Kaluga, kamar danginsa, beluga, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kifin ruwa mai tsabta da alfarmar Rasha. Kauyenta kawai shi ne tasirin kogin Amur da harakokinta - Sungari, Argun, Shilka da sauransu.
Layuka biyar na faranti kashi suka ratsa jikin Kaluga, kowane ɗayansu akwai keel, wanda aka kamo shi a ƙarshen tare da ƙaramin ƙara. Wannan kifin yana da fata mai kauri, wacce aka fentin launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi-baki a gefuna da baya, da fararen fata ko launin toka a ciki. Maza ba sa bambanta da mace a cikin girman su ko launi.
Kaluga kifi ne mai tsauri, kuma, kamar sauran wakilan wannan dangi, yana haifar da yanayin rayuwa.
Tana ciyar da nau'ikan kifaye iri daban-daban, da suka hada da ruwan hoda na ruwan hoda, kifin kirim, irin kifi na kowa, kifin azurfa da gudgeon. Lokacin da kaluga bude bakinsa, yayi kama da bututu a fuskarsa. A cikin cikakkiyar ma'anar kalmar, tana tsotse ganima tare da ruwa, wanda a hankali yake buɗe bakinsa.
Wannan babban kifin yana da babban abin ci: kaluga, mai tsawon mil uku, yana iya hadiye kifin chum mai tsayin mitoci, kuma ciki zai iya ɗaukar kusan kifaye goma na wannan girman. Irin wannan shan giya yana ba da gudummawa ga gaskiyar cewa kaluga tana haɓaka sosai. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 10, ci gabansa na shekara 10 cm ne tsayi, kuma ribar shine kilo 10. Tsofaffi suna girma 3-6 cm a cikin shekara kuma suyi nauyi kilo 20. Wadannan kifaye suna rayuwa na dogon lokaci - har zuwa shekaru 80. Kuma irin waɗannan ɗaruruwan shekarun na iya girma zuwa mita 5-6 tare da nauyin kusan tan.
Masana kimiyya sun gano nau'ikan kaluga guda biyu - yana da kyau kuma an zaunar dashi. Wakilai na farkon nau'i don tsallakewa suna zuwa estuary, kuma wakilan na biyu koyaushe suna cikin kogin. Haka kuma, tsari na biyu yana rayuwa ne a cikin wasu kananan kungiyoyin keɓaɓɓu. Kaluga ya shiga cikin balagaggu a shekara ta goma na rayuwa, amma ya faru da farko, kifi ya fara zuwa yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai.
Wadannan kifin spawn a ƙarshen bazara - farkon lokacin rani. A wannan lokacin, macen ta zaɓi wani wuri kusa da ƙanƙarar da aka feshe tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi na yanzu. A lokaci guda ta ɗora ƙwai daga ɗari shida da dubu huɗu zuwa miliyan huɗu. Bayan matar ta rasa, sai mace ta rasa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nauyinta, ta koma kogin ta gangara ƙasa. Na gaba spaining zai faru ne bayan shekaru biyar.
Qwai suna manne da duwatsun, sati daya bayan haka fyaɗe daga gare su, wanda nan da nan daga lokacin da aka fara haihuwar shi farauta. Yawancin kwari da kwari ke zama abinci. Lokacin da suke da shekaru 2-3, suna da tsawon 20-25 cm. Daga wannan zamanin, sun fara cin ƙananan kifaye. Amma yaran Kaluga da kansu ma suna jan hankalin masu farautar, harma da irin nasu, kuma suna iya zama abincin wani.
Kaluga yana ɗaya daga cikin kifin kasuwanci mafi mahimmanci. An kama abin da ta kama a cikin wannan yanayin wanda a tsakiyar karni na ashirin kifin nan yana cikin haɗarin hallaka. Amma an dauki matakan da suka dace lokacin, saboda abin da ya yiwu a sake dawo da yawan jama'arta. A yau, kame Kaluga ya takaita sosai, akwai wuraren da aka hana shi bisa manufa.
Bayyanar
Kaluga asalin halittar beluga ne daga dangin Sturgeon. Ita ce mafi kusancin dangi na beluga - kusan shine nau'in kifi mafi girma. Babban mutum daga mazaunan ruwa, kifin kaluga (hoto da bayanin kawai ya tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar) na iya kaiwa kimanin 6 m kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilo 1200. Kuma tsammanin rayuwar wannan nau'in yana da ban mamaki, tunda, bisa la’akari da zatocin masanan kimiyyar halittar, kusan shekara 50 kenan.
