Bicolor Kawasaki Flycatcher

Pythoha bicolor yana daya daga cikin 'yan tsuntsaye masu guba. A kan fata da gashinta, tana da guba ta batrachotoxin, mai ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da cututtukan zuciya da cututtukan zuciya. Batrachotoxin yana da ikon warware ba da izuwa tashoshi na tasirin sodium a cikin membranes cell, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na tantanin halitta. Daga qarshe, kwayar ta rasa ikonta don tura abubuwan jijiya, kuma nakuda na hanji. Mutane da dabbobi masu guba ta batrachotoxin sun mutu sakamakon kama zuciya. A lokaci guda, taɓa ɗan fari mai goge baki ba mai haɗari ga mutane.

Dalilin cutarwar tsuntsu shine abincinsa. Pythoha mai launi biyu-biyu ana cinye shi da irin ƙwaro da ke ɗauke da batrachotoxin a jikinsu. Tsuntsaye da kanta ta sami rigakafi ga wannan guba, wanda ba za a iya faɗi ba game da mazaunan yankin waɗanda ke ɗauka wannan tsuntsun ba shi da ma'ana.

PLACE A'a. 4.

Ana kiran wannan kunama mai baƙar fata, duk da haka, a zahiri, launi na wannan arachnid na iya bambanta daga khaki mai duhu zuwa ja-launin ruwan kasa, kuma yana iya kasancewa daga launin toka mai haske zuwa baki. Girman girma zai iya kai cm 12 Duk da cewa kunama tana da idanu dozin, amma ba a iya gani da ita. Koyaya, wahayi mara kyau baya hana shi farauta. Yana koya game da hanyar da wanda ya bi ya rutsa dashi ta hanyar rawar jiki, wanda villi yake a jikin sa. Jikin androctonus ya ƙunshi sashen shugabanci, tare da ƙananan cheliceurs da manyan ƙwararraki da ke jikinta, waɗanda ke ƙare da manyan maganganu. Biye da sashen ɓangaren wannan kunama akwai metasoma (ɓangaren anteritoneal), ya ƙunshi sassan magana guda shida. Yankunan sigar silinda babban yanki ne na sashin wutsiya. Matsanancin sashi yana da glandar mai guba. Budewarsa yana faruwa ne da taimakon duct duct a cikin wutsiya mai ƙarfi a ƙarshen wutsiya.

PLACE A'a 3.

Rattlesnakes wasu daga cikin guba ne a duniya. Guba da ake yi a kasar Brazil ta kashe mutane 75, daga cikin mutane 100 da aka cije. Koyaya, rattlesnake ba koyaushe mai haɗari bane kuma mai muni. Hotuna, bidiyon da aka gabatar a cikin labarinmu zasu gaya muku game da duk wannan.

Tabbas, amfani da magani na musamman yana rage waɗannan lambobin, amma gaskiyar ita ce rattlesnake tana da haɗari kuma yana da kyau kada a tayar da hankali.

Zai yiwu ba ya faruwa ga mutane da yawa cewa waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da halayyar rashin kunya. Kowa ya gabatar da su a matsayin halittun da ke jiran lokacin da ya dace ya ciji ya kuma sa musu guba mai dafi. Hanyar rattlesnake kawai a lokuta na kare kai, lokacin da, a ra'ayin ta, tana cikin haɗari.

A cikin duniya akwai nau'ikan 32 na rattlesnakes. Mafi shahararrun shine lu'u-lu'u, wanda babban gibi ne na wannan nau'in. A cikin tsayi, ya kai fiye da 260 cm. Akwai kuma tsoffin da mafi yawan masu guba - dwarf wadanda. Duk da girman da suke da shi (ba su wuce 60 cm a tsayi ba), abincinsu yana gudana cikin hanzari kuma shine mafi karfi a cikin abubuwanda ke haifar da ire-iren ire-iren yanayin.

PLACE №2

Wataƙila kwari mafi shahararren kwari shine Tsetse tashi. Hoton wannan baƙon ɗan ƙasa mai haɗari zai taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda ya bambanta da ƙazamin ƙazamar talakawa, labarinmu zai tabbatar da haɗarinsa ga mutane.

Afirka nahiya ce da ke da haƙiƙa halittun mutane. Idan za ku yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashen wannan duniyar mai zafi, tabbas za a faɗakar da ku game da buƙatar samun alurar rigakafi da yawa daga cututtukan ƙwayar cuta. Afirka na rayuwa da yawancin masu ɓarna da ƙarfi waɗanda ke da ikon haɗiye manyan ganima a cikin ido. Amma ba wai kawai zakuna da crocodiles na iya zama haɗari ba ...

"Wanene yafi hatsari?" - ka tambaya? Ya ku 'yan Afirka! Atauki ƙwalla tsetse tashi. Wannan karamin kwari yana da ikon haifar da babbar illa ba ga dabbobi ba kawai, har ma ga mutane. Tsetse tashi yana cikin tsarin kwari ne kuma memba ne na dangin Glossinidae, wanda yake da “tsetse” a cikin sa.

Wannan tashi zata iya kamuwa da mutane da dabbobi da cutar bacci. A halin yanzu, an san kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan 21 na waɗannan kwari.

PLACE №1

Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa sauro sun rayu a zamanin Cretaceous, yayin da aka rarraba su ko'ina cikin ƙasa ban da Antarctica.

