Sunan Latin: | Lagopus murus |
Squad: | Kayan |
Iyali: | Girma |
ZABI: | Bayanin jinsunan Turai |
Bayyanar mutum da hali. Babban yankin ƙasa ya fi ƙanana da slimmer fiye da farin jarin, tsawon tsayin 34-39 cm, fuka-fuki 51-60 cm, nauyi 243-610 g, bakin ciki ya fizge da farin ciki fiye da na farin farin jakar.
Gasar tsibiri L. m. almara ya bambanta da manya-manyan girma - girma fiye da farin jakar.
Yana haifar da mafi yawan hanyar rayuwa. Yana motsawa tare da matakan jinkiri ko gajerar hanya tare da tsayawa akai-akai, wanda hakan ke sa ya zama sananne. Jirgin yana da sauƙi da sauri, halayen ɗaya ne da na sauran amarya: m flapping madadin tare da shiryawa akan shimfida fuka-fuki. Gabaɗaya, ƙasa da jin kunya fiye da kayan girki.
Bayanin. A lokacin hunturu, kusan fari fari sai dai gashin fuka-fukan wutsiya (gashin tsuntsaye na tsakiyar zama fari). Bugu da kari, a cikin namiji, wani bakar fata na budewa daga kusurwar bakin ta ido. A farkon farawar, namiji ya kasance mafi fari fari, fuka-fukai masu launuka ne kawai suka bayyana a kai da kafadu, gira mai haske mai haske sosai tana buɗe ido. Tushen lokacin bazara shine launin shuɗi-mai launin toka tare da kunkuntar (marairaicewa) yanayin launin baki mai launi. Abun ciki kuma mafi yawan fikafikan suna zama fari. A saman kai, yanayin jujjuyawar duhu shine mafi yawan lokuta ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da na maƙwabta na maƙwabta, a sakamakon abin da makogwaron ya yi haske sosai - ya yi kyau. Umarfafawar tsuntsayen a cikin kaka mai tsari iri ɗaya, amma tare da kyakkyawan tsarin juzu'in tsuntsaye, a sakamakon abin da tsuntsun yake nesa dashi kusan kusan monophonic. Makwancin ya zama duhu. A cikin kaka, launi na namiji ya fi launin toka da uniform.
Mace ba ta da suturar bazara ta matsakaici; launin rani na kwane-kwane na mace mai launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi tare da manyan launuka masu duhu da tabo a bayanta, sakamakon abin da canza launin alama ke da bambanci sosai fiye da ta kayan mata.
Kayan tsuntsayen yara a tsari da launi yayi kama da kayan bazara na maza - ƙasan fata mai launin fata tana da ƙanƙanta fiye da ta mace. Abun ciki farin ciki ne, tare da kusan babu alamun alamun mottles mai duhu. Launi na kajin kawunannan yayi kama da na kajin tsintsiyar, duk da haka, raunin baƙar fata a saman sashin jiki yayi kama da fadi.
Babban yankin jinsi na wannan nau'in ya bambanta da farin jakar a cikin manyan kannuna, karin siririn da karamin baki. A cikin hunturu, alamar halayyar maza ita ce baƙar fata ta ido. A lokacin rani da damina, mazaunin jama'ar Turai ke bambanta su da launi mai launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi. Wani nau'in matsi wanda aka fasalta kama da na farin farin kaya, wannan jinsin bai. Matan ƙabilar Turawa ana rarrabe su ta hanyar ƙara yawan saurin girki da rashin sautin ocher. An bambanta kananan tsuntsaye ta hanyar canza launi, ƙaramar launin shuɗi tare da farin launi na ciki.
Wata murya. Muryar namiji namiji ce mai fasalin katako "kohrrrau". Songaunar ta namiji ta fi tsayi kuma ta ƙunshi maimaita ɗimbin yawa da alamomi iri ɗaya. Muryar mace tayi daidai da na farin abincinta.
Matsayi na Rarraba. Tana zaune a tundra da tsaunukan Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka (Alaska, arewacin Kanada). A cikin yankin Turai na Rasha, yana zaune a Kola Peninsula, arewacin Urals, da kuma a tsibiran tarin tsibirin Franz Josef Land (L. m. almara) An rarrabe shi akai-akai kuma yana da karanci a yawancin wurare, lambar tana ƙarƙashin mahimmancin canzawa. Yanayin motsi na yanayi ya bambanta a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban. A yankuna da yawa, musamman akan Franz Josef Land, suka zauna. A arewacin Siberiya, tana iya tashi tsawon kilomita 500 zuwa tsayi. A cikin tsaunuka don hunturu ta gangara cikin kwarin kogi.
Rayuwa. Yana zaune a kan tuddai a tsakanin furannin dutse mai cike da daskararren ciyawa, a cikin tsaunuka, a kudu na kewayon, a saman iyakar daji. A cikin hunturu, rarrabawa ta mazauninsu an ƙaddara ta wadatar abinci. A cikin kaka da hunturu, ana sawa cikin ƙaramin garke, kungiyoyi ko nau'i-nau'i, ta farkon farawa ya zama cikakkiyar ƙasa. Cocking ya hada da tashi tare da wani mawuyacin yanayin da ya haura da zuriyarsa, da kuma zanga-zangar kusa da mace a doron kasa. A cikin hunturu, yana barci a cikin ɗakin dusar ƙanƙara. Namiji yana da hannu cikin zabin da kariya daga wuraren girke-girke, kuma mace tana cikin aikin ginin gida da kwanciyar hankali. Wasu maza suna da hannu a cikin jan tutar.
Gida - karamin rami mai laushi na ciyawa da fuka-fukan tsuntsaye a wani fili da yake da tsiro da ƙananan ciyayi, a tsakanin duwatsun ko, ƙasa da kullun, ciyawa ko ƙwanƙwasa gansakuka. Clutch yawanci yana da qwai 6-9, an rufe shi, kamar fararen burushi, tare da duhu aibobi. Tsawon shekara guda yakan sarrafa zuriya ɗaya sau ɗaya. Dalilin abincin hunturu shine budsanyen fure da harbe-harbe na ire-iren nau'ikan willows da birches, harbe da ganyen magarya, da alder da catch catkins. A lokacin rani, yana cin ƙarancin ganye da ƙarin tsaba (idan aka kwatanta da farin jakar), kazalika da ciyawar albashi na fure, furanni na ciyayi, mai tushe, ganye da kuma berries na huɗa.
Partauki ɗan kwalliya (Lagopus murus)
MAGANGANAN NA'ARAR
A kan manyan, fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsu, sassan tundra suna motsawa marasa ƙarfi ko da cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi. A ƙarshen lokacin rani, barrantar molt - suna canza kayan bazara zuwa dusar ƙanƙara mai-fari, kawai ƙarshen jela ya kasance baƙar fata, kuma namiji yana da bakin gado mai duhu daga baki zuwa ido. A lokacin bazara, guntun gadoji sun fara motse, bayan wannan ne kawai tukakkun fikafikan su da kuma gefen jikin su kasance farare, kuma an rufe dukkanin sassan jikinsa da fuka-fukan da launin toka da launin toka da baki. A ƙarshen bazara, mace ta fara molt na uku - maɗaukinta ya zama launin ruwan kasa, mai launin shuɗi tare da ratsi mai duhu. A cikin wannan rigar, tsuntsun ba shi da ganuwa a kan gida.
MENENE Abincin
Abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, kamar sauran wakilai na kaji, tsuntsaye ne masu yawa, amma wani lokacin ma sukan ci abinci iri iri. Ana samun abincin Bird a ƙasa. A cikin hunturu, musamman ma a cikin shekarun dusar ƙanƙara, suna fitowa a cikin gandun daji kuma yawanci sukan kashe don neman abinci don bishiyoyi. Tsuntsayen sun tono dusar ƙanƙara, kuma suna ƙoƙarin zama a wuraren ciyar da reindeer a cikin hunturu. A cikin hunturu, suna ciyar da ganye, rassan, da 'yan kunne. A cikin bazara - berries na bara da ganye, a lokacin rani - ɓangaren tsire-tsire na kore, 'ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba. A cikin kaka, tushen abincin da tundra keɓaɓɓe shine berries.
Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin
Partridge tundra gari ne na mazaunin Arctic da tsaunin dutse-lichen tundra na arewacin USSR da adadin tsaunuka da yawa na Siberiya, suna jagoranci yanayin rayuwa. Wannan shi ne ɗayan ƙananan tsuntsaye a cikin iyali (kawai shi fari ne mai launin fari, L. leucurus, mazaunin subalpine da beline na Dutsen Rocky a Arewacin Amurka, wanda mafi yawan fararen launuka ne a mafi yawan shekara kuma kawai sanye ne da kayan farin gashi, mai launin shuɗi). Ya yi kama da fari na jakar farin ruwa, kuma a wuraren da suke zama, da waɗannan nau'ikan suna da rikice-rikice iri biyu. An bayyana babban bambance-bambancen su a sama, a cikin takarda kan farin jakar.