Shugaban kifin yana da siffar triangular. Daga sama an rufe shi da ƙananan garkuwa na kashi. Jikin yana da elongated. A kanta akwai layuka biyar na farantin ossified. Kowannensu yana da dikeka mai kaifi a kan bakin da aka nuna. A ciki fari ne kuma baya baya launin shuɗi ne. Fata na wannan wakilin kifin yana da wahala da bumpy. Bakin yana jujjuyawa kuma babba. Areasa da ke antennae flattened daga tarnaƙi. Wannan shi ne abin da kifin Kaluga ya yi kama, hoton wanda ya fi dacewa kuma ya nuna bayyanar sa mai ban sha'awa. Nama na dauke da abin ci. An yi imani da cewa yana da abubuwa da yawa na warkarwa.
Ina kaluga yake?
Wannan kifin an samo shi ne musamman a cikin kwari na Amur. Ana ɗaukar shi wani nau'in ruwa ne mai ruwa, amma wani lokacin ana samun shi a gefen Tekun Okhotsk Kaluga. Kifi, musamman, matasa ne, ana samunsa kusa da tsibiran da tsibirai kamar su:
Me kifin ke ci?
Kamar kowane tsintsiya, maƙiyi ne. A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, yara na Kaluga suna ciyar da kwayoyin da ke cikin lalatattun kwayoyin halitta. Bayan haka, girma, ya fara cin abin soya na wasu nau'in kifaye. Manya sun fi son gani a cikin abincinsu:
Lokacin da wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan halittu suka tafi spain, an haɗa shi ne a makarantu kuma yana haɗiye manyan mutane na Kaluga. Kifi, da bude bakin bakinsa, ya tsotse abincin da ruwa. Abun ci yana da ban sha'awa: mutum mai mita uku zai iya hadiye warin cum ɗin tsawon mita 1 mita. Tana cikin sauƙin riƙe kifaye na wannan girman. Bugu da kari, kaluga na iya ciyar da karamin kifi, jatan lande, har ma da nasu saurayi.
Kiwo
Yana girma a cikin saurin sauri: 10 cm tsayi, yana samun nauyi har zuwa kilo 10 a kowace shekara, da sauransu har zuwa shekaru 10. Sannan yana haɓaka har zuwa 6 cm a kowace shekara a girma, kuma har zuwa kilo 20 na Kaluga cikin nauyi. Kifi, ko mace ko namiji, koyaushe yayi kama da ɗaya. Ya zama ya zama mai balaga yayin da bai kai shekaru 17 ba. Kodayake mafi yawan lokuta balaga ga wannan nau'in kifin yana zuwa shekaru 22.
Lokacin shakatawa ya faɗi ne a Mayu-Yuli. A wannan lokacin, macen ta sami wuri mai dacewa don sanya ƙwai. Wannan ɗanɗano ne mai ɗebo tare da saurin gudana. A irin wannan wuri, wata mace ta Kaluga tana samarwa daga ƙwai dubu 600. Af, caviar ta baƙi ne, kuma girman ƙwai a diamita kusan 4 mm. Haihuwa ta dogara da girman mace. Bayan ya tsinke, sai yayi asara da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku sannan ya gangara kogin. Matsalar caviar ta gaba zata faru ne a cikin shekaru biyar kawai.
Qwai ne aka glued da duwatsun, bayan kimanin kwanaki 7 soya za su kyankyasar daga gare su. Kusan sun fara cin naman lardin da kuma dabbobin da ke cikin daji. Bayan kimanin 'yan watanni, wani karamin Kaluga zai kasance tsawon cm 25. Kifi a wannan lokacin ya sauya zuwa ciyar da ƙananan kifaye. Sau da yawa, ita da kanta ta zama abinci ga tsofaffin dangi.
Kifi Kaluga kifi ne mai ɗanɗano, saboda haka mafarki ne na gaske ga kowane masunta.
Halayya da salon rayuwa
Akwai kifayen kifaye masu yawa — wucewa, estuary da sauri-girma Kaluga. Duk waɗannan dabbobin sun tashi ne don neman mafaka a cikin Amur. Har ila yau, akwai Kaluga na zama - hanyar rayuwa "da aka daidaita" ana ɗaukar ta musamman - kifin baya gangarowa zuwa cikin ginin Amur, kuma baya wucewa ta hanyar sa.
