Ya zama sananne cewa a Amurka, a cikin Los Angeles, wani kare mai suna Pavlov, dan asalin Corgi, ya kammala karatu a jami'a har ma ya sami difloma.
A cewar Mashable, duk an fara shi da cewa Pavlov ya yi aiki a matsayin jagora a jami'a, yana nuna baƙi mafi yawan wuraren hotuna. Kuma bayan wani lokaci ya girma ya zama digiri na biyu.
Dogie Pavlov ta California ta sauke karatu daga jami'a kuma ta sami difloma.
Abin ban dariya shine Pavlov har ma ya zama mai mallakar "difloma na kare" na musamman.
Gaskiya ne, ya kamata a fayyace cewa Jami'ar California ba ta riga ta san amincin difiloma da Pavlov ya karɓa ba, amma wannan bai hana magabatan kare - Elaine da Anthony ba - shirya ingantaccen karatun digiri don dabbobinsu.
Mai masaukin baki Elaine da Anthony sun shirya yin karatun digiri na farko ga gidan dabbobi.
Af, Anthony da kansa ya riga ya gama karatun wannan makarantar, kuma Elaine zai zama digiri na biyu a wannan shekara. Don haka difloma na wannan jami'a, a fili, al'ada ce ta iyali, wacce karnuka ke goyan bayan su.
Pavlov: gwaje-gwajen kan karnuka
An haifi masanin kimiyyar ne a Ryazan, inda har zuwa yau shine gidan kayan tarihinsa. Endarshen ƙarni na 19 an sami alamun ci gaba a cikin fannoni daban-daban na aikin kimiyya, amma ba dukansu suka bi ta madaidaiciyar jagora ba daga ma'anar ɗabi'ar halittu da ilmin halittar halittu masu rai.
I.P. Da farko Pavlov ya mayar da hankali kan bincike kan ilimin halittar narkewa, aiwatar da gwaje-gwaje da yawa kan dabbobi. Bayan haka, jerin abubuwan bincike sun sa shi ya fara bayyana amsawar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta zuwa ga abinda yake motsawa na waje (ko ciki). Pavlov ya kira irin wannan halayen sassaucin ra'ayi, ya rarrabasu cikin yanayin da ba shi da ka'ida. Wannan shi ne farkon bincike mai zurfi game da tsarin juyayi na mutum, gami da mahimmancin halayen mu na psychoemotional.
Mafi yawan ayyukan masanin sun mayar da hankali ne a St. Petersburg, a Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Gwaji. A tushenta, Ivan Petrovich ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana gudanar da bincike da gwaje-gwajen na musamman ga wannan lokacin. A cikin 1904, ya zama mutum na farko a Rasha da ya karɓi kyautar Nobel da lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa.
Karnuka sune babbar hanyar haɗi a duk gwaje-gwajen da Ivan Petrovich da mabiyansa suka gudanar. An sarrafa dabbobin a nesa kuma dukkansu sun tsira. Duk da wannan, Pavlov ba mutum ne mai zalunci ba kuma yana da matukar damuwa, yana rasa ɗayan dabbobi a teburin aiki. A cewar masanin ilimin da kansa, karnukan sun kasance masu sadaukarwa a gare shi wanda basa buƙatar tilasta su zuwa dakin aiki: suna da alama sun fahimci mahimmancin hidimarsu ga kimiyya kuma basu tsayayya da komai ba.
Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Gwaji tana da almara na Haske, wanda aka rufe cikin labarun bakin ciki. A ciki, Pavlov ya gudanar da dukkan gwaje-gwajen, babban yanayin yanayin su shine cikakken shiru, don kada wani motsawar waje da zai nisantar da karnukan daga siginar da mai binciken yake bayarwa akai-akai. Dabbobin sun kasance gabaɗaya, kuma hasken da ke cikin tantanin halitta ya ɓaci (wanda, a zahiri, zai iya ba da tashin hankali da tunanin damuwa a cikin mutane da yawa masu jan hankali).
Kuna da lokaci kyauta?
Sannan amfani dashi! Samu ƙarin ilimi!
An sanya karen a cikin injin na musamman da aka saka shi da madaidaicin madauri don kada ya fita. Pavlov kansa kan aiwatar da gwaje-gwaje ya kasance a cikin dakin na gaba, ya ba da alamun sauti, dabbobi masu ciyarwa kuma ya dube su ta cikin farfajiyar. Duk hankalin kare yakamata ya mayar da hankali ga siginar mai binciken: tare da taimakon na'urar musamman, an kunna wutar fitila, kuma aka ciyar da abinci ta hanyar latsa pear ko feda.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Ivan Petrovich ranar 14 ga Satumba (26), 1849 a cikin garin Ryazan. Kakannin Pavlov a kan layin uba da na masu juna biyu, fastoci ne a Cocin Orthodox na Rasha. Uba Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov (1823-1899), mahaifiya - Varvara Ivanovna (nee Uspenskaya) (1826-1890) [* 1].