Ptarmigan, kamar farin jigon, yana haifar da rayuwar rayuwa ta ƙasa, ciyar da safe da maraice da kuma hutawa a tsakiyar rana a ƙarƙashin murfin duwatsu ko bishiyoyi. Yana motsawa a ƙasa a cikin matakai ko gajerar datse, yana tsayawa kullun kuma wani lokacin daskarewa na dogon lokaci ba tare da motsi ba, wanda tare da launi mai kariya yana sa ya zama babu makawa. Jirgin yana da sauƙin, yana da sauri, amma iri ɗaya ne kamar sauran na baƙar fata - jerin hanyoyin saurin canzawa tare da saukar da fikafikan su ƙasa kuma sun yi ƙasa. Wannan wani tsuntsu ne mai yawan shuru, kuma kawai a lokacin tarawar da namiji yakan gabatar da abin da ya sa a yayinsa, kuma zai iya tunawa da lalatacciyar hanya ta kofar da ta lalace.
Bayanin
Canza launi. Namiji manya. A cikin riguna na hunturu - duk fararen fata, ban da gashin fuka-fukan wutsiya (fararen fata ne kawai), launin fata yana fitowa daga kusurwar bakin ta ido, baƙar fata da baki. A cikin gashin fuka-fukan baƙar fata akwai fararen fata masu launin apical, mafi faɗi akan nau'i na biyu kuma sun ɓace akan 8th. Kayayyakin bazara na namiji yayin lokacin dabbar (daga ƙarshen Afrilu zuwa ƙarshen Mayu) ya bambanta da hunturu ɗaya kawai a gaban gashin fuka-fuka-fuka daban a kai da kafadu, gaba ɗaya yana rufe bakin da wuya kawai. Daga cikin wadannan mottles baƙar fata, ratsin madogarar a gaban ido ya zama ba za'a iya lura dashi ba. Kayan bazara na tasowa a ƙarshen Yuni kuma ana sawa har zuwa tsakiyar Satumba. Wannan shine mafi girman kayan da aka canza launin wanda yake rufe kusan jikin tsuntsu. Sai kawai cikin ciki kuma mafi yawan gashin fuka-fukan fikafikan su zauna fari, ban da 4-6 ƙananan ƙwayoyin ciki na ciki, manyan katako na ciki, kuma kusan dukkanin katako, sai dai matattara. Gabaɗayan launuka na sama na jikin mutum sune launin toka, tare da baƙar fata da fararen rabe-raben furanni ta hanyar filayen apical da farin kannun fuka-fukai.
Yawancin gashin fuka-fukan suna dauke da siket mai launin shuɗi-jet akan launin toka. Tsuntsu da gefuna na wuyansa - a cikin fararen fari da launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi wanda aka kafa ta hanyar ramuka a ɓangarorin sama na gashinsa. Launi mai launin toka tare da rawaya mai bakin ciki mai launin rawaya shima ya mamaye kirji, amma yawancin gashin fuka-fukai suna da bambancin launuka masu launin fari da fari tare da fararen fari. Hakanan bangarorin jikin an kuma zana su. Fuka-fukan murfin sama na wutsiya ma nau'ikan biyu ne - launin toka mai bakin ciki mai walƙiya mai haske da raɗaɗi, tare da sauya launuka mai launin shuɗi mai duhu da rawaya mai launin shuɗi, mai kyau da aka furta a cikin ɓangaren gashin gashin. Tsarin furannin da aka ɗauka yana da ma'amala ne kawai ga gashin fuka-fukan da suka fara girma a watan Yuni - Yuli, kuma gashin fuka-fukan da suka girma daga baya suna ɗauka ta hanyar ƙira. Hannun mata biyu na gashin kai da gashin fuka-fukan suna rufe shi da launin toka mai duhu, tare da kunkuntar farin madaidaicin shinge da ƙaramin ƙaura, wani lokacin suna haɗawa cikin filayen baƙar fata a tsakiyar ɓangaren gashin gashin tsuntsu. Launin gashin fuka-fikan launuka shima launin toka ne, mai kaurin bakin ciki da bakin kogunan fari. Kawai akan reshe na tsakiya na ciki shine tsarin jujjuyawar iska mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗin rawaya da rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Namiji a cikin kayan kaka (Satumba - Oktoba) an yi masa zane mai daidaituwa, a cikin babban launi mai launin shuɗi tare da yanayin bakin ciki mai launin fata ko launin shuɗi. Abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan kayan sun cakuda gashin fuka-fukine da damuna kawai akan bangon baya da kirji. A kai, wanda yake da tsarin motsled mara wuya, gashinsa na lokacin bazara, kuma a saman farin gashin fuka-fukan hunturu tuni sun fara girma. Tushen gashin gashin kaka suna yawanci fari.
Mace a cikin hunturu kaya. Hakanan farare ne kuma yawanci bashi da fararen fata ta ido. Sai kawai a cikin mafi yawan mazaunan arewa (arewacin Greenland, Svalbard), yawancin mata a cikin farkon hunturu suna da rukunin baƙi, kodayake ba a sarari ba, an gano su da fararen fata kuma ba sa bin ido (Salomonsen, 1939, Johnsen, 1941). A Arewacin Alaska da Scandinavia, kawai 21.1-34.3% na mata suna da irin wannan ƙungiya (Weeden, 1964, Pulliainen, 1970a). Mace ba su da kayan marmari da kuma lokacin da za su saka, nan da nan sai su saka kayan bazara mai launi iri daban-daban. A baya, launin baƙar fata ya kasance yana haɗe tare da farin launi na madaidaicin huɗun rawaya da rawaya - ƙungiyar maɗaukakiya ta farko. Manyan filayen pre-apical suna haifar da launi mai launi, tare da saman kai da baya suna kallon musamman duhu. Tsarin-tsiri-tsiri mai tsinkaye yana da kyau a bayyane a kan ƙananan baya, nadhvostu da wuya. Bodyanjikin jikinsa yana da wuta saboda ɗayan farin kogunan da raɗaɗin rawaya a jikin gashin fuka-fukan, yana jujjuya duhu mai fiɗa. Yankin goiter ya fi duhu. A lokacin bazara, gashin fuka-fuki ɗaya kamar na namiji kuma gashin tsakiyar gashin gashin tsuntsayen fararen fata ne. A cikin aiwatar da rikice-rikice da fitar da kajin, farin dabbobin gashin gashin ya lalace kuma launikan mata ya zama duhu sosai a ƙarshen Yuli, kuma saman kai da baya ya zama kusan baki. Kaya ta kaka ita ce, kamar maza, cakuda bazara, kaka da daminar hunturu. Gashin tsuntsaye na kaka lokacin yafi kan baya, wuya da kirji. Hasken su ya haskaka sosai da bangon duhu. Gashin furannin kaka har ila yau suna ɗaukar hoto mai laushi mai raɗaɗi na launin rawaya ko gudana a kan launin toka mai launin toka-mai haske. Ba duk gashin tsuntsaye na kaka da ke da farin tushe ba.
Saurayi saurayi (namiji da mace). A cikin farawar manya (faduwar farko), an fentin mai launi sosai. Farin ciki fari, gashin fuka-furucin launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi wanda ke cike da kirji da wuyansa, wanda farinsa ya maye gurbinsa, kuma gashin tsuntsayen farkon fararen kayan ya fara girma a cikin ƙananan kirjin da a gefuna, yayin da kusan babbar jikinta take kusan rufewa. Waɗannan gashin fuka-fukan suna ɗauke da madaidaicin tsarin murɗa launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi akan fagen launin shuɗi da launin baƙar fata a saman fan.
2 Furannin kwari na waje na waje, musamman ma a kudanci mutanen kudu, suna da kananan kalamai masu launin ruwan kasa da tabo a kololuwa. Babban sautin kayan yarin yana da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, tare da launin baki-launin shuɗi a bango (filayen tsaye akan fuka-fukan) da fararen firamn kann fiyyoyin fuka-fukan. A kan ƙananan baya akwai yanayin bakin ciki na ratse mai ratsa jiki, mai ɗaukar hoto a ƙananan baya. Fuka-fukan wutsiyar suna farawa da fararen fararen fata, wadanda suke da fararen launuka masu launin shuɗi, amma yayin da suke shuɗewa, farin kogunan suka ɓace. Oraramin fuka-fukai - tare da fasalin launuka masu launin ruwan ƙasa, waɗanda ke haɗuwa da fuka-fukan nesa kusa cikin wuri guda, suna mamaye fan na ciki. A ƙananan ƙananan tsalle-tsalle na ciki akwai farin triangular apical tabo ko farin kan iyaka. Tsuntsayen Farko-tsuntsu masu launin ruwan kasa, tare da raunin ramuka masu yawa akan webs na waje da ƙananan haske a saman. Hakanan ma fikafikan sutura ta sama ma an ɗaure, tare da farin tabo na apical. A kan ƙananan jikin akwai launin launin fata na ciki da tsari wanda aka saba dashi na wuya, kirji da bangarorin jikin. Yawancin gashin fuka-fukan anan suma suna da fararen fata fari. A cikin kajin samari, gashin fuka-fukan farawa da suka fara girma suna canza launin kwatankwacinsu, launuka suna haske kuma fararen tabarau sun fito fili musamman.