Akwai nau'ikan sauro kusan 3,000, waɗanda suke zuwa kashi 39. A cikin dangi, keɓancewar malaria, cizon sauro da toxorhynchites, waɗanda suke cikin kwari masu maye ne, keɓewa. Wadannan ƙananan kwari na iya zama haɗari sosai, alal misali, sauro cizon malalai ne wanda ke ɗaukar cututtukan cututtukan da ba a sani ba waɗanda ake kira plasmodia malaria.

A bayyanar, waɗannan kwari masu maye a jini suna da alaƙa iri ɗaya, amma akwai wasu alamun da zaku iya bambance sauro cizon sauro daga sauro na yau da kullun:

• Duhun duhu suna nan a jikin fuka-fukan cizon sauro, yayin da yawancin sauran sauro basa da irin waɗannan wuraren,
• A cikin sauro, wata gabar jiki tayi tsawo, musamman ta baya,
• Lokacin da sauro za ta zauna, sai ta ɗaga jikin ta sosai, yayin da sauro na yau da kullun, kusan jikin yake kusa da saman da take zaune,
• A sauro, ciyoyin tantanin da suke kan kansa sun yi daidai da na proboscis, kuma a cikin sauro na yau da kullun ba su wuce ¼ tsawon proboscis,
• Kari kan haka, saurin sauro daga cizon sauro shine "rawar" - kafin su zauna akan fatar wanda aka azabtar, da alama suna rawa a sama.

Mai Hadarin jini

Nace dashi vector na pathogens wani hadarin gaske cuta, ana kiransu TRIPANOSOMES. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ne waɗanda idan aka cije su, suke shiga jinin mutum kuma suna shafar dukkan gabobinsa.

Cutar da ke haifar da trypanosomes ana kiranta trypanosomiasis, ko barci rashin lafiya, kusan ba a bi da shi ba, tunda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna jujjuyawa da sauri, watau canji. Wasu magunguna kawai za su yi aiki su kashe wani ɓangare na trypanosomes, kamar yadda sauran zasu canza kuma wannan magani zai zama mara amfani.

Tabbas, masana kimiyya a duniya suna taimakawa mutanen Afirka, su aiki akan kirkirar magani daga cutar bacci. Amma yayin da har yanzu babu kyawawan magunguna.

Alamomin cutar

Gaskiyar ita ce, da farko ba shi yiwuwa a fahimci abin da mutum ba shi da lafiya. Kawai sai yaji haushi. Sannan wata cuta ta faru a wurin ciji, ciwace-ciwace ya bayyana a cikin jiki, mara lafiya ya yi rauni sosai kuma ya yi barci dama. Saboda haka, cutar ana kiranta carotid. Wannan yanayin yana ɗauka wani lokaci har tsawon shekara guda, amma yawanci yakan haifar da mutuwa.

Inda tsetse ta tashi zaune kuma a wace nahiyar, wane irin cuta ce ke canzawa da yadawa, mahimmanci a cikin yanayi

Tsetse tashi wani mazauni ne na yankuna masu zafi da ƙasa da ke a yankin Afirka. Tsetse wani jigilar kwayoyin cuta ne na ƙwayar cuta mai amfani da ƙwayar cuta (trypanosomiasis) (cututtukan bacci), wanda ke ɗauke da kumburi a cikin ƙashin mutum, kumburi daga ƙarshen ƙonewa, zazzabi da amai.

Baƙon abu ne, duk da haka, yarda cewa wannan ƙaramar kwari tana da ikon tasiri yanayi da tattalin arzikin mazauninta. Ofasa 32 daga cikin ƙasashe 37 waɗanda tsetse suke zaune suna ɗaukar talauci a duniya, saboda tsoron karɓar kwangilar trypanosomiasis, mutane basa haɓaka ƙasar da yadda suke so kuma basa barin su shiga cikin aikin gona.

Hakanan yana da ban sha'awa cewa wasu masana kimiyyar halitta suna son yin imani da cewa mun bashi bashin tsetse don bayyanar irin wannan dabba kamar zebra. Masana ilimin kimiyya suna da'awar cewa baƙar fata da fari da suka tashi a cikin wannan nau'in dawakai an tsaida su a yayin juyin halitta azaman abin rufe ido daga tsetse. Shin yana da wuyar faɗi sosai, amma gaskiyar cewa tashi ba ta taɓa zebras ba tabbas ba ne.

Bayyanar

Farƙwallan Tsetse sun bambanta da yanayin proboscis da aka saba dashi wanda yake lalata da mutane da dabbobi don tsotse jininsu. A bayyane yake a bayyane, proboscis ya ƙunshi chitin, yana da danshi da ɗan haske.

Waɗannan halittu ba kamar yadda ninka baƙi: ba su mannewa daga bangarorin biyu na baya ba, kamar namu, amma, sanya daya a gefe guda, yayi kwanciya a bayan kwari.

Tsetse ta tashi a cikin Afirka da Russia da haɗarinta ga ɗan adam, abin da take ci da inda take zaune

Ana samun tsalle tsetse mai nisa daga Rasha - a cikin Afirka da Ostiraliya. Babban muhalli shi ne gandun daji m, ƙasa mai kyau tare da koguna da sauran yankuna masu bushewa.

Tushen abinci don tsetse shine jinin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Trypanosomes suna shiga jikin tsuntsayen tashi daga ciki, wanda kwari ke lalata wani wanda aka azabtar dashi ta hanjinsa.

Don haka, tsutse tsetse ya zama jigilar cuta mai haɗari, yawanci mai mutuwa - trypanosomiasis ko cutar bacci. Tsoron tsutsa tsutsa da cututtukan cututtukan fata suna hana mazaunan karkara cinikin ƙasa a hanyar su kuma yana yin watsi da tattalin arzikin yawancin ƙasashen Afirka.

