Yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar tsibiran wurare masu zafi da ƙasa da ƙasashe da ke gabar Tekun Bahar Rum, Atlantika, Indiyawan tekun India ne ke buge da bishiyoyin da ƙasashensu, kamar tsibiran tsibirai, ke tashi sama da ruwa saman ruwa. Da alama bishiyun sun yanke shawarar barin ƙasar, suna tserewa daga tarko, zafi, cunkoson jama'a, shiga cikin zurfin teku. Ana amfani da waɗannan karenn tsiran tsirrai a cikin ƙananan bishiyoyi ko kuma a wani wuri.
Bayani Gabaɗaya
Ana iya ganin irin wannan abu a ƙasarmu. A cikin ƙananan ƙananan koguna kamar Kuban, Dniester, Volga, Dnieper, gandun daji masu gudana suna girma. A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, ana ambaliya dasu da ruwa wanda hakan yasa kawai kambin ya hau sama.
Mangroves shima bishiyoyi masu lalacewa, amma kawai bishiyoyi. Wannan ba jinsin daya bane, masana kimiyya suna da nau'ikan tsire-tsire iri 20. Sun daidaita da rayuwa a ruwa, a cikin yanayin ebbs da gudana. Don haɓaka da haɓakarsu, galibi suna zaɓar biyun da aka kare daga raƙuman ruwan teku masu ƙarfi. Tsawon wadannan bishiyoyi ya kai m 15. A tsawan tsawa, kawai fiɗaɗɗunsu ake gani. Amma idan tudun ya isa, zaku iya yin la'akari da su sosai. Babban fasalin dabbobin dasa itace tushen mummunan nau'in halittu biyu:
- cututtukan huhu sune tushen numfashi wanda, kamar ɓarke, suke tashi sama da ruwa kuma suna ba da tsire-tsire tare da oxygen,
- stilted - sauka cikin "ƙasa", suna manne da ƙarfi a ƙasa, suna tayar da shuka a saman ruwa.
Tushen Tushen tsiro ba wai kawai daga gangar jikin ba. A kan ƙananan rassa da yawa akwai kuma matakai, rassa, saboda wanda itace ta sami ƙarin kwanciyar hankali.
Wani fasalin da ya zama ruwan dare ga dukkan bishiyoyin bishiyar mangoro: rayuwarsu tana wucewa cikin ruwan teku, cike da gishiri daban-daban. Da alama cewa “rayuwa” a cikin irin wannan yanayin bashi yiwuwa. Amma matsanancin yanayin rayuwa ya tilasta mangoro suka haɓaka keɓaɓɓiyar inji don tace danshi mai laushi. Kashi 0.1% na gishirin kawai ke shiga cikin ƙwayoyin tsiro, amma kuma ana fitar dashi ta cikin glandon dake jikin ganyayyaki, sakamakon haifar da farin lu'ulu'u ne akan farantin ganye.
Asar da bishiyoyin bishiyar mangoro dole su girma su kasance tare da danshi, amma akwai iska kaɗan a ciki. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta anaerobic, wanda a cikin aiwatar da rayuwarsu sakin sulfides, methane, nitrogen, phosphates da sauransu. Wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa bishiyoyin kansu da katako suna da takamaiman, wani lokacin ƙanshi mara dadi.
Mangulu bishiyoyi ne masu ban tsoro. Ganyayyakinsu suna da launin toka mai haske. Ganin wahalar cire danshi, suna ƙoƙarin adana shi gwargwadon abin da zai yiwu, don haka saman faranti ɗin yana da wuya, fata. Bugu da kari, sun “koya” yadda za su sarrafa damuwar su ta hanyar daidaita matsayin bude su yayin musayar gas da photosynthesis. Idan ya cancanta, za'a iya juya ganyen don rage matsayin hulɗa tare da hasken rana mai haske.
Iri iri daban-daban
Gaskiya ba gaskiya bane a faɗi cewa bishiyoyi sun girma a cikin teku. Yankin yankinsu shine iyaka tsakanin teku da ƙasa. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire sama da 20, kowane ɗayansu ya dace don yayi girma a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, ya bambanta a cikin tsawon, da ambaliyar ruwa, abun da ke cikin ƙasa (kasancewar ko rashin ɓarna, yashi), da kuma matakin salinity na ruwa. Wasu daga cikin gandunan bishiyoyin sun girma a cikin tsirai (Amazon, Ganges), waɗanda ke gudana cikin teku. Mafi yawan tsire-tsire mallakar rhizophores, wanda itace aka mamaye shi da tannin, wanda ke haifar da sabon saɓin jini. Suna ƙarƙashin ruwa don rabin rabin lokaci. An bi su:
- Jirgin Sama
- shawararia
- tsere,
- Sonnetariaceae,
- karasawa,
- myrisin
- magana da sauransu.
Ana iya samun gandun daji mai yawa daga cikin lagoons mai natsuwa, bakin kogunan da ke gudana cikin teku, kan natsuwa, ambaliyar ruwa, gabar kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Afirka, Amurka, Australia, gefen iyakar tsibiran Indonesia, Madagascar, Philippines, Cuba.
