Wakilan rhinos (lat Alaramma), kasancewar dangin lamellar kwari, a zahiri, adadi mai yawa (Jafananci, giant, Asiya, Ostiraliya, Arewacin Amurka, dabino, ƙwayar giwa da sauransu). Gidan duka yana da nau'o'in halittu sama da dubu ɗaya da ɗari uku.
Muhimmin fasali na irin ƙwayar rhinoceros shine ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarancin dutsen, wanda ke ba da kwari da amintattun makamai kuma yana dingishi a kai (kamar ƙaramin rhinoceros ne) mai ƙaho mai ƙarfi ya ɗaga sama sama da baya.
Omoan kwastomomi suna mamakin gaskiyar cewa, bisa ga tsarin yanayin jikinsu, ƙwayar rhinoceros bai kamata ya tashi cikin manufa ba, amma, akasin wannan sanarwa, ba kyakkyawan flyer bane kawai, amma, keta duk dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, yana iya rufe nesa da hamsin (!) kilomita.
Gungun masana kimiyyar dake binciken wannan abin al'ajabin, godiya ta musamman ga gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar, sun adana cewa kwandunan kwandon daji na da ikon tashi daga Faransa zuwa Ingila, don haka shawo kan tashoshin Ingilishi, wanda ke tazara kilomita talatin da hudu a kan madaidaiciya.
Carl Friedrich Weizsacker, (shugaban sashen kimiyyar lissafi a Cibiyar Max Planck), da zarar ya yi magana a wurin babban taron kimiyya, ya ce duk wanda ya san ainihin tsarin da ka’idar tashi daga gwoza za ta fahimci ka’idar tashi mai saukar ungulu.
Wani muhimmin inganci wanda mallakar irin ƙwayar rhinoceros shine iyawarsa don ƙirƙirar ɗakin wutar lantarki, wanda aka samo shi sakamakon goge-goge daga ƙananan ƙusoshin jikin da ke jikin faranti na jikin. Elytra na kwari, kamar yadda ya juya, yana da kaddarorin semiconductor (kuma yana aiki akan ka'idodin mai amfani da ƙarfin lantarki, tara cajin lantarki), sabili da haka, a karo tare da cikas (alal misali, mutum), ƙarshen zai iya jin ɗan girgiza wutar lantarki.
A karon farko, masanin ilimin kimiyar halittu dan kasar Jamhuriyar Richard Richard Kuhn, wanda ya kira rhino shine samfurin yanzu na "antigravity." Kakakin karin kwari har ila yau yana da dukiya don nuna ƙimar juriya ta daban (a ƙarƙashin rinjayar radiation na ultraviolet), wanda kuma yana nuna aikin bisa ga ka'idodin semiconductor.
Duk da irin sihirin da yake da shi, rhinoceros wata kwaro ce mara lahani kuma baya iya cutar da mutane, tunda dai irin ƙwaro ba zai cizo ba.
A Japan, mutane da yawa suna amfani da waɗannan kwari kamar dabbobi. Za'a iya siyan ƙwayar cuta a cikin kantin sayar da dabbobi don dalilin ango na gaba. Girma gidan dabbobi da kansa, lura da dukkan matakai (matakai) na ci gaban kwari da gyara canjin sannu-sannu a cikin tsohuwar ƙwayar dabba babban aiki ne mai ban sha'awa ga yara.
Adult irin ƙwaro (imago)
Baturin Turai irin ƙwaro (lat Ryctes nasicornis) Shin kwaro ne babba ya kai kimanin santimita huɗu ainun. Akwai wasu nau'ikan maza, wadanda suka kai millimita arba'in da uku, yayin da mace ta ɗan yi kaɗan kuma tsawonta yawanta daga ashirin da biyar zuwa millimita talatin da biyar.
Abu ne mai sauqi sosai mu bambance mace daga namiji, saboda kahon nata ba mai girma bane kuma yana kama da karamin ci gaba a jikin tarin fitsari.
Jikin rhino yana da siffar convex da rubutu mai kauri. Launin jikin mutum ya bambanta daga burgundy mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu cikin launi kuma ya dogara da yanayin da kwari suke zaune. Abun da ke cikin kwari ya fi haske kuma yana da launin toka mai launin shuɗi. Abin lura ne cewa mafi girma irin ƙwaro, mafi duhu kuma yafi cike launi.
