Sau da yawa ana kiran barguzin ne kawai iska tana tserewa daga kwari, kuma ana kiran iska mai tsayi a saman tekun Verkhovik doki ko mujiya ta dare. A kudu na tafkin mai yiwuwa ya zama iska ta gabas. Duba Iskoki a kan tafkin Baikal.

Kalmomin iskar. - Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat. L.Z. Proh. 1983.

Bayanin dabbobi

Barguzinsky sable ita ce mafi ƙarancin wakilci a cikin nau'ikan 17 sable. Ya bayyana ne sakamakon girmamawa daga gicciye tsakanin almakashi na Altai iri-iri.

Barguzin yayi kyau. Dabba tana da jiki mai rauni, gajerun kafafu tare da dunkule masu iko na paws, karamin dimaufin wulakanci tare da kunnuwa masu kaifi da dutsen ado. Amma ƙaddara ce mai cin zalin da ke cin abinci akan ƙananan ƙwayoyin dabbobi, tsuntsaye da kifi.

Barguzin ya bambanta sosai da "dangi marassa kyau" a girman:

• tsayin jikinsa da kai: 39 - 42 cm a cikin maza, 36 - 41 cm cikin mata,
• tsawon wutsiya: 12.2 - 15.5 cm a cikin maza, 12 - 14.5 cm a cikin mata,
• nauyin jiki: 0.9 - 1.2 kg.

Dangane da ingancin Jawo, barguzin shine na biyu kawai ga Vitim sable.

Barguzin yana da wuri mai haske a ƙirjinsa, kuma kansa yana da sauƙi fiye da jiki. Noma yana da girma - girman waƙoƙi iri ɗaya ne da na dawakai, duk da cewa dabbar tana da ƙima sosai dangane da sigogi kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita. Godiya ga fadi-kasa da kuma yawan fur takarda a kan matashin kai, dabba da sauƙin motsawa tare da daskararre dusar ƙanƙara, kamar dai kan tsalle

Yankin

Barguzinsky sable a Rasha an rarraba shi a cikin Urals da Siberian taiga. Yana zaune a cikin layin taiga mai girma a gabashin gabar tafkin Baikal da dutsen Barguzinsky.

Hakanan ana samun wakilan jinsunan a Japan, a tsibirin Hokkaido.

Dabbar tana zama ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi, a cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa da haƙiƙa an kafa su ta halitta. Dabba da kanta ba ta tona ramuka - kawai tana tanadar waɗanda ke da su, tana rufe su da gansar ciyawa da ciyawa.

Barguzin ɗaya yana da mafaka da yawa a lokaci guda - na dindindin da na ɗan lokaci. Dabbobin suna da tsabta kuma a ƙarƙashin "bayan gida" suna ma'anar keɓaɓɓen mink wanda ke kusa da babban mazaunin.

Abinci da farauta

Barguzin shine maƙiyi, amma ba tilasta bane. A cikin abincinsa ba kawai nama ba, har ma da shuka abinci.

Dabbobin suna farauta da dare. Ganimarsa sune:

• mice
• chipmunks - maharbi yana cin dabbobin da kansu, kuma yana lalata ababen su kuma yana jan kwayoyi, berries, namomin kaza, tsaba daga can,
• pikas - dabba mai kama da dabba wacce take da manyan kunnuwa,
• rewsarshe - sunan kowa don wakilan dangin shker, a bayyanar da girman kama da bera, amma kada ku kasance cikin ƙwaƙƙwaran dabbobi - dabbobi suna cin ƙananan kwari, gwanaye, lokaci-lokaci - mice,
• voles - rodents, a cikin Siberiya, kawai vole ya zama ruwan dare,
• squirrels
• gwaraza.

Wani lokaci, dabbar tana ciyar da dabbar, kifayen kifi, ko kuma kifin da kanta yayin iskewar ruwa.

Barguzin mai farauta ne, mai ƙarfin zuciya mai farauta mai ƙamshi da ƙamshi. Yana jin danshi koda a lokacin farin dusar ƙanƙara. Dabbar tana sauƙaƙawa ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara da kuma hadaddun da babu makawa. Amma mai hawa dutsen da dodo daga dabbar ba shi da yawa. Idan ya cancanta, sigar Barguzinsky ta hau kan bishiya ko ta shiga ruwa, amma tana yin hakan da matuƙar ƙwarin gwiwa. Amma yana nuna abubuwan al'ajabi game da daidaitawa: da kyau tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe, koda kuwa nisan dake tsakanin su yakai 3-4 m.