Kiwo na Mangrove
Babu ƙaramin mamaki shine hanyar yaduwar gandun daji. Zukatansu sune kawai zuriyar da aka rufe da ƙwayar iska. Irin wannan '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' na iya kan iyo na dan lokaci a kan ruwa, canzawa da yawa idan ya cancanta. Wasu daga cikin bishiyoyin bishiyar bishiyar halittar suna da cikakkiyar hanyar haifuwa, “suna da matukar tasiri.” Seedsa Theirarsu ba ta rabuwa da shuka ta mahaifiya, amma fara farawa a cikin tayi, motsi a kanta, ko girma ta kwashinanta.
Bayan ya isa wani matakin lokacin da karamin shuka ya zama mai iya daukar hoto mai cin gashin kansa, tunda ya zabi lokacin Ebb lokacin da aka fallasa kasar gona a gindin bishiyu, ya rabu da tsiron ya girma, ya fadi ya manne sosai ga kasar. Ba a daidaita wasu sprouts ba, amma tare da kwararar ruwa "rush a cikin neman mafi kyawun rabo." Wasu lokuta sukan tashi nesa da manyan nisa kuma a can, a wasu yanayi a duk tsawon shekarar, jira lokacin da ya dace ya sami tushe kuma ya fara ci gaba.
Yaki don kiyaye gandun daji
Yawancin ciyawar mangoro suna da halaye na musamman na itace: launi mara kyau, karuwar tauri, da sauransu. Sabili da haka, mazauna karkara, kamfanonin Turai, sun sare su sosai. Ana amfani da itace don samar da kayayyaki, kayan sana'a daban-daban, allon faranti, suna fuskantar kayan. Wannan yana haifar da raguwa a cikin yanki na gandun daji na mangrove. Amma su wani nau'i ne na garkuwa da ke rufe bakin tekun daga tsunami. Lokacin da aka bincika lalacewar tsunami, wanda a cikin 2004 ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar tsibirin Sri Lanka, wanda ya haifar da asarar rai, an bayyana cewa gwaji mafi wuya ya faɗi akan waɗancan ƙauyuka kusa da inda aka lalata bishiyoyin dabbobi.
Kwanan nan, ƙungiyoyin tilasta doka a cikin ƙasashe da yawa suna ɗaukar matakai na aiki don magance sarewar tsire-tsire, tattara tsaba da shuka su bisa kansu a cikin sababbin wuraren da suka dace da ingantaccen ci gaban shuka.
Mangroves ba kawai keɓance bane a cikin kansu. Girma cikin sauri, suna kare iyakar bakin teku daga lalacewa. Silt zauna a cikin daure daure Tushen na shuke-shuke, wanda na taimaka wa samuwar ƙasa substrate, teku recedes, sabon yankuna ƙasar bayyana a kan wanda yankuna shuka Citrus citrus, dabino na kwakwa.
Kari akan haka, an kirkiro da wani kebantaccen kwayoyi masu fure a cikin kananan ciyawar dabbobi. Arthropods, kunkuru, da kuma wasu nau'in kifin na wurare masu zafi suna sauka a cikin ruwa a tushen bishiyoyi. A cikin tushen da ƙananan rassan da aka nutsar da su a cikin ruwa suna haɗe da bryozoans, oysters, sponges, waɗanda ke buƙatar tallafi don sarrafa abinci yadda ya kamata. Daga cikin sassan kambi wanda yake fitowa a saman ruwa, tutoci, gulls, parrots, da hummingbirds suna gina mazaunin su.
Wani muhimmin aikin da mangoro shine ɗauka daga ruwan teku na gishiri na narkar da karafa mai narkewa a ciki.
Darajar mangoro
Mangroves ne musammam mahalli, wanda ya haifar da yanayi mai kyau don mazaunan dabbobi daban-daban. Tushen tushen, wanda ke tsiro cikin ruwa, yana rage jinkirin gudana, saboda wanda ake lura da adadi mai yawa a cikin rairayin bakin teku. Bugu da kari, daya daga cikin ayyukan mai amfani na tsirrai masu girma shine tara tarin karafa daga ruwan teku, don haka a yankin da mangroves suke girma, ruwa ya bayyana a fili.
Hanyoyi iri-iri, ciki harda murjani na gida, polyps da sponges, suna rufe sassan ruwa na tushen jan mangrove. Wannan mazaunin wuri shine yanki mai tasowa mai mahimmanci kuma yana ba da mafaka ga nau'in kifaye masu yawa.
Babban rawar mangroves shine samuwar ƙasa. Suna da ikon hana lalacewar ƙasa da lalata wuraren bakin teku ta hanyar magudanan ruwa da kwarara. Wannan tabbatacce ne ta hanyar nazarin halakarwa akan Sri Lanka sakamakon tsunami na 2004. Dangane da nazari, raunin gabar teku wanda ciyawar bishiyar dabbobin da ke girma kawai ba su da wata illa. Wannan yana nuna rage tasirin ɓarkewar ɓarke cikin lokacin bala'i, wanda, ala, yankin Asiya yana da matsala koyaushe.
Tun zamanin da, mutum ya yi amfani da gandun daji na mangoro a matsayin tushen itace don gina gidaje, kera kwale-kwale da kayan kida, da man fetur don dumama. Ganyen Mangrove abinci ne mai kyau, dabbobin gida da yawa an saka su daga rassa, kuma haushi ya ƙunshi tannins da yawa.
