Pelicans - lat. Pelecanus, sun kasance daga dangin pelican, wakilan rukuni na tsuntsu. Magabatan nesa na pelicans sun bayyana ne a duniya shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata. Tun zamanin da, ɗan kwalliya ya taso da sha'awar kansa, har wasu mutane ma suna ɗaukarsa kamar tsuntsu mai tsarki.
Habitat da kiwo
Pelican tsuntsu ne mai ƙaura wanda ke zaune a Kudancin Turai, a gefen Tekun Bahar Maliya, a cikin tarin koguna masu gudu zuwa Tekun Caspian, Tekun Aral, da kuma a Afirka. Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye a Turai da Afirka ta Arewa suna tashi zuwa hunturu a yankuna na kudanci da tsakiyar Afirka, yayin hunturu na Asiya a Indiya. Ga tsuntsaye masu farauta suna zaɓan maɓuɓɓugan tsibiri waɗanda ba za su iya cikawa tare da reeds, ko tsibirai da yashi suka yi kwarara a tekuna. Daga lokacin farauta, pelicans suna zaune a gefen gabar tabkuna ko marshes, a cikin lagoons, kogin kogi da kuma bakin tekun, suna samun nasarar farauta a cikin ruwa mai kyau.
Lokacin kiwo na pelicans yana daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar Satumba. Tsuntsaye suna neman abokin aure a hanyoyi da yawa. A waje mai mulkin kiwo, mace tana gab da rukuni na maza na yanzu kuma zaɓi abokin tarayya. Sannan ma'aurata sun tashi gefe, kuma namiji yayi kokarin haduwa da budurwarsa. A wuraren farauta, al'adar dabbar ta mutanen pelicans tayi daban. A wannan karon, maza sukan kusanci kungiyoyin mata, kuma za su fara gaisawa, suna tafiya a gaban su tare da yin shuru, wani lokacin kuma sukan taru a cikin da'ira su shafa beransu. Da farko, mace tana da rabuwa, amma ba da jimawa ba, maza, su kaɗai ko a cikin rukuni ɗaya, suna kusantar mata, kuma suna zaɓan abokan tarayya. Sannan ma'auratan sun shiga cikin ruwa, inda saurayin yayi iyo a kusa da wanda ya zaɓa. Bayan ya tafi ƙasa, gouges ɗin gashin fuka-fuka, ya shimfida fikafikan sa kuma yaci gaba da yiwa budurwarsa shari'a. Bayan sun sami wuri don gida, macen ta yi birgima tare da gemunsa, ta zauna a cikin rami kuma ta ba wa abokin tarayya damar kasancewarta.
Bayan ma'aurata, namiji ya fara tattara kayan gini a bakin sa ya kawo wa matar sa, ita kuwa ta gina gida daga ita. Bayan kammala aikin, matar ta sanya kwai ɗaya, bayan wata ɗaya wata, bayan haka iyayen biyu suna saka ɗanɗano na tsawon kwanaki 29-36. Tare da tazara tsakanin wata guda, ana haihuwar kajin tsirara. Da farko, suna buƙatar dumama koyaushe, amma ba da daɗewa ba sun cika cikin duhu. Iyaye suna ciyar da jariransu kamar yadda suka lalata abincin ruwa, kuma kajin nan da ke da 'yan makonni biyu suna fitar da ƙaramin kifi, suna mamaye baki a cikin jakar mahaifa. A makonni uku da haihuwa, yara sun taru a cikin "gandun daji" a karkashin kulawa da wasu manyan tsuntsayen manya, yayin da sauran ke cikin farauta. A ƙarshen wata na biyu na rayuwa, matasa pelicans sun riga sun san yadda za su yi iyo da kifi, kuma a cikin kwanaki 65-70 sun zama fiɗa kuma sun sami 'yanci. Pelican ya kai ga balaga lokacin yana da shekaru 3-4.