A cikin lokaci, dabba ba ta ƙin abinci mai shuka:

• zuma - sha'ir sau da yawa yakan ci tare da ƙudan zuma,
• tsaba na itacen al'ul - suna kama da kwaɗar itacen al'ul, suna da ɗimbin mai, bitamin, amino acid,
• lingonberries,
• furannin furanni
• girgije
• dutse ash.

Abokan halitta

Barguzinsky sable yana da ƙarancin abokan gaba da gasa. 'Yan kadan ne ke kokarin kai hari ga wannan karamin, amma mafarauci mai tsoro.

Sauran dabbobin suna kai hari ppan kwikwiyo da kananan dabbobi, galibi ba sa yawan manya. Biki akan dabbar yana iya:

• kharzy - Martens-breasted martens, mafi girman wakilan jinsunan masu nauyin har zuwa 6 kg,
• mujiya da mujiya,
• shaho
• kyarkeci
• Bears.

Barguzinsky sable a kai a kai alama ce da ƙasa kuma da fushi fitar da wasu maza daga gare ta. Don gidan, dabba ma tana fada tare da kuskure ko kuma ginshiƙan Siberian - mafi kusancin dangi na ferrets, weasels da minks.

Barguzin yana da “m” tare da martens cewa wani lokacin dabbobi Dede. A sakamakon haka, ana haihuwar 'ya'yan kodan. Jawo su ya fi marten martaba, amma na baya ga sable.

Kiwo

Dabbobin sun yi aure a farkon da kuma lokacin bazara. Ciki a cikin mace yana da watanni 10, daga puan kwikwiyo 1 zuwa 4 a cikin zuriyar dabbobi. Sable an haife shi a farkon bazara. An haife su kurma da makafi. Sai kawai wata daya daga baya, idanun su a bude da kuma ji ta fashe.

An jarirai ba su da cikakken taimako na watanni 1-1.5 kuma suna ciyar da madarar uwa. Daga wata na biyu, mace na ciyar da su da nama da rabin-ci ko guda na wasa. A lokaci guda, dabbobi sun fara fita daga mink.

A tsakiyar lokacin rani, samari ya sami 'yanci kuma ya bar gidan mahaifinsa, kuma mata sun sake haihuwa. Matasa masu tasowa sun isa samari kawai a cikin shekaru 2-3.

Sakamakon tsararren hunturu na karya, ƙoƙarin farko na haifar da bargozins bai yi nasara ba.

Roka mai haɗin kai

Duk tsawon lokacin ci gaban Barguzin BZHRK, har yanzu ba'a san kayan aikinsa ba. A karshen shekarar 2014, kafafen yada labarai na cikin gida sun ba da rahoton cewa, ana gina matattarar gine-ginen layin dogo ne sakamakon makami mai linzami RS-24 Yars. Sai dai jami'ai ba su tabbatar da wannan bayanin ba.

A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, RIA Novosti ta wallafa wata sanarwa mai ban sha'awa da Janar Designer na Cibiyar Kula da Kiwon lafiya ta Moscow (MIT), wanda ke aiwatar da ci gaban Barguzin. Masanin ilimin kimiyya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha Yuri Solomonov ya ce ƙungiyar sa ta ƙirƙiri hadadden Yars tare da damar ba da fifiko.

Za'a iya amfani da makami mai linzami na ballistic na wannan nau'in tare da silo (silo), akan hadaddun ƙasa mai motsawa (PGRK), ko kuma wani ɓangare na BZHRK. Bugu da kari, gwargwadon hanyoyin maganganu da abubuwanda aka gyara na mutum, wannan sigar na Yarsa an hade tare da ginin jirgin karkashin ruwa na Bulava.

Ana iya ɗaukar wannan bayanin a matsayin tabbataccen tabbaci na rahotanni kan ci gaban Barguzin dangane da hadaddiyar Yars. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, irin wannan bayanin ba shi da wata mahimmanci ta musamman. An dakatar da haɓaka sabon BZHRK a madadin ayyukan tare da fifiko. Saboda dalilai daban-daban, makomar Yasho masu linzami a cikin mahallin jiragen saman makamai masu linzami ya zama mai walwala.

Tambayar kuzari

Bayanin Yu. Solomonov ya zama dalilin sake haifar da sabani a kan bukatar BZHRK a cikin kundin tsarin soja na makamai masu linzami na Rasha. Ra'ayoyi game da wannan batun ana bayyana su a matakai daban-daban. Don haka, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, RIA Novosti ta buga maganganun shugaban cibiyar Tsaro ta Duniya, IMEMO RAS, Masanin Ilimin Alexei Arbatov.