Tsetse tashi sarrafa cizo da hanyoyin magani

Tsawan tsetse ya kasance yana gwagwarmaya shekaru 150 da suka gabata. Sunyi kokarin lalata wannan kwari ta hanyar dabaru, alal misali, ta hanyar murkushe duk aladu na daji, wanda jininsa ya zama babban abincin kwari, kuma sare bishiyoyi a cikin mazaunan tsetse. Amma mafi inganci shine ƙoƙarin da masana kimiyya na zamani suka ɗauka. Sun ba da shawarar yin yaƙar tsetse tare da taimakon tashi da kanta, ko kuma mazajensu, ta yin amfani da halayen ɗan adam na jinsin.

Don haka, an sani cewa tsetse fly viviparous ne kuma hadiwar mace na faruwa sau ɗaya a rayuwarta duka. Masana kimiyya sunyi nasarar haihuwar miliyoyin maza na wannan kwari, amma kafin a sake su cikin daji, dukkansu ana cikin nutsuwa kuma a sanya su. A sakamakon haka, matta da irin wannan namiji, macen ba ta da wani zuriya, kuma, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, tsetse ta tashi ba wani yunƙurin yin aure ba, ƙwararrun mutane sun ragu sosai.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da tsetse fly:
- gangar jikin tsetse tayi karfin ta har ta iya daskarar da dodo, naman sa da giwa,
- mace tsetse ta tashi mace sau daya a rayuwarta,
- tsetse na zabi yakai farmaki wani abu mai motsa rai da dumi, ko da mota ne,
- Dabbobin da tsetse ba su rufe su shine zebra. Masana kimiyya suna da'awar cewa dalilin shine sabon abu mai launi na artiodactyl,
- tsetse shine kawai tashi wanda za'a iya danganta shi da viviparous, saboda tsutsarsa tana shirye nan da nan saboda dalibi,
- babban abincin tsutse tsetse shine jinin dabbobi masu shayarwa, shine yake sanya tsetse jigilar kwayoyin maganin trypanosomiasis.

Labarin yana ba da hankali ga batutuwan da suka danganci alamar encephalitis kuma yana taimakawa da sauri don samun amsoshi ga tambayoyin da aka yi akai-akai game da shi da kuma yaƙi da shi. .

Fly tsutse tsetse yana da ɗaukakar ƙwayar cuta mai haɗari. Zai iya haifar da cuta a cikin mutane da dabbobi da ake kira trypanosomiasis. Akwai nau'i biyu na wannan kamuwa da cuta: Rhodesian trypanosomiasis, wani lokacin ana kiranta Gabashin Afirka, da Gambian, ko Yammacin Afirka. Rhodesian ana yada shi daga dabba zuwa dabba kuma galibi yana shafar shanu, dawakai, daji.Wannan nau'in Gambiya ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mutane, yawanci ana kiran sa Tsetse tashi ne kawai a Afirka. Akwai nau'ikan kwari 22 da aka sani da wannan kwaro. Yana aiki a duk tsawon rana kuma yana ciyar da jini gaba ɗaya.

Yawancin kwari yawanci iyaye ne masu kulawa. Mace ta sanya ƙwai kuma ta tashi, ta bar yaran su tsira da kansu. Tsutse tsetse ya bambanta da sauran kwari don yana da hankali sosai game da zuriyarsa. Mace ta sanya kwai ɗaya, amma tana kiyaye shi a wuri mafi aminci - a cikin mahaifa. Kwai ya juya ya zama tsintsiya, wanda ya girma, yana cin abinci mai cike da mai, wanda masana kimiyya suka kira shi da shi "madara ta cikin intrauterine." Lokacin da tsutsa baki ɗaya ya cika cikin mahaifar mahaifar, yakan sake ta zuwa cikin ƙasa mai danshi. Tsutsa tsintsaye kuma nan da nan.

A zahiri, kwaro ya wanzu ta fannoni biyu: tsutsa daga matakin uku (lokacin da ya rabu da uwa) da kuma manya.

Tsarin tsetse na manya yana daɗaɗɗen babban kwari, 0.5 zuwa 1.5 santimita tsayi, tare da halayen halayen da ke fili. Tana da halayyar proboscis, manyan idanu da tsoffin kwalliya waɗanda ke da riguna tare da gashinta a ƙarshen. Kirji ya yi girma, ciki na da fadi, amma ba ya da elongated, ya fi guntun fika fikafukai girma, wadanda ke da takamaiman alamar da ke bayyane a gabanta: bangare mai kama da gatari.

A shekara ta 1894, likitan Australia da microbiologist David Bruce sun gano trypanasomas, cututtukan cututtukan bacci. Trypanasomes suna zaune a cikin jinin ungulates, yawancin lokuta suna cikin jinin tururuwa, ba tare da haifar musu da wata lahani ba. Samun tsotsa jini daga dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsetse tashi tayi tana ciji mutane ko dabbobi, yana haifar musu da bacci.

Bayan wannan, zazzabi ya fara, tare da ciwon kai wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba, raunin jiki da hauhawar jijiyoyin jiki. Sannan akwai rikice-rikice a cikin aikin gabobin ciki tare da rikicewar cututtukan zuciya. Hanyoyin bacci da farkawa sun rikice, ƙaruwa da yawa, tashin zuciya da rashin damuwa suna bayyana. Idan ba tare da ƙoshin lafiya na likita ba, mutum na shekaru 5 ya faɗi cikin rashin lafiya tare da mummunan sakamako. Fiye da mutane 30,000 suna rashin lafiya tare da cutar bacci a kowace shekara.