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar tauhidi ta Ryazan a shekarar 1864, Pavlov ya shiga Karatun Tauhidi na Ryazan, wanda daga baya ya tuna da tsananin dumi. A shekarar da ta gabata a makarantar sakandare, ya karanta wani karamin littafi, “Reflexes of the brain,” wanda Farfesa I. M. Sechenov ya gabatar, wanda ya juya rayuwarsa gaba daya. A cikin 1870 ya shiga Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University (masu karatun digiri na farko sun iyakance a cikin zabi na kwararrun jami'a), amma kwanaki 17 bayan shigar da shi ya koma sashin halitta na sashen kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi na Jami'ar St. Petersburg, kwararre kan ilimin dabbobi a I.F. Sihiyona da F.V. Ovsyannikov.
Pavlov, a matsayina na mai bin tsarin ka'idar juyayi ta rashin damuwa, ta kasance tana aiwatar da ka'idojin juyayi da yawa. Sechenov dole ne ya bar makarantar, daga baya ya tashi daga Petersburg zuwa Odessa, inda ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a Jami'ar Novorossiysk. Sashin karatunsa a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Tiyata ya ɗauki malamin Pavlova da ya fi so, ɗalibin Karl Ludwig, Ilya Faddeevich Zion. Pavlov ba wai kawai ya karbi tsarin aikin fadakarwa ne daga Sihiyona ba, amma, bayan ya karbi sunan dan takarar kimiyyar halitta a jami'a, zai hada kai ne don samun babban karatun likitanci tare da aiki a dakin binciken Sihiyona a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Moscow. Amma a wannan lokacin Zion ya bar Rasha. A cikin 1875, godiya ga ilimi a jami'a, nan da nan Pavlov ya shiga shekara ta 3 na Kwalejin Kimiyya da tiyata (yanzu Cibiyar Nazarin Likita ta Soja, Kwalejin Soja ta Soja), a lokaci guda (1876-1878) yana aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na wani dalibi na Karl Ludwig - K. N. Ustimovich a Sashen Nazarin Lafiya na Ma'aikatar Kula da dabbobi ta Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci da tiyata. A kan shawarar Ustimovich, a lokacin bazara na 1877, Pavlov ya tafi Jamus, inda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ƙwararren narkewa Rudolf Heidengain a Breslau (yanzu Wroclaw, Poland). A ƙarshen karatun makarantar, a cikin 1878, ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗaya daga cikin malamansa, ɗalibin Claude Bernard S.P. Botkin, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a ɗakin karatunsa na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Tiyata. Dangane da abubuwan da aka ambata na Pavlov, aboki Sechenov Botkin kansa ƙwararren masanin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi ne, kuma Pavlov ya ɗauke shi ɗayan manyan malamai ba wai kawai a matsayin likita ba, har ma a matsayin mai ilimin likitanci. “Sergei Petrovich Botkin,” in ji I.P. Pavlov, “shi ne mafi kyawun mutum a cikin haɗin kai na doka da haɓaka na aikin likita da kimiyyar lissafi, nau'ikan ayyukan mutum guda biyu waɗanda ke gaban idanunmu na gina ginin kimiyyar jikin mutum da yin alƙawarin samar wa mutum da kyakkyawar farin ciki a nan gaba - lafiya da rayuwa. " Saboda aiki mai zurfi na ilimin kimiyya, ya kare bayanan tarihin sa ne kawai a shekarar 1879, bayan kammala karatun digiri a makarantar. A karkashin jagorancin S.P. Botkin, Pavlov da Stolnikov, don nazarin tasirin magungunan zuciya kafin aikin Starling kuma, sabili da haka, watakila a karo na farko a duniya, an kirkiro wata dabara tare da kewaya wucin gadi na jini. Bayan kare wata sanarwa game da jijiyoyin zuciya da kuma horarwa tare da mashahuran masana ilimin kimiya a Jamus, ciki har da Karl Ludwig da kansa, ya zama shugaban wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje a asibitin Botkinic.
Pavlov ya sadaukar da sama da shekaru 10 don samun fistula (buɗe) na ƙwayar gastrointestinal. Yana da matukar wahala yin irin wannan aikin, kamar yadda ruwan da aka zubo daga ciki ya narke hanjin ciki da bango na ciki. I.P. Pavlov dinka fata da mucous membrane, saka bututun karfe ya rufe su da maguguna, ta yadda babu gurbataccen yanayi, kuma yana iya karbar ruwan narkewa mai narkewa a cikin dukkan jijiyar ciki - daga gishirin ciwanin hanji zuwa babban hanji, wanda yake sanya shi a kan ɗaruruwan dabbobi masu gwaji. Gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da ciyarwa hasashe (yankan esophagus domin abinci bai shiga cikin ciki ba), don haka yin jerin bincike a cikin yankin da ke cike da narkewar ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki. Shekaru 10, Pavlov, a cikin jigon, ya sake halittar ilimin kimiyyar narkewa na zamani. A cikin 1903, Pavlov mai shekaru 54 ya ba da rahoto a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta XIV a Madrid. Kuma a cikin na gaba, 1904, an ba da lambar yabo ta Nobel don nazarin ayyukan manyan abubuwan narkewar glandon ga I.P. Pavlov - ya zama lambar yabo ta farko ta Rasha ta Nobel.