Masanin ilimin kimiyya ya gani a cikin maganganun Yu. Solomonov alama ce game da yiwuwar sake komawa ci gaban Barguzin. A lokaci guda, buƙatar ƙirƙirar sabon BZHRK ya kasance cikin shakka. A. Arbatov ya tunatar da cewa irin wannan dabarar tana da fa'ida da mahimmaci, kuma dole ne a la'akari da wannan lokacin yin yanke shawara.

Masanin ilimin ya kira ingantaccen ikon sake kamanni wani fasali mai kyau na BZHRK. Jirgin da ke amfani da makamai masu linzami a kan jirgin kusan babu bambanci da jirgin ruwan sufurin jirgin sama. A gefe guda, jirgin yana ɗaure zuwa hanyoyin da ke sintiri - "zaku iya gani ta jirgin ƙasa abin da zai tafi." Wuraren da ke kan jirgin kasa suna da matukar rauni, kuma karɓar hadaddun abubuwa daga tasirin na iya zama da wahala. Hakanan, ba zai yiwu a kawo matsala a irin wadannan wuraren ba.

A cikin yanayin motsi, bisa ga A. Arbatov, BZHRK ya fi ƙasa da PGRK akan chassis mara ƙarfi. Na karshen baya buƙatar layin dogo ko gadoji. Hanyoyinsu na sintiri kusan ba a tsara su ba.

Hakanan, malamin ilimin ya jawo hankali ga batun batun tattalin arziki. Haɗin RS-24 "Yars" yana da bambance bambancen abubuwa uku - amma akwai wadatar kuɗin da za ku iya gano duk waɗannan damar?

A cikin yanayin bunkasa sabbin makamai na Rasha, A. Arbatov ya ja hankalin ƙwarewar ƙasashen waje. Don haka, a cikin tsarin sojojin Amurka masu amfani da makaman nukiliya akwai tsarin makami mai linzami daya na kasa da ke amfani da silos. Don maye gurbinsa, an ƙirƙiri wani tsari mai kama da wannan. Ba a amfani da fadada nau'ikan tsarin makamai masu linzami a cikin kasarmu a cikin Amurka.

Babu dalilin yin jayayya

Har zuwa 2017-18, lokacin da ya zama sananne game da dakatar da aiki akan Barguzin, batun ƙirƙirar sabon BZHRK ya kasance sananne musamman kuma akwai muhawara mai aiki a kusa da shi. Labari game da daskarewa aikin ya haifar da raguwa a cikin irin wannan aikin. Bayanan da Yu. Solomonov ya yi game da wanzuwar Yars mai hade da kuma yiwuwar ƙirƙirar sabon jirgin ƙasa har ila yau ya haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako.

An tattauna batun a kowane mataki, har zuwa ga masu tsara labarai da kuma masana kimiyya gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, irin wannan tattaunawar suna kama da zama ba a yanzu. Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, sojoji da jagorancin siyasa na Rasha sun ba da umarnin dakatar da aiki a kan Barguzin BZHRK a madadin sauran ayyukan tare da fifiko.

Rahotannin farko na rufe ayyukan Barguzin sun ambaci dalilan tattalin arziki na irin wannan shawarar. Bayani sun bayyana daga baya. An dakatar da ci gaban BZHRK da sabon PGRK don 'yantar da albarkatu don kirkirar hadaddun Avangard, wanda ke da matukar mahimmanci ga Sojojin Makami mai linzami da kuma karfin ikon tsaro.

Nan gaba, ana iya tunawa da “Barguzin”, amma yanzu ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin ainihin hadadden da za a iya sawa cikin sabis ba a shekaru masu zuwa. Hankalin Sojojin Sama na makamai masu linzami da Ma'aikatar Tsaro gaba daya yana mai da hankali kan sauran tsarin makamai masu linzami.

A kan wannan yanayin, sabbin kalamai na Yu. Solomonov suna kama da sanarwa mai sauƙi. Developirƙirar aikin da ke gudana da layin ICBM gabaɗaya, MIT ya haɗu da sigar haɗin makami mai linzami na Yars don amfani akan dandamali daban-daban. Sojojin sun yi amfani da ma'adinan ta hanyar wayar salula da wayar hannu yayin da aka yi watsi da layin dogo. Wataƙila tuni gaba daya.