Wanene ke kai hari?

Wadannan kwari ba sa mutane kawai ba, har ma da wasu dabbobi: duk wanda yake da saniya kuma yake motsi. Wani lokacin Tsetse yakanyi kokarin lalata mota. Ba sa kaiwa hari kawai. Masana kimiyya suna tunanin cewa kwari sun rikita batun canza launin fari da baƙi.

Daga tsetse a wasu shekaru ya shafi kusan rabin mutanen Afirka. Dole ne su jefa ƙasa mafi kyau tare da bankunan koguna, saboda kwari kamar waɗannan wuraren.

Yaɗa

Fushen Tsetse ya yadu ko'ina a cikin Afirka, in banda manyan filaye - Sahara, Kalahari da Namib. Ga rayuwar wannan kwari da ba a fassara shi ba, kasancewar a kalla ciyayi, inda zaka iya ɓoyewa lokacin zafi, ya isa sosai. Wurin da suka fi so shi ne wurin da ke cike da inuwa, kogunan ruwa da ke cike da ruwa, ruwan lebur da gandun daji na dajin, da kuma bishiyoyi a gefen bankunan koguna.

Yaƙi Hadari

Don hallaka mai haɗarin jini, ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. Bishiyoyi da gandun daji sun sare, an lalata shanu. Amma har yanzu hanya guda ɗaya kawai ta taimaka sosai.

Masana kimiyya a cikin dakin binciken sun kori dubunnan kwari rabu da maza da irradiated su da radiation, sannan ya sake shi. Yanzu waɗannan maza ba za su iya haihuwa ba, ƙwararrun kuma ƙanana sun zama kaɗan. Don haka sun yi nasarar kwace kwari da ke kisa a Zanzibar.

Idan wannan sakon ya shigo da hannu, na yi farin cikin ganinku

A cikin wurare masu zafi da ƙasashe na Afirka. Tsetse shine asalin halittar kwari da ke kunshe da nau'ikan halittu. Akwai wasu nau'ikan halittu da aka samo a cikin gandun daji, savannahs da tsiri na tekun. Saboda haka, waɗannan kwari ana samun su a kusan kowace al'ada. Tsetse suna kama da kwari na yau da kullun, suna yaduwa a tsakiyar layi. Suna da girma iri ɗaya - 1-1.5 cm, launi mai launin shuɗi da babban raga. Za'a iya bambance su ta hanyar proboscis da fuka-fukai, waɗanda kwari suke bi da kan layi, daya a saman ɗayan. Idan abincin gidan al'ada ne datti daga teburin ɗan adam da siyarwa, to tsetse ke ciyar da dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Fitsari tsetse baya cin karo da zebra. Sakamakon launinta na sihiri, tsetse baya tsinkayenta a matsayin wata halitta.

Hadarin cutar rashin bacci shine cewa yana da wahalar ganewa.Mutane daga ƙauyuka marasa kyau waɗanda basu da damuwa game da rauni na kwatsam ko ciwon kai yawanci suna rashin lafiya. Sau da yawa suna neman taimakon likita tuni a ƙarshen ƙarshen, lokacin da mai haƙuri ya fara samun matsalolin kwakwalwa. Haka kuma cutar tana da haɗari saboda ana watsa ta ga yaro daga mahaifiyar da take kamuwa. Binciken cutar abu ne mai rikitarwa - ya ƙunshi ɗaukar jini da gwaje-gwaje na ruwa na ƙwayar mahaifa. Kadancin dakunan gwaje-gwaje ne ke da karfin gudanar da irin wannan gwajin. Countriesasashe da suka ci gaba suna taimaka wa Afirka wajen yaƙi da cututtukan bacci - suna bincika ƙauyuka marasa kyau a kai a kai kuma suna ba da magani kyauta.

Idan baku son ƙudaje, to sai ku yi farin ciki cewa ba ku rayuwa a Afirka. Bayan duk wannan, a can ne yake rayuwa da tashi mafi haɗari a duniya - tsetse, wanda ke ɗaukar cututtukan cututtukan da suka mutu kamar cutar bacci (a cikin mutane) da Nagans (a cikin dabbobi).

Tsetse tashi (lat.Glossina) (Turanci Tsetse tashi)

Far ƙwararrun Tsetse suna zaune a yankuna na wurare masu zafi da ƙasashe na Afirka. Sun zabi mafi kyawun yankuna - gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da ƙasa mai kyau tare da bankunan koguna, inda mazauna yankin zasu iya yin kiwo. Amma ga mutane, irin wannan unguwa na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako.

Sanya nau'ikan 21 na wannan tashi, amma kaɗan ne daga cikinsu masu ɗaukar cututtukan bacci. Waɗannan su ne G. palpalis, G. morsitans, da G. Brevipalpis. Ragowar yana da haɗari ga dabbobin daji da na gida kawai.

A kallon farko, wannan wani tashi ne na yau da kullun, wanda a zahiri ya bambanta kaɗan da dangin Turai. Amma duk da haka, bambanci ɗaya bayyananne yana nan - ƙarshen fikafikan fikafikansu a cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali sun dace da juna. Abubuwan da suke haddasawa na tonon sililin ma ya fi tsawo kuma suna da karfi, saboda dole su fantsama ba kawai bakin mutum ba, har ma da lokacin farin ciki na Kaffir dabo, kwari na Afirka, da wasu lokuta giwaye. Tsetse tashi yana da launin toka-mai-launi. A gefen ciki na ciki 4 ne bakin ciki mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi 4.

