Yankunan halitta na Arewacin Amurka.
Tsibiri na Kanad Arctic Archipelago
Polar bear, musk ox
Tundra da tundra daji
Arctic da subarctic
t january -24º -32º
Arctic filayen kwari da taiga
Mosses, lichens bishiyoyi dwarf tsire-tsire
Reindeer, polar mujiya, jaka
Farauta, ma'adinai
Tsakanin 65º da 55º a yamma da 53º da 48º a gabashin babban yankin
t january -24º -16º
Fir, pine, spruce, juniper, yew, larch
Elk, bear, wolf, fox, squirrel, rabb
Farauta, sare itatuwa, hakar ma'adanan
Cakuda da dazuzzuka daji
Yankin Manyan Tabkuna da Yankin Tekun Atlantika
t january -8º -16º
Brown, ganduje mai launin toka
Oak, Maple, Linden, chestnut, goro, ash, Birch, Spruce, fir, Pine
Raccoon, chipmunk, skunk, barewa, wapiti, tsuntsaye
Farauta, sare itatuwa, hakar ma'adanan
Babban filayen (53º da 25º N)
Matsakaici da kuma subtropical
t january -16º + 8º
Cereals, man gemu, fescue
Bison, rodents, tsuntsaye, kwari
Farauta, yin huɗa, masai
Peninsula Florida Atlantic da Premexican, Mississippi Lowlands
Subtropical da monsoon
Rawaya Duniya da Ja Duniya
Oak, maple, linden, kirjin, walnut, cypress, magnolia, creeper, epiphyte
Raccoon, chipmunk, skunk, deer, wapiti, tsuntsaye, turkey, macizai, mallaka, alligators
Farauta, sare itatuwa, hakar ma'adanan
Subtropical da na wurare masu zafi
Puma, jaguar, deer, tapir
Plowing ƙasar don shuka
Hamada da jeji
Tsibiri na Kalifoniya, Duwatsu masu dutsen Kudancin ruwa, Babban Pool
Tropics da subtropics
t january 0º + 8º + 16º
Solyanka, tsintsiya, bishiyar ƙaya. Cacti, agave.
Kwari, ƙwari, ƙananan jijiyoyi, macizai
Karafa
A kan taken: ci gaban hanyoyin, gabatar da gabatarwa
Hotunan sun nuna a sarari, kuma gajeren rubutun yana ba da halayyar flora da fauna na nahiyar a cikin yanki na halitta.
Hanyar haɓaka na darasi kan taken "Arewacin Amurka" a cikin aji na 7.
Yankuna na zahiri na Arewacin Amurka erialan kayan da aka shirya don darasi game da labarin ƙasa a aji na 7.
Takaita-tsarin darasi na labarin kasa a aji 7 1. 1. Sunan malami: Kolbanova Svetlana Vasilievna 2. Matsayin aiki: GBOU SOSH №1 pg.t. Sukhodol gundumar gundumar Sergiev Samara yankin.
An gabatar da gabatarwa azaman kayan gani a kan taken yanki na yanki na Arewacin Amurka (hamada Arctic, tundra da gandun daji-tundra, taiga), a cikinsu akwai hotunan shimfidar wurare na kowane yanki, su.
Takaita darasi (tafiya da ruwa) akan jigon yankuna na Arewacin Amurka (Harshen Arctic, tundra da daji-tundra, taiga).
Gabatar da darasi a cikin nazarin sabon kayan. Nunin ya ƙunshi tsarin darasi, alluna don ɗalibai su cika yayin darasin Hoto wanda ke nuna wakilan dabba da p.
Arctic hamada
Wannan bel ɗin yana galibi ne a tsibiran Canadianan Tsibiri na Arctic da kuma Greenland. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Janairu yana kusan -32 digiri Celsius, kuma a watan Yuli ne kawai 0 digiri Celsius. Koyaya, a cikin hunturu akwai sanyi mai sanyi - har zuwa -50º C da ƙasa. Asa tana da hamada mafi yawan arctic, tare da permafrost. Wasu wakilan flora ne kawai zasu iya girma a cikin irin wannan yanayi. Farautar ɗan adam kuma an iyakance shi ga farautar dabbobin gida. Harshen Arctic wani yanki ne na musamman, wanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali saboda canjin yanayi da narkewar yanayin ruwa.