Abin da zai iya zama hadaddun

Dangane da sanannun bayanai, MIT ya fara ci gaban Barguzin BZHRK a cikin 2012 kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa 2017. Jami'an daga baya sun bayyana wasu bayanai, amma yawancin bayanan sun fito ne daga kafofin kafofin yada labarai wadanda ba a san su ba. Duk wannan ya sami damar samun babban hoto, amma yaya gaskiyar abin da ya juya bai zama sananne ba.

An ɗauka cewa a cikin ginin gaba ɗaya sabon Barguzin zai yi kama da gidan tsohuwar gidan Molodets. Ana iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da keɓaɓɓun jiragen ruwa tare da masu ƙaddamar da kaya, kayan aikin tsaro, wuraren ba da umarni, wuraren zama, da dai sauransu. Dabaru da fasahar fasaha har zuwa wani lokaci ba a san abin da ke faruwa ba.

A cikin 2014, 'yan jaridar Rasha sun ba da rahoton cewa za a yi amfani da nau'in YB-IC ICBMs ko gyare-gyare a matsayin wani ɓangare na Barguzin. Wannan ya bamu damar zana wasu mahimman yankewa. Da farko dai, batun game da hadewar tsarin makamai masu linzami da yawa ne na Sojojin Makami mai linzami ta hanyar mahimmin abu. A wancan lokacin, RS-24s sun riga sun fara aiki a silos da kuma a PGRK. Nan gaba, ya kamata su kara da ICBMs akan jiragen kasa.

Tsawon dutsen Yars bai wuce 22-23 m ba, nauyin ƙaddamar da ƙasa da tan 50. Roka na zamani ya fi sau biyu wuta wuta fiye da samfurin Molodets RT-23 UTTX, wanda ke da fa'idodi masu girma. Wani mai harba makami mai linzami tare da irin waɗannan sigogi ya dace da iyakokin tara kaya. Musamman, babu buƙatar ƙirƙirar mota na musamman tare da karuwar ƙafafun ƙafa. Hakanan an rage bukatun hanyoyin, wanda ya kara samarda wuraren da suke sintiri.

BZHRK akan "Yars" za'a iya bambanta shi da kyau daga "kyawawan" halaye na aiki da kuma sirrin mafi girma. Irin wannan hadadden zai iya kasancewa mai kyau kuma mai dacewa ga wasu hanyoyin na Sojojin Makami mai linzami.

A ƙarshen shekara ta 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa, an gudanar da gwajin makami mai linzami don Barguzin BZHRK a matakin horo na Plesetsk. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, ba a karɓi irin wannan labarin ba, kuma a watan Disamba 2017, 'yan jaridu sun ba da sanarwar dakatar da aiki. Daga baya, aka gano dalilan rufe ayyukan.

Nan gaba ba tare da jiragen kasa ba

Dukkanin shirye-shiryen Janar na Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Kwamandan Tsaro na makamai masu linzami don haɓaka makamai masu dabarun sananne ne. Babban ICBM na sojoji a hankali ya zama RS-24 "Yars" a cikin nau'ikan biyu - don ma'adanan ƙasa da kuma sandunan ƙasa masu motsi. Nan gaba kadan za'a sami sabon makamin roka mai nauyi RS-28 Sarmat. Kasancewar samfuran zamani guda biyu zai ba da izini ga wani sabon zamani na Sojojin Makami mai linzami tare da ƙara ƙarfin su.

Shirye-shiryen da akeyi basu da wurin da zasu ci gaba da sanya tsarin makami mai linzami bisa layin dogo. A da, ana ganin irin waɗannan tsarin wajibi ne, wanda a lokaci guda ya haifar da ƙaddamar da aikin Barguzin. Daga baya aka watsar da shi don inganta abubuwan da suka dace. Komawa ga halittar BZHRK, kamar yadda aka sani, ba shiri bane.

Koyaya, sakamakon sakamakon da bai cika ba kan batun “Barguzin”, MIT da sauran masana'antun sun sami goguwa ta ƙirƙirar BZHRK na zamani a ƙarƙashin sabon makami mai linzami. Idan ya cancanta, ana iya aiwatar da wannan ƙwarewar a cikin sabon aikin idan umurnin ya yanke shawarar sake fara aiki.