Ba kamar sauro ba, wanda mata kawai ke shan jini, mace da namiji suna jingina da tsetse na abinci mai "jini". Don isa ga jirgin mai mahimmanci, suna da ƙananan haƙoran haƙora a ƙarshen proboscis, wanda suke narke fata da bangon jirgin ruwan. Daga nan sai su yi allura, su na dauke da abubuwan da ke hana hawan jini, su fara tsotse jini. Fata mai fata na tashi da sauri yana ƙaruwa da girma.

Kamawa da kashe wannan tashi ba mai sauƙi bane. Ta tashi da sauri, da gangan kuma a hankali. Idan ta yi kaɗa kai ko mamaki, tashi, ko da fuka-fukai da suka kakkarye, har yanzu za su hau turɓayar da ake so, su yi ƙoƙari su ciji. Saboda haka, wasu 'yan Afirka suna kama su da hannuwansu kuma suna murƙushe su tsakanin yatsunsu, don haka tabbas

Yana da matukar wahala ka rayu da shi daga wurin da kuka fi so. Shekaru 150 kenan, aka kirkiro matakai daban-daban don hallaka wannan abokiyar gaba. Wasu daga cikin su masu saɓo ne, alal misali, ƙarshen kisan dabbobi a cikin mazaunin tsetse tashi ko faɗuwar duk bishiyoyi. Kuma ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan an aiwatar da su. An yi imani da cewa idan an lalata dukkan dabbobin daji, to tsutse tashi ba zata da abun ci kuma zata mutu

A farkon shekarun 1930, an fara harbin dabbobin daji a yankin Kudancin Rhodesia. A 1932, kusan 36.5 dubu daga cikinsu an lalata, daga cikinsu akwai nau'ikan halittu masu saurin magana. Mazauna ƙasar sun kasance cikin firgici. Hakanan a kan. Principe, a ƙarshen yammacin Afirka, ya lalata dukkan aladu na daji a cikin 1930s. Irin waɗannan mummunan matakan sun taimaka kawai na ɗan lokaci.

Muna amfani da su ga duk ƙudaje waɗanda ke kwance qwai. Amma tsetse haifuwa ta wata hanya daban. Suna viviparous. Su larvae an haife a shirye domin dalibi.

Tsetse tashi matakai

Mace tsetse mace tashi sau daya kawai a rayuwa, sannan sai an fitar da larva 2-3 sau biyu a wata. "Haihuwa" yana faruwa ne akan ƙasa mai laushi. Bayan wannan, larvae nan da nan za su fara tono a cikin ƙasa kuma suyi pupae mai launin ruwan kasa, daga abin da kwari suke girma na jima'i suna bayyana a cikin wata. Duk cikin takaitacciyar rayuwarta, tashi tayi daga 8 zuwa 12 larvae

Yin amfani da gaskiyar cewa mata ma'aurata sau ɗaya kawai, masana kimiyya sun ɓullo da ingantacciyar hanya don magance yaduwar wannan kwaro, wanda ake amfani dashi yanzu. Sun tattara miliyoyin kwari da kuma zaɓaɓɓun maza. Bayan haka an sanya su ta amfani da hasken gamma kuma an sake su cikin daji. Bayan saduwa da irin wannan namiji, mace tana tunanin komai na tsari ne kuma baya ƙyale wasu maza su zo wurinta

Akwai wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da tsetse tashi. Da farko, ta kai hari kan kowane abu mai santsi, koda mota. Idan ka fita daga motar, to, kwari har yanzu zasu fara shiga mota, ba mutum ba. Na biyun - zebra - shine kawai dabba da tsetse tashi ba zata taɓa kaiwa ba, tunda tana ɗaukarta kamar zubin baƙi da fari.

Wannan kwaro sanannen ɗan kisa ne na Afirka, masan kimiyya sun yi ta ƙoƙarin kawar da shi sama da ƙarni, amma ba a sami cikakken hallaka ba. Muna magana ne game da tsutse tsetse - wakilin kwari mafi haɗari, wanda ke barazanar mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 60.

Wani fasalin tsutse tsetse shine gishirin ciki tare da enzyme don hana zubar jini na wanda aka azabtar.

Kwayoyin cutar suna sanannu da babban hawan jirgin sama da tsira, masu kaiwa hari abubuwan da ke haifar da zafi, koda kuwa marasa kuzari ne, kamar mota.

Kwaro mallakar iyalin Glossinidae ne.

Halayyar

A ƙarshen rana mai zafi, tsetse tashi tayi farauta. Yakan ciyar da jinin waɗanda aka cutar da shi a maraice, da dare ko kuma lokacin ƙaddara. Wadanda abin ya shafa sune farko mutane da dabbobi masu shayarwa. A wasu lokatai yakan ciji tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe.

Kwaro yana zaune a kan fatar wanda aka azabtar kuma yana ci a kansa da kankanin, amma haƙoran hakora waɗanda suke a ƙarshen dogon proboscis. Mata da maza suna tsotse jini, suna shan shi sau ɗaya sau ɗaya bisa nauyin kansa. Hanyar tana da hankali sosai cewa wanda aka azabtar ma bai lura da cizo ba.

Rayuwa & Maimaitawa

Tsetse yana zaune kimanin watanni shida. Ga rayuwar gaba daya, ma'aurata mata sau daya, sannan kuma kowane wata na fitar da guda daya (kawai lardin 8-12). Wadannan kwari suna da matukar tasiri, Matar na dauke da tsutsa a cikin mahaifa, inda ta ciyar da “madara mai narkewa”.