Nawa ne Kaluga ke zaune
Balaga na mata da maza a cikin Kaluga baya faruwa lokaci guda – maza sun girma shekaru 1-2 a baya. Kifin yana "a shirye" don sake haihuwar zuriya a cikin shekara ta 15-17 na rayuwa, muddin ya kai girman kusan miliyan 2. Da alama, tsawon rayuwar kowane mutum kimanin shekara 48-55 ne.
Koma abinda ke ciki
Janar bayani
Kaluga mafi girma, wacce kifaye ta kama, tana da tsawon kusan 5 m 60 cm. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun ce wasu mutane zasu iya kaiwa tsawon mita 6 kuma suna awo fiye da tan.
Bayyanar mutum tana da fasalolin halaye da yawa, gwargwadon abin da ana iya bambance shi da sauran wakilan wannan hanyar:
- Jikin yana da girma da girma, dan kadan elongated, an matse shi a sama da kasa. Yana da launi mai haske launin toka mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Yawancin lokaci bakin ciki fari ne, wanda yasa kifin yayi kama da beluga.
- Shugaban yana kama da trapezoid, wanda ya ƙare da ƙira mai siffar mazugi. Wannan halin a wani yanayi yana sanya mutum yayi kama da karamar 'yar shark.
- Bakin Kaluga yana da girma babba, kadan ya hau kan kai yana gindinsa.
- Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa bakin ba shi da hakora.
- Antennae guda biyu suna kan kowane ɓangare na ɓangaren hancin hancin. Ba kamar sauran wakilan wannan aji ba, an sanya kalmar Kaluga a tsaye. Kifi ba zai iya ɗauke shi ba saboda tsananin ƙaiƙayi da kauri kowane.
Tana da gashin baki
Cikakken gashin baki ne da masunta da yawa ke bambanta su tsakanin Kaluga da Beluga. Waɗannan mutane suna da kama sosai, kuma yana da matuƙar wuya ga wanda ba shi da ilimi ya ga bambance-bambancen. Amma idan akayi bincike mai zurfi, za'a iya sanin cewa hanyoyin samar da ganye ba su nan akan eriyar kaluga. A beluga an ambace su, don haka abu ne mai yiwuwa a bambance tsakanin mutane.
Wani bambanci shine matakan kasusuwa waɗanda ke rufe bangarorin kowane nau'in Sturgeons. A cikin kaluga, ba a ambatar su sosai, kuma farkon su ƙanana ne. Hanyoyin kasusuwa na beluga sun fi bayyana, kuma na farko, wanda yake kusa da kai, yana da girma mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran.
A cikin wannan bidiyon zaku koyi game da manyan kifaye 10:
Halaye da salon rayuwa
Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da inda aka samo kifayen Kaluga, tunda sun gamu da shi a sassa daban-daban na duniya, a cikin gishirin da sabbin ruwan. A halin yanzu, yawancin wakilan wannan nau'in suna zaune a cikin kwari da Amur. Duk da cewa kifin yana da ruwa mai tsafta, akwai wasu lokuta idan aka kama shi a cikin Tekun Okhotsk. An kare mutane daban-daban, kuma kamun su yana da iyaka.
Hanyoyin rayuwar mutum yana da nau'ikan biyu: Sassan-hanya da mazaunin, wanda dan kadan daban da juna:
- Sashin rabin hanya yana da suna na biyu - estuary, tunda a cikin lokacin tsunduma kifin ya fita daga ɗakin kogin, kuma bayan ƙarshensa ya dawo. Bambanci tsakanin wannan nau'in shine haɓaka haɓaka.
- Mahalli ko kogi ya sami suna na biyu, saboda a cikin lokacin ɓarnar yanayi ba ya barin yanayin da aka san shi, amma ɗan sama sama.
Kaluga ya fi son zama cikin rukuni, duk da cewa irin wannan kifin ba ya buƙatar kariyar garken.
Kifi yana da tsawon rayuwarsa kuma yana rayuwa a matsakaicin shekaru 50. Akwai mutane da suka rayu sama da shekaru 55.
Ku ci abinci mai rai
Siffofin Karfi
Wakilin rukunin fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsaye ne kuma masu farautar kananan halittu da annashuwa. Wannan fasalin yana bayyana kanta a cikin mutane kusan daga lokacin haifuwa, lokacin da soya fara rayuwarsu sake zagayowar:
- A soya fara farawa makonni 2-3 bayan haihuwa, amma a karkashin yanayin cewa zafin jiki na ruwa a cikin kandami ne mafi kyau duka ga ci gaban su.