Mun lura da kuskure .. Zaɓi rubutun kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar

Barguzin

Barguzin Kayan kwalliya ne daga dangin Marten, wanda aka samo a cikin gandun daji na Arewacin Asiya, wanda aka yaba da shi saboda ƙanƙanin danshi mai laushi. A launi da Jawo launuka daga musamman duhu zuwa haske launin ruwan kasa. Cikin duhu launin fata, mafi girma da farashin a Jawo auction. Sunan barguzin mai sable, yana da tushen Slavic kuma ya ɗauki tushe a cikin yaruka da yawa na Yammacin Turai, watakila sakamakon cinikin fur a farkon shekarun da suka gabata. Sabili da haka, sable na Rasha (sobol) ya juya ya zama German Zobel, zibelina Portuguese, French zibeline, soopeli na Finnish, Sabel Dutch, da dai sauransu.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Carl von Linne ya bayyana Barguzin a cikin 1758 a cikin wani littafi da ake kira Nature, wanda ake kira Mustela zibellina. Zaɓin martini (martel) (Mustelidae) ne ya sanya Sergey Ognev ya dawo a 1925. Gabaɗaya, barguzin Martes zibellina ya fi dacewa da tsarin martaba (M. Martes), Marten Amurka (M. americana) da Marten Jafan (M. melampus). Koyaya, tana da gajerun wutsiya da duhu, Haske mai annuri da siliki.

Bayyanar fasali da fasali

Hoto: Dabarar Barguzin

Sakamakon bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar bargozins a wurare daban-daban na duniya, an yi wata muhawara game da ainihin adadin adadin kuɗin shiga da za a iya bayyanawa. An gane bambancin goma sha bakwai a yau, amma sauran kafofin kimiyya na kwanan nan sun gano zaɓuɓɓuka masu yiwuwa daga bakwai zuwa talatin.

Sashin jiki na barguzin, kamar martens da yawa, yana da alaƙa da jikin elongated, na bakin ciki da gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓinan. A zahiri, barguzin yayi kama da martin Pine, amma ya fi girma kuma ya kasance da gajerun wutsiya, gashi kuma ya fi taushi da laushi.

Launin rigar ya bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa mai haske zuwa maraƙi. Shugaban yana yawanci kadan kadan fiye da jiki. Wasu lokuta a cikin gashi daban daban ana fitar da su. A wannan yanayin, launin launin fur ɗin ya zama haske sosai a ciki kuma duhu a baya da kafafu. A cikin wasu mutane, fur ɗin haske yana bayyana akan makogwaro, wanda zai iya zama launin toka, fari ko shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Kayan hunturu suna da gashi mai tsayi da siliki, kuma a lokacin rani sun zama ya fi guntu, gashi da duhu. Shedding yana faruwa daga Maris zuwa Mayu kuma daga Agusta zuwa Nuwamba.

M. zibellina yana nuna ƙarancin jima'i tsakanin maza da mata. Sabulu ya kai tsawon jiki na 32 zuwa 53 cm (maza) ko 30 zuwa 48 cm (mace). Wutsiya mai laushi daga 30.5 zuwa 46 cm tsayi. A matsakaita, maza sunkai 9% fiye da mace. Yawan nauyin maza ya kai daga 1150 zuwa 1850 grams, mace daga 650 zuwa 1600 grams. A cikin hunturu, nauyi yana ƙaruwa da kashi 7-10.

A ina ne barguzin yake zaune?

Hoto: Barguzin a Rasha

Ana samun Barguzin sable a duk arewacin Asiya, da zarar yawan rarraba shi ya rufe yankin daga Scandinavia zuwa arewacin China. A halin yanzu, mazaunin dabbar ba ya nisa zuwa yamma, amma har yanzu ana samunsa ko'ina cikin Siberiya da arewacin China.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A Rasha, rarrabar da barguzin yana da alaƙa da maimaita yawan gabatarwar dabbobi 19,000 zuwa cikin muhalli daga 1940 zuwa 1965.

Yankin rarraba farkon na barguzin ya rufe yawancin arewacin Eurasia, kuma ya haɗa da Scandinavia. A wasu wuraren rarraba su, sun ɓace, don haka a yau ba sa zaune a yamma da dutsen Ural.

Yankunan da aka rarraba na yanzu sun haɗa da:

• Rasha: kusan dukkanin Siberiya ta gabashin Urals, ciki har da Sakhalin,
• Kazakhstan: a cikin matsanancin arewa maso gabas a rafin Bukhtarma da Uba,
• Kasar Sin: Yankin da aka rarraba ya hada da bangarori uku daban-daban: a gefen Altai a Xinjiang, a cikin tsaunukan Great Khingan kuma, wata ila, har ma a tsaunukan Kingan mafi girma, cikin tsaunukan Changbai,
• Mongolia: a cikin Altai da cikin gandun daji,
• Koriya ta Arewa: a cikin Dutsen Changbai da kudu na duwatsun,
• Japan: a tsibirin Hokkaido.