Larvae ci gaba a cikin ƙasa mai laima (sun tono kansu akan kansu), suna gyara cikin pupae mai launin ruwan kasa. Wata daya daga baya, mutane da suka manyanta suka fita daga pupae.

Kiwo

Tsetse tashi mallakar kwari ne masu kwari. Ciyar da mace yana faruwa a cikin kwanakin farko bayan fitowar su daga pupae. Hadin daya lokaci ya isa mace ta sanya kwai cikin rayuwarta. Kwai daya ne kaciya a jikinta a lokaci guda, kuma a wuri guda tsutsa wani tsiro ya fito daga ciki.

Tana cin abinci ne a jikin mahaifiyarta. Don ciyar da kanta da tsutsa na har abada, mace dole ne ta sha jinin wani musamman musamman na aiki. Cuban yatsu mai ƙwanƙwasa yana kai tsaye cikin mahaifar mahaifiya sau biyu, bayan haka ya fito kuma yana narkewa cikin ƙasa.

A cikin ƙasa, tsutsa yana murɗa kwandon shara da ɗalibai. Bayan makonni 4-6, tsararrakin tsetse mai tasowa ya bayyana daga pupa. Mace tana haihuwar zuriya kowane kwanaki 9-10. A lokacin zagayowar rayuwa, yawanci yakan haifar da lardin 10-12.

Kada abinci mai gina jiki

Babban abincin abincin kwari na kwari shine jinin mutum, dabbobin daji ko na gida. Wasu suna ciyar da jinin wasu irin dabba kawai.

Jini abinci ne na mata da maza, idan aka kwatanta da sauro, wanda kawai mata ke tsotse jini.

Far kwari suna zama masu tayar da hankali lokacin da suka fahimci tushen abinci. Idan kwaro ya ci tura a irin wannan lokacin, har yanzu zaiyi kokarin cizo.

Bayanin

Tsawon jikin mutum yakai 12 mm. Fuka fukafukan suna da bakin ciki da tsawo. Lokacin da aka ninkaya, sun fi tsayi fiye da ciki. Nau'i uku na maɓallan ƙarfi suna ba ku damar yin sauri da gudu.

Abun ciki yana da fadi kuma ya bayyane daga kirji. Shugaban, baya na ciki da kirji suna launin toka. Gaban ciki na ciki mai launin shuɗi-launin ruwan kasa. Antennas gajeru ne kuma masu tsari. Manyan fuskokin id an suna a bangarorin kai.

Tsawon rayuwar tsutse tsetse shine kusan watanni 3.

Wannan jirgi mai cutarwa yana zaune ne a Afirka ta Tsakiya, Afirka ta yamma da Ostiraliya. Sun fi son wuraren wurare masu laushi: gandun daji, kogunan ruwa da filayen kusa. Akwai da yawa daga cikinsu.

Abin da ke da haɗari ga mutane

Wannan kwari ana kiranta mafi hatsari a cikin "mashinom masarautar", kodayake bashi da glandar guba. Bitear tsutse tsetse na iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Hanyoyin da ke haifar da cutar sune trypanosomes, suna rayuwa koyaushe a cikin kwayoyin halittar buffalos da antelopes, wanda baya tsoma baki tare da ƙarshen. Tsetse tashi mai ɗauka ne kawai na kamuwa da cuta.

Trypanosomes yana shafar tsarin rigakafi, sannan kuma tsarin juyayi. Tumoro yakan haifar a jikin jikin marasa lafiya, mutanen da suka kamu da cutar kamar ba ji ba gani kuma suna cikin bacci, suna raunana kowace rana.

Bayan 'yan watanni, mutum ya faɗi cikin rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu, yana da matukar wahala a warkar da shi: trypanosomes koyaushe yana canzawa kuma yana daidaita da kwayoyi.

Akwai magungunan warkarwa game da cutar, amma basu isa ga duk masu haƙuri ba. Sakamakon sakamako masu illa (tashin zuciya da amai, hawan jini) sune bangare na biyu na magunguna don rashin bacci.

Shahararren shahararrun cututtukan kwari mai kwari shine kalafritin.

Kididdiga ta nuna cewa kusan mutane miliyan 60 ne ke cikin hatsarin koda tsutsawar tsetse ta ci shi. A hadarin ba kawai mazauna wuraren da ake samun kwari masu mutuwa ba, har ma da yawon bude ido.

Yawon bude ido ba kasa da mazauna yankin ke cikin hadarin yuwuwar tashi tsetse

Sanya cizo

Yawancin jayayya game da kwari mai lahani. Amma ba tsetse da kanta mummunan ba ne, amma trypanosomes sune ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa masu sauƙi na flagellates. Sanya jinin dabbar, trypanosomes ya shiga hanjin tashi, wanda ya yawaita da sauri. Bayan sati biyu, suna motsawa zuwa bakin tashi ya shiga cikin glandon salivary. Kuma idan mutum ya ciji, trypanosomes yana shiga jikin mutum tare da yau. Akwai cutar rashin bacci 2-3 makonni bayan ciji. Da farko, zazzafan baki ya bayyana a wurin ciji kuma yajin kai ya fara rauni. Daga nan sai nono ya yi yawa, makogwaron ya kumbura. Jikin zafin jiki ya hau zuwa digiri 41 kuma wani abu ya bayyana. Idan baku dauki mataki ba, mutum ya mutu. Daga waɗannan karatun, ana iya ƙarasa da cewa tsetse fly mai ɗaukar kamuwa da cuta. Hakanan a lura cewa tashi ta kumbura tana da haɗari ga mutane da dabbobi. Dabbobin daji basu da wata illa game da gwajin cuta.