A cikin rahoton Madrid, wanda aka yi a cikin harshen Rashanci, I.P. Pavlov ya fara kirkiro ka'idodin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na babban juyayi, wanda ya sadaukar da shekaru 35 na gaba na rayuwarsa. Concepts kamar karfafawa, ba da sharadi ba da kuma yanayin sassauci (ba a fassara shi sosai zuwa Turanci a matsayin “mara ka'ida ba” da “yanayin sassauci”) maimakon “sharaɗi”) ya zama ainihin mahimmancin kimiyyar halayyar (duba yanayin sharaɗi) Turanci.) Rashanci.).
A watan Afrilu-Mayu 1918, ya ba da laccoci guda uku, waɗanda akasari aka haɗa su da sunan lambar kowa "A kan Mind in General, a kan Mind na Rasha a Musamman", wanda ke tsananta nazarin fasalin halayyar Rasha (da farko, rashin tarbiyya ta hankali).
An san cewa a lokacin Yaƙin basasa da Waran kwaminisanci, Pavlov, fama da talauci, rashin kuɗi don binciken kimiyya, ya ƙi gayyaci Cibiyar Nazarin Sciences ta Sweden don komawa Sweden, inda aka yi masa alkawarin ƙirƙirar yanayi mafi dacewa don rayuwa da bincike na kimiyya, kuma an shirya gina Abun Pavlov shine irin wannan ma'aikata kamar yadda yake so. Pavlov ya amsa cewa ba zai bar ko'ina ba daga Rasha.
Sannan hukuncin da ya dace da gwamnatin Soviet ta biyo baya, Pavlov ya gina wata cibiyar a Koltushi, kusa da Leningrad, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1936.
A cikin 1920s, Pavlov ya kasance yana da kusanci da ɗalibinsa Gleb Vasilievich von Anrep (1889-1955), wanda bayan juyin juya halin ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Burtaniya. Pavlov ya yi daidai da shi kuma ya gana sau da yawa a cikin manyan taron ƙasa (musamman, a cikin 1923 a Edinburgh, a 1929 a Boston da New Haven), Anrep ya taimaka masa da fassarar rahotannin zuwa Turanci, kuma a 1927 an fassara Anrep a Oxford Littafin Pavlov an buga "Lectures a kan aikin ƙwaƙwalwar hanji".
Kasancewa mai son wasan motsa jiki, ya tsara “ofungiyar Likitoci - versaukan motsa jiki da Hawan keke”, inda yake shugabanta.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov na jami'ar ilimi ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1936 a Leningrad. An nuna cewa cutar huhu a matsayin sanadin mutuwa. An yi jana'izar bisa ga bikin Orthodox, bisa ga nufinsa, an yi shi a cocin St. John na Kronstadt a Koltushi, bayan wannan an yi bikin ban kwana a Fadar Tauride. An sanya mai gatan girmamawa a akwatin gawa daga ma’aikatan kimiyya na jami’o’i, kwalejoji na fasaha, cibiyoyin kimiyya, membobin majalissar da sauran su. An binne Ivan Petrovich a cikin makabartar memorial Littattafan tarihi.
Paan Pavlov ya kasance masanin ilimin lissafi ta hanyar sana'a, ya koyar a Sashen ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na Jami'ar Jihar Leningrad (yanzu Jami'ar Jihar St. Petersburg).