Yankin yamma na rarraba barguzin ya mamaye tsaunin Ural, inda suke zama tare da juyayi tare da alamun farin kaya. Wannan nau'in ya fi son gandun daji na Taiga, a cikin filayen kuma a cikin tsaunukan arewacin arewacin Asiya. Ana samun Barguzin M. zibellina a cikin dazuzzuka da itacen al'ul na gabashin Siberia, haka kuma a cikin lardunan daji da na Pine na Siberia. Da alama zai iya kauce wa matsanancin kogunan ne kawai. Yawancin nau'ikan sune ƙasa da kuma gina burrows akan zuriyar dabbobi.

Me barkezin yake ci?

Hoto: Barguzin a yanayi

Abincin barguzin ya bambanta dangane da yanayin. Yawancinsu suna cin abinci akan mice, chipmunks, squirrels, ƙwai tsuntsu, ƙananan tsuntsaye har ma da kifi. Dabbobi kuma suna iya cin berries, kwaro na Pine da ciyayi, lokacin da manyan hanyoyin abinci ba su samu. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi, barguzin M. zibellina na adana ganima a cikin kogon don tallafawa kanta har sai da ta sake farauta. Dabbobin sun kuma kama dabbobi ne a kan kuskure, tsuntsaye da ƙananan weasels.

Wani lokacin gangaren yakan bi sawun karnukan kyarkeci ko bears da ciyar da ragowar bukukuwansu. Dabba na iya ciyar da tsuntsayen mollusks, kamar su matattarar ruwa wanda suke rub da ƙasa, don cire gamsai. Sables wani lokacin cinye kifi, wanda aka kama tare da gaban paws. Mafi yawan abincinsu ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin wuta. A Siberiya, motsi sama da 50% na abincin ƙabilu ne. A cikin hunturu, lokacin da suka sami tsari daga sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara, sukan ciyar da ciyawar daji.

Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa a menu na iya zama:

Abincin dabbobi na iya haɗawa da tsuntsaye, kifi da kwari. Bugu da kari, dabba dabba licks daga kudan zuma kuli. Tsire-tsire da suke girka wani muhimmin sashi na abinci. A tsakiyar Yenisei, an gano cewa ciyarwar gida a kan kashi 20% na tsaba da itacen shuɗi. Barguzins suna farauta musamman ta sauti da wari, kuma suna da saurin sauraro. Suna alamar yankinsu tare da ƙanshin da glandar ke haifar da ciki.

Yanzu kun san yadda ake ciyar da barguzin. Bari mu ga yadda yake rayuwa a cikin daji.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

Hoto: Barguzin a lokacin sanyi

Sabloli galibi suna tafiya a ƙasa, amma suna iya hawa da kyau. Suna kirkirar da yawa a cikin yankunansu kusa da bankunan kogin da kuma cikin mafi tsananin sassan gandun daji, akasarinsu a cikin rassan bishiyoyi, a cikin kabura ko a gindin bishiyoyin da suke yadawa tare da bushewar tsirrai ko gashi. Wadannan ramuka ana yin su da lafiya.

Yanayin barguzin yana daga 4 zuwa 30 km². Girman yana dogara da mazauni sabili da haka a kan yuwuwar abinci, kazalika da shekarun dabbobi. Kowace rana, sable yana gudana a cikin sararin sa na kilomita 6,5,12. A cikin lokuta na musamman, nisan na iya zama kilomita 30, amma an gano ƙaura daga kilomita 300.

Mafi yawan sable yana aiki da maraice, amma yana iya motsawa da dare, amma da wuya a cikin rana. A cikin yanayin sanyi sosai, yawanci sukanyi kwanaki da yawa a inda suke. Juyawar motsi na faruwa ne saboda ƙananan tsalle-tsalle tare da faɗin 40 zuwa 70 cm. Ra'ayin, sable na iya tsalle zuwa mil 4. irajinsu ya ɓoye, an rufe shi da ciyawa da fur, amma yana iya zama na ɗan lokaci, musamman a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da dabbar ta yi balaguro don neman ganima don manyan nesa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsarin shekaru na jinsin, wanda hanyar tsufa ya ƙaddara, shine kamar haka: orsananan 62,7%, ɗan shekara 12.5%, shekara-shekara 2-4 - 2.7-5.5%, shekaru 5-7 - 1.5– 3.7%, dabbobi shekaru 8 da haihuwa - 0.4-1.7% a cikin Urals da 75.6%, 5.7%, 2.7-4.9%, 0.8-2.5% da 0.2-1.4%, bi da bi, a yammacin Sayan. Samun rayuwa na shekara-shekara na sables: 19.9% ​​ga samari, 44.0% na shekara-shekara da kashi 75.9-79.4% na dabbobi na shekaru 2-9 a cikin Urals da 33.0%, 59.6% da 49.3-75 , 8% bi da bi a Yammacin Sayan.