Mangrove daji
Fa'idodin da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba daga mangoro ba ya nufin cewa babu abin da ke barazana ga rayuwarsu. Shekarun ƙarshe da suka gabata an yiwa alamar mangoro ta gwagwarmayar rayuwa da haƙƙin kasancewa. A yau, kusan kashi 35% na mangroves sun mutu kuma wannan adadi yana ci gaba da haɓaka da sauri. Saurin bunƙasa gonaki shrimp, wanda ya gudana a cikin 70s na ƙarni na karshe, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin lalacewarsu. Saboda banbancin kirayyar da ke tattare da magudi, an share filayen rairayin bakin teku na da bishiyoyin dabbobi, kuma ba a sarrafa dakaru a matakan jihohi.
Kwanan nan, an yi ƙoƙari don hana afkuwar bala'in muhalli da kiyaye tsari mai ban mamaki. Ta hanyar ƙoƙarin masu ba da agaji, ana dasa bishiyoyi matasa a cikin yankan da aka yanke. Kokarin kubutar da dazuzzuka da jami’an gwamnati. Musamman, a cikin Bahamas, Trinidad da Tobago, kiyaye kananan dabbobi ya kasance mafi mahimmanci daga karamar hukuma fiye da cigaban tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci. Muna fatan wannan kyakkyawan mu'ujiza na yanayi zai faranta wa idanun mutanen yanzu ba, har ma da zuriyarmu.
Don dalilan ilimi gabaɗaya, muna bada shawara cewa ku kalli shirin CCTV na "Red Mangroves a cikin Tekun Blue", da bidiyon bidiyo akan mangrove suna zube a gida.
A ranar tunawa da 30th na Cibiyar Tsirrai na Rasha-Vietnamese
Vladimir Bobrov,
dan takarar ilimin kimiyyar halitta,
Cibiyar Nazari da Juyin Halitta A. N. Severtsova RAS (Moscow)
"Yanayi" №12, 2017
Yarjejeniyar tsakanin gwamnatoci kan kungiyar Soviet (yanzu Rasha) Vietnam Center Tropical Research and Technology Center (Tropical Center) an sanya hannu a kan Maris 7, 1987. An ƙirƙira shi ba don dalilai masu amfani kawai ba (gwada juriya na wurare masu zafi na kayan da kayan aiki, haɓaka kayan aikin kariya na lalata) , tsufa da lalacewar ilmin halitta ga fasaha, bincike game da ilmin halitta na dogon lokaci da tasirin muhalli da Sojojin Amurka ke amfani da su na kashe kwari da kariya a yayin yaƙe-yaƙe s tare da Vietnam, nazarin musamman cututtuka masu haɗari, da sauransu), har ma don nazarin ilimin halittu da ilimin muhalli na asali. Fiye da shekaru 30 da suka wuce, likitocin dabbobi da masana ilimin dabbobi a karo na farko sun samu damar yin nazari a duk shekara game da yanayin halittu masu dumbin yawa na duniya. Babban asibitocin da wuraren hadaddun cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi da na botanical sun kasance a cikin gandun daji na yanayi na lardin (aikin da aka bayyana a cikin yanayin tsabtace yanki an bayyana shi a cikin wani littafin da ya gabata wanda aka ƙaddamar da nazarin Vietnam lizards). Amma akwai wani tsarin halittu mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, binciken wanda ba a ba shi mai yawa ba a cikin tsarin aikin kimiyya na Tropical Center saboda gaskiyar cewa yanayin rayuwarsa ba ta da wadataccen kwatanci idan aka kwatanta da gandun daji mai tsananin zafin rana. Labari ne game da mangoro.
Inda yake cikin wuraren bazara, ana kiyaye tekun tekun daga manyan raƙuman ruwa na tsibiran da ke kusa ko tsibirin coral, ko kuma inda manyan koguna suka shiga cikin tekuna da tekuna, ɗayan mafi mahimmancin tsirran tsiron suna tasowa - mangoro, wanda kuma ake kira da man faris ko kuma a cikin sauƙaƙa. Rarraban su bai takaita ga yankunan da ke fama da dumin yanayi ba, inda ruwan teku mai zafi yake fifita wannan, tsirrai na girma zuwa Arewa ko kuma Kudancin Kudancin Tropic. A Arewacin Hemisphere, ana rarraba su zuwa Bermuda kuma a Japan har zuwa 32 ° C. N, kuma a cikin Kudu - a gefen iyakar Kudancin Australia da New Zealand har zuwa 38 ° S. w. Koyaya, a bakin tekun, ana wanke shi da igiyoyin sanyi, ba sa yin tsari. Don haka, a gabar tekun yamma ta Kudancin Amurka, wanda yanayin sanyi ke ciki yana tasiri a halin yanzu, ciyawar ganye tana fitowa ne kawai kusa da mai daidaitawa.
Don samun masaniya game da gandun daji na daji, an shirya balaguro zuwa Can Zyo Biosphere Reserve, wanda ke tsakanin iyakokin garin Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) - mafi girman mazauna a Vietnam, mai nisan kilomita 60 daga arewa zuwa kudu da kilomita 30 daga yamma zuwa gabas. A Ho Chi Minh City, babban ofishin reshe na Kudancin Tropical Center yana, daga nan muna yin balaguroin balaguro zuwa wurare daban-daban na halitta da ake gudanar da karatun yau da kullun. A wannan lokacin mun tafi kudu, zuwa gabar Tekun Kudancin China (a cikin Vietnam wanda ake kira Gabas).
Yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i biyu don tafiya daga babban ofishin zuwa ajiyar. A hanya, kuna buƙatar shawo kan gadoji da ƙetaren jirgin ruwa ta hanyar kogunan Vam Ko da Saigon masu cike da ruwa, suna ɗaukar ruwa zuwa teku. A wurin ajiyar kaya, mun zauna a cikin gidan da yake fama. Dukkanin gine ginen gidaje da gudanarwa ana haɗa su ta hanyar mashigar katako, kuma suna tsaye akan turɓaya, tunda ƙasa a waɗannan wurare ba ta da tsayayye da gani, gaba ɗaya ba ta dace da tafiya akan ta ba, tunda duk tekun, an rufe shi da gandun daji na mangrove, ana ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai yayin tasirin yau da kullun. Kuma a nan an adana kwalliyar siliki siliki. Tsarin Yanayi na Kan Zyo ya shahara saboda kasancewarsa ta farko a Vietnam wanda ya karɓi matsayin biosphere. Sabili da haka, an lura da aikin masana kimiyyar Vietnam wanda ya mayar da yanayin da ya lalace gaba ɗaya yayin yaƙin tare da Amurka.
Ginin Gina a Kan Yanayin Yanayin Zina
Tsarin halittar Mangrove talaka ne mara kyau: bishiyoyin da suke samarda su suna da yawa ne - Rhizophora, Brugiera, Avicennia, Sonneratia. Ta yaya wannan ya bambanta da yanayin halittun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi (wadanda ba na dabbobi ba), inda ake ƙidaya ɗaruruwan bishiyoyi! Dukkanin bishiyoyin da ke cikin bishiyoyi sun kasance halophytes (daga tsohuwar Girkanci. Αλζ - 'gishiri' da ϕυτον - 'shuka'), wato, suna da abubuwan daidaitawa waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe rayuwa akan abubuwan da ke ƙunshe da adadin gishiri. Ana nuna su da launin fata, ganye mai wuya; a cikin wasu nau'in, glandar-gurnatattun kayan gishiyoyi suna kan su, suna bawa tsirran ya rabu da yawan gishiri.
Mangroves a babban tashe (sama) da ƙarancin juji. Anan da kasa hoton marubucin
Itatuwa a nan suna ƙarƙashin tasirin ebb da gudana, saboda haka sun dace da wannan canjin yanayi ta hanyar "sa" tushen tushen a bangarorin ɓangarorin. A tsawan hauhawa, gandun daji bai banbanta da irin yadda aka saba da mu a latitude. Lokacin da ruwa ya koma baya, sai ciyawar ta kama da kallo mai ban dariya - duk bishiyoyi sun tsaya akan waɗannan "sandunan". Oneaya daga cikin manyan masana akan tsire-tsire na tsiro-tsibi G. Walter ya ba da bayanin:
“Tushen lentil na wadannan tsayayyen Tushen, ko pneumatophores, an soke shi da irin wannan kananan ramuka wanda zasu kyale iska kawai, amma ba ruwa. A yayin tashin hankali, lokacin da aka rufe pneumatophores da ruwa gabaɗa, oxygen ɗin da ke cikin wayoyin intercellular ana kashewa don numfashi, kuma an ƙirƙiri matsin lamba, tunda carbon dioxide, wanda ke narkewa cikin sauƙi a ruwa, yana tserewa. Da zaran a low rafin Tushen ya bayyana a saman ruwa, matsin lambar yana daidaita, kuma tushen ya fara tsotse cikin iska. Don haka, a cikin pneumophores akwai canje-canje na lokaci-lokaci a cikin abun da ke cikin iskar oxygen, synchronous ga rudowar tides ”[3, p. 176–178].
Tushen tushen bishiyoyin mangoro waɗanda aka fallasa su da ƙananan tasirin
Wani karbuwa ga wanzuwar bishiyoyin mangoro shine sabon yanayin rayuwa mai rai. Abubuwansu suna shuka kai tsaye akan tsire-tsire na uwa (seedlings sune 0.5-1 m tsawo) sannan kawai sai su raba. Fadowa, ko dai su tsaya cikin murfin tare da nauyi mai kauri, mara nauyi, ko kuma, ruwa ya dauke su, ana tura su zuwa wasu sassan lardin, inda suke kafe a cikin kasa ambaliyar ruwa koyaushe. Tun da haɓakar tsire-tsire na mangrove yana faruwa a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci (saboda bambancin tasirin ruwa da gudana), yana yiwuwa a gano canji a cikin nau'in mamaye, saboda takamaiman fasalin mazaunan, galibi - taro na salts. Misali, wakilan halittar Avicenna mafi gishiri a cikin dukkan tsirrai masu ciyawa. A akasin wannan, tsire-tsire na kwayoyin Sonneratia kar a yarda da tarwatsewar gishiri fiye da abin da yake da ruwan teku.