Tundra da tundra daji
Tundra da tundra-tundra sun mamaye kusan duk gabar arewacin nahiyar, wacce ke ƙare da kusan digiri 53 c. w. Yanayin da ke nan ya riga ya zama mai rauni ga yawancin dabbobi: a cikin Yuli, zazzabi yana riƙe da + digiri Celsius + 8-10, kuma a cikin watan Janairu ba kasafai ya wuce -24 zuwa -32 ° C. A cikin wannan yanayin, tundra-gley da peaty ƙasa sun mamaye. . A wurare, an riga an samo ciyayi mafi girma, kuma mutane a wannan yankin ba wai kawai farauta suke ba, har ma suna hakar ma'adinai.
Yankunan da ke ƙasa mai tsayi
Yankunan tsaunuka masu ƙarfi na Arewacin Amurka an ambata su musamman a gabar yamma ta tekun, inda tsarin tsaunin Cordillera ya ƙare, har ma a gabas, inda tsarin dutsen Appalachian yake. A bangarori daban-daban, ana lura da bambance bambancen yanayin:
- a cikin Cordillera na Kanad, bambance-bambance suna sananne musamman: ciyayi na shimfidawa daga bankunan, gandun daji mai ban sha'awa yana farawa daga 1000 m, sannan tundra dutse da dusar kankara,
- a cikin subtropical bel na Sierra Nevada a matakin 1500 m, gandun mashigan gida suna farawa, makiyaya mai tsayi - 3000 m. A gabashin tsarin tsaunin, babu kusan babu gandun daji, kawai ana samun steppes da gandun daji.
- Cordillera na Amurka daga tekun Pacific suna mamaye da bishiyun bishiyun bishiyoyi, kuma gandun daji mai ban sha'awa ya fara kadan, a tsawan 3000 m - ciyaman mai tsayi.
Fauna na tsaunukan ba sa da bambanci sosai; species an nau'in dabbobi ne kawai za su iya rayuwa a nisan mil 3000.
Taiga
Yana wucewa tsakanin 53 da digiri 48 tare da. w. a gabashin babban yankin kuma tsakanin digiri 65 zuwa 55 s. w. - a Yamma. Yanayin da ke nan yana da sauƙi, a cikin hunturu yanayin zafi da sanyio yana da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa -24º C, kuma a lokacin rani akwai yanayi mai daɗi - a matsakaici + 16º C. Soasa a cikin wannan yanki na arearshe sune yawanci podzolic, wanda ke tabbatar da haɓaka bishiyoyi masu kyau. Mutane a cikin taiga suna tsunduma cikin farauta, haƙa ma'adinai, gami da dazuzzuka.
Cakuda da dazuzzuka daji
Yankunan da suka hada da Manyan Tabkuna da kuma Tekun Atlantika suna cikin wannan yanki na zahiri. A lokacin rani, yanayin yayi sanyi anan - daga +16 zuwa digiri 24 Celsius, kuma a watan Janairu akwai ƙarancin sanyi mai zafi, matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kusan -16 digiri Celsius. Mafi yawan launin ruwan kasa da launin toka ana samo su. Yanayin gamsarwa yana ba da gudummawa ga yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai.
Mataki (yabon) da dajin-steppe
Babban filayen suna cikin wannan yanki na zahiri. Yanayin yana da zafi kuma mai zurfi ne, a cikin Yuli yana da isasshen zafi, kuma a watan Janairu yawan zafin jiki ba shi da kamar -16 digiri Celsius, galibi yana da yawan zafin jiki. Ya bambanta a cikin kyawawan chernozem da kirji kasa.