A kan gonaki, barguzins suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 18, yayin da a cikin daji mutane na sables suna da matsakaicin tsawon rayuwa na shekaru 9-10, tsufa ba wuya sosai. Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan garken daji mutane ne da ke kasa da shekara biyu.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hoto: Baran Barguzin

An lura cewa maza, suna yin kaidi a ƙasarsu, suna yin gulma ko ƙaramin inan tsagi a cikin dusar ƙanƙanin nisan mil, tsawonsu, tare da yawan urination. Mating tana faruwa tsakanin Yuni 15 zuwa 15 ga Agusta, tare da kwanan wata ya bambanta ta hanyar yanki. A wuraren da akwai karancin mutane, al'adar aure ta hada da tsere, tsalle da kuma "sautikan cat" tsakanin maza da mata. Koyaya, a wuraren da yaduwar rabo tsakanin maza da maza, gasa na mata na iya haifar da fadace-fadace.

Bayan sakawar, kwayar da ta hadu ba a lullube a cikin bangon mahaifar mace ba. Shiga ciki na faruwa ne bayan watanni takwas, kuma tayi tayi kawai kwanaki 25-30. Koyaya, jimlar lokacin daukar ciki zata dauki kwanaki 250 zuwa 300. Injiniyar mace na daga toaya 1 zuwa 7, amma ƙananan litter na mutane 2-3 sun fi yawa. Wasu yan kwalliya suna da kulawa ta uwa, tunda maza suke kare yankin mace har ma suna ba da abinci ga uwayen masu shayarwa da zuriyarsu.

Sabuwar barguzins an haife su marasa taimako, tare da rufe idanu da kuma bakin gashi sosai. Maƙiyi masu nauyi tsakanin gram 25 zuwa 35 kuma a matsakaita suna da tsawon cm 10 .. Barguzyats ya buɗe idanunsu tsakanin ranakun 30 zuwa 36 na rayuwarsu kuma ya bar gidan nan bada jimawa ba. Makonni bakwai bayan haihuwa, aka yaye su kuma suka karɓi abincin da aka fi sani daga mahaifiyarsu. Barguzins sun isa balaga a shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa.

Zaɓuɓɓuka da farashin. Sayi a Moscow

Kyawawan kisa: menene darajar barguzin Jawo

Sable fur ya kasance koyaushe ana godiya sosai. Musamman baki. Saboda haka, an yi wa barguzin barazanar ruguzawa. An kashe shi saboda mayafin siliki mai duhu. Bugu da kari, fur na barguzin ya fi gashin ukun sauran sabulu yawa, laushi da walwala.

A cikin ƙarni na XV-XVIII, an kashe dubun dubun dubbai. Furcinsu yana da matukar mahimmanci wanda aka samo daga sayar da fur ɗin shine tushen baitul malin ƙasar Rasha a karni na XVII. An sayi skins, sayar, har ma a matsayin kuɗaɗe.

Saboda irin wannan kisan gilla da aka yi a farkon karni na 20, kusan babu barcin da ya rage. Sun tsira kawai a wuraren da aka ba su kariya da gangan.

Gina hanyoyin jiragen kasa, mazauna wuraren dazuzzuka da mutane keyi, gobara daji, da lalata muhalli sun kara lalata bishiyoyi masu tsauri.

Babban gudummawa ga kiyaye halittar shine buɗewar Barguzinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve - ajiyar farko a Rasha. An kafa ta a cikin 1916 a cikin ƙasar Buryatia. Ya shimfiɗa a nisan murabba’in kilomita 3743. km a cikin yankin Baikal na Arewa, a bakin tekun Lake Baikal da dutsen Barguzinsky.

An jera Sable a cikin Littafin Red na Rasha da Sakhalin.

