankuna na Kudancin Georgia, tsibirin Shetland ta Kudu, Afirka ta Kudu (Natal, Angola), Kongo, Madagascar, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Japan, Korea, da tekun Pacific na Arewacin Amurka. Namiji mai nauyin 12.92 m tsawo, auna a kan Aleut, nauyin 27,714 kilogram, wanda (a cikin kilogram): fatarar mai sau 2847, peritoneum 3734, nama 7988, nama 5788, vertebrae 2669, kwanyar mara nauyi 2247, ƙananan murabba'i 1103, haƙarƙari tare da musculature 3718, pectoral fins 1016, blades 578, caudal fins 455, zuciya 125, hanta 327, huhu 362, ciki 105, kitse na ciki 443 da sauran sassan 1405 kg.
Bayan dakatar da kamun kifi, adadin kifayen kifin humpback ya fara murmurewa, don haka an canza matsayin nau'in halittar cikin jerin 'Yan Adam na IUCN daga Hausar (nau'in barazanar) zuwa mai cutarwa (nau'in mawuyacin hali) a 1990. Tashe-tashen hankula tare da tasoshin ruwa da hayaniyar teku suna ba da hadari mafi girma ga kifayen humpback, kodayake ba shakka ba su shafar yalwar su. Bugu da kari, kifayen kifayen, ba su da ikon iya jujjuyawa, ba za su iya gano tarkunan kamun kifi ba kuma galibi suna mutuwa, a ciki. Latterarshen babbar matsala ce a cikin ruwan Newfoundland-Labrador da Isle na mutum, inda humpbacks ke lalata har zuwa 90% na raga na kamun kifi. Tsakanin Nuwamba 1987 da Janairu 1988, mutane 14 sun mutu bayan cin abincin mackerel na Atlantic wanda cutar ta kama da saxitoxin. Yankunan kiwo na gargajiya na kifayen kifi Whales suna cikin hatsarin saboda abubuwan damuwa kamar su jirgi da kwale-kwale da yawa na yawon shakatawa, kodayake gaba ɗaya wannan nau'in yana da sauƙin daidaitawa da kusancin ɗan adam.