Salon iyali
'Yan uwa maza da mata
Ranar haifuwa | Suna | Sharhi |
---|---|---|
Satumba 14, 1849 | Ivan Petrovich | Masanin ilimin lissafi |
Maris 29, 1851 | Dmitry Petrovich | Farfesa a ilmin sunadarai, dalibi ne na D. I. Mendeleev, ya zauna a New Alexandria |
Janairu 14, 1853 | Peter Petrovich | Likitocin dabbobi. An kashe shi a farauta yana da shekaru 24 |
29 ga Yuni, 1854 | Nikolay Petrovich | Mutu a ƙuruciya |
24 ga Mayu, 1857 | Nikolay Petrovich | Mutu a ƙuruciya |
17 ga Mayu, 1859 | Konstantin Petrovich | Mutu a ƙuruciya |
16 ga Mayu, 1862 | Elena Petrovna | Mutu a ƙuruciya |
1 ga Yuni, 1864 | Sergey Petrovich | Firist |
Oktoba 4, 1868 | Nikolay Petrovich | Mutu a ƙuruciya |
Janairu 22, 1874 | Lidia Petrovna | A cikin auren Andreev. Mahaifiyar 'ya'ya biyar, ta mutu a shekarar 1946 |
Pavlov yayi zurfin tunani game da lafiyar kayan duniya kuma bai kula da matsalolin yau da kullun kafin aurensa ba. Talauci ya fara zaluntarsa ne kawai bayan, a 1881, ya auri Rostovite Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. Sun hadu a St. Petersburg a ƙarshen 1870s. An haifi Serafima Karchevskaya a cikin dangin likita soja Vasily Avdeevich Karchevsky, wacce ta yi aiki a cikin Fashin Jirgin Samaniya. Mahaifiyar matar Ivan Petrovich na gaba, Serafima Andreevna Karchevskaya, nee Cosmin, ta kasance daga tsohuwar amma mai talauci. Ta yi nasarar samun babban ilimin koyarwa. Duk rayuwarsa, mahaifiyar Serafima Vasilievna ta koyar a dakin motsa jiki, daga baya ta zama darakta, ta haife yara biyar su kaɗai, tunda Vasily Avdeevich ya mutu da wuri, ya bar matarsa kusan ba tare da kuɗi ba. 'Yar Serafim (gida, sannan Pavlov, don kada ta rikice tare da mahaifiyarta, da ake kira Saratu) ta yanke shawarar bin sawun mahaifiyarta kuma ta tafi St. Petersburg don yin rajista a cikin Kwalejin Ilimin Matasa na Mata, wanda ta kammala, ta zama malamin lissafi. Serafima Vasilievna ta koyar a cikin makarantar karkara kawai shekara ɗaya ta ilimi, bayan haka ta auri I.P. Pavlova a 1881, ta ba da rayuwarta don kulawa da gidan da kuma renon yara huɗu: Vladimir (1884-1954), Vera (1890-1964) ), Victor (1892-1919) da Vsevolod (1893-1935). Iyayen Pavlov basu amince da wannan aure ba, tunda dangin Serafima Vasilievna talakawa ne, kuma a wannan lokacin tuni suka dauko amarya ga ɗanta - yar wani attajiri Petersburg. Amma Ivan ya nace akan nasa kuma, ba tare da karɓar yardar iyaye ba, ya tafi tare da Seraphim don yin aure a Rostov-on-Don, inda 'yar uwarsa ke zaune. Kuɗin auren nasu ya bayar ne ta wurin dangin matar. Shekaru goma masu zuwa, Pavlovs sun rayu mai matukar wahala. Brotheran uwan Ivan Petrovich, Dmitry, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki ga Mendeleev kuma yana da gidan mallakar jihar, ya bar matan da ke cikin aure su zo gare shi.
Anci na akidar Soviet
Bayan rasuwarsa, Pavlov ya zama alama ta kimiyyar Soviet, ana kuma daukar hoton nasa na kimiyya a matsayin sifofin akida (a wata ma'ana, makarantar Pavlov (koyaswar Pavlov) ta zama wani sabon abu game da akida). A karkashin taken "kare al'adun Pavlovian", abin da ake kira "Pavlovian Session" na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR (K. M. Bykov, A. G. Ivanov-Smolensky) an gudanar da shi a cikin 1950, inda aka tsananta wa manyan likitocin kasar. Irin wannan manufofin, duk da haka, ya kasance cikin rikici mai mahimmanci tare da ra'ayin Pavlov (duba, alal misali, abubuwan da ya faɗi a ƙasa).
Matakan rayuwa
Pavlov ya ziyarci Rostov-on-Don kuma ya rayu sau biyu don shekaru da yawa: a cikin 1881 bayan bikin aure kuma a cikin 1887 tare da matarsa da ɗanta. Dukkanin biyun Pavlov ya kasance a gida guda, a adireshin: st. Bolshaya Sadovaya, 97. An kiyaye gidan har zuwa yau. An saka dutsen tunawa a kan facade.
A cikin 1883, Pavlov ya kare karatun digirinsa na "A kan cibiyar jijiyoyin zuciya."
A cikin 1884-1886, an aiko Pavlov don inganta ilimi a kasashen waje a Breslau da Leipzig, inda ya yi aiki a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na W. Wundt, R. Heidengain da K. Ludwig.
A shekara ta 1890, an zabi Pavlov farfesa kuma shugaban sashen kula da harhada magunguna na Kwalejin Likitocin Soja, kuma a shekarar 1896 - shugaban sashen kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya shugabanta har zuwa 1924. A lokaci guda (tun 1890) Pavlov - shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na ilimin halittar jiki wanda Prince A.P. Oldenburg Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Gwaji.
Masanin ilimin masaniyar ya so yin shakatawa tare da matarsa a garin Sillamae (yanzu Estonia), inda daga 1891 har zuwa juyin juya halin sun yi hayar gidan mafi girma na lokacin bazara, tsawon watanni uku - Yuni, Yuli, Agusta. Tana cikin garin Türsamäe a hannun A. Valdmann. Da safe, Ivan Petrovich yana aiki a gonar fure. Yana takin kasar gona a gadajen fure, dasa shuki da shukar furanni, canjin yashi a kan hanyoyi. Da yamma, dangi ya fita don berries ko namomin kaza, da yamma ana buƙatar hawan keke. Da ƙarfe 11 na yamma Pavlov ya tattara kamfanin gorodoshny don bugawa cikin garuruwa. Babban rukuni ya hada da Pavlov kansa, farfesa a fannin fasaha D. S. Zernov, masu fasaha R. A. Berggolz da N. N. Dubovskoy.