Madadin gandun daji rigar
Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin yankuna mara kwari, duk da bushewar ƙasa a kan ƙasa. An kwatanta shi da yawan zafin jiki na matsakaici na shekara-shekara - daga +20 zuwa digiri 24, zafi a cikin hunturu, inda zafin jiki da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa 0º C. Wannan yanki ya hada da Firayim Minista, Mississippian, Atlantic Florida. Daga cikin kasa, kasa mai rawaya da jan kasa sun mamaye.
Gandun daji
Kasancewa a kan wani kunkuntar rafin yamma ta yammacin Amurka a California. Yankunan daji masu tsafe-tsafe sun mamaye karamin yanki dangane da sauran alamomin nahiyar. Zuwa 1000 mm na yanayin yanayi yana faɗi a cikin waɗannan gandun daji a shekara, mafi yawanci suna faruwa ne a cikin hunturu.
Soasan da ke nan sune launin ruwan hoda da launin ruwan kasa (kirji). Yanayin yana da zafi, lokaci-lokaci dusar ƙanƙara tana faɗuwa, amma da sauri ya ɓace. Dazuzzuka masu ruwa-da-saukayi suna da iyaka a cikin hamada, savannas, har ma dazuzukan daji na tsauraran yanayi, don haka flora da fauna suna da yawa irin waɗannan yankuna.
- Manyan itacen oak da dutse,
- Katar,
- myrtle,
- almara,
- eucalyptus,
- zaituni na daji.
A cikin dazuzzukan daji masu tsaftataccen ruwa akwai karnukan wolf, mongooses, porcupines, da kuma tsuntsaye masu yawa.
Savannahs
Savannahs - bel ɗin asalin Amurka ta Tsakiya, inda yanayi yake da yanayin zafi da ƙasa. Theasan da ke nan sune galibi-launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke samarwa yanayi don girman ɗimbin ciyawar. Waɗannan halaye kuma sun dace da noma ƙasa da haɓaka albarkatu masu zafi, kamar kofi.
Hamada da jeji
A ƙarshe, kamar yadda bashi da matsala ga rayuwa kamar hamada Arctic, yankin hamada da Semi-hamada. Suna halin yanayi mai zafi koyaushe, kawai a cikin Janairu yawan zafin jiki ba saukad da shi zuwa sifili. Kalifoniya, Babban Birin, kudu da Dutse mallakar wannan yanki ne. Areasarin ƙasa sune launin launin toka-launin toka da launin toka.
Dabbobi da tsirrai na yankuna na Arewacin Amurka
Ko da a cikin ƙauyukan Arctic da wuraren da suka fi dacewa a Arewacin Amurka, akwai mazauna na musamman. Don haka, a cikin arewacin yankin na Arctic akwai lasisi da mosses waɗanda ke zama tushen abinci ga lemmings da garken shanu - mafi yawancin dabbobi na yankin. Hakanan akwai ƙyallin wolf masu ban mamaki, kuma a kan gizagizan akwai manyan walrus tare da daskararru. Ofaya daga cikin halayyar mazaunan jeji sanyi shine polar bear.
Seals, kifi whales suna zaune a cikin tekun tsibirin Arctic, kuma kisa whales lokaci-lokaci suna shiga. Kuma a cikin tsuntsaye - barbashi, eiders da arctic gulls.
A cikin tundra sake - yawa daga mosses da lichens. Kuma fauna ya zama mai wadatarwa: dodo, dawakai arctic, hares da mujiya gwanayen kayan haɗin gwiwa, gulls da bears.
Itaciyar Taiga itace yawan ciyayi. Anan zaka iya samun pines, black and white spruce, harma da magungunan balsamic. Aspen, Birch da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan maye gurbi ana samunsu anan. Fauna na gandun taiga ya bambanta:
- muza, wapiti,
- grizzly,
- Wolverines da beavers,
- martens, squirrels, muskrats,
- kuliyoyi, dazuzzuka, da katako, da katako da sauran nau'in tsuntsayen.
Tsaunin daji shine dukiyar Dutse. Akwai bishiyoyi masu sake fasalinsu, har ma da dabbobi masu tsayi. Dawakai, dawakai, awaki da manyan tsaunukan sune manyan magabatan yankin. Hakanan akwai hares, karnuka makiyaya, coyotes, baribals da grizzlies. Daɗaɗɗen gaggafa - alama ce ta Amurka - suna zaune a wannan yankin.
