Marmara Ambistoma, ko tef salamander - endemic zuwa Arewacin Amurka. Yawancin mazauna wurare daban-daban: gandun daji mai yaduwa da cakuda filayen matsewa ko filayen bakin teku. Yawancin rayuwa yana ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ɓarna na dutse, duwatsu ko a cikin ciyayi. Manyan abinci suna cin abinci a zooplankton; Yadu kan ƙasa, ba cikin ruwa ba.

Bayyanar

Jikin burus na marmara cike yake da ɗan gajeren wutsiya (har zuwa 40% na tsawon tsawon jikin). Shugaban yana da fadi. A bayyanar, yana da ɗanɗuwa da salamander. Hakora masu juzu'i ne. Fata ya yi laushi. Yatsun gajeru ne (ba tare da yatsa) ba, yatsun hannu huɗu a goshin hannu, biyar a ƙafafu na baya. Yawan adadin ratsi na jikin mutum 3-8 ne, akan wutsiya 4-8. A vertebrae sune biconcave. Mata sun fi girma fiye da maza.

Launi

Babban launi yana da baki mai haske tare da fararen fata 4-7 masu launin fata (a cikin maza) ko azurfa (a cikin mata) alamomin. Ciki na baki ne. Matasan amnistas suna da ɗanɗano mai launin shuɗi a bangon kai, a gefuna da yatsunsu, maimakon bayyanannun alamun haske akwai fenti mai laushi mai haske. Yayinda suke girma, matasa suna duhu. Wani lokaci aibobi suna haɗuwa cikin ratsi. Baƙin baki ɗaya ke da wuya.

Habitat

Mayakan marmara suna zaune da mazauna wurare daban-daban: gandun daji masu rikicewa da gauraye na filayen Piedmont ko filayen bakin teku, kusa da ƙananan tafkuna, rafi, koguna da fadama, ambaliyar daji, ciyawar ciyawa mai tsayi (ɓangaren yamma na kewayon) da kuma tsaunin dutse. Duwatsu sun haura zuwa 700 m sama da matakin teku. Dabbobin sun fi yarda da busassun wuraren zama fiye da sauran nau'in ambisto da salamanders.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Manyan tsummokaran abincin marmara suna ciyar da zooplankton (alal misali, maza da mahaɗa), tadpoles suna cin ƙananan kwari (sauro) da larvae, bishiyar ruwa mai ruwa, da ƙwai da larvae na wasu amurka. Manya sun kama ganyayyaki da keɓaɓɓu, katantanwa da tarkoki, tsutsotsi (oligochaetes), millipedes, caterpillars da sauran ƙananan jinkirin motsa jiki.

Halayyar

Manyan marubutan da ke shigowa karkara ba dare ba rana, kuma larvae ba dare ba rana. Yawancin rayuwar su, 'yan amphibians suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ɓarna na dutse, duwatsu ko a cikin ciyawar da suka faɗi, ana iya samun su a cikin ramuka ko ɓoye (sandar da aka watsar) kuma a lokacin kiwo ne kawai masu wuce gona da iri su bar matsugunansu su shiga neman abokin tarayya. Tare da rashin abinci, amphibians suna zama masu tayar da hankali ga juna.

A cikin kakar, fari an binne ƙasa mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa kuma akwai jiran lokacin da ba a dace ba. Cold, zazzabi mai zafi da fari suna sanya ambisto a ɓoye cikin mafaka, da ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma zafi, a akasin wannan, suna tayar da fitowar su zuwa farfajiya. Ya fi son ƙasa acidity pH 5.5-7.7.

Halin kariya

Lokacin da maƙiyi ya kawo hari, mai katangar marmara ya ɗauki matsayi na kariya (shugaban ya faɗi ƙasa, sai wutsiyar, ya yi akasin haka, ya tashi kuma an samo sirrin guba daga gland a cikin wutsiya), ko yayi ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa.

Abokan gaba

Gwoza, salamanders, frogs da yiwu milipedes ci caviar na marmara burin.

Arthropods (dodonflies, gizo-gizo, beetles da larvae), sabon ciyayi sabo da tsuntsayen (alal misali, kingfishers) ganima a larvae.

Macizai (maciji mai ratsa jiki, macijin yamma, maciji, tsuntsaye (ducks da owls), mallakin (budurwar opossum), dabbar dako, dansandan da kuma kayan masarufi akan samari da manya.
Lokacin cin abincin da ya manyanta ya ɓoye masu ɓoye, kaddara ba ta taɓa raunin, saboda yana dauke da glandar da ke haifar da guba.