Kaji mai kadan. Launi iri ɗaya ne da na ɗan kuren ciyawar.
Tsarin da girma
Tsayin jikin mutum ya tashi daga 370 --400 a cikin maza da 365-390 a cikin mata. Kwayar jima'i shima ya bayyana kansa da girman reshe da wutsiya, kuma a cikin yawan jama'a da baki, yayin da tsawon yatsar hannu da yatsa na tsakiya kusan iri ɗaya ne a cikin mata da maza. Girma. Maza (n = 285, col. ZIN AN SSSR): reshe 182-216, wutsiya 80-120, tsawon baki 8-13, metatarsus 27-38, yatsa na tsakiya 19-332. Mata (n = 197, col. 'ZIN, USSR Cibiyar Kimiyya): reshe 175-204, wutsiya 82-103, tsawon baki 7.2-12, metatarsus 26-38, yatsa na tsakiya 21-30. Ba a fahimta shekaru da kuzarin yanayi na nauyin jiki. Ta hanyar yanayi, ba ya canzawa kamar yadda yake a cikin fararen hular kwano, kuma yana canzawa galibi tsakanin 440-540.
Yawan tsuntsaye sun fi yawa a ƙarshen kaka, sannu a hankali ya ragu da bazara kuma a cikin maza, ya ɗan ƙara yawa a cikin lokacin pre-nuptial, yana raguwa zuwa ƙarami a tsakiyar bazara, bayan haka kuma ya sake fara girma ta kaka. A cikin mata, saurin yayi yawa a lokacin kwanciya-kwai, bayan haka yayi saurin ragewa zuwa karamin abin da zai faru a cikin farkon makon kajin. Tsuntsayen mutanen arewa mafi yawa ana bambance su da girma da girma. Game da wannan, tundra tarkace wacce ta mamaye tarin tarihin Franz Josef Land da Svalbard, da dai sauransu. Arauna da kasancewa da manyan manya-manyan abubuwan ƙira: adadinsu ya kai 880, i.e., kusan sau biyu fiye da matsakaicin matsakaitan halitta. Girman girma da kuma rabo daga reshe iri ɗaya ne da na fararen fari, amma idan muka yi la’akari da cewa ɗinbin da girman jikin tundra ya yi ƙarami, za su zama kamar fikafikan fiɗe da zama. Matsakaicin sauran sassan jiki iri ɗaya ne da na fari fari, ban da gemun, wanda ya fi kauri da ƙanana. Koyaya, anan zaka iya nemo mutane waɗanda suke da rabo guda na gemu mai tsayi da tsayi kamar yadda fararen fata suke.
Miƙa
Yana gudana a kusan daidai tsarin kamar a farin fararen kaya, kawai lokacin molting bazara ana bayyana shi sosai a cikin maza, yana ɗaukar ƙananan wuraren rutarwa a kai, wuya da kafadu, kuma a mafi yawan popuan arewa bazai iya zama ɗaya ba, kuma maza suna tafiya cikin kayan hunturu (Salomonsen 1950). Ruwan bazara ba tare da hutu ya shiga bazara ba, wanda ya ƙare galibi a farkon watan Yuli, tunda gashin tsuntsaye masu tasowa sun riga sun yi kaka da launuka, misali babu wani rata tsakanin lokacin bazara da lokacin damina na molting. Hemp tare da gashin gashin kaka sun bayyana har zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta, bayan haka farawar gashin fuka-fukan fara, daga fitowa daga ƙarƙashin gashin fuka-fukai a watan Satumba. Daga wannan lokacin, fara farashi ya fara yadawa a jikin tsuntsun.
Gashin fuka-fukai na ƙarshe sun faɗi a ƙarshen Satumba ko farkon Oktoba, amma a cikin mafi yawan mutanen kudu, musamman ma tsibirin teku, wannan tsari na iya jawo har zuwa Disamba. A cikin Scotland, yawancin tsuntsayen suna riƙe da gashin fuka-fuken daban daban har zuwa lokacin bazara, wanda ke farawa daga nan a watan Fabrairu (Salomonsen, 1939). Mace ba su da motsin bazara kwata-kwata, nan da nan sai su canza zuwa kayan fitarwa wanda ya rufe dukkan jikinta da kirji a duk lokacin da suka saka. A cikin tsuntsayen daga northernan arewacin, har ma da cikakkiyar haɓakar kayan bazara, ana kiyaye wurin da fuka-fukan gashinsa kai tsaye a gaban wurin da yake ɓoye. Autumn molting fara rabin wata daga baya fiye da na maza, kuma yana da yawa ba m.
A cikin mata daga mafi yawan mazaunan arewa, gashin tsuntsaye ba su wuce 10% na launuka masu launi. Yawancin fuka-fukan bazara suna wucewa har faɗuwar kuma nan da nan gashin fuka-fukan suna maye gurbinsu. An maye gurbin firam ɗin farko a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da na farin jakar, kuma yana ɗaukar watanni 2.5-3.0 a cikin maza da mata. A cikin kajin, kayan farko sun sauka, dukda cewa daga rana ta farko 7 hemp da 5 (daga 3 zuwa na 7) karamin tashi ake nuna kamar allurai na hemp. Dukkanin su, tare da manyan gashin fuka-fukai, suna kwance a ƙarshen makon farko na rayuwa kuma suna haifar da yanayin fuka-fukai, wanda ke ba da damar dawo da tsuntsaye a cikin ɗan gajeren nesa. Fushin kwane-kwane sannan ya bayyana a bangarorin da baya, akan kirji da kambi. Makogwaron ya zauna na ƙarshe. Tun kafin ƙarshen girma na gashin fuka-fukai, tun yana da makonni 4, molting yana farawa a farkon fitowar kayan kaka: haɓakar fuka-fukan tabbatacciya fara daga canjin farkon tashi zuwa fari fari. A wannan lokacin, ragowar kayan ƙaƙƙarfan kaya har yanzu suna kan kai. Haɓaka gashin fuka-fukin hunturu na farko yana farawa ne da nau'ikan gashin fuka-fukuɗe ɗaya - fitowar farkon kaka, wanda kawai yana da lokaci don ci gaba. Farin cikin kwanon farin ya fara fitowa ne kawai akan ciki lokacin yana da wata 1.5 kuma ya bazu daga nan zuwa ga bangarorin, wani bangare na kirji kuma, daga karshe, ga babba. Dogon gashin launuka masu tsawo ana rike su a kai, baya da kirji.
Kudin shiga haraji
Yawan nau'in ana nuna shi da yawan tsibirin da keɓewar dutse, mafi yawa ƙananan matsayi, kuma ƙananan bambance-bambancen ba a bayyana kuma ana nunawa da farko a cikin yanayin launi na kayan bazara na maza. Iyakar abin da banda shi ne tallafin L. m. hyperboreus Sundevall, 1845, wanda ke zaune a Svalbard, Franz Josef Land da tsibirin Bear kuma ya shahara, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, a cikin manya-manyan girma dabam. Jafan Jafan na Japan L. m kuma ana rarrabe sosai. japonicus Clark, 1907, Kwamandan L. m. ridgwaui Stejneger, 1884, Kuril L. m. kurilensis Hartert, 1921, da Aleutian L. m. evermanni Elliot, 1896, yana zaune a tsibirin Attu - tsibiri mafi nisa daga tsibirin Aleutian. Wadannan kamfanonin suna sanannen yanayin duhu lokacin bazara na maza.
Don wani rukuni na mambobi - mai gabatarwa, Arewa Ural L. m. comensis Sserebrowsky, 1929, mai tsayi L. m. helveticus Thienemann, 1829, da kuma kusan Pyrenean L. m. pyrenaicus Hartert, 1921, da kuma Scottish L. m. milliaisi Nartert, 1923 - launin launin toka na kayan bazara na maza yana da halayyar. Wannan rukunin kuma ya haɗa da L. m. sanfordi Bent, 1912, yana zaune a tsibirin Tanaga a cikin tsibirin na Aleutian. Thirdungiya ta uku ta ƙunshi ƙasƙanci tare da ɗanɗano launin ruwan hoda na lokacin bazara na maza: reshe Altai L. m. nadezdae Sserebrowsky, 1926, Siberian ta kudu L. m. transbaicalicus Sserebrowsky, 1926 da Tarbagatai L. m. macrorhynchus Sserebrowsky, 1926. Sauran kamfanonin da suka rage - kusan dukkanin Aleutian, duk Arewacin Amurka da Greenland, Arewacin Siberian L. m. pleskei Sserebrowsky, 1926, Kamchatka L. m. krascheninnikovi Potapov, 1985 da Svalbard respepe don kayan bazara na maza yana da alaƙar launin shuɗi. Icelandic L. m. Islandorum Faber, 1882 ya ɗauki matsakaici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 2 da na 4. Kowace ƙungiya tana haɗe da siffofi na kusanci, amma ga kowane ɗayansu akwai keɓancewa: ragi, rarraba yanki wanda ba ya ba mu damar ɗaukar ainihin kusancinsu ga sauran ƙasidun wannan rukunin ba.