Rayuwa
'Yan Pelicans suna zaune a cikin manyan garken dabbobi, wanda zai iya ƙidaya daga tsuntsaye 5 zuwa 10,000. Babu wani matsayi a cikin garken, amma rayuwa a cikin wannan babban kamfani yana ba da tsuntsaye da babbar aminci. Kasancewa cikin tawaga mai haɗin kai, koyaushe yana da sauƙi mutum ya kori mai tayar da hankali, haka ma, masu tsaro a kowane lokaci na iya gargaɗi dangi game da kusancin barazanar. Pelicans suna kula da juna cikin kwanciyar hankali kuma suna nuna kusan babu ƙiyayya, kawai a cikin lokuta mafi ƙarancin lokaci ne faɗa ke tashi don ganima ko kayan gini don gida. Tunda sun fara duel, abokan hamayya suna ta bugun juna da kakkausan harshe. Kwallan ruwan kwalliya mai ruwan kwalliya ita ce ɗayan manyan tsuntsaye masu tashi sama a duniya. Zai iya kashewa ne kawai tare da gudu, sau da yawa kuma ba tare da ɓata fushinsa ba, amma a cikin jirgin saukakkun manyan fuka-fukan za su zama masu auna da ƙarfi. Pelican sau da yawa yakan fara haɓakawa, da fasaha ta amfani da hawan iska zuwa sama. Pelicans yawanci suna tashi a hanya mai nisa a cikin ɗaure, kuma tunda shugaba shine mafi wuya duka, tsuntsaye suna maye gurbin juna lokaci zuwa lokaci. A waje da lokacin farawar, pelicans suna zaune kusa da filayen kamun kamun kifin, inda suke nemo a bakin tekun a matsayin wurin hutawa da rana. Wasu lokuta pelicans suna hutawa a tsibiran da sandbanks a buɗe ga dukkan iska tare da kyakkyawan gani, kuma lokaci-lokaci kan zauna a kan rassan itace. Iri daban-daban na kifayen suna ciyar da su azaman abinci - da farko, ƙaddamar da makaranta. Mafi sau da yawa, tsuntsaye suna farautar ruwa mai ƙima a cikin rukuni na mutane 6-20. Bayan sun zauna a zangon lumana, mutanen pelicans suna iyo a gaba yayin da suke tashi, suka tura garken kifayen bakin tekun kuma, bayan sun nutsar da kawunansu a cikin ruwa, sai suka tarar da jarkoki. Bafulatana ya jefa kifin da aka kama a sama don juya shi da farko, sannan ya hadiye shi. Wasu lokuta pelicans suna farauta su kadai.
Garkuwan Pelican
Doka mai kariya yana da kariya ta hanyar doka, amma yana jan ragamar ruwa, gurbata ruwan da kuma lalata ambaliyar ruwan suna haifar da babbar barazana ga kasancewar sa, tare da hana wuraren zaman jama'a na yau da kullun. Babban haɗari yana barazanar elan Asalin Turai. Idan a cikin karni na XIX miliyoyin waɗannan tsuntsayen sun rayu a nahiyar, to, babu sama da nau'ikan 670-1300 da suka rayu har wa yau.
Abubuwan Pelicans
A densely shiga cikin capillaries na fata ruwan hoda jakar na kwasfa yana riƙe da lita 12. Tsuntsu sau da yawa yana amfani dashi don thermoregulation: a cikin matsanancin zafi yana buɗe baki kuma yana ƙaruwa da kuzari daga gefe zuwa gefe. Ta wannan hanyar mai sauƙi, jinin da ke gudana a bangon jakar ya sanyaya.
Thewallan silsila na da ikon hadiye manyan kifi, alal misali, irin kifi wanda ke yin nauyin kilogram 2. Wani ɗan kwastan ɗin yana da buƙatar 900-1200 g na abinci a kowace rana, kuma a lokacin ciyar da kajin zai iya ɗaukar kilogram 4 na kifin a cikin jakar makogwaronsa.
A can baya, an yi imanin cewa kajin 'yan pelicans suna cinye rufin iyayensu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, pelikan ta zama alama ta nuna rashin kunya ga iyaye, ko da yake an daɗe da sanin cewa wannan kyakkyawan labari ne.
Class - tsuntsaye (aves)
Oda - elan Pelican-kamar (pelecaniformes)
Iyali - elan Felik (pelecanidae)
Harshen Pusicans (pelecanus)
Bayanin Pelican
Pelican - tsuntsu wanda mutane da ke gani da dabbobi suka hango. Wadannan tsuntsayen sun bayyana ne a duniya kimanin shekaru miliyan 40-50 da suka gabata.
Pelicans manyan tsuntsaye ne masu nauyi. Tsawon jikinsu shine santimita 180, kuma nauyi yana iya kaiwa kilo 14.
'Yan Pelicans suna cin nasara iri ɗaya. Babban beak inda tsuntsayen kwalliya ya sanya kifi wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwarsu. Gefen, wanda ya ƙare da ƙugiya, zai iya girma zuwa centimita 47 a tsawonsa.