- Ganima ta farko ita ce yawan lardunan mazaunan ruwa, kwari da kuma wakilan rafukan ruwa.
- Bayan ɗan lokaci, yaran sun sauka kusa da ƙasan, inda suke da damar farautar wakilan crustaceans da sauran ƙananan mutane. Wannan ya zama dole don matasa Kaluga su sami ƙarfi kuma zasu iya yin nauyi, saboda farautar manyan mazaunan ya zama dole su wuce su da girma.
- Lokacin da kifin ya kai watanni 10-12, ƙaramin ƙarami, kifayen kifi da sauran wakilan reshen sun zama ganima.
- Yayinda suke girma da girma kuma sun yawaita, kaluga suna cin duk abincin da zai iya samu.
Wannan kifin zai iya hadiye dukkan kifin
Chum, ruwan kifin kifi da sauran wakilan kifin kifi suna ɗauka sune mafi kyawun abincin Amur Kaluga. Kifin ya kasance mai walwala sosai har ya zama akwai wasu lokutan da masunta da suka buɗe ciki suka sami fiye da kilogiram 25 na matsakaitan kifaye iri-iri.
Masanan ilimin dabbobi suna da'awar cewa Kaluga na iya hadiye kifaye gabaɗaya har tsawon rabin rabin. Akwai lokatan da manya suka ci ƙananan like. Haɗiye sauri cikin ganima yana yiwuwa saboda babban bakin mutum, wanda bashi da hakora. Tana buɗewa ta ɗebo ruwa kusa da ganima. Wanda aka azabtar bashi da lokacin da zai iya amsawa daga mamaki kuma ya shiga cikin zuciyar Kaluga.
Duk da bambancin abincin, har ila yau akwai shekarun yunwar da lokacin da salmon bai isa ba don ciyar da kaluga. A wannan yanayin, manya za su iya cin kaluga matasa a cikin adadi mai yawa. Wadannan lokuta, a cikin haɗuwa da hare-hare na poaching, sannu a hankali suna haifar da ƙarewar jinsin.
Akwai da yawa nuances na haihuwa.
Abincin Kaluga
Kaluga cuta ce mai kamannin gaske, a farkon shekarun rayuwarta tana ciyar da kananun andan uwan maza da mata.. Tsofaffin mutane suna cinye manyan kifayen kifin - kifin kifi sau da yawa sun zama mafi ƙarancin 'abincin Kaluga.
A cikin Amur estuary (wurin zama da wurin shakatawa na Kaluga), kabewa da kifi mai ruwan hoda sun zama babban abinci, kuma saboda raguwa mai yawa a yawan duk kifin kasuwanci a cikin 'yan lokutan, cin abincin ba baƙon abu bane.
Bakin bakin maharbin a wani yanayi mai budewa yayi kama da bututu - a zahiri ya tsotse ganima tare da rafin ruwa. Abubuwan da kifin ke da yawa sunada yawa - Kaluga mai mita uku-sauƙin iya hadiye salim mai tsami-tsintsin mitir ko ruwan kifi mai ruwan hoda - ciki yakan iya ɗaukar kifen dozin na wannan girman. Wannan abincin yana bawa jinsin damar girma da sauri kuma ya isa girma masu girma dabam.
Koma abinda ke ciki
Abokan halitta
Tunda kifin Kaluga kaddara ce kuma tana da manya-manyan girma na halitta, ba ta da waɗannan maƙiyan a yanayi. Amma Kaluga - kifi na kasuwanci mai mahimmanci - haƙiƙa "babban abu" don masuniyar - ba nama mai taushi ba mai daɗi. Bugu da kari, kifin ba shi da kasusuwa. Wadannan dama ce ta sanya dabbar ta zama kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Mazinata ba bisa ka'ida ba suna kama mutane da ba su girma ba daga nauyin 5 zuwa 20, wanda hakan ya rage yawan jinsin. Sakamakon wannan kamun, yawan nau'in halittar ya ragu sau da dama, kamar yadda yajin aikin nasa, wanda shine dalilin yin jerin kifayen Kaluga a cikin Littafin Layi. Zai yuwu ne kawai a ceci wani nau'in daga halaka yayin da aka dakatar da kama dabi'un da korar mutane kuma an gama haifuwar mutum ta wani takamaiman yanayi.