Rarraba
Yankin ptarmigan yana da rikitarwa. Yawancin sa yana cikin arewa maso gabashin Asiya, wani ɓangare a Alaska da Arewacin Turai. Yana da halayyar yanayin haƙiƙa, amma rarraba wannan nau'in tare gaɓar tsibiri da tsibiran Tekun Arctic ba su da ci gaba.
Hoto na 34. Range na ptarmigan
1 - Lagopus murus mutus, 2 - L. m. milUaisi, 3 - L. m. mai taimako, 4 - L. m. comensis, 5 - L. m. pleskei, 6 - L. m. nelsoni, 7 - L. m. rupestris, 8 - L. m. welchi, i m-saturatus, 10 - L. m. captus, 11 - L. m. tsibirin, 12 - L. m. nadezdae, 13 - L. m. macrorhynchus, 14 - L. m. transbaicalicus, 15 - L. m. krascheninnikowi 16 - L. m. kuruensis, 17 - L. m. evermanni, 18 —L. m. garin gari, 19 - L. m. chambertaini, 20 - L. m. sandorfi, 21 - L. m. atkensis, 22 - L. m. gabrielsoni, 23 - L. m. yunaskensis, 24 - L. m. dixoni, 25 - L. m. hyperboreus, 26 - L. m. ridgwayi.
Ya bambanta da fararen fari, tundra partridge tana zaune yawancin tsibirin na Polar bas: kusan dukkanin tsibirin Arctic, kusan dukkanin tekun Greenland, ba tare da dusar ƙanƙara ba, har zuwa ƙarshenta arewacin (Peary Land - Lockwood Island, 83 ° 24 ′ N .), Svalbard tarin tsibiri da Franz Josef Land. A Arewacin Amurka, ta ratsa kudu nesa kusa da Dutsen Rocky (har zuwa 49 ° N) da kuma gefen gabashin gabar Labrador Peninsula (54 ° 30 ′ N), mafi yawan Alaska da kunkuntar rafin gefen Arewacin Kanada Coast. A arewacin yankin tekun Pacific yana zaune a Aleutian, Kwamandan da tsibirin Kuril, da kuma tsibirin Honshu. A cikin Turai, yana zaune a arewacin Scandinavia, a arewacin Burtaniya, a cikin Alps da Pyrenees. A arewacin tekun Atlantika na zaune ne a tsibiran Iceland da Greenland. Kusan babu bayanai game da canjin mazaunin a zamanin tarihi. Sai kawai a cikin Scotland tun ƙarshen karni na XVIII. yankin kudu yana komawa baya a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin nasara.
A cikin hunturu, an rage iyakar kudu zuwa kudu, amma a wasu wurare na yankin tundra. A cikin yankin Turai na USSR, tundra partridge yana zaune ne kawai Kola Peninsula da Northern Urals.
Hoto na 35. Rarraba ptarmigan a cikin USSR
1 - Lagopus murus mutus, 2 - L. m. milUaisi, 3 - L. m. mai taimako, 4 - L. m. comensis, 5 - L. m. pleskei, 6 - L. m. nelsoni, 7 - L. m. rupestris, 8 - L. m. welchi, ni m. saturatus, 10 - L. m. captus, 11 - L. m. tsibirin, 12 - L. m. nadezdae, 13 - L. m. macrorhynchus, 14 - L. m. transbaicalicus, 15 - L. m. krascheninnikowi 16 - L. m. kuruensis, 17 - L. m. evermanni, 18 - L. m. garin gari, 19 - L. m. chambertaini, 20 - L. m. sandorfi, 21 - L. m. atkensis, 22 - L. m. gabrielsoni, 23 - L. m. yunaskensis, 24 - L. m. dixoni, 25 - L. m. hyperboreus, 26 - L. m. ridgwayi.
A Kola Peninsula, ana rarraba ta tare da tsaunukan tsaunukan tsaunuka na arewa zuwa kudu maso gabas zuwa Tsibirin Sosnovets (kwafi. ZIN AN USSR) da kuma a cikin igiyan Khibin Alpine, amma iyakokin kudu na rarrabuwarsu ba a bayyane suke ba. Har yanzu dai ba a samo Kanin ba a yankin theasari. A cikin Urals ta Arewa, ana rarrabawa daga arewa maso gabas (Lake Minisey, watakila Pai-Khoy Range) kudu zuwa Dutsen Konzhakovsky Kamen (59 ° 40 ′ N). Furtherarin gabas, yana zaune a arewacin sassan Yamal Peninsulas zuwa kudu har zuwa 68 ° C. N, Gydan a kudu zuwa 71 ° C w. (Naumov, 1931) da Taimyr, inda iyakar kudu ta wuce a yamma a 71 ° 30 ′ s. N, kuma a gabas a 73 ° (bakin Kogin Khatanga). Karamin fili ya kasance a cikin tsaunukan Putorana. A cikin ɓangaren Soviet na Arctic, an samo shi ne kawai a tsibirin Franz Josef Land, inda ba a san yanayin zaman wannan nau'in ba: kawai tsuntsayen manya ne aka haɗu kuma an fisshe su daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Oktoba (Demme, 1934, Rutilevsky, 1957) kuma an gan shi a matsayin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura a tsibirin Novosibirsk. Gabashin bakin kogin. Yankin Khatanga na kudu ya sauka zuwa 72 ° C. w. zuwa kogin Popigai (Sdobnikov, 1957), ya tafi gabas tare da tsibirin Alazei zuwa kogin. Lena, daga nan zuwa tsaunin Verkhoyansk Range, Yudomo-May da Aldan Uplands suna gangara zuwa tsaunukan Lake Baikal.
A nan ana nazarin karancinsa, yana yiwuwa jama'a keɓewa suna zama a cikin jerin yankuna na Baikal da Barguzinsky. Bayan haka, iyakar ta bi ta gefen kudu na gangaren Stanovoi zuwa gabar Okhotsk, inda ta kai maki 56 ° C. sh., kuma daga nan - zuwa arewa a gefen tekun ƙasa zuwa Cape Dezhnev. A cikin iyakokin da aka shimfida a cikin hanyoyin tundra, babu wani gefen tudu da ke gabar yamma ta Kamchatka da kwarin kogin Kamchatka, a cikin ɓacin rai na Penzhinsko-Anadyr, a cikin tundra ta bankin hagu na ƙananan Kolyma, a cikin tundra mai ƙasa na Alazei da Chroma. A lokaci guda, ana samun su a duk tsaunukan da ke iyakance waɗannan tundras ko shiga iyakokinsu, alal misali, a cikin tsaunukan Kondakovsky da kuma a kan tudun Ulakhan-Sis. Zuwa kudu na wannan ci gaba akwai wurare daban daban, wanda mafi yawansu sun hada da tsarin tsaunin Altai, Sayan da Hamar-Daban.
Ragowar sassan ƙananan. Wannan shine gabashin Khangai (Dutsen Othon-Tengri - Kozlova, 1932), a tsakiyar dutsen. Khan-Huhei (bayanan marubucin), cikin Mongolian Altai (Turgen-Ula, - Potapov, 1985, Munkh-Khairan-Ula, - Kishchinsky et al., 19826). Saur, a cikin jeri Yam-Alin da Dusse-Alin (A. A. Nazarenko, sadarwa ta magana). Yana zaune da Kwamandan da tsibirin Kuril kudu na tsibirin Simushir gaba daya (Kuroda, 1925).
Cin nasara
Rayuwar hunturu na ptarmigan bai karanci karatu fiye da na fari ba. A cikin Yankin Subpolar Urals, Na sadu da ita a farkon lokacin hunturu a cikin yankin subalpine, a tsakanin goge ko'ina cikin bishiyun bishiyoyi da kuma itacen larch na mutum, inda. Babu wasu fashewa, amma murfin dusar ƙanƙara ya kasance na bakin ciki kuma ba ya ɓoye ƙananan bishiyoyi. A cikin tundra na Khibiny da Lapland, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun fi mayar da hankali ne a wuraren da dusar ƙanƙara ke da bakin ciki a sakamakon lamuran iska, kuma a wuraren akwai kuma wuraren bude fili. A nan suna ciyar da ganyayyaki, berries da buds na tsire-tsire mai tsayi, amma a cikin tsananin dusar ƙanƙara, sun yi ƙaura zuwa willows da gandun daji birch a saman ƙarshen gandun daji (Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 1959, MacDonald, 1970).