A cikin daji, tsalle tsetse yana rayuwa kwana 200.

Jirgin tsetse babban ƙaho ne na cizo wanda ke zaune a Afirka. Tana ciyarda jinin jikinta. Kuma yana ɗaukar cuta mai muni. Kodayake a cikin bayyanar yana kama da gidanmu na yau da kullun.

Kuna iya bambance tsetse tsutsa da alamura da yawa, amma ya fi sauƙi ta fuka-fuki. Tsetse yana lullube fukafukinsa gabaɗaya, reshe ɗaya yana ƙarƙashin ɗayan. An jefa gardama akan duk abin da yake motsawa, ban da, watakila, zebras.

Zaku iya haɗuwa da wannan ƙwayar cuta mai haɗari a ko'ina cikin yankin Saharar Afrika, tana zaune a cikin savannas da kuma kusa da koguna. Amma ya fi zama ruwan dare cikin gandun daji, a cikin ƙasashe masu arziki a dazuzzukan daji, kamar Congo-Kinshasa.

Saboda haka, lamuran rashin lafiyar bacci ya zama ruwan dare musamman a Yankin Kongo. Barcin rashin lafiya ya ci gaba kamar haka. Da farko, mutum ya fara fama da zazzabin zazzabi, kai da gidajen abinci su fara ciwo, kumburi ya kumbura. To, lokacin da cuta ta ci gaba, aikin zuciya da kodan sun lalace. Bayan makonni uku ko 'yan shekaru, na biyu, sashin jijiyoyin cutar ya fara. Mutum ya sami rikicewa, daidaitawar motsi yana rikicewa. Hare-hare na gajiya ana maye gurbinsu ta hanyar lokacin tashin hankali na mutum. Rushewar hanyar bacci. Sakamakon cutar rashin barci shine coma da mutuwa.

Jirgin tsetse ya kasance mai tashin hankali musamman a farkon karni na 20, lokacin da fararen fata suka fara mamayar Afirka. Saboda yawan indan asalin sun riga sun saba da zama tare da irin wannan maƙwabta masu haɗari kuma koya koya guji haɗuwa da ita. Koyaya, Turawa sun yanke shawarar shiga yaƙi tare da tashi, suna son lashe ƙasa daga kwari. Har ma akwai shirye-shiryen halaka tsalle tsetse a duk faɗin Afirka.

A tsibirin Principe, wanda ke bakin gabar yammacin Afirka a cikin 1930s, duk alamu na daji sun lalace ta yadda babu wanda zai ci tsutse tsetse kuma yana jin yunwar. Wannan ya kawo sakamako na ɗan lokaci, amma a cikin 50s tashi ta sake dawowa. A wasu yankuna, an tsara shi da niyyar sare gabaɗayan bishiyoyi gabaɗaya don tsallewar tsetse bashi da abun zauna. Amma sai suka yi la’akari da cewa aiwatar da wannan shirin zai kawo matsaloli da dama fiye da fa’idodi.

Hanyar fasaha mai tsetse mai tasowa ta ci gaba. Masana kimiyya sun tashe miliyoyin kudaje, maza sun rabu da mace, sunadarai ta giram gamma kuma an sake su. A abin zamba shi ne cewa mata suna aurar timesan lokuta kaɗan a rayuwarsu kuma kawai don manufar haihuwar zuriya. Saboda haka, yayin da ya shiga jima'i tare da namiji mai haifuwa, mace tana tunanin cewa an riga an gama aikin kuma ba zai ƙyale wani namiji ya zo wurinta ba.

Fitowar tsetse tashi

Idan ka kalli wannan kwaro a karon farko, ba zaka sami bambance-bambance na musamman ba daga kwari da aka saba. Tsawon tsutsewar jiki daga 9 zuwa 14 millimita. Tana da fikafikai da proboscis. Kawai proboscis kawai na wannan nau'in kwari ya zama sabon abu, yana da tsawo kuma ya fi karfi, saboda tare da taimakonsa tashi ta kece fatar.

Tsetse yana cin jini kawai kamar sauro

Launin jikin tsut tsetse mai launin shuɗi ne. Gefen gefen ciki yana da nau'i biyu daga ratsi mai duhu mai duhu. Kayan aiki na maganin kwari yana sanye yake da haƙoran haƙora na ƙoshin halittar ƙwayar cuta, suna tsinkaye ganuwar jirgin ruwan don haka yana fitar da jini. Kwayar cutar ƙwayar cuta tana da enzyme na musamman a cikin abin da ke cikin wanda ke hana jinin wanda aka azabtar ya ɗaura. Lokacin da gardama ta fara tsotse jini, hanjin ta ya fara girma sosai. Abin lura ne cewa a tsakanin wakilan wannan dabi’ar, mace da namiji suna shan jini, wannan ingancin yana bambanta su da “’ yan’uwa ”masu zubar da jini - sauro.

Rayuwa da halaye a dabi'a

Daga cikin yanayin tsetse na halitta, an zaɓi gandun daji na wurare masu cike da danshi. Bugu da kari, ana iya samun su sau da yawa a gefen gabar koguna, inda amfanin gona da mutane suka shuka. Itatuwan kwari da ke rayuwa a irin wannan kusanci ga mutane na iya haifar da lahani ga amfanin gona da kuma mutane da kansu, saboda su masu ɗaukar cuta ne mai haɗari.