Hakanan wani fasali na musamman akan jikin tsuntsu shine jakar iskar. Godiya gareshi, tsuntsu ya sami damar aiwatar da abubuwan motsa jiki ba wai kawai a jirgin sama ba, har ma a ruwa. Wadannan jakunkuna suna ƙarƙashin fuka-fuki, tsakanin kasusuwa, har ma a cikin fata akan makogwaro da kirji.
Me yasa ɗan kwalin fata yake buƙatar irin wannan baki?
Fashin bakin kwalliya ya yi laushi, kuma babu tsintsiya ko kaifi a kansa. Saboda wannan, tsuntsu zai iya kama kifin a sauƙaƙe, yana hana shi fashewa.
Daga ƙasa, jaka tana gudana a kan fata na pelican a fata. Ana iya shimfiɗa shi, sabili da haka yana dacewa daidai da lita 15 na ruwa ko kilo 4 na kifi.
Yanayi ya ba wannan tsuntsu jakar tunkiya da babban baki domin ya iya riƙe abinci a ciki kuma ba zai mutu da yunwar ba.
Ta yaya kwastomomi suke tashi?
Wannan babban tsuntsu yana fara zuwa sama kawai tare da farawa. A lokaci guda, kwalliyar kwalliya ta ninka fikafikan nata da ƙarfi. A cikin jirgin, ba ze zama mai m ba. Irin wannan tsuntsun yakan auna fuka-fukansa, cikin gwaninta yana amfani da hawan iska da zafin rana. Wani lokaci yana spirals sama high.
Flying, pelicans suna iya isa da gudun zuwa kilomita 50 a kowace awa. A lokaci guda, pelicans suna riƙe wuyansu a cikin wani yanayi mai faɗi, suna jefa kawunansu a bayansu, kuma tsawon beak ɗin ba su da fa'ida.
Lokacin da waɗannan tsuntsayen suka tashi nesa, suna layi cikin layi. A garken pelicans a guje yana da kyau. Pelicans suna zaune a kan ruwa ta hanyar bugun ƙafafunsu da motsin rusawa a kai.
Ta yaya pelicans ke farauta?
Pelicans kuma suna samun abinci a cikin rukuni. Suna farauta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mafi yawan lokuta, garken tsuntsaye suna tafiya cikin ruwa mara kyau, suna jefa gemu a cikin ruwa kuma suna fizge shi da nasu "raga". Tana isa can da kifin. Hookyallen da ke a ƙarshen baki ya taimaka musu su ci gaba da zama cikin ganima.
Ruwan kwalliya yayin farauta, pelicans sun ɗaga kawunansu kuma su tsame shi daga baki, sannan su haɗiye duk kifin da aka kama. Idan aka kama babban kifi a cikin baki, to lallai ne sai tsuntsu ya jefa shi sama domin ya juyar da kansa ƙasa. Ta haka ne ƙashin ƙugu ya haɗiye shi.
Don fitar da kifin cikin ruwa mara zurfi, mutanen pelicans suna fasa hayaniyarsu. Wasu lokuta suna kasancewa a cikin layi biyu kuma suna tura kifin zuwa juna.
Pelicans kuma suna da hanya mafi ban sha'awa game da farauta, musamman ma farauta mai launin ruwan pelican ta wannan hanyar. Yana tashi sama a cikin sama yana rayuwa a hankali, yana buga kirjinsa a ruwa. A kirjin wannan tsuntsu akwai babban matashin gashin fuka-fukai, don haka babu wata matsala daga hurawa, kifin na kifayen kuma ya yi ta birgima a saman wannan hadarin.
Bird yadawo
Akwai nau'ikan 8 na pelicans waɗanda suke rayuwa a duk nahiyoyi ban da Antarctica.
Yawancin jinsuna suna zaune a yankuna masu ɗumi, kusa da bakin teku da estuary, inda pelicans suke cin kifi, crustaceans, tadpoles, har ma kunkuru.
Pelicans na launin ruwan kasa suna cin mafi yawan lokacinsu a kowace rana kusa da tekun, suna kamun kifi. Kuma a ƙarshen yamma maraice garken waɗannan tsuntsayen sun tafi sama kuma suna tashi daga yankin ruwan zuwa wurin zama. Abin mamaki, amma "wurin bacci" da "kitchen" na ƙashin ƙwaya suna can nesa da juna.
Pelicans suna zaune a cikin abokai na abokantaka, inda rashin kunya ta faru da wuya.
Wadannan kyawawan tsuntsayen ba sa yin faɗa da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyi waɗanda za su iya kwace ganima daga bakinsa.
Gidaje
A cikin tsakiyar lokacin fara'a a wuraren da pelikan ke zaune, ana iya samunsu cikin rukuni-rukuni. Sauran nau'ikan tsuntsayen bakin teku galibi suna zaune kusa da su.