Amma a cikin gandun daji gauraye wanda ke gabas, nau'ikan bishiyoyi na musamman suna girma: beeches, chestnuts, pines da firs, oaks, maples and spruce. A cikin wannan duka ƙaƙƙarfan dawakai dawakai, dawakai, squirrels, grizzlies, mose, bison, rakoons, skunks, chipmunks.
A cikin steppes, ciyayi sun fi wuya, amma akwai ganyayyaki da yawa a nan: ciyawar alkama, ciyawar ƙwaya, bluegrass, da ƙanƙantar-taƙama. A cikin dabbobi sun hadada karnuka makiyaya, ciyawa.
Harsunan jeji da jeji-hamada galibi suna zaune ne da cacti, zakoki, macizai, kunama da gizo-gizo. Hare, foxes da coyotes suna da wuya. A cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ciyayi yana da wadataccen arziki: cyphoes, oaks, ferns, itatuwan dabino. Kayan daji, dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye masu haske suna rayuwa cikin wannan nau'in.
Yankunan yankunan Arewacin Amurka kusan sun bambanta kamar bel na Eurasia. Akwai halittu da yawa masu ban mamaki na dabbobi da tsirrai, waɗansunsu suna buƙatar kariya mai hankali.
Yadda ake yin zirga-zirga a cikin Arewacin Amurka
Zazzabi a Arewacin Amurka za a iya gano shi a sarari ta hanyar latti. Farawa daga Manyan Tabkuna da kuma zuwa kudu, halayyar yanayi tana faruwa ta hanya madaidaiciya - daga Yamma zuwa Gabas har zuwa Tsaunin Dutse. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon rashin daidaiton iska a karkashin aikin iska na teku.
Yankunan yanki na Arewacin Amurka suna da halayen halayen duka Eurasia (a cikin latitude na arewacin) da Kudancin Amurka (a kudu).
Hoto 1. Taswirar Yankunan Arewacin Amurka na Arewacin Amurka
Bari mu bincika cikakkun bayanai game da yankuna na wannan nahiya ta amfani da tebur.
Tebur "Yankuna na Arewacin Amurka"
Sunan yankin
Yanayin yanki
Kayan lambu duniya
Duniyar dabbobi
Yankin dutse, yanki mai faɗi
Lemon tsami, foctic Arctic, musk ox
Yankin Yankin Arewa Arctic
Moss, lichen, ciyawa, ciyawa
Grizzly black bear, muzina, bison daji, lynx, skunk, muskrat
Cikakken tsiri tsiri a cikin latitude na arewa
Balsam fir, baƙar fata da fari shine, pine
Cakuda da dazuka
Yayi daidai da yanayin yanayin zafi
Brown daji, sod-podzolic
Maple, beech, Birch yellow, bishiyar tulip, itacen lemo
Bison, launin ruwan kasa bera, lynx.
Gandun daji steppes da steppes
Yankunan waka - tsakiyar yanki kusa da tsaunuka
Cereals, ciyawar bison, fescue
Coyote, rodents, zomo, makiyaya
Yankin yanayin ƙasa
Soasa mai rawaya da Redasassu ƙasa
Oak, magnolia, dabino, cypress
Dabbobin dabbobin sun ƙare
Semi hamada da hamada
Inland Cordillera
Wormwood, hodgepodge, cactus, agave
Abubuwa masu rarrafe, rodents, armadillo
Savannahs na Tropical da saurin damuna
Ja ƙasa da ja-ruwan kasa
Shuka shuka
Dabbobin dabbobin sun ƙare
Yanayin Arctic
A gefen tekun arewacin Afirka, a cikin Greenland da wani yanki na tarin tsibiri na Kanada, akwai yanayin arctic. Ana mamaye filayen arctic da ke kankara, kuma a wasu wuraren lasisi da mosses suna girma. Lokacin sanyi ya bambanta tsakanin -32-40 digiri Celsius, kuma a lokacin rani bai wuce +5 digiri ba. A cikin Greenland, sanyi na iya sauka zuwa -70 digiri. A cikin wannan yanayin, iska mai ƙarfi da bushewa take busa koyaushe. Ruwan sama sama da shekara bai wuce mil 250 ba, kuma yawancin dusar ƙanƙara ne.