Kiwo

Ambbleoma marble wani nau'in amphibian ne wanda ke haɓaka ƙasa, baya cikin ruwa. Yin haifuwa yakan faru sau ɗaya a shekara.
A cikin kaka, kafin a fara ruwan sama na kaka, maza za su fara ƙaura zuwa wuraren kiwo. Yawancin lokaci suna motsawa da dare. A rukunin wuraren da ake haifuwa, maza sun isa kwanaki 7-10 a baya fiye da mace.

Namiji ɗaya zai iya jinkirtawa har zuwa maniyyi 10. Tarancin ciki na ciki ne, mace na rarrabe ne a cikin maniyyin kuma ta kama ta da gefan kashin kanta.

A kasan tafkunan bushewa, rami da kwalliya (a ƙarƙashin ciyayi, tushen ko cikin laka), mace tana saka ƙwai (pc 30-250, diamita 1.9-2,8 mm, tare da harsashi na 4-5 mm) a cikin ɓoye daban. Tana tsare da masarar har sai ruwan sama na kaka ya cika kandami. Idan caviar bai cika ruwa ba, to larvae ɗin ba ya haɓaka har sai lokacin bazara kuma duk wannan lokacin mace tana kula da ita: motsawa, tsintsaye da karewa. Akwai lokuta idan mace ta bar gida kafin ta cika ambaliya.

Thickarshe mai kauri da santsi na caviar yana kare amfrayo daga bushewa.

A cikin "shekarun jin yunwa", haifuwar mata ta ragu sosai.
Tare da rashin wuraren da suka dace don caviar, a wuri guda akwai clutches da yawa daga mata daban.
Yawan mace-macen tayi tayi yawa sakamakon hauhawar jini, bushewar fata, tsinkaya ko kamuwa da cuta ta fungal.

Zuriyar farin marmara

Ci gaban amfrayo yana jinkiri, kuma fitarwar lardin daga ƙwai yana ƙaruwa ne ta hanyar tsotsar jini lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika da ruwa. Tare da rashin isashshen sunadarin oxygen, haɓakar enzymes na narkewa, yana farawa, wanda ke narkewa kamar kwalin-jelly kuma larvae ya fita ƙwai. Jariri larvae na burin marmara tare da babban kwai gwaiduwa, tsayi 10-14 mm. Larvae, ciyar a kan zooplankton, girma cikin sauri. Girma kuma ya danganta ne da yawan adadin babban tafki, yawan abinci da yawan zafin jiki. Vaa'idodin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa akan ostracods, cladocerans, worpods da isopods, crustaceans, chironomids, amphipods, da kuma diplomasiyya.

Yawancin lokaci a lokacin rana, larvae tsaya a ginin tafki, kuma larvae wanda ya kusanci metamorphosis (tare da tsawon 49-72 mm) ya kasance a ginin tafki har ma da dare.
Larvae na marmara ambistoma suna da jiki mai ƙarfi, gilllet na waje, finfin dorsal yana da girma, yana gudana cikin jiki kuma yana ƙare akan wutsiya. Launi na baya yana daga baki zuwa launin toka, layi mara kyau yana gudana tare da bangarorin biyu, watsar da ɗigunan duhu akan ciki.

Metamorphosis na larvae a kudu na kewayon yana faruwa bayan watanni 2, kuma a arewacin yana ɗaukar watanni 8-9.

A cikin Illinois, metamorphosis yana farawa a watan Yuni-Yuli, a New York a watan Yuni, a Maryland, New Jersey da arewacin Georgia a ƙarshen Mayu - farkon Yuni, a West Virginia a tsakiyar Mayu, a North Carolina daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa Mayu, a Alabama. Maris-Afrilu, da kuma a Louisiana a tsakiyar Maris.

Je ƙasa, ƙwararrakin matasa ba su da nisa daga tafki. Da rana suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin maciji, duwatsu da ganye mai ganye.

Bayan sun isa ga balaga (a lokacin kiwo), 'yan amphibians sun koma daidai inda aka haife su.

24.06.2018

Marble ambistoma (lat.Ambistoma opacum) shine babban amintaccen cahirat daga dangin Ambistomatidae (Ambystomatidae). Ya ninka sau 2-3 sau da kafa tiger ambistoma (Ambystoma tigrinum) kuma ya banbanta da shi a cikin zartarwa maimakon raunin launin rawaya.

Zuriyarsu ita ce ɗayan ƙananan damuwa, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya zama da wuya a cikin yankuna da yawa. A cikin jihar Michigan ta Amurka, yana karkashin kariyar jihar. Raguwar yawan jama'a ana haifar da farko ne ta hanyar gurɓatattun sassan jikin ruwa. Amphibian yana da hankali sosai don haɓakar acidity na ruwa.

Ambbleoma na marmara bashi da guba, sabanin sauran salamandawa. Kulawarsa a gida baya buƙatar ƙwarewa na musamman kuma yana iya sauƙaƙe har ga masu ba da shawara.

