A dabi'a, akwai nau'ikan manyan rakuma da ke da bambanci da juna a yanayin rayuwa:
- Nasu. A Mongolia, ana kiran su Bactrians.
- Dabba. Sauran suna shi ne Haptagai. Smallan ƙaramin nau'ikan da aka jera a cikin Littafin Lissafi saboda bibiyar yiwuwar halakar.
Dukansu daji da gida, suna mamaki da babban rukunin jiki. Maza a cikin tsayi suna episodically har zuwa mita 2.7, nauyi ya kai har ton 1. Raƙuman mata sun ɗan ƙarami kaɗan girmansu, nauyinsu ya bambanta daga 500 zuwa 800 kg. Gashin raƙumi yana da goga a ƙarshensa, tsawon sa yakai mita 0.5. Rakumi biyu na raƙuma suna da hannu, kusa da kitsen dabbar, suna da roba, sun miƙe tsaye, kuma cikin halin yunwar suna karkatar da hannun dama ko kuma gefen hagu, suna rataye yayin motsawa. Guraje suna tara kitse a jiki, wanda shine muhimmin juzu'in abubuwan gina jiki don kisan dabba. Ikon mai nauyi mai nauyi na jiki yana iyakance ga kilogiram 150. Kari akan haka, humps suna kiyaye mai sirin daga tsananin zafi ta hanyar rufe bakinsa akan alamar daga bayyanar kai tsaye zuwa zafin rana. Tsawon tsakanin humps 40 cm ne, yana baka damar tsara a tsakiya tare da su abin doki don mahayi.
Kafafu biyu na raƙuma biyu-dogo, dogaye, ƙafafunsu an shayar da su ga ɓangarori biyu, ƙasan ƙaƙƙarfan gado ce matattara, a gaban almakashi mai kamannin-kam, yana kama da kofato. Wannan tsarin kafafu yana ba raƙuma damar motsawa akan daskararru ko kan shimfidar filaye na ƙasa ban da aikin musamman. Yana da halayyar cewa raƙuma na gida suna da callos ɗin callosum wanda ke rufe gwiwoyinsu na gaban da kirji, wanda shine rashin sanin takwarorinsu na daji.
Neckaƙƙarfan dabba yana mai lankwasa, mai tsayi, daga tushe na ƙaunataccen ya runtse ƙasa, sannan ya tashi. Shugaban yana da girma sosai, yana saman layi daya tare da kafadu. Guda biyu, idanu tare da nunawa. Hancin hancin ya kasance a cikin hanyar fasa, ƙananan kwayoyi sunyi ƙanana. Lebe na sama yana shafan kwari, wanda yasa ya sauƙaƙa sauraron ƙarancin abincin.
Mayafin ana fentin ne musamman a cikin launuka masu launin yashi, wani lokacin har ya kai ga duhu ko launi mai laushi. Abubuwan da ke cikin gida sun fi yawan lokuta (don launin ruwan kasa, amma akwai wakilan wannan dabi'ar ta launin toka, fararen fata, launuka baƙar fata) Ana ɗaukar raƙuman haske sun fi zama mafi wuya.
Tsarin furcin raƙumi ana wakilta shi da gashin gashi mai zurfi wanda ke kewaye da ruwa, kamar yana kare raƙumi daga canje-canjen yanayi mai kyau da mara kyau. Nisa daga mayafin ya kasance daga 5 zuwa 7 cm, a wuraren tsalle-tsalle na humps kuma a cikin ƙananan wuyan abin tausayi ya fi tsayi - har zuwa cm 25. A cikin hunturu, gashin yana da tsawo kuma yana iya kaiwa zuwa 30 cm a tsayi. Cikar rakumi ta faɗi cikin bazara, a lokacin tashinsu. A cikin makonni uku masu zuwa, a ranar juma'ar bayyanar da sabon rigar, suna tafiya cikin rashin kunya.
A cikin muryar waɗannan mutanen suna kama da jaki. Hawayensu masu fushi suna haɗuwa da haɓaka mai nauyi, lokacin da ya zama dole su tashi daga gwiwowinsu ko ƙasa da su a cikin halin da ake ciki.