Koyaya, akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda suke so su sami gashin gashi, alkyabbar, abin wuya ko hat daga cikin duhu mai duhu. Domin kada ya lalata dabbobin daji kuma a lokaci guda gamsar da bukatun mutane, an fara samun shinge cikin masas a cikin gonakin fur.

Barguzin ainihin mu'ujiza ce taiga. Dabba kusan ya mutu saboda sutturar gashin danshi mai ban mamaki. An yi sa'a, an sami adadin jama'a da yawa. A yau zaku iya sha'awar dabbar a cikin Barguzinsky Reserve. Anan, gidan tarihi ba wai kawai yana zaune ne a cikin gandun daji ba, har ma yana kusanci da gidajen mazauna gandun daji.

Abokan gaba na makiya na yau da kullun

Baya ga mutuwar halittu, za a iya kai hari cikin dabbobin da dabbobi takwas masu shayarwa da kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye takwas. Abokan hamayya na gari a mazauninta masu cinye abubuwa ne da masu kisan dabbobi. Dabba na iya shan wahala daga kasancewar nau'ikan helminths 34, nau'ikan fleas da nau'ikan halittu uku na gamasid, waɗanda aka kwatanta da sassals parasites.

Babban masu farautar barguzin sun hada da dabbobi da yawa, sune:

Barguzins suna sanye da faffadan leɓun haƙora da haƙoran haƙora, wanda ke ba su damar iya kiyaye kansu da kyau daga masu hasashen da yawa. Koyaya, mutum shine mafi haɗari ga maƙiyi, saboda ƙarni da yawa an yi imani da cewa sable yana da ɗayan ƙwararruwan fata. Dabbobin an riga an san su da yawa a karni na 3 kafin haihuwar. Saboda girmamawa, mutanen Scythian sun aika da furci mai mahimmanci ga duniyar Girka tare da Tekun Bahar.

Daga baya, skins din sable ya zama alama ta matsayi, musamman a Rasha. An kawata kambin tsars na Rashanci mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalƙyali daga ƙarni na 17. Mutanen da ke cin nasara a Siberiya sun biya haraji ga fatar fata. Saboda haka, saboda yawan farauta, sable ya zama mawuyacin hali a farkon karni na 20. Farashin Sable a cikin 2010 ya kasance $ 167 na sable fur da $ 138 don farauta daji. Mafi yawan fatun dabbobi daga dabbobin da aka yi kiwo yanzu suna shiga kasuwa.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Hoto: Dabarar Barguzin

Sable yana cikin nau'ikan dabbobi da basu da damuwa, tunda bisa ga ƙidayar farko, sama da mutane miliyan biyu ke yaduwa a cikin Eurasia. A mafi yawancin adadinta ba akwai barazanar rage lambobi ba, duk da raguwa a wasu ƙasashe, wanda gabaɗaya keɓantaccen yanki na kewayon rarraba shi.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an haramta farauta da kamun kifi tsakanin 194 da 1960, a yayin da aka saki sabbin 20,000 daga gonaki zuwa cikin daji. Wadannan matakan sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa a yau yawan jama'ar barguzin a kasar sun dawo da cikakken matakin da ya gabata, kuma IUCN ya yi imanin cewa babu abin da ke barazanar dabba a yanzu.

Babban abin da ke haifar da raguwa shine farautar hunturu. Koyaya, a cikin Rasha, ana sarrafa sable daidai da taken tushen kimiyya, saboda haka wannan farauta baya haifar da barazana ga jinsin. Wasu wuraren zama ana asararsu sakamakon gandun daji, ginin sadarwa da haɓaka sabbin ma'adinai, matatun mai.

An kare Barguzin a cikin ajiyar yanayin jihar da wuraren shakatawa na kasa. A waje da wuraren da ba shi da kariya, farauta mai kyau a Rasha an tsara shi ta wurin farauta takamaiman ga kowane yanki kuma an iyakance shi cikin lokaci daga 15 ga Oktoba zuwa 29 ga Fabrairu. Babban wuraren da ke da kariya ta bariki shine reshe na jihar 41 tare da duka yanki na 164,960 km².

A cikin China, an haramta farauta a duk fadin 215,678 km² nau'in jinsunan. A cikin Mongolia, an rarrabe shi azaman mai saurin kamuwa. A cikin DPRK bakararre An sanya shi azaman haɗari. A Japan, an kiyaye ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi tun 1920 kuma a halin yanzu an jera su azaman haɗari. Babu kimantawa mai yawa ga Japan, Korea, ko Kazakhstan; yawan sassan kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe suna da ɗan kaɗan daga cikin kewayon jinsunan duniya.