Maƙwabta galibi sun haɗu da ma'aikatan gari - masanin kimiyya A. S. Famitsin, Farfesa V. I. Palladin, Farfesa A. A. Yakovkin, mahaifinsa kuma ɗan Stroganovs, Paaliban Pavlov - ɗaliban gaba L. A. Orbeli, V.I. Voyachek da sauran ɗalibai, 'ya'yan Ivan Petrovich da abokan aikinsu. Tattaunawar da manyan malamai na gari suka yi wata irin makarantar koyar da al'adu ce ga matasa.
A cikin 1904, an ba Pavlov lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin likitanci da ilmin lissafi don "nishaɗin" na ainihin kimiyyar narkewa.
A shekara ta 1935, a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 15 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, aka nada Ivan Petrovich da lakabi na girmamawa na "Dattijo na Kwararru a Duniya." Ba a gabani ba kuma bayan wani masanin ilimin halitta ya samu irin wannan girmamawa.
Adireshin a St. Petersburg (Petrograd, Leningrad)
Kwanaki | Bayanin | Adireshin |
---|---|---|
Satumba 01, 1870 - Afrilu 13, 1871 | Ginin Baroness Rall | Sredny ci gaba, 7 |
Oktoba 1872 | Gidan Ebeling | Millionnaya titin, 26 |
Nuwamba 1872 - Janairu 1873 | Layi na 5, 40 | |
Janairu - Satumba 1873 | Ginin bene A. I. Likhacheva | Sredny ci gaba, 28 |
Satumba 1873 - Janairu 1875 | Layi na 4, 55 | |
1876-1886 | Babban ginin St Petersburg na Jami'ar | Kwalejin Jami'a, 7 |
1886-1887 | Yard waje na gidan Kutuzov | Gagarinskaya embankment, 30 |
1887-1888 | Gidan N.P. Simanovsky a cikin ginin Asibitin Strakhov | Furshtatskaya titi, 41 |
1888 - Autar 1889 | Gidan Kutuzov | Gagarinskaya embankment, 30 |
Autar 1889 - 1918 | Ginin bene | Bolshaya Pushkarskaya titi, 18, dace. Na biyu |
1918 - 27 ga Fabrairu, 1936 | Nikolaevskaya embankment, 1, dacewa. goma sha ɗaya |
Matsayin jama'a
Quotes na I.P. Pavlov:
- "... Na kasance, ni kuma zan kasance mutum dan Rasha, dan Uwar mahaifiya, ina da matukar sha'awar rayuwarta, ina rayuwa cikin bukatun ta, na karfafa mutunci na da mutuncin ta"
- "Mun rayu kuma mun rayu karkashin tsarin ta'addanci na tashin hankali da tashin hankali. Mafi yawan abin da na ga kamancecennin rayuwarmu tare da rayuwar tsoffin mayukan Asiya. Ka yi mana jinƙai a cikin ƙasarmu da mu ”
- "Kimiyya tana motsawa da jerks, dangane da nasarorin da hanyar tayi"
- Daga jawabin da I.P. Pavlov ya yi a watan Disamba 1929 a Cibiyar Lafiya ta farko a Leningrad kan bikin tunawa da shekaru 100 da haihuwar I.M.Sechenov:
An gabatar da sakin layi a cikin Ka'idar Cibiyar Nazarin (Kimiyya] cewa duk aikin ya kamata a gudanar da shi a kan koyarwar Marx da Engels - wannan ba shine mafi girman tashin hankali da tunanin kimiyya ba? Ta yaya wannan ya bambanta da binciken na lokacin? An umurce mu (!) Ga membobin Babban Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya don zaɓar mutanen da ba za mu iya amincewa da su azaman masana kimiyya ba. Tsoffin masu ilimin sun lalata, wasu kuma lalata. "Muna zaune ne a cikin al'umma wacce jihar komai komai take, kuma mutum ba komai bane, kuma irin wannan al'umma ba ta da makoma, duk da kowace irin Volkhovstroi da Dneproges." |
- Daga wata wasika zuwa ga Ministan Lafiya na RSFSR G. N. Kaminsky wanda aka sanya ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1934:
Abin baƙin ciki, Ina jin dangane da juyin juya halinku kusan daidai yake da ku. Ta damu sosai ... Shekaru na tsoro da son kai na iko da iko ya juyar da dabi'ar Asiya ta zama abin kunya. Amma ta yaya za a iya kyautatawa tare da bayi? A dala? Ee, amma ba cikakken farin ciki na mutumtaka ba. Cutar tamowa da maimaita yunwa a cikin yawan jama'a tare da sahabban su masu mahimmanci - annoba ta birkita ƙarfin mutane. Da fatan za a gafarta mini ... Na rubuta da gaske cewa na damu. |
- Daga wasiƙa zuwa ga SNK wanda aka sanya ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1934:
Ku a banza ku yi imani da juyin duniya. Bawai kuna shuka juyin juya hali a duniyar al'adu bane, sai dai farkisanci tare da babban rabo. Babu wani fastoci kafin juyinku. Tabbas, kasha biyu kawai daga cikin karatunku kafin nasararku ta Oktoba basu ishe ku ba ga 'ya'yan siyasa na Gwamnatin Jiha. Duk sauran gwamnatocin ba sa son su gani a gida abin da muke da shi kuma muna da su, kuma, ba shakka, suna hasashen lokaci zuwa lokaci don amfani da abin da kuka yi amfani da shi don hana hakan - ta'addanci da tashin hankali. Amma yana da wahala a gare ni ba daga gaskiyar cewa fasikanci na duniya zai ci gaba da ci gaba na ɗan adam na wani ɗan lokaci, amma daga abin da ake yi a ƙasarmu wanda kuma a ganina, yana da babban haɗari ga mahaifata. |
- Game da vivisection (ɗauka daga littafin A. D. Popovsky):
Lokacin da na fara gwajin da aka haɗa a ƙarshen tare da mutuwar dabba, na sami babban baƙin ciki na baƙin ciki cewa na katse rayuwar mai farin ciki, cewa ni mai zartar da hukuncin mai rai. Lokacin da na sare, na lalata dabba mai rai, sai na rushe wulakancin da ke cikin kaina na fasa fasahar kere kere wacce ba za a iya amfani da ita ba da hannun ta hanyar azanci da jahilci. Amma na dauke shi cikin amfanin gaskiya, don amfanin mutane. Kuma sun bayar da ni don sanya ni, na vivisection aiki a karkashin wani ta akai iko. A lokaci guda, murkushewa kuma, hakika, azabtar da dabbobi don nishaɗi da wadatar ɗumbin fata mara wofi ya kasance ba tare da kulawa ba. Sannan cikin fushi kuma da zurfin yanke hukunci na fada wa kaina kuma na kyale wasu su ce: a'a, wannan ba karamin jin daɗi ne da jinƙai ga wahalar duk mai rai da azanci, yana ɗaya daga cikin ɓarna bayyanannu na ƙiyayya ta har abada da gwagwarmayar jahilci akan kimiyya, duhu akan haske ! |
- Game da addini:
Tunanin mutum yana neman dalilin duk abin da ya faru, idan kuma yazo ga dalili na qarshe, to Allah ne. A kokarinsa na neman dalilin komai, ya kai ga Allah. Amma ni kaina ban yi imani da Allah ba, Ni kafiri ne. |
Ni ... mai hankali a cikin ratsin kasusuwa kuma na ƙare da addini ... Ni ɗan firist ne, na girma a cikin mahallin addini, duk da haka, lokacin da na fara karanta littattafai daban-daban tun ina da shekaru 15-16 kuma na sadu da wannan tambayar, Na canza shi kuma yana da sauƙi a gare ni ... Mutum shi da kansa dole ya watsar da tunanin Allah. |
... Game da addini na, imani da Allah, halartar coci, duk karya ne, almara. Ni malamin seminari ne, kuma, kamar yawancin ɗaliban makarantu, tuni na fara daga makaranta na zama masu rashin yarda, marasa yarda. Ba na buƙatar Allah ... Me yasa mutane da yawa suke tunanin ni mai bi ne, mai imani a ma'anar addini? Saboda ina adawa da tsananta wa coci, na addini ... Ana kawo wani bangaranci ga mutane ta hanyar fadakarwa, ilimi, imani da Allah da kansa ya zama ba dole ba. Mutane nawa ne masu ilimi suka yi imani da Allah? (Dukda cewa har yanzu akwai masu imani da yawa a cikinsu). Wajibi ne a fadakar da mutane tun da wuri, a basu ilimi, karatu, da imani da kansa zai yi rauni. Amma ba shi yiwuwa a rusa imani da Allah ba tare da maye gurbinsa da komai ba. A nan za ku je, saurayi. Amma ban je coci ba kuma ban yi imani da Allah ba. |
Tattara
I.P. Pavlov ya tattara gwoza da malam buɗe ido, tsire-tsire, littattafai, tambari da ayyukan zane-zanen Rasha. I.S Rosenthal ya tuno labarin Pavlov a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1928:
Na fara tattarawa na fara da kayan ƙwari da tsirrai. Na gaba shine tattara tambura da zane-zane. Kuma a ƙarshe, duk sha'awar sun wuce zuwa kimiyya ... Kuma yanzu ba zan iya shagala da in wuce wata shuka ko malam buɗe ido ba, musamman waɗanda na san su da kyau, don kar in riƙe shi a hannuna, ba don bincika daga kowane bangare ba, don bugun jini, ba don sha'awar ba. Kuma duk wannan yana ba ni ra'ayi mai kyau.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1890, a cikin ɗakin cin abincinsa, mutum zai iya ganin shelves da dama da aka rataye a jikin bango tare da samfurorin kayan marmari waɗanda ya kama. Da ya zo wurin mahaifin Ryazan, sai ya ba da lokaci mai yawa wajen farautar kwari. Bugu da kari, bisa ga bukatar sa, an kawo masa wasu 'yan asalin kamusoshi daga balaguron likita daban-daban. Wani malam buɗe ido daga Madagascar wanda aka gabatar a lokacin bikin haihuwarsa, ya sanya shi a tsakiyar tarin nasa. Bai gamsu da waɗannan hanyoyin sake tattara tarin ba, shi da kansa ya karɓi ƙanƙanun bishiyoyi daga ɗakunan da aka tattara tare da taimakon yaran.