Koma abinda ke ciki
Darajar mutane
A tsakiyar karni na XIX, an ba shi damar kama Kaluga ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba, wanda ya haifar da raguwar sannu-sannu a lambarta. A halin yanzu, wannan kifin abu ne mai mahimmanci na kamun kifi, amma an hana kamun kifi kyauta kuma yana yiwuwa kawai a ƙarƙashin iko bayan samun izini na musamman.
Nama wannan mutumin yana da daɗin daɗaɗawa da mahimmanci. Kaluga kuma itace asalin baƙar fata - tsada sosai kuma ɗayan nau'ikan rarest.
A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya daga Rasha da China suna yin ƙoƙari don dawo da adadin mutane. Sun yi birgima kaluga a cikin yanayin wucin gadi kuma an sake su a cikin Amur. Amma idan hare-haren kashe-kashen ba su gushe ba, ba zai yi aiki ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Zuwa yau, an sanya kifin Kaluga matsayin wani nau'in halitta mai haɗari. Yawan jama'arta yakai kusan 50-55 dubu mutanen da suka manyanta maza (masu shekara 15 kuma suna yin nauyi kimanin kilo 50-60, tsawan 180). a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an lura da raguwar adadin nau'ikan halittu, wanda ke da alaƙa da kama mutane da yawa. Idan wannan ya ci gaba, to a ƙarshen wannan ƙarnin adadin Kaluga zai ragu sau goma. Kuma bayan wasu shekaru da yawa, yawan mutanen Kaluga na iya bacewa gaba daya.
Koma abinda ke ciki
Yaɗa
Amur basin endemic: daga farfajiyar har zuwa saman tafin. An samo shi a Ussuri, Sungari, Zeya, Shilke, Argun, Onon, Ingoda, tafkunan Khanka, Bologna, Orel. Tekun ba ya ƙetare. Akwai cikin Amur Liman, amma ba a samunsa a cikin Tekun Okhotsk kuma galibi a cikin teku yawanci baya wuce iyakar ruwan da Amur ke zato. Kaluga tana zaune a cikin wasu tabkuna, alal misali, a cikin Lake Orel, wanda ke kilomita 50 sama da Nikolaevsk. An san Kaluga daga bakin iyakar arewa maso yammacin Sakhalin, inda ta taso daga arewacin tsibirin zuwa Tyk Bay da kuma zuwa garin Aleksandrovsk, wani lokacin har ta kai bakin kogin (r.Viaha). A cikin Amur ana samarda wata hanya mai cike da tsari (estuary) da siffofin zama.
Kifi na kamun kifi
Sturgeon kifi na iyali, ciki har da Kaluga, koyaushe ana ɗaukarsu mafi mahimmanci a duk wasu sigogi. Amma caviar an ƙimanta shi sosai a cikin waɗannan kifayen, saboda ya ƙunshi babban adadin kyawawan abubuwan gina jiki - aidin, omega-3 mai, ma'adanai, bitamin da ƙoshin abinci mai narkewa, don haka ya zama dole ga jikin ɗan adam. Bugu da kari, tsarin musamman na kasusuwan kasusuwan a wani yanayi yana shafar kusan cikar mutum na wannan kifin don abinci - rashin kasusuwa da kashin da ke dauke da kashin baya ya sa a sami damar amfani da kusan kashi 85 na jikinta don dafa abinci daga Kaluga.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Daga ra'ayi game da magani, guringuntsi kifin shine ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta halitta, amfani dashi wanda ke rage jinkirin ci gaban arthrosis da osteoarthritis.
Lossarancin nauyi asara bayan magani mai zafi, adadin da fasali na wurin adipose nama a cikin kifin Kaluga ya sa ya zama samfurin da aka fi so. Wadannan dalilai ne wadanda suka zama tushen asali ga kama dabbobi da yawa kuma sune manyan "masu laifi" na rushewar jinsunan.
Koma abinda ke ciki
Kaluga kifi - Amur giant
Kaluga kifi ne na dangin sa Beluga. Tana zaune a cikin ruwan Amur. An jera shi a cikin Littafin Lissafi a matsayin mai yawan haɗari. Ya kasance cewa waɗannan kifayen ruwa ne mai kyau. Amma daga baya, an gano wasu matasa a bakin gabar Tekun Okhotsk, kusa da tsibiran Sakhalin, Hokkaido da kuma Tsibirin Kamchatka.