Game da dabino - sanannen wakilin shuka ne na shuka bishiyoyi
Baya ga bishiyoyi irin na mangoro na yau da kullun, wannan yanayin an shuka shi da irin wannan shuka mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda dabino ke faruwa (Nypa fruticans) daga cikin itacen dabino (Arecaceae), wanda ke samar da tsintsin tsintsiya mai tsayi wanda ya taɓar da daruruwan kilomitoci a kusa da bakin teku da kuma kan iyakar kogin silty daga Sri Lanka zuwa Ostiraliya. Bayyanar bisharar ta zama ta musamman: an bambanta shi da bunƙasa kyawawan ganye mai haske mai haske tare da petioles mai ƙarfi na silili. Wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar nativean asalin ƙasar. Ana amfani dashi don samar da ruwan inabi, sukari, barasa, gishiri, fiber. A game da ganyayyaki abune mai kyau na rufi, ana amfani da ganyayyaki don sutura, kuma ana amfani da busassun petioles a matsayin man kwalliya da filayen jirgin ruwa domin kamun kifi.
Mangroves wata irin duniya ce wacce take da nau'ikan nau'ikan shuka da rayuwar dabbobi waɗanda suka banbanta da ita. A cikin ciyawar “wadatattun hanyoyi” na ƙasa da mazaunan teku. A kan rawanin bishiyoyi, mazauna gandun daji sun shiga teku, tare da laka zuwa ga ƙasar da suke motsawa, gwargwadon salinity na ruwa, dabbobi masu ruwa.
Mafi halayen dabbar dazuzzuka daga cikin gandun daji na ciyawar ana iya samun su ta ƙarancin rafi, lokacin da aka fallasa tushen daskararrun tushensu A kan wa annan Tushen masu kama kifaye masu ban dariya suna son yin amfani da lokaci (tsayin jikinsu bai wuce 25 cm ba) tare da babban taurin kai, da idanuwa masu kauri kamar kwaro, daskararru mai kauri (Periophthalmus schlosseri), wakilan dangi iri daya (Periophthalmidae) na tsari na perciformes (Perciformes). Abu mafi ban mamaki shine cewa waɗannan kifayen suna cinye mafi yawan lokacinsu akan ƙasa. Zasu iya ɗaukar oxygen ba kawai a cikin ruwa ba, tare da taimakon kwayoyi, amma kuma kai tsaye daga iska mai sauƙin yanayi - ta hanyar fata da godiya ga ƙwayar jijiyoyin jiki na musamman.
A takaice, ruwan tabar wiwi ana iya ganin ko'ina a cikin mangoro. Dogaro kan ƙusoshin ƙananan halittu, kamar tsintsiya, kifin da sauri ya yi tsalle tare da ƙwanƙwasa ko hau kan bishiran bishiyoyin, don su iya rarrafe har zuwa mafi girman ci gaban mutum. Lum jumpers suna cike da jin kunya kuma idan mutum ya bayyana, nan take ya ɓace a cikin mink. Launin launuka masu kariya (launin launin toka-launin toka tare da duhu) yana basu damar kare kansu daga tsuntsayen ganima. Kwanta a kan snag, turɓayar laka yana da matukar wuya a lura, saboda haka ya haɗu da asalin gaba ɗaya. Babban haɗari ga matattarar laka ana wakilta ta herons, waɗanda ke yawo da lalata kuma suna kama gwanayen kifaye a rana tare da dogon baki.
Bijimai na Mangrove da yawa a Kan Zyo suna da alaƙa da laka da laka a ciki da waje.Boleophthalmus boddarti) daga dangin goby (Gobiidae), waɗanda ke jagorantar rayuwa iri ɗaya.
Itace tarkacen tekuna na wurare masu zafi (gami da tsirrai daga ciki) suna zaune ne da dabbobin da ke da bambanci, abin da ake kira alluring crabs (HALITTAR) Uca), wanda ya kasance a cikin tsari na decapods (Decapoda) na aji na crustaceans (Crustacea). Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan (faɗin harsashi na 1 cm cm) waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasa mai siliki a cikin manyan yankuna: a kan murabba'i ɗaya ɗaya sau sau 50 ko sama da haka, ƙyallen ɗayansu suna rayuwa a kowane. Wadannan dabbobin sunyi fice kwarai yayin da maza, tare da babban kambori, suke yin rikice-rikice masu motsa jiki, bunkasa su da rusa shi. A cikin maza, launi da babban kambori yawanci yakan bambanta da launi na carapace, har da ƙasa, wanda ke sa motsin ƙawancen ya zama sananne. Da fari dai, ta wannan hanyar maza suna tsoratar da wasu mazan, suna sanar da su cewa wannan sashin yana mamaye shi, idan wasu maza ba su mai da hankali ga gargadi suka mamaye yankin wani ba, rikici zai tashi tsakanin mai shi da baƙo. Abu na biyu, yayin balaga, yawan jan hankalin maza suna jan hankalin mata.
Yawancin ɓoyayyen dabbobin mafarauta ne, sun sami dabbobin da yawa (mollusks, echinoderms), suna tsagewa ko murkushe ganimarsu da ƙyallen, sannan a nika shi da gulma a ci. Idan akwai wani hadari, duk abubuwan fasa kwauri suna cikin aminci kuma suna boyewa nan take cikin matsuguni, kuma suna hango mutum a wani kusan nisan mil 10 sannan ya sanarda kawayensu game da hadarin, da harba kogi a kasa. Ana karɓar siginar koda lokacin da ɓoyayyun halittun ba su ga juna ba.