Idan Pavlov ya fara tattara wutsiyoyi da tsire-tsire a cikin ƙuruciyarsa, ba a san farkon tattara tambura ba a sani ba. Koyaya, philately ya zama ba ɗan son kai ba, sau ɗaya, har ma a lokutan canji, yayin da Yariman Siamese ya ziyarci Cibiyar gwajin gwaji, ya koka da cewa babu isassun tambarin Siamese a cikin hatiminsa kuma bayan fewan kwanaki bayan wasu jerin alamun tambarin Siamese wanda aka yiwa ado I.P. Pavlov tarin jihar. Duk abokan da suka karɓi rubutu daga ƙasashen waje suna da hannu don sake tattara tarin ɗin.
Rarraba littattafai ya zama na musamman: a ranar bikin kowane ɗayan dangi shida, ya saya a matsayin kyauta a matsayin tarin ayyukan marubuta.
Tarin zane-zanen da I.P. Pavlov ya fara ne a cikin 1898 lokacin da ya sayi hoton ɗansa mai shekaru 5, Volodya Pavlov, daga matar N. A. Yaroshenko. Da zarar, ɗan wasan ya buge shi a fuskar yaron kuma ya shawo kan iyayensa su ba shi damar yin rawa. Zane na biyu, wanda N. Dubovsky ya rubuta, wanda ke nuna teku maraice a Sillamyagi tare da ƙone wuta, marubucin ya ba da gudummawa, kuma godiya gareshi, Pavlov ya nuna matukar sha'awar zanen. Koyaya, tarin bai sake cikawa ba na dogon lokaci, kawai a cikin lokutan juyi na 1917, lokacin da wasu masu tattara suka fara sayar da zanen su, Pavlov sun tara kyakkyawan kaya. Ya ƙunshi zane-zanen da I. E. Repin, Surikov, Levitan, Viktor Vasnetsov, Semiradsky da sauransu. Dangane da labarin M.V. Nesterov, wanda Pavlov ya haɗu a 1931, tarin zane-zane na Pavlov ya haɗa da ayyukan Lebedev, Makovsky, Berggoltz, Sergeyev. A halin yanzu, an gabatar da tarin ɗin a cikin Pavlov Museum-Apartment a cikin St. Petersburg, a Tsibirin Vasilyevsky. Pavlov ya fahimci zanen a hanyarsa, yana ba marubucin zanen tare da tunani da kuma niyyar da bazai samu ba, galibi, dauke shi, da tuni ya fara magana game da abin da zai saka hannun jari a ciki, kuma ba wai cewa ya shi da kansa ya gani.
Pavlov karen: bayanin gwajin
A cikin kokarin nazarin matakan narkewar dabbobi a cikin cikakken bayani gwargwadon damar, Pavlov da farko ya ba da siginar haske da abinci a lokaci guda, kuma bayan hakan ya iyakance kansa ga bayar da sigina kawai. An lura cewa, a tsawon lokaci, yau ta fara fito da ƙwaya a cikin kare koda ba a karɓar abinci bayan siginar haske. Ta hanyar rami a cikin dabbar dabba (fistula), ruwan ruwan na ciki wanda aka sanya shi ta hanyar shakatawa an tattara shi, an tattara shi a cikin akwati kuma ana kiyasta adadin sa.
Ba a fahimci manufar fistula nan da nan ba. Idan ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki lokacin dabbar ta bayyana a gabobin ciki na karen, dabbar ta mutu saboda yawanta. Fistula ta zama hanya mafi fa'ida daga halin da ake ciki, wanda ya sanya ya yiwu a kimanta aikin aikin narkewa na dabba da haɗin kai tsaye tare da halayen neuropsychic zuwa haske, sauti, kasancewar ko rashin abinci.
Don haka, sakin yau da ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki wata alama ce ta kwantar da hankali ko amsa ga wani yanayi mai sa haushi da ke fitowa daga waje. A karkashin wasu yanayi, amsawar “tana aiki” koda babu abinci, tunda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum, haɗe da yanayin shiri na dabba don karɓar abinci.