Pelicans ba su da tsayayyen yanki na alhakin. Amma tare da sauran wakilan wannan nau'in, suna jin lafiya. Pelicans tsuntsaye ne masu fara'a. Rikici tsakanin su ke da wuya. Wasu lokuta pelicans kawai suna iya doke tare da beaks saboda abinci ko rassan don gina gida.
Duk da girman nauyin jikin, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun tashi da ƙarfi. Suna iya hawa cikin iska kawai a gaban igiyoyin iska. Pelicans tsuntsaye ne masu ƙaura, kuma suna iya tashi nesa nesa. A lokaci guda, suna maye gurbin shugabanni da yawa, kowannensu zai tsara jigon tashi da gudu na kungiyar gaba ɗaya.
Abubuwan Lafiya na Pelican
Abincin Pelican ya ƙunshi mafi yawan kifi. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna ciyar da irin kifin, jirgi, ɓarna, da galan. Wannan shine abinda suka fi so. A cikin tafkunan gishiri, suna iya samun gobies, mullet da toads.
Wurin da ke kusa da gidan wasan teku, fasa da shrimps sun zama abincin da ke cikin kwasfa.
Abincin yau da kullun na babban mutumin wannan tsuntsu shine kilogiram na kifi 2, wanda pelicans ba za su iya sha'awan su ba.
Idan saboda wasu dalilai babu wadataccen kifi a cikin tafkunan, pelicans sun fara cin tsuntsaye. Seagulls da ducks yawanci ana kaiwa su hari. Bayan Baffa ya kama tsuntsu, sai ya rike ta a cikin ruwa na dogon lokaci har tsuntsu ya nitse, daga nan sai ya ci shi, yana farawa daga kai.
Kayan Batutuwan gama gari
Daga cikin wakilan wannan dangi, 2 ne kawai aka samu a kan yankin na Federationasar Rasha. Wannan itace kwalliya da ruwan hoda. Sunaye na irin waɗannan alamomin suna magana ne game da halayen waɗannan tsuntsayen da tunani da sunan fasalin kamanninsu.
Haka kuma akwai launin fari da fari, launin toka da launin ruwan kasa. An jera wasu nau'ikan daga cikin Lissafi. Su nau'in tsuntsaye ne da ke cikin hadari sakamakon gubawar koguna da koguna tare da sinadarai, saboda magudanan ruwa, haka kuma saboda kama tsuntsayen don hakowar konkoma karãtunsa fãtun, daga abin da suka sawwake sutura.
6 jinsunan pelicans suna zaune kusa da tafkuna da koguna, kuma jinsuna 2 ne kawai suka gwammace da bakin tekun. Duk waɗannan jinsunan pelicans suna barci ne kawai akan ƙasa, sabili da haka nesa zuwa cikin teku don saduwa da irin wannan tsuntsu ba gaskiya bane.
Pelecanus ɗan Australiya mai rikodin rikicewa
Ita ce mafi girma tsuntsu mai tashi a Ostiraliya. Gashin fuka-fukan ya kai daga mita 2.5 zuwa 3.5. Tsarin jikin mutum na iya zama daga kilogiram 5 zuwa 6.8, da tsawon jiki - daga mita 1.6 zuwa 1.9. A lokaci guda, irin wannan pelikan yana da tsawon baki 40-5 cm. Jaka na fata a ƙarƙashin baki na iya ɗauke da lita 9 zuwa 13 na ruwa. Tsawon rayuwar irin wannan 'yar asalin pelikan shine shekaru 10-25.
An rarraba wannan nau'in a ko'ina cikin Australia, New Guinea da yammacin Indonesia. Wannan ɗan kwastan yana zaune ne a cikin tafkin ruwa da kuma bakin gabar teku, a cikin fadama, tsibirin bakin teku da kuma ambaliyar kogi. Pwararren Australiya yana da damar tashi mai nisa don samun abinci da gina wurin zama.
Pelecanus crispus na Inganci
Tsawon jikin mutum na irin wannan kwalliyar ya kai cm 180. Tsuntsu a cikin wannan yanayin yana da kusan mita 3.5. Weightwararren balagaggen irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ya kai daga 9 zuwa 14 kg. Launin rigar wannan nau'in kwalliya mafi fari fari ne, kuma gashin gashin fuka-fukan suna da baki. Maza da mata suna da launi iri ɗaya.