A cikin arewa maso gabas na USSR, tundra tarkacewa yana ciyar da hunturu a cikin manyan sassan tsaunin tuddai, a saman kogunan kogunan a saman iyakar larch sparse spaines tsakanin lokacin farin ciki na alder da underarzed birches, itacen al'ul shrimp da wuya larches. Murfin dusar ƙanƙara a nan yana da mahimmanci a duk lokacin hunturu, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar iska, ɓoye burodi da sauri akansa, da sauƙaƙe motsi na tsuntsaye, kuma a lokaci guda akwai wadatattun wurare a cikin kyandir da kuma tsakanin tsirrai, inda dusar ƙanƙara take riƙe da yanayinta kuma tana ba tsuntsaye damar shirya kyamarar dusar ƙanƙara. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a kan tsaunuka yana da tsinkaye sama da ƙasa, a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, inda iska mai sanyi ke sauka, da kuma inda fararen hular yawanci hunturu (Andreev, 1980). Wannan yanayin zafin zai kuma amfani da tundra a wasu yankuna, musamman a arewa maso gabas na Greenland: garken waɗannan tsuntsayen suna kiyayewa a cikin Satumba a kan tsaunin tsauni a tsaunin 300-1,000 m sama da matakin teku. m., inda yake da yawa digiri zafi fiye da a jihar bakin teku (Salomonsen, 1950). Duk tsawon lokacin hunturu, ana adana tundra a cikin ƙananan rukunin tsuntsaye na 5-9, a cikin nau'i-nau'i har ma kawai, ba tare da samar da manyan gungu ba. Rarraba a babban yanki, sabili da haka suna buƙatar ƙaramar ajiyar yanki ta yanki guda ɗaya fiye da farin ɓataccen yanki, kuma sun mallaki albarkatun ƙasa na yankin sosai.
Ayyukan yau da kullun a cikin hunturu iri ɗaya ne da na farin barbashi. A tsakiyar lokacin hunturu, tare da mafi karancin hasken rana (Svalbard, Taimyr, Greenland), a bayyane yake cewa tsuntsayen suna ciyar da duk saurin hasken rana. Tare da karuwa a cikin hasken rana, tsawon lokacin ciyarwa da hutawa na rana yana fara ƙaruwa. Tsuntsaye suna ciyar da juna ba tare da bata lokaci ba, suna musayar abinci tsakanin su da ɗan gajeren hutawa, kuma a sakamakon haka, yawan kuɗin da ake samu don ciyarwa ya kasance mai jurewa. Tsarin lokacin yau da kullun a cikin hunturu shine kamar haka: hutun dare a cikin ɗakin dusar kankara-16 h, hutu ranar 2-4 h, ayyukan abinci (tafiya akan ƙafa cikin dusar ƙanƙara) 3.5-5.0 h, jirgin sama da minti 2-3. Saurin motsi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin ciyarwa ba shi da girma, daga 125 zuwa 250 m / h, kowace rana tsuntsu ya wuce yana neman abinci 600-800 m (Andreev, 1980).
Tsuntsu mai ciyarwa ya haye wani gangara ko gefen rafi don bincika kananan bushes. Binciko da kwasfa abinci guda ɗaya yana ɗaukar matsakaitan 1.5-2 s. Matsakaicin tsinkayar tsinkaye a cikin goiter shine 0.9 mm (0.5-1.3) tare da matsakaici (bushe) taro na 7.4 MG (5.0-19.0) a cikin maza da 5.4 mg (4-16) a cikin mata. Thearnawar ofan kunnuwa alder ya fi girma girma, milimita 78 (51-115), wanda ke cika cikakken lokacin da aka spentata lokacin da aka neme su. Matsakaicin darajar kuzarin rayuwa shine 442.9 kJ / rana (207.7-44.6), tare da darajar kuzarin excretor na 933.1 kJ / day. Idan yanayin dusar ƙanƙara ya ba da izinin, to, a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa -20 ° C, tundra ɓangaren gado koyaushe zauna don dare da rana ta hutawa a cikin ɗakunan dusar ƙanƙara. Binciko a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da na'urar irin wannan kyamara tana ɗaukar kimanin 15 s. Bottomasan ɗakin shine 25-28 cm daga farfajiya tare da rufin dusar ƙanƙara 7-10 cm lokacin farin ciki da faɗin ɗakuna na kimanin cm 16 (Andreev, 1980).
Ba a san cikakken bayani game da rayuwar hunturu na tsuntsaye akan Franz Josef Land ba. Zai yiwu su tashi zuwa Spitsbergen a cikin lokaci mafi duhu, saboda ba a taɓa haɗuwa da su ba a nan tsakanin Oktoba 23 da 12 ga Fabrairu. A cikin Svalbard, inda yanayin hunturu ke da sauƙi, ɗaukar nauyi yana tara mai mai yawa har zuwa Nuwamba, har zuwa 280-300 g tare da nauyin jikin mutum ya kai 900 a cikin maza da 850 a cikin mata (Johnsen, 1941, Mortensen et al., 1982). Wannan kifin mai ya lalace gaba ɗaya ta bazara, ana cinye shi sosai a farkon makonni 4 na daren bazara, lokacin da hasken rana ya cika (haske sama da 2 lux) yana ɗaukar tsawon awanni 2. Tundra ɓangaren gado yana yawan ciyar da ciyawar tundra akan tsiro na reindeer, gami da Svalbard .
Bayyanar
Kadan kasa da farin abin sha. Tsayin jiki kusan 35 cm, nauyi 430-880 g.
Partridge tundra, har da farin jumla, ana nuna shi ta yanayin dimorphism na lokacinsa.
Umwararren hunturu fari ne, banda gashin fuka-fukan wutsiya, waɗanda baƙi ne, da kuma baƙar fata a gindi daga kugu na maza (saboda haka wani sunan - chernouska).
Rage damina na mace da namiji, ban da fararen gashin fuka-fukai, ana mulmula - launin toka-withara tare da blackan ƙananan dige na baki da ƙamshi, tsuntsayen da ke rufe ƙasa. Koyaya, launin suturar bazara tana da kyau kuma koyaushe tana dacewa da launi na kankara wanda tsuntsun yake rayuwa.
Mutane da Ptarmigan
Naman wannan tsuntsu yana da daɗin ci, amma darajar kasuwanci ƙanana ce. An ɗauka cewa tundra tukunyar tundra ce wacce aka ambata (a ƙarƙashin sunan Lat.peregrina lagois, wanda takarda ne na tarko daga tsohuwar Girka) a cikin Horace a cikin satire II.2 a matsayin mafi yawan misali mai kyau na abinci mai ƙoshin abinci mai ma'ana.
Useaƙƙarfan kwando shine ɗan tsuntsu (alama) na ƙasar Kanada ta Nunavut. Saboda girmamawa ga kajin na wannan tsuntsu, an sanya sunan garin Chicken a Alaska a cikin Amurka. A Japan, "abin tunawa ne na halitta" (abu mai kariya) kuma an zaɓi shi azaman alamar tsuntsu na lardunan uku - Gifu, Nagano da Toyama. A cikin tsaunukan Honshu, ana kiranta raicho (雷鳥 raite:Thunderbird). A cewar almara, yana kare mutane da gidajensu daga wuta da tsawa.
Rarrabawa
Sanya har zuwa matsayin 32 na ptarmigan:
- Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turner, 1882
- Lagopus mutus barguzinensis
- Lagopus mutus captus J. L. Peters, 1934
- Lagopus mutus carpathicus
- Lagopus mutus chamberlaini A. H. Clark, 1907
- Lagopus mutus dixoni Grinnell, 1909
- Lagopus mutus evermanni Elliot, 1896
- Lagopus mutus gabrielsoni Murie, 1944
- Lagopus mutus mataimaki (Thienemann, 1829)
- Lagopus mutus hyperboreus Sundevall, 1845
- Lagopus mutus tsibiri (Faber, 1822)
- Lagopus mutus japonicus A. H. Clark, 1907
- Lagopus mutus kelloggae
- Lagopus murus komensis
- Lagopus mutus krascheninnikowi
- Lagopus mutus kurilensis Kuroda, 1924
- Lagopus mutus macrorhynchus
- Lagopus mutus millaisi Hartert, 1923
- Lagopus mutus mutus (Montin, 1781)
- Lagopus mutus nadezdae Serebrovski, 1926
- Lagopus mutus nelsoni Stejneger, 1884
- Lagopus mutus pleskei Serebrovski, 1926
- Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus Hartert, 1921
- Lagopus mutus reinhardi Stejneger, 1884
- Lagopus mutus ridgwayi Stejneger, 1884 - Kwamandan
- Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gmelin, 1789)
- Lagopus mutus sanfordi ya lankwasa, 1912
- Lagopus mutus saturatus Salomonsen, 1950
- Lagopus mutus Townendi Elliot, 1896
- Lagopus mutus transbaicalicus
- Lagopus mutus welchi Brewster, 1885
- Lagopus mutus yunaskensis Gabrielson & Lincoln, 1951
Kwamandan Tundra Partridge (Lagopus mutus ridgwayi) an jera su a cikin Rasha "Jerin abubuwan abubuwa na duniyar dabba wanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ga yanayin su a cikin yanayin halitta."