Bayan haka kadan, masanin kimiyyar ya lura da irin maganganun dabbobi na dabbobi ba wai kawai don nuna alamun fushi ba, har ma ga matakansa. Karnuka suna jiran abincin da za su samu daga wurin mai su kuma suka sha kan alamu daban-daban. Wannan shi ne ɗayan abubuwan da suka sa Pavlov ya yi zurfin nazarin ba kawai narkewa ba, har ma da juyayi. Bayan haka, tunanin ci gaba na wancan lokacin, sabanin yadda masana ilimin kimiyar tunani da al'adun Jamusawa, suka kulla alakar da ba za a iya bambance tsakanin hanyoyin tunani da na jiki a jikin duk wata halitta - ciki har da mutum.
Kuna iya ƙoƙarin bayyana sauƙin bayanin Ivan Petrovich, ba tare da shiga cikin zurfin dalilan kimiyya ba. Ka yi tunanin Pavlov yana tsaye a gaban kare da fara ringing. Bayan wannan siginar, ya ciyar da dabbobin kuma ya sake maimaita wannan gwajin sau da yawa, yana gyara ƙwarewar. Amma wata rana lafiya bayan kararrawa ƙararrawa, kare ba ya karɓar abinci. Kodayake, ruwan gishiri da ruwan 'ya'yan itace na ciki suma suna nan a ciki, kuma dabbar, da ke ba da izini, tana nuna niyyar ci ne.
Kuna da lokaci kyauta?
Sannan amfani dashi! Samu ƙarin ilimi!
Tasirin karen Pavlov
Don haka, reflex (ko kuma "Raunin kare na Pavlov") ya kasance azaman ƙarfafawa don abin da ake kira ka'idar yanayin kwantar da hankali don bayyana a cikin psychophysiology. Ta wata hanyar, siginar da ta kasance ta tsaka-tsaki a kwakwalwar rayayyun halittu kuma ba ta da alaƙa da tsarin aikinta na psychophysiological, bayan jerin gwaje-gwaje, na iya zama abin ƙarfafawa wanda ke shafar bayyanar takamaiman matakin. A hankali, wani nau'in "ɗaure" na mai kara kuzari ga amsawar ya taso, kuma an gina tsarin gaba ɗaya zuwa cikin hadaddun sarkar sassauƙawa wanda dabba ke nunawa (ko mutum).
Sauyi ne na tsaka tsaki tsaka-tsaki ya zama wata alama mai ma'ana tare da bayyanar da tabbatacciyar amsa ga wannan rudani wanda ya aza harsashin ci gaban ilimin halayyar a matsayin babban kimiyya.
Karen Pavlov: me ake nufi?
Ga mutanen da ba su da sha'awar kimiyya kuma ba su kula da mahimmancinsa a rayuwar ɗan adam, gwaje-gwajen Pavlov da ɗalibansa a kan karnuka na nufin zalunci, ɗaukar hoto, har ma da alamun bakin ciki. Idan kun juya zuwa hanyoyin Intanet kuma karanta bayanan mai amfani da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin labaran game da Ivan Petrovich, akwai maganganun maganganu masu yawa. A bangare guda, mutum ba zai iya yin watsi da gaskiyar cewa dabbobi sun mutu yayin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje ba. Koyaya, an riga an ambata cewa masanin ilimin masaniyar sosai ya fahimci mutuwar kowane aboki mai kafaɗun kafa huɗu kuma yayi ƙoƙarin yin duk abin da zai yiwu domin karnukan da ke rayuwa tare dashi koyaushe suna da ƙoshin lafiya, suna da ƙoshin lafiya kuma ana bi dasu daga dukkan cututtuka.
A tsawon lokaci, lokacin da Ivan Petrovich ya zo da manufar fistula, yawancin dabbobin gwaji sun tsira lafiya cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Yawancin karnuka sun rayu kusa da Pavlov har zuwa tsufa, da aminci da kuma sadaukar da kai ga ilimin kimiyya, kuma sakamakon binciken da dan adam ya yi yanzu ya tabbatar da aikinsu cikakke.
A Ryazan akwai kwatancen ɗayan karnukan Pavlov, wanda aka yi a matsayin tunatarwa ga abokanmu masu kafa huɗu. Hakanan a ofasan Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Gwaji, wanda yake a tsibirin Kasuwancin Magani na St. Petersburg, akwai abubuwan da ke motsa jiki. Ginshikin yana da manyan karnuka biyu na dutse da aka sassaka daga dutse. Ofayan ɗayansu ya sunkuyar da kansa a ɗayan ɗayan - a fili yana ƙoƙarin ta'azantar da kuma “abokiyar aiki” bayan wani gwajin gwaje-gwaje.
Ba hatsari ne cewa kalmar ta shahara tsakanin masana halayyar dan adam da sauran likitoci: "jita-jitar da ake samu game da azabtarwar Pavlov ba ta da yawa, saboda daruruwan mongrels marasa gida a cikin St. Petersburg na iya yin hassada ga rayuwar da karnukansa ke da shi." Saboda haka ne ya kamata a kimanta rawar dabbobin ci gaban ilimin kimiyya da kyau, ba tare da la’akari da munanan hare-hare na mutane wadanda iliminsu ya bar abin da ake so ba.
Kuna da lokaci kyauta?
Sannan amfani dashi! Samu ƙarin ilimi!