Crabs ya kamata da hankali - akwai da yawa mafarauta anan. Da farko dai, wadannan sune macaques Crachaater (Macaca fascicularis) - maimakon manyan birai, suna kaiwa tsawon 65 cm, tare da fararen gashin baki da raɗa a cikin manya da dogayen wutsiya, har zuwa rabin mita. Da zaran ka tsallake shinge da ke kewaye da wurin ajiyewar, nan da nan za ka ga kanka yana kewaye da masassarar masara. Amma kada ku ji tsoro, suna da kama da sihiri, an saba da su yanzu, don haka suna zagayawa baƙi, wasu ma suna ƙoƙarin tsalle-tsalle a kafaɗa. Amma kada a yi hanin, kar a bar kyamarar ko tabarau a kan benci - ba za su sata shi nan take ba, kuma gwamnatin ba za ta rama wannan asarar ba. Wadannan birai suna zaune a cikin manyan iyalai, suna jagorantar rayuwa biyu ko kuma yanayin rayuwar ƙasa. Ayyuka a cikin macaques shine kullun. Suna ciyar da abinci iri-iri da dabbobi daban-daban, gami da ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyin wuta. Wadannan birai sun sami sunan su bisa ga dalilai: tarkacewa sune maganin da suka fi so. Biran Crustacean da ke yawo a bakin teku ana bin su yayin da suke zaune a kan bishiya, a bakin kogi ko teku. Daga nan sai su sauka a hankali su sauka zuwa ga katako tare da dutse a hannunsu, busa kakkarye harsashin wanda aka azabtar da shi suka ci.
Cakuda-yawan cin abinci. A cikin hanyar ajiya, waɗannan dabbobin basu da tsoron tsoron baƙi.
Tabbas, a matsayina na likitan dabbobi, na fi sha'awar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Ba za a iya kwatanta ƙimar herpetofauna “Kan Zyo” ba amma za a iya kwatanta shi da ajiyar da ke cikin keɓaɓɓun yanayin yanki. Akwai nau'ikan 24 a cikin Kukfong (mafi kyawun nau'ikan nau'o'in lizards a Arewacin Vietnam), a cikin Kat Thien da Fukuok (reshe na yanayi a Kudancin Vietnam) - fiye da nau'ikan 20 [6, 7]. A Kan Zyo, duk da haka, kawai nau'in lizard da suka dace da rayuwa ta yanayin halittu daban-daban, gami da nau'in anthropogenic, ana iya samun su kawai a duk faɗin ƙasar (kuma galibi kusan ko'ina cikin Kudu maso gabas Asia). Gidan geckos daga abubuwan halittar Hemidactylus Suna zaune a yalwace a cikin gidaje da kuma a jikin rassan bishiyoyi. Igiyoyin Gecko (Gekko gecko) kusan ko'ina (banda tuddai) na Vietnam suna ba da kasancewa tare da kukan halayyar "ta-ke, ta-ke." Jinin jiniKalori) - talakawa mazaunan yankunan karkara na Vietnam - tare da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci, zauna a tsaye kan raging da hanyoyi na katako waɗanda ke haɗa gidajen. Daga cikin bambance-bambancen a cikin sanuna na kasar, dangin giya - scincidae (Scincidae) - a Kan Zyo zaka iya lura da ƙarancin hasken rana wanda ya dace da rayuwa kusa da ɗan adam daga yanayin halittar mutum. Eutropis, kamar dai musamman suna nuna fifikon kowane yanki mai wuya. Na yi magana game da masu ba da kyautar ga waɗannan nau'in, salon rayuwarsu da halayensu a cikin wani littafin da ya gabata wanda aka ƙaddamar da Vietnam.
Zina mai son jini (hagu) da kuma daskararren hasken rana
Yunkuna biyu na jinsuna suna zaune a Vietnam: combed (Kocin mahaifa) da Siamese (C. siamensis) Saltwater - mafi girma (har zuwa 7 m a tsawon) wakilin warewa da kuma ɗayan croan karnukan da ke dacewa da rayuwa a cikin ruwan gishiri. Zai iya haifar da mummunar barazana ga masu kulawa da marasa kulawa: akwai lokuta lokacin da aka samo waɗannan karnukan teku a cikin teku, ɗaruruwan kilomita daga bakin tekun mafi kusa. Macijin Siamese yana da ƙanƙanta fiye da kayan girki, ba ya fi tsayi tsawon mil 3. Ba ya iyo a cikin teku, amma ana iya ganinsa akai-akai a tashoshin Can Zyo.
Crowatsun Siamese. A cikin Hanyar Halittar Can Zyo, ana iya lura dasu a cikin mazauninsu na asali.