Kuguwa (Lagopus lagopus)
Bayyanar A cikin hunturu, launin launi shine kusan fari, wutsiyar baƙar fata ce kawai. A cikin bazara, namiji da mace sun bambanta da juna: namiji shi ne yawanci fari, ƙyallen da kai suna da launin shuɗi-mace, mace ta kasance fari fari. A lokacin bazara, duka biyu launin ruwan kasa-ja ne, yanayin juyawa ya bayyana, ciki da fuka-fukan fari ne, ja gira. A cikin hunturu, maɓallin ya zama fari fat.
Rayuwa. Farar baƙin kicin yana zaune ta taiga, steppes, tsaunuka, tundra da gandun daji-tundra. Yana jagorantar rayuwar nomadic ko taushewa. Tartsatsi. Don nesting, sai ya zaɓi swamps da aka rufe da gansakuka tare da ƙyallen buhunan birch, sassan tundra ko filayen tare da bushes.
Gida a cikin hanyar rami mara kyau yana zaune a bayan ƙasa, zaɓi wurin da ya fi bushewa da ɓoye shi a cikin bushes. Ana aiwatar da Masonry daga tsakiyar watan Mayu, ya hada da daga 6 zuwa 12 qwai, ya bambanta, tare da jan tint da ɗumbin launin ruwan kasa. Mace ta zauna akan gida sosai, zata iya barin ta kusa, sannan ta fara "jagoranci", yayin da namiji zai kasance koyaushe.
Muryarsa tayi kama da babbar murya, mai tsananin amo, kusan dariya - "kerr .. er-er-err ...", nan da nan sai shiru "kibeu ... kibeu". Abincin yana ciyarwa koyaushe a ƙasa, lokaci-lokaci kawai yakan tashi sama da itace. A cikin hunturu, ya ciyar da dare gaba daya binne dusar ƙanƙara. Ya san yadda ake tashi, da sauri, sau da yawa yakan fuka-fukan fuka-fukai, wani lokacin kuma shiryawa.
Daga ƙasa aka tashi da babbar amo. Ganyayyun dabbobi na amfani da kananan tsiran tsirrai, ganyaye, fure, berries, wani lokacin kwari. Yana da tamanin kasuwanci irin tsuntsaye.
Irinsu iri ɗaya. Babban bambanci daga ptarmigan a cikin hunturu shi ne cewa babu wani madaurin buɗe baki a cikin idanun, kuma a lokacin rani akwai fifikon inuwa mai launin ja a cikin matattarar ruwan wuta. Koyaya, baza'a iya bambance mace daga nesa mai nisa ba.
Squad kaji. Familyauki dangi. Girma.
LIFESTYLE
Rarraban Tundra tsuntsaye ne. Duk tsawon shekara, suna rayuwa daban, sai dai lokacin mating. A kan gado a kan bushe, ramin dutse na tsaunuka masu yawa, yawanci sama da gefen gandun daji, inda kawai ke ƙasa, tsirrai masu tsiro. Waɗannan su ne yawanci ciyawa da lichens, kuma dwarf shrubs wani lokacin ana samunsu a cikin ɓarna na duwatsu. A cikin hunturu, ƙwayoyin tundra suna gangara zuwa ƙananan yankuna, inda bishiyoyi talakawa suke girma, kuma tsintsaye suna da girma har zuwa fiɗaɗɗunsu sama sama da dusar ƙanƙara, yana cikin su waɗanda tundra tarkace ke ɓoye. Yawan mutanen tundra da ke zaune a Scotland suna yin yawo a tsaye daga kololuwar tsauni zuwa filayen Heather. Gidajen bazara da gidajen hunturu na tsuntsaye yawanci suna kan ɗan tazara nesa da juna. Sau da yawa, mace tayi ƙaura zuwa gaɗaɗɗun rana mai ɗumi, yayin da maza ke kasancewa a cikin manyan duwatsun, inda yake da sanyi sosai. A cikin hunturu, shingen tundra suna kwana a cikin tsari na kankara ko kango a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, suna saka kawunansu kaɗai.
Yaduwa
A watan Afrilu, barbashi ya yi ƙaura daga wuraren hunturu zuwa rukunin wuraren farauta, waɗanda ke kan tsauni mai tsayi. Maza sun fara isa don amfani da shafuka masu kyau. Sun zabi wuraren da tsauni yake. A zaune yake a karo, da namiji yana lura da kishiyarta da mace. Matsayi na lura a yayin jirgin sama na yanzu shine wurin daga inda tsuntsu ya tashi zuwa sararin samaniya. Don wani lokaci, namiji yana tashi sama da ƙasa, sannan yayi matsewa sama sama, ya rataye shi a cikin iska na ɗan lokaci, sannan ya nitse ƙasa - duk waɗannan ayyukan maza na yanzu suna tare da kukan. Ganin mai gasa, namiji zai tafi, yana yin sauti kamar harbi. Bayan yadawo wutsiyarsa, cikin takaici ya nuna abokin hamayyarsa “ja gira,” ya kuma bi hanya daga gefe zuwa gefe, yana kokarin kada ya bar shi ya shiga makircin.
Maza, gasa, sun doke abokin hamayya da fuka-fuki da baki. Bayan mating, mace ta gina gida. Gida ɗan ƙaramin rami ne wanda aka yi layi tare da ciyawa da twigs. A cikin ɓoye akwai ƙwai daga 6 zuwa 13. Matar za ta fara yin zubin ne kawai bayan kwanciya da ƙwai na ƙarshe. Femaleaya mace tana sanya ƙwai. Namiji, ya shahara sosai, yana tsaron shafin. Da wuya mace ta tashi daga gida kuma tana ciyar da kadan. Bayan kimanin kwanaki 18-20, kajin na kyankyasai daga qwai. Iyaye suna jiyar da su zuwa ga zurfin zurfafa, inda suke zaune lafiya. Sau da yawa, ana haɗa yawancin tsintsaye zuwa babban garke guda ɗaya. Cutar kajin na haɓaka da sauri.
GANGAR JIKINSA
Namiji bashi da kariya ga zuriya. Sau da yawa yana amfani da dabarar barazanar rayuwa - lokacin da maharbi ya bayyana, yana shimfiɗa ƙasa kuma ya ba shi damar kusantowa, sannan ba zato ba tsammani ya yi tsalle tare da babbar murya ga shugaban abokan gaba, yayin da yake buɗe fikafikan sa. Yayin da mai farautar ya fahimci hankalinsa, kajin ya sami damar buya, kuma mahaifar ta tashi zuwa wani wuri mai aminci.
Hakikanin asalin ɗan ƙasar Arctic. Masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna zaune har ma da tsibirin tsibirin Arctic. Tsawon wannan tsuntsu ya kai 33 cm, yana da kyakkyawan gini. A cikin bazara, a lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin, maza suna dauko sabon abu daga sokin. Akwai dozin da rabi a cikin sharar. Duk iyayen sun kori kajin - wani sabon abu mai kyau ga mambobin wannan dangi. Suna ciyar da kodan, ganye da ganyayyaki.
BAYANIN FASAHA, BAYANIN.
- Gurarewar dusar kankara tana da mutuƙar mutu ga waɗannan tsuntsaye, don haka tsarin dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara yana daidaita yawan adadin tundra.
- Da zarar sun ba da labari cewa kajin ɗan tundra na koyon tashi yayin da ake ci gaba da adana ƙwayoyin ƙwai. A zahiri, daga nesa, fararen gashin fuka-fukan suna bayyana a cikin tarin barbashi.
- Babban haɗari ga raƙuman ruwa da ke zaune a Scotland ana yin su ne ta hanyar maharan - tsuntsayen da suka firgita daga gare su sun fada cikin wayoyin layin wutar lantarki masu girma kuma sun mutu.
HUKUNCIN SAUKI NA TUNDRA KYAUTA
Jirgi: a cikin bazara, namiji yana yin jirgin sama na yanzu - yana tashi da dunƙule kuma ya tashi sama da ƙasa, to, yana tashi da sauri 10-15 m sama, rataye a cikin iska.
Tsarin bazara: kodadde ja tare da baki mai ratsi ratsi, da launi da babba jikin masks tsuntsu a ƙasa, da ƙananan jiki ya kasance fari.
Qwai: wajen manyan, rawaya kodadde tare da manyan duhu aibobi.
Tsarin hunturu: fararen, kawai iyakar wutsiya ya zama baki. Namiji yana da na amarya baki daga ido zuwa baki. Fuka-fukan farin ciki mai launin fari suna kiyaye tsuntsaye daga sanyi kuma suna aiki a matsayin kyakkyawan tsari.
Alkuhu: babba. A cikin hunturu, an rufe su da gashin fuka-fukan zuwa kambori. Wannan yana taimaka wa tsuntsu ya motsa cikin dusar ƙanƙara.
- Range na tundra partridge
INA SON LAFIYA
Alaska, arewacin Kanada, Iceland, tsibirin Scandinavia, tsibirin Svalbard, arewacin Siberiya zuwa tekun Bering, arewacin tsibiri da tsakiyar tsibirin Kuril, Japan (Honshu Island), Scotland, Pyrenees da Alps.