Kifi Kaluga shine mafi girma daga kifin ruwa mai tsabta, tsayinsa zai iya kaiwa zuwa 6 m, kuma adadin sa zai iya kaiwa 1200 kg. Ana iya sanya shi cikin aminci ga enan gwani. Lokacin balaga ya fara ne lokacin da kifin ya kai tsawon fiye da m 2 da muni mai nauyin 80. Irin wannan kifin ya zama da shekarun 18-22. Maza sun isa ga balaga fiye da na mace. Ichthyologists sun ba da shawarar cewa kifi na iya rayuwa sama da shekaru 55.
Shugaban Kaluga yana da fadi da girmansa, an rufe shi da garkuwar kasusuwa a saman. Jikin yana da elongated, an rufe shi da farantin ossified, waɗanda ke cikin layuka 5. Bakin yana da girma, yana jujjuyawa, wani bangare ya wuce zuwa ga bangarorin kai. A bakin bakin akwai akwai wasu antennae, wadanda aka jera su a gefe. Farin ciki da launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Ga shi, kifin Kaluga. Hoton ya nuna mata lafiya.
An yada shi a zurfin daga 3 zuwa 7 m a cikin yashi-yashi rafin Amur. Spawning yana faruwa kowace shekara 3-4, yana faruwa a watan Mayu-Yuni kuma zai ɗauki kwanaki 5-6. A wannan lokacin, kifin kaluga na iya cinye ƙwai miliyan 4 waɗanda yanzu suke ɗauke da su. A farko, soya ku ci tsutsa kwari, ƙananan shrimps. Suna girma da sauri, a farkon shekarunsu sun zama magoyi. Cutar cannibal a tsakanin su shine dabi'a.
Kifin Kaluga yana da ƙarfi sosai; ba dalili ba ne yasa ake kiran sa da amo Amur. Tare da wutsiyarta, tana iya fitar da haƙora daga tagar jirgin. Amma kuma yana da rauni - juya kifi a bayan sa, zaka iya yin komai da shi.
A zahiri, irin wannan babban kifi makiyayi ne. Lokacin da kifin ruwan hoda mai launin ruwan hoda, mai ɗanɗana, mashin kirim, herring tafi spawn, Kaluga yana haɗuwa da makarantu kuma ya haɗiye kifin kilogram biyar, kamar karamin tsuntsu ya haɗiye kwari. A wasu lokuta na shekara, tana iya cin ƙananan kifaye, ƙarancin ruwan teku har ma da ƙuruciyarta.
Wani tsohon masunta daga Nikolaevka-on-Amur ya fada yadda ya kamata ya kama kaluga. An kawo masu kayan gida uku, wanda kifin ya samu. Ta tsinke da hanyoyin sadarwa 2, ta gaji, ta rikice a na ukun. Masanin ya sami hayar mota da ɗaukar hanyar sadarwa tare da igiyoyin ƙarfe don jawo wannan tsibirin mai launi. Ayyukan ba a banza ba ne. An kamo gangaren kwandon caviar daga cikin kifin.
Da yake magana game da caviar. Baƙar fata ne, diamita na ƙwai ya kai mm 4. Naman wannan kifayen abincin ne. Kuma yan garin sunce ya warke kaddarorin. An yi la'akari da Kaluga da kyau ɗayan kifi mafi kyau. Kamar kowane tsafe-tsafe, ba shi da kasusuwa, kawai guringuntsi, i.e. ana iya cinsa duka. A kan siyarwa, naman wannan kifin kusan ba shi yiwuwa ya sadu, duk da cewa yana nufin kifin kasuwanci ne.
Sama da rabin karni da suka gabata, adadin kaluga ya ragu sosai. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon kamun da ba a sarrafa ba, da kuma gurɓataccen ruwan wuraren zama. Don wani lokaci, an hana karuwar manyan kifayen. Cchchication a halin yanzu yana da iyaka, saboda haka yawanci yana murmurewa a hankali.
Kifin Kaluga yana da sha'awar masana kimiyya ga dogon hijirar su, da kuma damar rayuwa cikin ruwa mai kyau da ruwa.
Kaluga maraba ce mai farin jini sosai kuma wacce ba kasafai ake fata ba, mafarkin kowane masunta.