Habitat
Kiwon rakumi mai kafa biyu ya fi ko'ina a wuraren da ke da wuraren hamada da gangara mai dutse, kodayake akwai karancin ruwan sha da ciyayi. Da ake bukata a matsayin dalilin zama shine yanayin yanayi mai kyau, rashin ruwa a gare su lamari ne da ba za a yarda da shi ba. Babban wuraren zama a cikin (nau'ikan raƙuma sune Mongolia, Asiya, Buryatia, China, har ma da wasu sassan wasu yankuna da aka san yanayin bushe-bushe.
Raƙuman daji, ba tare da kulawa ba. Ant. ya danganta da haɗin su da nau'in daji ko na gida, waɗanda aka ba su ikon rayuwa a wasu lokuta mawuyacin yanayi wanda ba zai yuwu ba ga mutane na wasu nau'in dabbobi na dabba. An tabbatar da wannan ta ikonsu na rayuwa cikin yanayi mai banmamaki) kamar zafi, lokacin bazara ko lokacin sanyi.
Binciken hanyoyin samun ruwa, wakilan daji na wannan nau'in suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa zuwa kilomita 90 a kowace rana. Sake cika jikin da ruwa, sukan ziyarci kogunan da ba a samu ba, ruwan sama na ɗan lokaci. A cikin lokacin hunturu, ana maye gurbin ruwa kusa da koguna ta hanyar samun ruwa mai mahimmanci daga murfin dusar ƙanƙara.
Bayyanar hali da salon rayuwa
Yanayin zafi a Haptagai da Bactrian sun bambanta. Raƙuman cikin gida suna da tsoro da kwanciyar hankali a cikin halayensu. Mutanen daji suna jin kunya, saboda haka a lokaci guda suna da m. Kasancewa da dabi'a mai kaifin idanu, suna ganin hadarin daga nesa su guje shi. Saurin Haptagai zai iya zuwa kilomita 60. awa daya, kuma jimiri yana da yawa, kuma tafiyar su na iya wuce kwanaki 2-3, har sai rundunonin sun ƙare kuma raƙumi ya faɗi gajiya. Haptagai suna jin tsoron raƙuman gida, suna ɗaukar su maƙiyansu rabin gwargwadon damisa ko kyarketai.
Da girman kansa da girman girmansa, raƙuma biyu masu kunya biyu ba su da nisa, hare-haren maharan basu kare shi ba, kuma suna ruri ko tofa. Sau da yawa, har ma crows suna iya karya raunin raƙumi ba tare da fuskantar juriya ba. Kafin kai harin makiya, jirgin ruwan jejin bashi da kariya.
Banza, wanda raƙuma tayi, tana wakiltar ƙari da abin da ke cikin ciki na dabba mai jin haushi.
Lokacin hunturu na hunturu yana ba raƙuman raunin damuwa, ba su da sauƙi sauƙaƙe cikin dusar ƙanƙara, har ma fiye da haka don neman abinci a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara. Samo da rajista taimako don raƙuma baƙuma.Mar dawakai suna guduwa ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, suna ɗaukar shi kuma suna baiwa raƙuma damar tattara abincin da aka tanada daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara. Dabbobin dabbobin suna buƙatar da kansu don bincika wuraren da dabbobin da ke kewaye da su.
Littattafan abinci mai gina jiki
Babban abinci mai gina jiki na raƙumi mai raƙumi biyu yana wakilta ta hanyar rashin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ba shi da mahimmanci (= ba shi da mahimmanci) ga duk wakilan duniyar dabba. Kattai suna cin tsire-tsire ƙaya, ciyawar reza, ciyawar ciyawa. Suna ciyar da abinci mai mahimmanci (= marasa mahimmanci) kawai abincin abinci ne; ragowar da fatalwar wakilan fauna sun dace da abincinsu. Hakanan sun sami damar fama da yunwar na wani lokaci, takunkumin hana cin abinci ba ya cutar da lafiyar su. Kuma ka ga wuce gona da iri yana haifar da kiba daga dabbobi, don haka sai ya rushe aikin gabobin jikinsa. Gabaɗaya, raƙuma ba sa haramun ne a cikin abinci, suna ciyar da ciyawar aspermic, hatsi daban-daban da gurasar bushe.