KYAUTA DA KYAUTATA
Partridge tundra yana zaune a wurare masu wahala-don-isa, saboda haka ba ya buƙatar kariya ta musamman. Yana da yawa sosai a cikin Alps, amma yawancinta a nan ya ragu sosai.
01.06.2017
Fannin ptarmigan (lat. Lagopus mutus) nasa ne a gidan Fasanov (lat. Phasianidae). An daidaita tsuntsu don rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na belar subarctic. Jafananci sun yi imani cewa tana da ikon haifar da tsawa, don haka suna girmama ta da girmamawa sosai kuma sun mai da ita alama ta lardin Gifu, Nagano da Toyama wanda ke tsibirin Honshu.
A cikin abincin Icelandic, kyakkyawan tsuntsu ya mamaye wani wuri na musamman na girmamawa. Zuriyar Vikings mai karamci suna ƙaunar cin abincin ta a ɗan hutu kaɗan a hutu. A 2003, gwamnatin Icelandic ta hana farauta saboda yawan jama'a. Haramcin ya tsokane fushin masu zaben.
An sake shi bayan wasu 'yan shekaru bayan an gano matsayar da ta dace da kowa. Yanzu Icelanders suna da 'yancin buga wasan da suka fi so daga Oktoba zuwa farkon Disamba, amma daga Jumma'a zuwa Lahadi.
Abinci mai gina jiki
A cikin hunturu, abincin ya ƙunshi ganyayyaki da ganye na tsire-tsire, wanda za'a iya samo shi ƙarƙashin ƙusar dusar ƙanƙara. Ainihin shiksha ne (Empetrum) da alli kwance (Kalmia procumbres). Hakanan ana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar willow (Salix polaris) da dwarf birch (Betula nana).
A Arewacin Turai, tsuntsaye suna ciyar da harbe-harbe na furannin ruwan itace na kowa (Vaccinium uliginosum), kuma a cikin Heather Scotland (Calluna vulgaris) da saxifrage (Saxifraga).
A lokacin bazara, abincin ya bambanta da kowane irin wadatattun tsaba, berries, ganye da furanni. Abincin asalin dabba ba ya ƙare a ciki. Ko da kajin suna son bin tsarin rashin cin ganyayyaki kawai.
Cin nasara
Hadin gwiwar kayan aikin injiniya da injiniya sun taimaka wa tsuntsayen su tsira ta hanyar tsananin zafin. Daga ƙarshen watan Agusta, suna tattara cikin garkuna, adadinsu zai iya wuce mutum 300. Samun rayuwa cikin matsanancin yanayi yana sauƙaƙe ta hanyar haɗakar abinci da dumamar dumama.
A lokacin abinci, tumaki sukan fada cikin kananan kungiyoyi. Kowannensu ya mamaye wani yanki mai yawa, wanda ke ƙara haɓakar damar ciyarwa kafin farkon bazara.
Tsuntsaye suna ɓoyewa daga sanyi a cikin ɗakunan dusar ƙanƙan da akasari ana gina tsakanin tsintsaye. Bottomashinsu yana a zurfin 25-28 cm daga saman dusar ƙanƙara. Don gina wannan tsari, masu ginin da ke da buƙata suna buƙatar 15-20 kawai.
Kiwo
Partridge tundra fi son kowace shekara don ƙirƙirar iyalai masu aure. Namiji ya sami wani shafin da ya dace da haihuwa, kuma mace ta gina gida a kanta kuma tana nuna zuriyar. Banda shi ne yankuna na Yankin Arewa, inda yawan mata suke yawaita koyaushe. Matan biyu ko uku a gida a lokaci daya.
Koyaya, shugaban ƙungiyar kulawa yana ba da kulawa musamman ga ɗaya da aka zaɓa, kuma sau da yawa yana jin cikakkiyar rashin kulawa ga saura. A sakamakon haka, yawancin lokuta basa zama marassa tsari kuma suna barin aure daga aure, suna samar da matasansu na aure.
Lokacin mating yana gudana daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni. Da yamma ko da dare, maza a gaban mace sun fara wasan. Bayan sun shimfiɗa wutsiya, sai suka miƙe fikafikan su ƙasa da ƙasa. Wasu daga cikinsu suna samun amintattu na gaskiya, wasu kuma suna tsammanin za a sami sakamako mai kyau na wakilan mata da maza.
Gida shine karamin rashin damuwa tsakanin duwatsun ko bishiyoyi, wanda aka yi layi tare da ciyawa da ganyayyaki ko kuma mafi yawan lokuta ɗan abin da aka gina na farko shine ya faɗi.
A cikin kama akwai 3 zuwa 11 launin ruwan kasa ko haske launin ruwan kasa mai duhu mai duhu. Yin shiryawa ya dogara da yanayi da kuma yanayin ƙasa. A arewa, ya yi kwana 21, kuma a kudu na tsawon kwanaki 2-3.
Zakara ba ya shiga cikin shiryawa. Yana hawa dutse, dutse ko kusa da itaciya kuma yana shirya wurin kallo, daga inda yake sa ido sosai ga duk abin da ke faruwa. Lokacin da mai gasa ya kusanto, nan da nan ya kutsa cikin fage kuma, ta amfani da lokacin mamaki, yayi ƙoƙarin jefa mai keta iyaka zuwa jirgin.
Yawancin uba bayan bayyanar kajin suna rasa sha'awar irin waɗannan ayyukan kuma tare da jin daɗin cimaka, suna zuwa motsawa. Amma akwai waɗanda suka kasance da aminci ga aikin iyaye kuma suka ci gaba da kiyaye zuriyarsu.
Kajin da aka tsallake, bayan da ba a bushe ba, barin gida kuma ku tafi tare da mahaifiyarsu don neman rayuwa. Makonni biyu daga baya sun riga sun san yadda ake tafiyar da tazara mai nisa. Sun sami 'yanci gabaɗaya a cikin watanni 2,5, yayin da wakilan jama'ar arewa ke haɓaka da sauri fiye da takwarorinsu na kudanci. Suna zama da balaga lokacin da suke ɗan shekara ɗaya.
Hijira
Wadannan abubuwan mamaki ba sufito ba saidai a silar juzu'ai, amma a wasu tundra arctic tCraran motsin yanayi shine galibi yana da matukar muhimmanci. A cikin Yankin Taimyr, babban jirgin sama mai tashi na kaka yana faruwa tsakanin 18 ga Satumba zuwa 4 ga Oktoba, amma daga bayansu wasu adadin tsuntsaye har yanzu suna cikin hunturu. Lokacin da yawo ta tafkin Taimyr, garken tumatse suna tashi zuwa sama. Yunkurin bazara zuwa arewa ba shi da sauri kuma yana shimfidawa har tsawon lokaci.
A cikin mafi kusancin arewa na Taimyr da Gydan, tundra tana fitowa nan da nan bayan rana ta fara bayyana a saman sararin sama, tsakanin 5 ga Fabrairu zuwa 25 (Sdobnikov, 1957). Jirgin da ya fi tsayi a cikin USSR ba zai yuwu ya wuce kilomita 500 ba. Musamman, tsuntsaye daga Gydan tundra a gefen kwarin kogin. Taz ya isa wurin da Arctic Circle. Duk yawan tsibirin a tsakiyar latitude suna tsananin aiki. A tsibiran na Polar basin, partridges ko dai tashi don hunturu (Canadian Arctic tarin tsibiri), ko yin gagarumin motsi a cikin wannan tsibirin (Greenland), ko tarin tsiburai (Svalbard). A gefen gabar Greenland, suna tashi zuwa kilomita 1,000 ko sama da haka (Salomonsen, 1950).
Habitat
Yawancin wuraren zama na bazara sune bude tundra mai dutse, kusan gaba ɗaya ba tare da tsintsiya ba, tare da ciyawar mosaic ko murfin mossy. Sun zabi wuri guda a cikin tsaunuka, inda ake iyakance su zuwa ga subalpine da na shiyyoyin maɓalli tare da manyan filaye, ƙamusai da duwatsu. A irin waɗannan wurare, har ma da lokacin bazara na kankara, yana ɓacewa kawai a watan Agusta. Launin launin damina na tundra yana da cikakkiyar jituwa tare da launi mai launin toka na duwatsun da aka rufe da tutocin lichen. A yawancin tsibiran teku (Kuril, Kwamandan, Aleutian) ana samun su a cikin wurare masu laushi da ciyayi da ciyayi, amma sun fi son yin sheƙa a kan tsaunukan tuddai na ƙasa mai laushi.
Yankin ciyayi da daskararren ƙwaro mai ƙamshi, wanda aka fi so da farin jinkirin da tundra, ana ƙin yanke hukunci, kuma kawai a cikin Alps na Jafan ne kawai suke zama a wasu lokutan a cikin gandunan itacen al'ul. A cikin hunturu, akwai canji mai mahimmanci wurin zama, tare da wasu wurare ta hanyar jiragen sama na gaske. Amma a mafi yawan wuraren ƙaura yanayi na yanayi ba ya bambanta akan girma. Zaɓin wuraren zama a cikin hunturu ana ƙaddara da farko ta kasancewar abinci - ko dai ganye iri-iri a cikin wuraren da aka fallasa dusar ƙanƙara (wacce ake kira "busawa"), ko ciyawar itace-ciyawar itace a cikin gandun daji-tundra ko yankin subalpine.