Saurari muryar tsetse tashi

https://animalreader.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/zhuzhanie_mukhi-slepnja.mp3
Saurin saurin waɗannan kwari yayi tsayi. Masana kimiyya sun lura cewa tsetse yana da mahimmancin ban mamaki: koda kuwa kun yiwa tsuntsu gardama da wani abu, zai sake tashi kuma zai yi ƙoƙarin ciji wanda ya same shi. Na dogon lokaci, mutane sun yi kokarin murkushe wannan nau'in ƙudaje, kowane irin matakan da suka ɗauka don yin wannan: sun lalata dabbobi kuma sun sare itatuwa - kawai komai ba shi da sakamakon da ya dace. Har yanzu, waɗannan kwari suna ci gaba da tsoratar da dabbobi da mutanen da ke rayuwa a Afirka.

Akwai wasu fasalulluka cikin halayen tsetse, alal misali, farmaki akan kowane abu da yake motsawa yana haskaka zafi, ko dai dabba ko mota. Fasali na biyu na waɗannan kwari shine basu taɓa zaɓan zebra a matsayin wanda aka azabtar da su ba, saboda launin fari da fari na filayen zebra ba zai bada izinin tsinkaye su kamar dabbobi ba.

Me yasa tsetse mai haɗari?

Wakilan wadannan kwari sune jigilar cutar bacci. A cikin mutane, tana bayyana kanta a matsayin ƙasa mai ɓarna, sai kuma fadawa cikin halin ɗaiɗaita da mutuwa. Idan baku fara yanayin mai raɗaɗi ba, to za a iya kawar da mummunan sakamako. Barkewar rashin lafiya ya taso daga ƙaramin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta - trypanosomes. Masu ɗaukarsu dako ne, kura, buffalos. Trypanosomes suna da haɗari ga dabbobi, amma dabbobin daji da yawa sun inganta rigakafi ga waɗannan cututtukan.

Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.

Bayyanar cututtuka da ke tattare da kamuwa da cuta

Bayyanar cututtuka sun dogara da tsananin cutar da layin zama na pathogen a jikin mutum.

Wadannan alamomi masu zuwa zasu faɗakar da mutum:

• ili ciwukan da ke kan fata,
• ciwon kai,
• zafi a cikin gidajen abinci
• zazzaɓi,
• rauni,
• apathy da drowsiness.

Mataki na biyu na cutar ana nuna shi ta hanyar daidaituwa da daidaituwa da motsa jiki, ƙarancin sassan jiki daban-daban, rikicewa. Mataki na biyu na dauke da haɗarin mutum.

Yin gwagwarmaya da kwayar cuta mai haɗari

Mazaunan nahiyar ta Afirka sun daɗe suna ƙoƙari tare da ingantattun hanyoyin:

• sare bishiyoyi
• yanka dabbobi
• An harbe dabbobin daji.

Kabilu da ke zaune a Afirka sun koyi yadda ake kama kwari da hannayensu da murƙushe yatsunsu, da guje wa cizo.

Yawan kwaro mai haɗari ya ragu, amma ƙididdiga ta ofungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a yau tana nuna adadi mai ban tsoro:

• Mutane dubu 500 da ke rayuwa a kudu da hamad sahara suna kamuwa da cutar kuturta ta hanyar tsetse, yawancin waɗannan mutane suna fuskantar mutuwa
• kowace shekara bayan cizon kwari, har mutane 10,000 suka mutu
• A kowace shekara sama da miliyan 3 na shanu suna shan wahala daga cizon tsetse.

Kowane ɗan makaranta ya san game da kwari mafi haɗari. Jirgin zc din yana zaune ne a Nahiyar Afirka. Kuma tsawon shekaru 150, yawan jama'ar cikin gida da dabbobin sun tsoratar. A wasu yankuna, mutane suna barin tsire-tsire masu ƙoshin abinci kuma suna zuwa wasu wurare. A cikin waɗannan ƙasashen babu ɓoyayyen jini fiye da tashi.

Menene tashi?

Bayyanar yau da kullun, kusan kamar ta wani tsuntsu ce ta yau da kullun, har yanzu tana da fasali na musamman. A kan kai akwai dogon proboscis, wanda ke ba mace damar ciji ta fata mutane da dabbobi da ciyar da jini. Fuka fuka-fukan suna jujjuyawa, wanda ke hawa zuwa matsayin ɗakin kwana lokacin da gardama ta huta. Kwaro yana da ciki mai launin toka a ƙasa, da kuma rawaya a saman sa, akan kirjin akwai madaukai huɗu masu duhu da ke tsaye. Yaro ya tashi tsts, hoton wanda aka gabatar a sama, lokacin rayuwarsa ya haɗu har zuwa larvae 10, wanda, lokacin da suka fado ƙasa, burrow da pupate cikin aan awanni.

Yaya kamuwa da cuta ke faruwa?

Don tashi, CC ba shi da haɗari. Mutuwa ta haifar da cutar dabba, Nagan, wanda waɗannan ƙwayoyin jini ke ɗaukar su. Dangane da kididdigar bakin ciki, shanu na miliyan 3 suna mutuwa kowace shekara daga cizon tsetse.

Masana kimiyya suna neman hanyar fita

Masana kimiyya suna da babban tsammanin sabuwar hanya don rage yawan haɗuwa da namiji sau ɗaya kawai a rayuwa. Sanin wannan fasalin, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar sakin miliyoyin maza masu haifuwa zuwa cikin halitta. Don yin wannan, suna girma da girma da kuma gora tare da radiation. Mace, bayan tayi balaguro sau ɗaya, ba za ta sake wani namiji ya zo wurinta ba, amma ba za ta iya haihuwa ba. Wannan hanyar, a cewar masana, zata kawar da dillalai .. Kuma bayan kimanin shekaru, tashi zata bace daga fuskar duniya.