Yaɗa

Mazaunin yana cikin gabas, kudu maso gabas da kuma kudancin Amurka. Ya tashi daga gabashin New Hampshire, daga arewacin Florida zuwa Texas a yamma.

Duwatsu masu katanga suna sauka ne kusa da wuraren rami wanda ya dace da filaye.

Wadannan na iya zama tabkuna, tafkunan ruwa da ciyawa a yankin dazuka. Dabbobin da suka manyanta suna zaune a doron ƙasa a cikin ƙananan tudu da kan tsauni har zuwa 3600 m sama da matakin teku. Ana samun su galibi akan danshi, danshi da kuma ambaliyar ruwa lokaci-lokaci.

Bayanin

Tsawon tsarar jikin mutum ya kai cm 10-13, tare da wutsiyar ta 3-5 cm .. Maza sunyi ƙanƙanta da wuta fiye da mace. Siffar halayyar ita ce kasancewar tsarin marmara a kan asalin baƙar fata. A gindin wutsiya, ma'adanan yashi mai haske ko haske mai launin toka ya zama ratsi.

A cikin maza, fatar kan yi dan kadan mai haske, kuma cikin mace mara nauyi. Wata gabar jiki gajarta ce amma tana da ƙarfi. Akwai yatsun kafa 5 a kan kafafu na gaba, da kuma hudu a kan kafafu na baya. Babban shugaban yana karewa da wulakantaccen abin wuya. Idanun da aka toshe suna da matsakaici. A cikin sararin sama akwai layuka masu jujjuyawar hakora waɗanda suke haɗu da baya.

Tsammar rayuwa na marmara ambistoma a cikin yanayin yanayi shine shekaru 8-10.

Habitat na Marble Ambistome

Wadannan 'yan amphibians suna zaune a cikin gandun daji mai santsi tare da ƙasa mai laushi. Da ake bukata kan wanzuwar salamander ɗin tef shine kasancewar ƙasashe masu ƙanƙantar da ƙasa, waɗanda a cikin wasu lokutan yanayi ana ambaliya da ruwa, a cikin waɗannan ƙananan mashigan kwari suna ninka. Manya ba sa rayuwa cikin ruwa, amma suna cinye mafi yawan lokaci a ɓoye, a ɓoye cikin mafaka. A farfajiya, suna bayyana ne kawai a cikin kaka don ci gaba da halayen halittar.

Marmara Ambistoma (Ambystoma opacum).

Ribbon Salamander Face Mask

Manya na haifar da ɓoye rayuwar rayuwa, kuma larvae suna jagorantar rana ɗaya. Ambistomes suna jagorancin rayuwa mai kaɗaici kuma suna tara a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kawai lokacin kiwo.

Abincin ambisto ya ƙunshi nau'ikan yanayin ƙasa: kwari, tsutsotsi, caterpillars, millipedes, slugs, snails. Matasa matasa da son rai suna cin crustaceans, ƙwai da larvae na amarya. Kuma larvae na kaset ɗin salamander ana kai hari, bi da bi, ta hanyar daskararren kwaro, gwoza, gizo-gizo. Frogs da salamanders suna cin caviar tare da amber.

Manyan magojin da suka yi biris suna da manyan abokan gaba: mallakarsu, rakoni, macizai, dabbar sarkoki, shush, da weasels. Salamander tef ɗin bai iya ikon kare kansa daga maƙiyansa ba, zai iya ɗaukar wutsiya a ciki, wanda gishiyoyin guba suke, amma ba gaskiyar cewa abokan gaba zasu ci wutsiyar ba.

Tare da rashin isasshen abinci, masu wuce gona da iri suna zama masu adawa da juna.

Yawancin magabatan suna da hankali sosai, sun saba da cin ɗanɗano: sun ci abinci a kan gawar salamander, har yanzu wutsiya ba ta taɓa tsinkayenta ba.

Don kare kansu, manufofin marmara suna tilastawa su jagoranci rayuwa ta sirri, suna ɓoye cikin ɓoye da ganyayyaki da suka faɗi, kuma da wuya su hau saman. A saman manya, ana iya samun ambisto a yawancin lokaci a cikin ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara. A lokacin fari, sun haƙa zurfi a cikin ƙasa don haka jira lokacin wahala. Kuma babban zafi yana motsa su don barin mafaka.

Halin da adadin nau'in halitta

Bacewar burbushin marmara ba barazana. Estimididdiga masu tazara sun nuna cewa adadin wannan nau'in ya wuce mutum dubu 100. Abubuwan da ke haifar da fitina kamar lalata, magudanar yankuna da samar da hanyoyin ruwa na zama barazana ga yawan ire-iren marmara.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.