Don shan ruwa, gami da ruwan gishiri, wakilan wannan nau'in suna da ɗimbin yawa, tsawon lita 100. a lokaci guda tare da tsawaita rashin ruwa. A matsakaici, baya nesa da kogin, suna kusantar dashi don shayar da ƙishirwarsu sau ɗaya a cikin kowace kwana 3. Baya ga ruwa mai tsawan makonni 2-3, za su iya yi ba tare da lahani ga lafiyar ba, tare da maye gurbin rashin ruwa tare da ciyawa.
Sake buguwa, tsawon rayuwa
Kamara ya cika balaguro yana da shekaru 3-4. A wannan zamani, zasu iya ninka. Lokacin damuna na wannan nau'in dabbobi yana farawa ne da kaka. A cikin wannan lokacin, mazan suna da saurin fushi, wanda ke bayyana ta hawayensu, asirin kumfa, ɗaukar leɓuna, kullun da jefa wasu. Maza suna faɗa da abokan hamayya, sun ciji shi kuma suna harbi, suna ci gaba da jawo buguwa ga abokan gaba. Raƙuman cikin gida masu ɗaurin aure a cikin bikin aure suna alama tare da raƙuman da ke haɗe da su kuma suna ƙoƙarin ɗauka gaba ɗaya daga wasu mutane. Mazaje daji sukan zama masu ƙarfin hali kuma sun sami damar kaiwa ga mazaje cikin mata saboda kansu, da lalata maza a cikin faɗa.
Cutar ciki tana da watanni 13, maraƙi ya bayyana a cikin bazara, nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 45. Thanarna fiye da ɗa ɗaya mace an haife ta da wuya, fiye da biyu - a hawan sama sama. Jariri yana da ikon yin tafiya bayan sa'o'i 2 daga lokacin haihuwa. Yana ciyar da madara uwar shekara guda da rabi. Iyaye suna lura da jariri har sai sun balaga. Nan gaba, ya zama mai zaman kansa, dan gasa mai sabo wanda yake barin dangi don haifar da askararsa, yayin da macen ta kasance tare da mahaifiyarta a cikin garken.
Akwai hanyoyin da suke ratsa rakumi-da-rakakai-biyu da kuma sanannun mutane, kuma a sakamakon haka ne mutane suka bayyana da cewa suna dauke da hump guda daya a duk tsawon bayan dabbar. Pava ta karɓi suna - Mayu, kuma namiji - Birtugan.
Rayuwar raƙuma biyu na humped kamar shekara 40, raƙuman gidaje, ba sa ƙoshin duk shari'unsu, suna samun rakiyar dabbobin daji, suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 5-7 fiye da na sauran kabilu.
Okapi
Raƙumi ɗaya-humped, dromedaries, ko larabawa dabbobi masu shayarwa ne waɗanda ke cikin dangin Camelidae, tare da raƙuma biyu mai raƙumi (Bactrians), na cikin halittar camal ne (Camelus).
Amfani
A baya can, manyan garkunan rakumi daya-na-humped rakakai a cikin jeji a arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, amma yanzu akwai keɓaɓɓun mazauna cikin Asiya da Afirka, inda ake ajiye su a matsayin dabbobi (jigilar kayayyaki da hawa dawakai). Ba a adana garkunan raƙuma ɗaya na daji-iri-iri a cikin yanayi. A cikin Ostiraliya ne kawai aka samo dabbobin daji na sakandare.
Bayanin
Ba kamar bactrian ba, dromedar yana da hump daya kawai. Girman su ma karami ne: tsawon jikin mutum yakai 2.3-3.4 m, tsayi 1.8-2.3 m. Yawan girma dromedar na manya yana cikin girma daga kilogram 300 zuwa 700. Wutsiyar gajarta ce, har zuwa tsayi cm 50. Jiki ya kasance siriri, kafafu suna da tsawo. Rana-ɗar raƙumi ɗaya ana fentin yafi launuka ash-rawaya. Mayafin galibi yashi ne a launi, kodayake yana iya bambanta daga fari zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Dogaye gashi yana rufe kai daga sama, wuyansa da baya.