Ci gaba
Lokacin girmancin tayi a lokacin zafin ruwa na 18.3 ° C yana kimanin awanni 108, kuma a zazzabi na 9-10 ° C - 15-16. Tsawon lokacin tayin mahaifa shine 11.8 mm. Larvae canzawa zuwa gaurayayyen abinci kwanaki 8 bayan ƙyanƙyashe a ruwan zafin na 20.5 ° C da kwanaki 16 daga zafin jiki na 15 ° C tare da tsawon 20 mm. Abubuwan da aka suturta da kuma larvae tare da jakar kwai mara nauyi da aka ɗauka ana jigilar su zuwa ƙarshen kogin Amur. A ƙarshen kaka, soya suna da tsawon 20-30 cm kuma taro mai nauyin 17-97. Matsakaicin shekarun shekara shine 35 cm, matsakaicin nauyinsu shine 146 g. Haɓakar karnuka daga Lyman ya zarce haɓakar kalugas daga Amur kansa. Kaluga daga Amur Liman an san shi da haɓaka cikin sauri fiye da Kaluga daga Amur.
Darajar tattalin arziki
Kaluga shine kifin kasuwanci mafi mahimmanci. A ƙarshen karni na XIX. a gindin kasan Amur, kamun sa ya kai tan 580. Hannun jari na Kaluga ya lalace a karshen karni na 19 da na 20. An sayo yafi sabo.
An hada nau'in a cikin Littafin IUCN International Red Book.
Littattafai: 1. Lebedev V.D., Spanovskaya V.D., Savvaitova K.A., Sokolov L.I., Tsepkin E.A. Kifi na USSR. Moscow, Tunani, 1969 2. L. S. Berg. Kifi mai ban ruwa na USSR da kasashe makwabta. Sashe na 1. Edition 4. Moscow, 1948 3. Atlas na kifin ruwa na Rasha: A cikin vol 2 2 T.1. / Ed. Yu.S. Reshetnikova. -M.: Nauka, 2003 .-- 379 p.: Rashin lafiya. 4. Kifin Kasuwanci na Rasha. A cikin juzu'i biyu / ed. O.F. Gritsenko, A.N. Kotlyara da B.N. Koteneva.- M.: Gidan wallafe-wallafen VNIRO. 2006.- 1280 s. (Juzu'i na 1 - 656 p.).
Ina yake zama
Ana samun wannan kifin mai ban mamaki ne kawai a cikin kwari na Amur, inda yake zaune kusan tsawon kogin tun daga saman har zuwa bakin, har ma da wasu daga cikin abubuwanda yake bayarwa - Zee, Selemdzha, Argun, Shilke da Sungari. Ana samun ƙaramin adadin kaluga a cikin Tekun na Okhotsk. Wasu lokuta matasa suna iyo a cikin koguna kusa da Amur don neman abinci, amma ba su yi kiwo a can.
Menene kamarsa
Kaluga tana daya daga cikin manyan kifin ruwan da ake samu a Rasha. Tare da shekaru, yana da ikon haɓaka girma. Duk da gaskiyar cewa ɗaliban da aka samo bai wuce kilo 382 ba, dangane da matsakaicin rayuwa da ƙimar nauyi na shekara-shekara, masana kimiyya sunyi lissafin cewa tsawon kaluga na iya isa 6 m kuma nauyin jiki ya wuce 1 ton (matsakaicin kusan 1200 kg). Jikin kifin yana da siffar elongated. Mafi girman kazantarsa ya faɗi akan yankin da ke bayan babban girman triangular, an rufe shi da faranti ƙasusuwa. A kasan kai babban bakin, rabin-wata ne. Sakamakon farar fata, yana da ikon ƙaruwa sosai, wanda ke ba wa kaluga damar hadiye babban abin da ke ci. Gaban bakin bakin akwai ƙananan ƙananan leburori guda huɗu. Layi biyar na manyan faranti kasusuwa suna ta ratsa jiki, tsakanin su akwai ƙananan faranti. Launin yana mamaye sautunan launin shuɗi: bangon baya mai duhu ne, ciki mai haske ne rawaya.