Beetan ƙwayoyin tsofaffi mayaƙa ne na gaske, saboda suna iya ɗaukar nauyin nauyin ɗari takwas (!) Fiye da sau ɗaya, fiye da nauyin nasu. Idan, alal misali, mutum zai iya mallakar irin wannan ƙarfin gwarzo, zai iya sauƙi saurin ɗaukar nauyin bakwai (!) Tons.
Sanannen abu ne cewa har yanzu ba a san dalilin ƙaho mai wucewa ba, tunda kwari basa amfani da wannan makamin kare-kai ba a yayin harin ba, ko batun kariya. Ya tsere daga abokan gaba, guguwar tana amfani da wannan dabara mai sauƙi: idan ana cikin hatsari, sai ya zama kamar ya mutu, a hankali ya riƙa ɗaukar motsinsa ya kuma ɗaure hancinsa, bayan haka sai ya faɗi ƙasa, inda yake hade da ganye, rassan da sauran datti.
Duk da rarrabuwar rarrabuwar sa da shahararsa, salon rayuwar bishiyar bishiyar bishiyoyin, yanayin yanayin shi da salon rayuwa ba'a fahimci shi sosai kuma yana da "fararen tabo".
An sani cewa mazaunin rhinoceros shine ya fi dacewa daji-yalwataccen yanki (gandun itacen oak, dasa shuki a cikin hanyoyin willows da bishiyun birch).
Masana harkokin cikin gida suna da tambayoyi da yawa game da abinci mai kwari, tunda abubuwan cinncin yankan hakoran sun lalace kuma akwai zaton cewa shi, kamar irin ƙwaro ne, yana ciyar da tsiro na tsirrai (itacen oak, birches, Willows, haushi). An tabbatar da wannan ka'idar ta hanyar cewa ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan kwari an rufe su da ƙusoshin ƙura da ƙanƙan da suka samar da ƙwayar halittar jikin da kwari ke iya cinye ruwan 'ya'yan itace.
Bayan haka, wani bangare na masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa rhino baya ciyar da komai, kasancewar yana da isasshen ajiyar kaya yayin da yake cikin lokaci. Masana ilimin halittar dan adam sun tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa dukkanin gabobin tsarin narkewa na mahaifa sun lalace, kuma a hakika baya amfani da su don tabbatar da hasashensa.
Kwaro-manya sun bayyana a kusa da Afrilu-Mayu (ya dogara da yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi) kuma suna jagoranci rayuwar da ba ta dace ba. A lokacin rana, da irin ƙwaro suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, a cikin kututture na kututture, cikin ramin bishiyoyi ko kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙirar katako, don haka dusk ya fara farawa shekaru da aiki, tun dazuƙa ƙwayoyin kwari da maza ke haifar da haihuwa.
'Ya'yan ƙwayoyin tsuntsaye suna tashi ne a lokutan bazara mai dumi kuma suna iya tashi zuwa maɓallin hasken wucin gadi.
Mace ta sanya kwai da suka hadu a kan kututtukan juji, akan rassan bishiyoyin da aka ruɓa, a cikin taki da takin tsiro.
Bayan oviposition, mace ta mutu, ta haka ne, tsawon lokacin kwaro yakai kimanin watanni uku zuwa hudu.
Bayan kimanin kwanaki talatin, tsutsa ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta fito daga cikin kwan, wanda ke ciyar da abin da ke kewaye da shi. Tsutsa yana da launi mai launin ruwan hoda, babban akwati mai kauri a siffar harafin "C" tare da babban duhu mai launin shuɗi. Dukkanin kwaro ya rufe da kananan halittun sitaci.
Tsutsa tsaka ya girma zuwa takwas zuwa tara santimita a tsayi. Yana da jaws mai ƙarfi, saboda wanda ke lalata tushen tsarin tsirrai .. A cikin Ukraine, ana ganin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar bishi a cikin rhizomes na inabõbi, a cikin tushen wardi, a kan tushen tsarin matasa na apricot seedlings.
Ya danganta da yanayin da yanayin yanayi, tsawon lokacin tsayawar irin ƙwayar rhinoceros a cikin siffar tsutsa zai iya zama shekaru uku zuwa huɗu, bayan wannan sai ya juya zuwa babban alka.
Wata biyu zuwa hudu da suka wuce, kuma saboda metamorphosis, wani irin ƙwaro irin ya bar pupa, sakamakon abin da kwaro ya sake zagayowar.
Tunda irin ƙwaro ba ya haifar da babbar illa ga tsire-tsire masu ciyawar, ba a ɗauki tsinkaye a matsayin ƙwayar cuta mai haɗari da cutarwa, sabili da haka babu wasu hanyoyi na musamman da hanyoyin magance shi.