A wuyan yana da tsawo tare da mika kansa. Lebe na sama yana mai ɓacin hankali; hanci ya bayyana shi da siffar tsintsinan, idan ya cancanta, raƙumi ya rufe su. Gashin idanu suna da tsawo. Gwiwoyi, ƙafafu, da sauran sassan jiki an rufe su da yawa. Akwai yatsun kafa biyu a kafafu wadanda ke da murfin lanatarwa. Ciki yana da ɗakuna da yawa.
Dabba an daidaita ta sosai don zama a cikin yanayin ƙasa mai rashin aminci. Zai iya rayuwa na wani lokaci mai tsayi ba tare da shan ruwan sha ba, yana kiyaye adadi mai yawa a jiki. Rashin ruwa jikin dromedaries da fasaha rage girman shi. Sakamakon yalwar gashi, ba a yarda da yawan ƙaura ba, gland shine yake da wuya, gumi kuma ana sakin shi ne kawai lokacin da yanayi na yanayi ya tashi sama da 40 ºС. A dare, zazzabi jiki ya ƙuna, kuma yayin rana jinkirin dumama yana faruwa. A lokaci guda, dromedaries basa jure sanyi saboda ƙarancin gashi da sifofi idan aka kwatanta da Bactrian.
Dromedary
Dromedary yana da damar yin rayuwa tsawon lokaci ba tare da shan ruwan sha ba (sati ɗaya a ƙarƙashin fakiti da watanni ba tare da kaya ba). Rashin ruwa a jikinsa na iya zuwa 40% a girma, amma yana shan rakumi da sauri, ta hakan zai iya biyan nauyin ruwan da ya rasa. A cikin mintina 10, dabba za ta iya shan ruwa kusan 100.
Dromedary's dorsal hump yana dauke da ajiyar mai, wanda a hankali ake amfani dashi don makamashi. Ana adana raƙuman ruwan 'ya'yan itace a ciki.
Rarraba
An rarraba Dromedar azaman dabbobi a arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa India. An gabatar da nau'in a cikin Balkans, kudu maso yammacin Afirka da tsibirin Canary, da kuma a Ostiraliya. Yana kan ƙasar ƙarshen daga 50,000 zuwa 100,000 mutane, kuma a yau shi ne mafi yawan jama'a na raƙumi mai ɗaukar hoto guda ɗaya a duniya da ke rayuwa a cikin daji.
Halayyar
Raƙumi ɗaya-humped yana jagorantar rayuwa mai aiki da rana. A cikin daji, suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin da ake kira "harem", wanda ya haɗa da namiji ɗaya, mata da yawa da zuriyarsu. Yayinda suke girma, samari maza suna yin rukuni daban na malama, amma tare basu daɗe ba. Wani lokaci tsakanin maza akwai faɗawa (tare da cizo da kuli) waɗanda ke ƙayyade matsayin jagora a cikin ƙungiyar.
Kiwo
Balaga cikin raƙumi-guda-mutum yana faruwa a cikin hunturu, saboda lokacin damina. Cutar ciki na faruwa daga kwanaki 360 zuwa 440, bayan waccan haihuwa wacce aka Haifa, tagwaye sukan haihu da wuya. A ƙarshen ranar farko ta rayuwa, raƙuma jarirai na iya yin tafiya daban-daban. Iyaye mata suna kula da zuriyar har tsawon shekaru 1-2, duk da cewa ciyar da madara takan ɗauki tsawon watanni shida na farko. Ciki na gaba a cikin mace na iya faruwa ne shekara biyu bayan haihuwar. Balagagge a cikin mace yana faruwa ne a cikin shekaru 3, a cikin maza a shekara 4-6. Tsammani na rayuwa yana cikin kewayon shekaru 40-50.
Barazanar
A yau, a cikin daji, ba a samun raƙuma ɗaya mai-fari. Game da dromedaries na daji, akwai karancin bayanai game da su har wasu masana kimiyya ma kan yiwa shakkar kasancewar su a baya. Amma duk da haka, zane-zanen kogo na ƙasashen larabawa, waɗanda suka fara har zuwa 3000 BC, sun tabbatar da wannan. kuma suna nuna farauta don raƙuman daji, da ƙananan muƙamuƙin dromedar da aka gano a Saudi Arabia (shekaru 7,000). An yi imani da cewa rakumi ɗaya na daji-ɗan ƙasa ya mutu gaba ɗaya a farkon zamaninmu.