Pabila mai fa'ida yana zaune a sarari mai faɗi daga yankin Balkan zuwa Mongolia da kuma saman Kogin Rawaya. Wannan nau'in halittar tsuntsayen a Pakistan, Iraki, arewa maso yamma na Indiya da kuma a kudancin China. Saboda rayuwa, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna zaɓar tafkuna, deltas da ƙananan rafi na koguna, har ma da yankuna sun mamaye ciyawa.
Baƙin fata ɗan Felik na Amurka mai launin fata baƙi
Wannan pelican ana ɗauka mafi ƙarancin jinsunan. Tsawon jikinsa ba ya wuce 140 cm, kuma nauyin ya kai kilogiram 4,5. Wannan nau'in tsuntsaye ya bambanta da wasu a cikin launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi, farin kai da kambi na ocher-rawaya.
Irin wannan nau'in nals ɗin a bakin Tekun Atlantika da tekun Pacific. A cikin nahiyoyin, wadannan pelicans ba sa tashi.
Baƙin Felik na Felikan Amurkawa na erythrorhynchos
Wannan babban tsuntsu ne, wanda tsayin jikinsa ya kai daga 130 zuwa 165 cm, da fikafikai - daga mita 2.4 zuwa 2.9. Yawan nauyin jikin Pelican shine irin kilogiram 4.5-13.5. Launin rigar irin wannan tsuntsu yana da fari, amma gashinsa baƙi ne. A cikin lokacin matsewar, irin waɗannan 'yan pelicans suna da baki da kafafu na haske mai haske.
Ana samun wannan nau'in tsuntsayen a Arewacin Amurka, Amurka da Kanada.
Mazaunin Pelican
Pelicans suna zaune a duk nahiyoyi banda Antarctica. Nazarin DNA ya nuna cewa pelicans suna cikin manyan halittu uku:
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- Tsohuwar Duniya (launin toka, ruwan hoda da kuma Ostiraliya),
- Babbar White Pelican
- Sabuwar Duniya (launin ruwan kasa, farar Amurka da Peruvian).
Pelicans suna kama kifi a cikin koguna, tafkuna, deltas da kuma kewayen teku. Amma wani lokacin sukanyi kama akan amphibians, kunkuru, crustaceans, kwari, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wasu nau'ikan gida a bakin tekun kusa da tekuna da tekuna, wasu kuma kusa da manyan tafkuna na nahiya.
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Abincin Pelicans da halayyar su
'Yan Pelicans suna kama wanda aka azabtar da gemunsa, sannan kuma su malalo ruwan daga jakunan kafin haɗiye abinci mai rai. A wannan lokacin, gulls da terns suna ƙoƙarin sace kifin daga gemun su. Tsuntsaye suna farauta ɗaya ko a cikin rukuni. Pelicans sun nutse cikin ruwa da sauri, suka kama ganima. Wasu 'yan pelicans suna ƙaura don yin nisa, wasu suna yin rayuwa ta hutawa.
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Pelicans halittu ne na zamantakewa, suna gina ciyayi a cikin mazauna, wani lokacin a wuri guda masanan suna ƙidaya dubban nau'i-nau'i. Mafi girma nau'in - manyan fata, farar fata, Amurka, Australiya da curly pelicans - gida a ƙasa. Elarancin pelicans suna gina gida akan bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi, ko a kan dutse. Kowane nau'in pelicans yana gina mazaunin girman girman mutum da hadaddun.
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Yadda pelicans ke haihuwa
Lokacin kiwo na pelicans ya dogara da nau'in. Wasu nau'in suna haifar da zuriya kowace shekara ko kowace shekara biyu. Wasu kuma suna sanya ƙwai a wasu yanayi ko kuma shekara-shekara. Kayan Kwalba Na Pelican:
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- m,
- m,
- kodadde kore
- shuɗi.
Iyayen Pelican suna kwanciya da ƙwai a cikin ɓoye.Yawan ƙwai ya dogara da nau'in, daga ɗaya zuwa shida a lokaci guda, kuma an sanya ƙwai cikin kwanaki 24 zuwa 57.
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Maza da mata daga cikin pelicans suna haɗin gwiwa suna gina nests da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai. Baba ya zaɓi inda ake farauto, ya tattara sanduna, gashinsa, ganye da sauran datti, kuma mama ta gina gida. Bayan mace ta sanya kwai, uba da mahaifiyarta sukan koma kansu a kafafunsu.
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Duk iyayen sun kula da kajin, suna ciyar da su kifi. Yawancin nau'in suna kula da 'yayan har zuwa watanni 18. Matasan pelicans suna ɗaukar shekaru 3 zuwa 5 don isa ga balaga.