Dukkan jinsunan jinsi na duniya suna cikin haɗari, kuma a cikin duk ƙasashen da suke zaune, waɗannan dokokin suna kiyaye waɗannan dabbobi. Babu banda da Vietnam. A cikin daji, kusan babu crocodiles anan, suna rayuwa ne akasari akan gonaki, inda ake birgima don nishaɗin yawon bude ido, kuma don samun fata da ake amfani da ita don sana'a iri daban-daban (wallets, maɓallin kewayawa, da sauransu). Amma ɗabi'ar Kan Zyo tana ɗaya daga cikin fewan wurare a Vietnam inda za a iya ganin karnuka ba wai saboda shingewar wuraren da ke saman shugabannin baƙi da yawa ba, amma a cikin yanayinsu na asali. A bayyane yake cewa a duk lokacin da suka sauka a kan gabar ruwa, ba za su mirgine ku a kan wani jirgin ruwa mai rauni ba. Koyaya, a wurare da yawa na ajiyar kaya, ana saukar da daskararrun katako (ɗaya kamar haɗa gidajen gidaje) a kan manyan duwatsun, wanda zaku iya tafiya tare, lura da karnuka daga nesa kusa da nesa kuma kada ku ji tsoro don rayuwar ku.
Tabbas, ba za a iya kwatanta dajin dajin mangoro da dazuzzuka na ruwan sama dangane da wadataccen fauna da flora. Amma duniyar sa ta musamman ce ba tare da ziyartar wannan sabon yanayin ba, ba za ku iya faɗi da cikakken tabbaci: “Ee, na karanta" Littafin Jungle "".
Nazarin filayen a Kan Yanayin Yanayi na Kan Zyo ya sami goyan baya daga Cibiyar Binciko da Fasaha ta Rasha da Vietnamese.
Littattafai
1. Bocharov B.V. Bayanin Tushe. M., 2002.
2. Bobrov V.V. A cikin Mulkin Flying Dragons // Yanayi. 2016, 8: 60-68.
3. Walter G. Yankunan maɓuɓɓugan wurare masu ban tsoro // Ciyayi na duniya: halayen muhalli da ilimin halin mutum. M., 1968, 1.
4. Shubnikov D.A. Iyalin siliman jumpers (Periophthalmidae) // Rayuwar dabbobi. A cikin 6 t. Ed. T. S. Russ. M., 1971, 4 (1): 528-529.
5. Bobrov V.V. Lizards na Kukfyong National Park (North Vietnam) // Sovr. maganin dabbobi. 2003, 2: 12-23.
6. Bobrov V.V. Hadin gwiwar halayen lizards (Reptilia, Sauria) na al'adu daban-daban na kudancin Vietnam // Nazarin yanayin kasa na Vietnam / Ed. L.P. Korzun, V.V. Rozhnov, M.V. Kalyakin. M., Hanoi, 2003: 149-166.
7. Bobrov V.V. Lizards na Phu Quoc National Park // Kayan kayan aikin tsirrai da kayan maye a tsibirin Phu Quoc, Kudancin Vietnam. Ed. M.V. Kalyakin. M., Hanoi, 2011, 68-79.
8. Dao Van Tien. A kan gano asalin kunkuru da kunkuru na Vietnamese // Matsa Chi Sinh Vat Hoc. 1978, 16 (1): 1-2. (a cikin Vietnamese).
Yi zurfi cikin cikin cikin ciyawar
Mangrove flora wani tunani ne mai sabani: akwai kusan nau'in tsiro saba'in daga iyalai goma sha biyu, daga cikinsu akwai dabino, hibiscus, holly, plumbago, acanthus, myrtle da wakilan Legumes na takin gargajiya. Tsawonsu ya banbanta: zaku iya samun ɗan itacen ƙazanta mai rarrafewa, da bishiyoyi, suna kaiwa tsayin mita sittin.
Ga mazaunan yankuna na bakin teku na ƙasashe masu zafi, mangoro sune manyan kantuna, kantin magani, da shagunan katako.
A duniyarmu, an rarraba gandun daji na mangoro musamman a kudu maso gabashin Asiya - wannan yanki an dauki al'adar mahaifarsu. Koyaya, yanzu dabbobin suna cikin wurare daban-daban na duniya. Yawancin lokaci ana samun su ba fiye da digiri talatin daga masu siye ba, amma akwai da dama musamman jinsin jinsunan da suka sami damar daidaita da yanayin yanayi. Ofaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan bishiyoyi sun girma kuma yana nesa da rana mai zafi - a New Zealand.
Mangroves suna da inganci mai mahimmanci: duk inda suka girma, koyaushe suna dacewa da yanayin gida. Kowane wakilin gidan mangoro yana da tsarin tushen hadaddun tsarinsa da kuma keɓantacciyar ikon iya tacewa, ƙyale shi ya kasance a cikin ƙasa mai cike da gishiri. Idan ba tare da wannan tsarin ba, zai zama da wahala ga mangoro su rayu a cikin kunkuntar yankin da yake da faɗi. Yawancin tsire-tsire suna da tushen numfashi-huhu ta hanyar abin da oxygen ke shiga. Sauran Tushen ana kiransu "stilted" kuma ana amfani dasu azaman goyan baya a cikin laushi mai laushi. Tsarin tushe mai ƙarfi yana riƙe da laka wanda kogunan ke ɗauke da su, kuma kututturen bishiyoyi da rassa basa barin raƙuman ruwan teku su lalata tekun.
Mangroves suna yin aiki na musamman - samuwar ƙasa. 'Yan asalin Arewacin Ostiraliya har ma suna gano wasu nau'in halittar dabbobi daban-daban tare da magabata na asali mai suna Giyapara. Wani tsohuwar tatsuniya ta faɗi cewa ya yi yawo cikin birgima da yawo a cikin duniya da waƙoƙi.