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Yankin na subarctic ya mamaye Alaska da arewacin Kanada. A cikin hunturu, yawancin iska daga Arctic suna motsawa anan kuma suna kawo tsananin sanyi. A lokacin rani, zazzabi na iya tashi zuwa +16 digiri. Yanayi yana fadi a kowace shekara 100-500 mm. Iska a nan matsakaici
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Yanayin aiki mai wahala
Yawancin Arewacin Amurka yana rufe da yanayin yanayi, amma a wurare daban-daban akwai yanayin yanayi daban, dangane da danshi. Rage yankin teku a yamma, matsakaici na ɗan ƙasa - a gabas da ƙasa - a tsakiyar. A ɓangaren yamma, zafin jiki ba ya canzawa sosai a cikin shekara, amma akwai babban adadin hazo - 2000-3000 mm a shekara. A cikin ɓangaren tsakiya, lokacin bazara yana da ɗumi, lokacin bazara sanyi, kazalika da ruwan sama mai matsakaici. A gefen gabas, winters suna daɗaɗɗen sanyi kuma bazara ba ta da zafi; hazo yana kusan mm 1000 a kowace shekara. Yankuna na halitta ma sun bambanta anan: taiga, steppe, gauraye da dazuzzuka sararin sama.
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A cikin yanki mai ban tsoro, wanda ya mamaye kudancin Amurka da arewacin Mexico, lokacin bazara mai sanyi ne kuma yawan zafin jiki kusan ba ya sauka a kasa da digiri 0. A cikin hunturu, gumi, iska mai zafi yakan mamaye ta, kuma a lokacin rani, busasshen iska mai zafi. Yankuna uku sun kasance a wannan yanayin canjin yanayin: canjin yanayin ƙasa yana maye gurbinsu ta tekun Bahar Rum da kuma mummunan ambaliyar ruwa.
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Sauyin yanayi
Wani muhimmin yanki na Amurka ta Tsakiya ya ƙunshi yanayi mai zafi. A duk yankin akwai adadin hazo daban-daban: daga 250 zuwa 2000 mm a shekara. A kusan babu lokacin sanyi, kuma lokacin bazara yana mulki kusan duk lokaci.
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Smallan ƙaramin yanki na Arewacin Amurka yana mamaye yankin yanki mai ƙwanƙwasa. Yana da zafi koyaushe, hazo ya faɗi a cikin bazara a cikin adadin 2000-3000 mm a shekara. A wannan yanayin akwai gandun daji, savannahs da gandun daji masu haske.
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Ana samun Arewacin Amurka a cikin dukkanin bangarorin yanayi, in banda bel bel din. Wani wuri akwai lokacin bazara, lokacin zafi, kuma a wasu wuraren yanayin sauyin yanayi a shekara kusan ba'a lura dasu ba. Wannan yana rinjayar bambancin flora da fauna a cikin ɓangaren duniya.
Halin yanayin halitta
Yankin gandun daji kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ɓangaren ƙasa. Mafi na kowa suna hade da kuma fadi. A Arewacin Amurka (Kanada) nau'in bishiyar taiga ta ci nasara. An maye gurbin sashin gandun daji da steppes.
Yankunan waka ne na filayen kwari da ciyawa mai tsayi, wanda babu gandun daji.
Yankin shakatawa a Arewacin Amurka yana gefen yamma ne na Tsarin Tsakiyar Amurka. Ga manyan gonakin masara (Iowa, Amurka). Wannan halin da ake ciki ana lura da shi a cikin ɓangaren steppes da gandun daji-steppe. Tun da wadannan yankuna ukun suna da ƙasa mai kyau, kusan manoma ne gabaɗaya.