Akwai kamshi guda ɗaya game da binciken waɗannan kwari masu ban mamaki. Gaskiyar ita ce tun 1943, mafi girman ayyukan masu binciken dabbobi waɗanda ke yin nazarin ƙwayoyin bishiyoyin sun faɗi a cikin rahoton jama'a. Waɗannan ayyukan ana sanya su a matsayin “ɓoye” ko kuma taken rubutu “don amfani a hukumance” kuma tun daga nan ba a taɓa buga su ko'ina ba.
A halin yanzu, adadin ƙwaro suna raguwa da sauri. Dalilin wannan sabon lamari shine ayyukan tattalin arziƙin mutum wanda ya sare bishiyoyi a cikin mazaunin karkanda, da kuma halin da ake ciki na gaba ɗaya, da kuma irin wannan yanayi kamar canjin yanayi, wanda ke cutar da ƙoshin ƙwayoyin cuta.
Canji
'Ya'yan ƙwayoyin tsuntsaye sun bambanta sosai dangane da girman jiki da launi - daga duhu, halayyar manyan mutane, zuwa wuta, halayyar ƙarami. Manyan mutane sun bambanta a cikin ƙaho mai ƙarfi da ke da ƙarfi a kan maza na maza, ƙwararrun yanki, ƙwararrun haɓaka masu ƙarfi da hakora akan pronotum, a cikin mafi girma mace, fossa akan pronotum koyaushe mafi kyawun ci gaba. Smallanan maza sun bambanta, ban da rauni ga halaye na sakandare na sakandare, har ila yau a cikin wasu fasaloli waɗanda ke kawo kusancinsu ga mace, watau siffar pronotum, wanda ba a fadada shi da babban tari.
Oicctes nasicornis latipennis
Transcaucasian rhino (Oicctes nasicornis latipennis) Rarraba - Ciscaucasia, Caucasus, Turkiya Northeast, Iran a arewa maso gabas. A Dagestan a cikin low-kwance da kuma ƙafafun a cikin m tudu. Tsayin jiki har zuwa 39 mm. Ya bambanta da ƙananan rararwa ta fuskoki kaɗan. Kawar mace ta fi gabanta kyau, ƙaho a kan kan namiji yana kan gaban gaba a tsakiyar tare da furrow, gefuna na baya na haɓaka tsinkaye suna da faɗi, ɓangaren tsakiya yana daɗaɗɗa gaba. Karshen fossa na tsohuwar mace yana da kyau sosai, an rufe shi da mafi yawan kima da ƙarancin wrinkles. Sauran haruffa da canza launin sun yi kama da na wasu hanyoyin da aka saba.
Ryctes nasicornis grypus
An rarraba shi a kudancin Tyrol, kudancin Switzerland, Italiya, Sicily, kudancin Faransa, Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Tunisia. Tsayin jiki 25-40 mm. Hannun ido da ke gaban gaba bai zamewa ba, sasanninta na waje suna zubewa gaba kuma ba zagaye. Shugaban yana wrink, a cikin namiji tare da lanƙwasa baya, sannu a hankali ya zira zuwa saman ƙaho. Shugaban mata ba shi da makama a kwancen farko; Tsarin namiji yana da santsi, a ƙanƙane, wuraren da aka warwatsa. Gefen gaba na haɓakar ɗan adam yana da convex 3 dan kadan, guguwar zagaye da yake a kan layi ɗaya kuma ya rabu ta hanyar rauni, zagaye mara tushe: gefen bututun yana da fadi, ɓangaren tsakiya yana da kusan ci gaba, gefen gaban tubercles yana ɓoye kusan madaidaiciya, da ɗan layin layi. A cikin mace, gefuna na fossa a kan pronotum suna da laushi, a wuraren da aka warwatsa, steran wasan gaba mai ɗan ƙara ƙarfi, tare da karamin shahararren kumburi a tsakiya. Scutellum yana ɗaukar hoto daidai, tare da gefuna mai santsi. Elytra santsi, a sosai da wuya da kuma m maki, da ɗan yawa da yawa kusa da salon kuma a koli, kuma tare da mai zurfi, kaifi tsagi, kunshi lokacin farin ciki, partially hada maki. Hakanan kuma an bayyana nau'ikan da yawa na kowa a sassa daban-daban na adadin tallafin.
- ab. ci gaba (Tunisia)
- ab. siculus - ya bambanta daki-daki daki-daki game da tsarin halittar maza na waje na namiji. Sicily.