Nosy da birrai suna wucewa ta cikin tsintsiyar tsohuwar tushe a cikin gandun dajin Baban na Malaysia
Gwanayen wannan nau'in halittar da akasari na halitta sunkai kimanin mutane dubu takwas, kuma suna zaune ne kawai a tsibirin Kalimantan. Yawan bishiyoyin dabbobi da yawa sun zama gida ga dabbobin da ke cikin hadari - daga damisa mai girma da tsintsaye har zuwa raguna.
Inshora daga COVID-19
An fara tambayar batun kiyaye gandun daji a shekarar 2004, bayan mummunar tsunami a Tekun Indiya. An ba da shawarar cewa mangoro su yi aiki a matsayin ruwan da ke lalatacciyar hanya wacce ke kare gabar tekun daga raƙuman ruwa, rage yuwuwar lalacewa da kuma yiwuwar ceton rayuka. Zai yi kama da cewa waɗannan muhawara za su isa don kare ragamar, wanda ya daɗe yana ɗaukar garkuwar ɗan adam.
Sashin Sundarban da ke gabar kogin Bengal shima hidimar ruwa ne. Wannan itace gandun daji mafi girma a duniya (kimanin kilomita dubu 10) da ke a Bangladesh da Indiya. Mangroves kuma suna hana lalacewar ƙasa da kuma hana adana ruwan ƙasa.
Ko da yaushe Bangladesh tana bin ƙa'idar tsari iri-iri. Wannan kasa mara kyau wacce ke gabar Tekun Bengal wacce ke da yawan mutane 875 a kowace murabba'in kilomita kilomita gaba daya ba ta da kariya a gaban teku don haka tana bin kifayen dabbobi, tabbas sun fi sauran jihohi. Ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi a cikin Ganges, Brahmaputra da Meghna deltas, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Himalayas, Bangladesh ta sami kadada fiye da hekta dubu 125 na yankunan ƙasa. A baya can, bai taɓa faruwa ga kowa ba don dasa bishiyar halittar dabbobi - sun girma cikin gida daban-daban tun lokacin da. Ana kiran sunayen matattarar ƙasa da ke cikin Ganges delta suna Sundarban, wanda ke nufin "kyakkyawan gandun daji." A yau shine mafi girman shingen gandun daji a duniya.
A cikin katako mai yawa na gandun daji, bishiyoyi suna girma kusa da juna, suna samar da lamuran mai ban tsoro. Wasu daga cikinsu sun kai mita goma sha takwas a tsayi, kuma "bene" na wannan ƙirar ya haifar da fashewar ƙaƙƙarfan haɓakar ƙaho tare da Tushen numfashi. Lokacin farin ciki kamar kaho na barewa, Tushen ya tashi daga sludge santimita talatin. Suna da haɗin kai sosai wanda wani lokacin ba zai yiwu a sa ƙafa a tsakanin su ba. A cikin mafi yawan wuraren bushewa, ana samun nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu girma-ganye - ganyayyakinsu sun zama launin shuɗi kafin lokacin damina. Sikairƙiri mai walƙiya a cikin inuwar rawanin rawanin. Nan da nan sai ya sake firgita cikin tsoro, yana jin kukan mai maca maca - wannan alama ce ta hatsari. Itatuwan katako sun zube a cikin manyan rassan. Crabs suna dwarming a cikin ganye ganye. Anan malam buɗe ido yana zaune a reshe, wanda ake wa lakabi da hankaka 'Sundarban. Coal launin toka, tare da fuka-fukai na fararen fata, yakan ci gaba da buɗe fikafikan sa.
Lokacin da yamma ta sauko, gandun daji cike da sauti, amma tare da farkon duhu komai ya natsu. Duhu yana da majibinci. A dare, Tiger yana mulki mafi kyau a nan. Wadannan gandun daji shine mafaka ta ƙarshe, wuraren farauta da gida don damisa Bengal. Dangane da al'adun gargajiya, sunansa na ainihi - bagh - ba za a iya furta shi ba: tiger koyaushe yana zuwa ga wannan kiran. Dabbobin da ake dasu anan ana kiransu kalmar ƙauna - wacce take ma'anar "kawuna." Uncle tiger, maigidan Sundarbana.
Kowace shekara, kusan rabin miliyan Bangladeshis, a hadarin haushin “kawunan akuyar”, suna zuwa kyautar ta Sundarban don kyautuka masu yawan gaske waɗanda za'a iya samu anan kawai. Masunta da katako masu ɓoye suna bayyana, masu daddale suna zuwa ganyen dabino don rufin gidaje, masu tattara namun daji suna yawo. Makonni da yawa, waɗannan masu aiki tuƙuru suna zaune a cikin gandun daji don tattara aƙalla wani ɓangare na dukiyar dajin kuma su taimaka don aikinsu a kasuwa.
Dukiyar da ke cikin Sundarbana cike take da tarin dukiya. Bayan yawancin nau'ikan abincin teku da fruitsa ,an itace, kayan abinci don magunguna, tinctures daban-daban, ana fitar da sukari anan, kuma ana amfani da itace azaman mai. Anan za ku iya samun komai, har ma da kayan aikin don samar da giya da sigari.