Zuwa yau, dabarun duniyar dabbobi da yankuna da gandun daji-kusan suna kare.Shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata, garken bishiyar bishi da bishiyoyi suna zaune anan, amma yanzu zaku iya haɗuwa da ƙaramar ciyayi, mai kama da squirrel, da coyotes na daji, waɗanda galibi suna kusa da gidajen mutane don neman abinci.
Yamma na Babban Hanya shine bushewar bushewa, inda 500-600 mm faɗi cikin shekara guda. hazo. Kusan hamada, don haka ba a da tabbacin girbin. Ana amfani da ciyawar ciyawa a wannan yanki azaman abincin dabbobi.
A gefen kudu na babban yankuna ne hamada. Tana kasance ƙasar masu tonon gwal. Daga cikin yashi za ku iya samun hurumi na biranen, wanda rayuwarsa, a wasu lokuta, bai wuce shekaru 50 ba.
Hoto 3. Yankunan daji na Arewacin Amurka
Yankin yankin mara karfi daga 38 ° zuwa 20 °. Wannan shine yankin kudancin Amurka da arewacin Mexico. A gefen tekun Atlantika a cikin wannan yanki shine wuraren shakatawa mafi yawan wuraren shakatawa. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda yanayin anan yana da dumi, kusan babu lokacin hunturu - kawai yana ɗan ɗanyi mai sanyi. Canjin Belt a cikin yankin yana faruwa ne daga yamma zuwa gabas.
Me muka koya?
Yankunan halitta na Arewacin Amurka suna da wasu fasali idan aka kwatanta da Eurasia. Canjin yankuna anan yana faruwa a cikin mafi yawan latitude kudu, saboda haka yanayin anan yana da sauƙi. Ba wai kawai a kwance ba, har ma a tsaye ana iya gano shi, wanda sakamakon sakamakon tasirin iska ne ke haifar da hakan.
Yawan jama'a
Mafi yawan jama'ar Arewacin Amurka suna fitowa daga ko'ina cikin Turai, galibi daga Burtaniya. shi Amurkawa Amurkawa da Anglo-Canadianssuna jin turanci. Zuriyar Faransawan da suka koma Kanada suna magana da Faransanci.
Indan asalin ƙasar yawan - Indiyawa da Eskimos. Wadannan mutanen suna cikin reshen Amurka na tsere na Mongoloid. Masana kimiyya sun kafa cewa Indiyawan da Eskimos sun fito ne daga Eurasia. Numerousarin Indiya da yawa (kusan miliyan 15). Mafi yawan kabilun sun mai da hankali ne a kudancin Mexico (Aztecs, Maya), inda ta samar da jihohin kanta, suka bambanta ta hanyar tattalin arziki da al'adunsu masu tasowa. Da shigowar Turawan mulkin mallaka, makomar 'yan kasar Indiya abin bakin ciki ne: an lalata su, an kore su daga kasashe masu tuddai, suna mutuwa daga cututtukan da Turawa suka kawo.
A cikin karni na XVII - XVIII. don aiki a kan tsire-tsire a Arewacin Amurka wanda aka kawo daga Afirka baƙar fata. An sayar da su kamar bayi ga masu shirya fararen hular.
Yawan Arewacin Amurka Mutane miliyan 480. Mafi yawan yankuna rabin kudu. Babban adadin jama'a a gabashi. Manyan biranen suna cikin wannan yanki na Arewacin Amurka: New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Montreal, da dai sauransu.
Arewacin Amirka na da ƙasashe mafi ci gaba a duniya - Amurka ta Amurka. A arewacin babban yankin Amurka wata babbar kasa ce - Kanada, da kuma kudu - Mexico. A Tsakiyar Amurka da tsibirin Caribbean, akwai ƙananan ƙananan jihohi: Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Jamaica da sauransu Jamhuriyar Cuba tana kan tsibirin Cuba da ƙananan tsibiran da ke kusa da su.
Takaitaccen darasi “Arewacin Amurka. Yankunan halitta. Yawan jama'a ".
Batu na gaba: “Eurasia. Matsayi na yanki "