Umarfin maza
Namiji yana da dusar ƙanƙanron hunturu. Kawai gashin gashin wutsiya ya kasance baƙi (banda na tsakiya shine tsakiya), kuma tsiri daga kusurwar baki zuwa idanun, baki da kansa yatsun. A cikin bazara, a bayan kai da wuya, fatar fatar an maye gurbin fari da launin ruwan kasa-baki, kuma ɗaurin baƙar fata ya kusan zama mara ganuwa. Hakanan an rufe kansa da kafadu tare da watsa fuka-fukan launin ruwan kasa da launin ruwan kasa.
Ana iya bayyanar da launuka na kayan bazara na maza a cikin ƙarnin da ya gabata na Yuli. A wannan lokacin, kusan tsuntsayen da suka sha bamban da launin baki-launin ruwan kasa, launin toka-shuɗi da gashin tsuntsu-launin ruwan kasa. A bayan baya, a zahiri ana iya ganin abin da ya haifar da ratsi-ratsi. Za'a iya ganin farin gashin tsuntsu hunturu kawai akan ciki.
Kayan mata
Kayan hunturu fararen kaya. Banda mata kawai suke zaune a Greenland da Svalbard. Sun kasance suna kiyaye baki daga baki daga kusurwar zuwa kusurwar idanun. Gashin tsuntsu na rani yana da launuka masu launi sosai. A baya yawanci baki ne, kuma iyakar kowane gashin tsuntsu fari ne.
An yi zane mai ban dariya na apical a cikin yashi mai rawaya. Tsarin-tsiri-tsage-tsage na musamman an ambata shi sosai a yankin lumbar, wuya da kuma yankin epigastric. Kasan jikin yayi haske saboda manyan farin iyakoki da raunin launin rawaya mai yaduwa.
Mafi duhu bangare na jiki shine goiter. Ko da a cikin launi na bazara, mace ta riƙe farin gashin gashin hunturu a ciki da kafafu. Autumn kaya ne iri-iri. Ya ƙunshi lokutan hunturu, damuna da damina. Gashin tsuntsayen kaka sun fi rinjaye a baya, kirji da wuya. Sun fi haske fiye da na lokacin rani, tare da launuka mai haske mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan cakulan.
Plarnawar yara mata
Farkon kaka mai farin ruwa na yara matasa suna da launi sosai. Chestan kirjin da wuyan wucin gindi mai launin shuɗi, ciki kuma kusan gaba ɗaya fari ne. Partarshe ɓangare na kirji da tarnaƙi sun cika tare da gashin gashin kaka. Kusan dukkanin gashin fuka-fukan suna da yanayin launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi akan asalin launin toka ko taupe. A wuyan wuyan wuyansa da wuyan wuyan, an yi wa gashin fuka fuka-fukai tare da watsa farin da aibobi. Launi da kirji na sama da ƙananan baya iri ɗaya ne kamar na wuyansa.
Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye suna da nau'i biyu na manyan wutsiya wutsiya:
- Na farko - m, tare da kadan undulation na kodadde rawaya.
- Na biyun ana bambanta su da launin ruwan kasa mai haske, launin toka da mai jujjuyawar baki da madaidaiciyar launin rawaya-rawaya.
A gashin fuka-fukan da suka fara girma, tsarin yayi kama da kyau. Wadanda daga baya suna da iyakokin launi masu taushi. Fuka-fukan an fentin launin toka tare da ɗan ƙarara da fari iyaka. Fuka-fukan tsakiyar ciki na ciki galibi suna da rawaya mai launin shuɗi da mai baƙi akan asalin launin shuɗi.
Abubuwan da ba na yau da kullun ba daga rayuwar abubuwan wasan kifin
Akwai hujjoji masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin rayuwar tundra partridges. Na farkonsu, tare da ƙaƙƙarfan pawsome, tsuntsaye sun sami damar karya ko da dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi don neman abinci. Sun fi son bincika tsirrai da asalinsu a wuraren da ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara, amma idan ya cancanta za su iya jure wa 30-40 cm na murfin dusar ƙanƙara.
Lokacin da abokan gaba suka bayyana, ba sa neman gudu. Tsuntsayen suna zama adadi. Wannan yanayin kuma yana da sunan kimiyya - dyskinesia. Hankalin kare kai a lokuta da yawa yana ceton ransu.
Bayanin yana da sauƙi: a cikin hunturu, tsuntsu da ya mutu yana da wuya a rarrabe daga dusar ƙanƙara. Farar launi tana hade da farfajiya.
Yanayin yanayin jikin tsuntsaye na yau da kullun shine 45 ° C, wanda baya faɗuwa a ƙasa da waɗannan alamun har ma a cikin tsananin sanyi. Kaji yana da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki a cikin hunturu. Yana da arziki a cikin ƙarfe da amino acid masu amfani.
Lambar
Ba shi da girma kamar na farin barbashi (Table 9), adadinsu zuwa 60-80 tsuntsaye da 1,000 ha a bazara da kuma 80-120 a hali mazauna. An yi imanin cewa yawancin jinsunan suna canzawa tare da tsawon shekaru 10, amma har yanzu akwai isasshen bayanai akan wannan batun (Jenkins, Watson, 1970, Gudmundsson, 1972, Weeden, Theberge, 1972).
Wuri | Yawan tsuntsaye a 100 ha | Mai tushe |
---|---|---|
mutane, a cikin Mayu - Yuni | broods | |
Kanada: Manyan Biranan Arewa maso Yamma | 0,1–3,1 | Weeden, 1965 |
Alaska | 2.3-4.4 (maza) | Weeden, 1965 |
Scotland | 15 (5–66) | Watson, 1965 |
Ural ta Arewa | 2,5 | Danilov, 1975 |
Tsibirin Kolyma | 0,5–22 | Kishchinsk, 1975 |
Taimyr | 6–8 | Kretschmar, 1966 |
Paramushnr | 3,5 | Voronov et al., 1975 |
Japan | 15–16 | Sakurai, Tsuruta, 1972 |
Ayyukan yau da kullun, hali
Yanayin ayyukan yau da kullun daidai yake da na jinsin da suka gabata, amma a cikin lokacin matse, maza suna gudana tare da ƙarancin ƙananan ƙarfi. Harshen Tundra tsuntsaye ne masu sheki, amma tare da wasu keɓaɓɓun rabewa (motsin yanayi a Taimyr, Greenland) ba sa taɓa samun manyan garken kamar farin gado. A damina da damuna, tsuntsaye suna ci gaba da kananan kungiyoyi, kuma har ma a cikin nau'i-nau'i a cikin kudu na kewayon, a cikin maza masu rani suna keɓance ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na tsuntsaye masu molting, kuma ana sa mata tare da broods daban, ko da yake a ƙarshen bazara za'a iya haɗuwa broods cikin garken guda.
Yawancin lokaci suna barci a ƙasa ko dusar ƙanƙara - a cikin bene ko dusar kankara.
Abokan gaba, dalilai masu illa
Abokan gaba na tundra partridge dukkansu manyan masu farauta ne, skuas da manyan gulls. Babbar lalacewar adadin jama'a yana faruwa ne ta hanyar dawakai na Arctic, kodayake babu takamaiman bayanai akan wannan batun. Gabaɗaya, ya kamata a sani cewa saboda ƙarancin ƙimar yawan jama'a fiye da na kayan ƙwaya, lalacewar da masu hasara ke da ƙarancin gaske.
Daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da kyau, an lura da tasirin masu tsananin sanyi tare da yawan dusar ƙanƙara da lokacin bazara (Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, 1959), kodayake babban murfin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin kwandunan Kolyma bai shafi yawan tsuntsaye ba (Andreev, 1980).
Darajar tattalin arziki, kariya
Kasancewa ko'ina kuma ana rarraba shi a cikin mafi tsananin yanayin rayuwa mafi talauci na arewacin Holarctic, wannan nau'in muhimmin bangare ne na yanayin halittun arewa a matsayin tushen abinci ga yawancin masu farauta. Daga cikin ƙarshen akwai wasu irin waɗannan rare, nau'in relict kamar gyrfalcon, kuma mahimmanci kasuwancin kamar foctic Arctic.
A matsayin abu na farauta da farauta, tundra partridge ya fi na fari fara, da farko saboda rashi manyan andan clusters da mazauninsu a cikin hunturu a wuraren da ba a kai ga ɗan adam ba. A mafi yawan kewayon, kamar yadda aka riga aka nuna, nau'in na kula da lambarta na yau da kullun, amma a wuraren da mutane ke rayuwa, an lalata shi da sauri. A lokaci guda, rikon amana a cikin tunani da kuma rashin tsoron mutum ya sanya shi yin alƙawari don adana shi a cikin shimfidar wurare waɗanda suka fisu tsakanin malamin zamani.