Rayuwa da Ilimin halitta
Kaluga yana nufin masu farauta. Tushen abincincinta shine kifaye iri-iri - chum, ruwan kifi mai ruwan hoda, irin kifi na gama gari, gudgeon, kifin ciyawa da kuma irin kifi na azurfa. A cikin shekaru na farko na rayuwa, yana ciyar da rayayye akan ƙananan invertebrates (jatan lande, Mycoid crustaceans, da larvae kwari) da sauri samun nauyi. A lokacin da ya kai shekara 20, zai iya wuce kilo 100. Matsakaicin rayuwar rayuwar wani dan adam kusan shekaru 80 ne, amma saboda kamawar wannan zamanin kawai yan kaɗan zasu iya kaiwa ga gaci.
A yau, masanan kimiyya sun bambanta nau'i biyu na kaluga - kogi (yana zaune a tsakiyar iyakar Amur, kuma yana tashi a saman kai don haifuwa) da estuary (yakan ba da mafi yawan lokaci a cikin manyan ruwaye a cikin rikicewar kogin a cikin teku, kuma ya hau zuwa sama don kiwo). Saboda yalwar abinci a bakin kogin, nau'in estuary ya kai babban girma idan aka kwatanta da kogin. Kaluga dan ya fara latti - kawai sai da ya kai shekara 18-20 (maza kadan kadan suka wuce mace). Yin haifuwa na faruwa kowace shekara uku zuwa biyar. Don yin wannan, kifin yana ƙaura zuwa kogin Amur kuma yana zaɓar wani ƙasa mai yashi da ƙanƙara mai yaduwa don canfewa. Kaluga yana lalata ƙwai miliyan 1.5, wanda aka toya ya bayyana a rana ta huɗu zuwa ta shida.
An shigar da shi a cikin littafin Aljihu
A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, adadin kaluga ya ragu da fiye da 80% kuma har yanzu yana ci gaba da raguwa. Dalilin shine yawan kama nau'in a duk wuraren da mazauninsa ke ciki - daga yankuna masu ban sha'awa har zuwa wuraren ciyarwa. A tsakiyar karni na 20, lokacin da aka sami hadarin cikakken bacewar kaluga, aka gabatar da dokar hana fita a cikin USSR. Wannan ya bamu damar ci gaba da kallon har zuwa yau. Koyaya, yanzu dan kadan ya ninka lambobin kaluga na barazanar da wasu dalilai - gurbata ruwan Amur da masunta a masunta a China. Jointoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na Rasha-Sinanci kawai da aka iyakance samarwa da gina keɓaɓɓen gandun daji don kiwon kaluga cikin yanayin wucin gadi zai ba da damar a kiyaye shi har zuwa gaba.
Yana da ban sha'awa
Daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin abinci na Kaluga shine salmon mai nisa, wanda lokacin ƙaura ke tafiya zuwa Kogin Amur don tsallakewa. Koyaya, a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, adadin salmon ya ragu sosai sakamakon kamun kifi, wanda shima ya cutar da yawan kaluga. Sakamakon karancin abinci, an fara ganin cin naman mutane a tsakanin Kaluga - manyan mutane suna cin kananan wakilai daga jinsinsu.
Abincin
Kaluga wakili ne na ichthyofauna. Shekarar farko ta rayuwa, ƙananan yara suna ciyar da ƙwayoyin dabbobi marasa lalacewa. Kalugates da suka girma suna amfani da soya na wasu nau'in kifi don abinci. Mutane da yawa sun gwammace su ci manyan nau'in kifi mallakar dangin salmon.
Dalilin abincin Kaluga shine sinadarin chum da ruwan goro mai ruwan hoda. A halin yanzu, yawan kifin salmon ya ragu sosai, sakamakon wannan shine ci gaban ɗabi'a a tsakanin makarantun Kaluga. Amma wannan bai shafi siffofin mazaunin kaluga ba, saboda yana cin kifayen da suke rayuwa a ƙasan tafki, adadin da yake kasancewa akai.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Kaluga tsofaffi ya fi ciyar da kifi, babba - danshi, kifi mai tsami, irin kifi, kifin ciyawa, kifin. A cikin yankin Amur, ban da ƙazamar ƙaura da fitila, tana cin ƙamshi, herring, smelt, whitefish da juffile saffron flounder da flounder, kuma tana cin juan nata a farkon farawar salmon ruwan hoda. A cikin hunturu, abinci ba ya tsayawa. Smallaramin - don gudgeon, fitila, ide, da sauransu, soya - don saƙar sauro, tsabtataccen ruwa, mysids, da sauransu Smallananan kalugates suna cin abinci kaɗan, dawakai matasa, chebak har ma da kifayen kifi.