- ab. laevigalus - hakora a gefen gabanin asalin halittar a cikin sashi na pronotum a cikin maza sun rabu da abubuwan da ke da zurfi, a cikin mace, fossa a cikin pronotum yana da girma. Tyrol, Arewacin Italiya.
Yaɗa
Ra'ayin ya yadu. Turai, Arewacin Afirka, kudu maso gabas Asiya. Ciscaucasia, Caucasus, Turkiya Northeast, Iran a arewa maso gabas. Yanayin nau'ikan halitta ya shafi yanki na gandun daji mai lalacewa da tsararren daji na Turai; an lura da nau'in a cikin kudu maso yammacin Siberiya. Ikon irin ƙwaro don haɓakawa a cikin wuraren tattara abubuwan da ke tattare da daskararren sanyi - tarin tsirarren turɓaya, takin, ganye mai cike, a cikin gidajen tsire-tsire - an ba da izinin jinsin su shiga arewacin babban sashin halitta.
Habitat
Ya fi son wuraren da ke da daɗin dazuzzuka masu kwari, kwari, koguna. Daga baya ya shiga cikin tsiran tsiron da ba na mutane ba, har ma da wuraren da babu bishiyoyi na sassan yankin da kuma hamada, inda ya fara zama a dazuzzukan tuddai da rafin kogin. Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji-steppe, steppe, a cikin Crimea da Ciscaucasia, yana da wuya a arewacin yankin Turai na kewayon kuma a Siberiya.
Siffofin ilimin halittu
Ya danganta da yankin da mazauninsu, lokacin tashiwar gwoza ya bambanta - daga bazara zuwa tsakiyar bazara, wani lokacin har zuwa farkon kaka. A cikin yanki na kewayon kewayon, a cikin Crimea, jirgin ƙwanƙwasa daga ƙarshen Mayu, farkon Yuni zuwa shekaru na 2-3 na Yuli. A cikin gandun daji-steppe yankin da Turai daga shekarun 2-3 na Yuni zuwa shekaru 20 na Yuli, tare da adadi mafi yawa a farkon Yuli. A cikin yankin taiga na Turai daga farkon Yuli zuwa ƙarshen watan Agusta.
Da rana, beetawan ƙwaro ba su da aiki, ba sa tashi, ɓoye a ƙasa, a cikin ramin bishiyoyi. Jirgin sama yana farawa daga yamma kuma yana ɗaukar kusan daren duka. Tsutsotsi suna tsalle-tsalle zuwa wuraren samar da haske.
Babu cikakken bayani game da abinci mai narkewa. A cewar wasu rahotanni, ƙwayoyin gwoza basa cin abinci kwata-kwata (aphagia), a cewar wasu kafofin - suna iya cin abincin ruwa ko kuma ruwan itace.
Kiwo
Mace sa ƙwai a cikin tururuwa na kututture, a cikin m itatuwa, rotted itacen Trunks bishiyoyi (Birch, itacen oak, Willow da sauran nau'in), kazalika da rotted taki, takin lambu, tara na shavings da sawdust. A nan, ci gaban larvae wanda ciyar a kan lalata abubuwa na shuka asalin. Tsutsa yana barin kwan a lokacin bazara da hibernates.
Tsutsa
Larvae suna da kamanni na yau da kullun ga dangi, har tsawonsu ya kai cm 8 zuwa 8 a ƙarshen haɓakarsu tsutsa tsutsa, mai launin shuɗi, farar fata mai launin shuɗi tare da gungu masu launuka masu kama da sifiri akan siffofi 4-9 kuma shafa akan 10 na 10 tergite. Shugaban yana da duhu ja-kasa-kasa, m-wrinkled. Tumia an rufe shi da gashi da yawa. Manyan jaws masu girma ne, triangular, tare da gajeren gajeren wutsi da hakora 2. Antennae mafi tsayi, sashi na 2 mafi tsayi, gajere 1 fiye da 2, amma dan kadan ya fi na 3 girma. Breathers suna da girma, wanda mafi girma shine farkon, ragowar kaɗan basu da bambanci da juna a girma. A saman ɓangaren nazar ɗin an yi shi da ɗaure, dubura tana da siffar ƙwanƙwasa mai juyawa. Akwai ƙarin faren a bayan murfin firg. An rufe fargaba da fatar kananan gashi, wanda a cikin mafi karancin, gashi ya yadu, kuma a bangaren sa na gaba kadan akwai kananan kararrawa kamar su. Kafafu suna da tsayi. Claws gajere, kusan madaidaiciya. Matakan lardin yana shekaru 3-4.