Dangane da kididdiga, a kasarmu, a cikin yankuna masu yawa wadanda suka mamaye hamada da hamada - mutane miliyan daya ne ke rayuwa. Personaya daga cikin mutane a cikin murabba'in kilomita 4-5 na filayen hamada, wannan shine ƙimar yawancin alƙaluma a waɗannan yankuna Kuna iya tafiya na awanni, kwanaki, makonni kuma ba ku sadu da mai rai guda ba. Koyaya, a wannan zamani, abubuwan sha'awar su da dukiyoyinsu, suna ɓoye su, wanda aka ɓoye shekaru dubbai da yawa. Tabbas, irin wannan hankalin ba zai iya yin ba tare da sakamako ga yanayin ba.

Gano kayan albarkatun ƙasa ne wanda zai iya jawo hankalin musamman, bayan wannan, kamar yadda aka sani daga misalai da yawa da ƙwarewa mai ɗaci, bala'i guda ɗaya ne ya rage, ga ɗan adam da na yanayi. An haɗa su, da farko, tare da haɓaka sabbin yankuna, bincike na kimiyya, da kuma tasirin zamani a zamanin da aka samar da daidaiton tsarin halitta. An tuna da ilimin halittu a ƙalla, idan kaɗan.

Haɓaka ci gaban fasaha kuma ba iyakokin ajiyar abubuwan da suka lalace ba ne ya sa mutane suka isa wuraren hamada. Karatun kimiyya ya nuna cewa a cikin yawancin jeji da hamada akwai yankuna masu yawa na albarkatun ƙasa, kamar mai, gas, karafa mai daraja. Bukatar su a koyaushe yana ƙaruwa. Saboda haka, sanye da kayan aiki masu nauyi, kayan aikin masana'antu, zamu lalata yanayin, a yankuna ƙasa da mu'ujizan da ba a taɓa gani ba.

Gina hanyoyi, kwanciyar manyan hanyoyi, hakar mai da jigilar mai da sauran albarkatun kasa, duk wannan yana haifar da matsalolin muhalli a cikin hamada da Semi-hamada. Man na da hatsari musamman ga mahalli.

Gurɓar gwal mai launin baƙi yana faruwa a matakin ma'adinai kuma a matakin sufuri, aiki da ajiya. Sakin ga muhalli shima yana faruwa ne ta dabi'a, amma wannan yafi iya kasancewa kamar banda wata doka. Kwayar halitta na faruwa sau da yawa kuma ba mai dumu dumu ba ga yanayi da dukkan kwayoyin halitta. Kwayar cuta ita ce bayyana a cikin muhalli na abubuwan da ba halayyar sa ba, a cikin abubuwan da ba a sani ba. Yawancin haɗari an san su a bututun mai, a wuraren ajiya da lokacin sufuri, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli.

Ofaya daga cikin matsalolin ita ce farauta da rage nau'in halittar shuka da duniyar dabbobi sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Abin bakin cikin shine, wasu nau'ikan dabbobi, tsuntsaye, kwari da tsire-tsire suna zaune a cikin hamada, yawancinsu ba su da yawa kuma an jera su a cikin littafin Red. Don kare flora da fauna a cikin jeji, an kirkiro ajiyar yanayi, kamar su Aral-Paygambar, Tigrovaya Balka, da ajiyar Ustyurt.

Bayanai kansu, duk da haka, matsala ce mai mahimmanci ta muhalli, ko kuma lalacewa. Natsatse wata matattara ce ta lalacewa. Wannan tsari na iya faruwa ta hanyar dabi'a, amma a yanayi yana faruwa da wuya (ban da shiyyoyi a kan iyakar wuraren hamada) kuma a hankali. Yaduwar aiwatarwa a karkashin tasirin abubuwan rashin lafiyar shine wani babban al’amari.

Farfajiyar Anthropogenic na faruwa ne saboda dalilai da yawa: ɓarkewar ciyawa da shuka iri, dasa filayen da ba su dace ba don aikin gona, ciyawar hay da filayen kiwo na wani lokaci mai tsawo, tsarin tsabtacewa da hanyoyin ban ruwa, gina lokaci mai tsawo da hakar ma'adanai, ƙone tekuna baki ɗaya, kuma a sakamakon kirkirar hamada ƙasa, misali shine bushewar Tekun Aral. A rabin rabin karni na 20, a cewar bayanai daban-daban, kadada miliyan 500 na lalacewar asa.

A wannan zamanin, za a iya rarrabe hamada azaman matsalolin muhalli na duniya. Shugabannin duniya a cikin adadin yaduwar kasa shine Amurka, Indiya, China. Abin takaici, Rasha ma tana cikin su. Kusan kashi 30 cikin dari na wannan kasa na fuskantar lalacewa, kuma isasshen lokacin danshi bai yarda da matakin karshe na lalacewa ba.

A yanayin muhalli da tattalin arziƙi, lalacewar ƙazantar ƙaƙa abu ne tabbatacce kuma mara kyau. Da fari dai, wannan shi ne lalata yanayin ƙasa, tsarin da ya kirkiro, wanda ya riga ya sa ya yiwu a yi amfani da kyautuka na halitta. Abu na biyu, wannan lalacewar gona ne, raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa. Abu na uku, nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai da yawa sun rasa mazauninsu na al'ada, wanda hakan ke shafan mutane. Irin waɗannan lokacin na 'yan makaranta suna fahimta da yara na makaranta har ma da yaran da ke zuwa makarantan nasare, amma manya ba sa son su fahimta.

A cikin bincike na ƙarshe, ana lura da lalacewa duka a cikin hamada da kuma cikin jeji kansu. Maganin su ana ba da ƙarancin lokaci, albarkatu, kayan duniya. Wataƙila a nan gaba, komai zai canza kuma za'a mai da hankali sosai don yaƙi da lalata, magance matsalolin muhalli. Mafi muni, wannan na faruwa ne yayin da yankin da ya dace da bukatun aikin gona ya zama ƙasa don ciyar da mu. A hanyar, mukan lura da karuwa a wuraren rawaya a taswirar duniyarmu.

Wannan kayan zai iya zama da amfani ga ɗaliban aji na 4 akan batun duniyar da ke kewayensu lokacin rubuta rahotanni, laccoci ko gabatarwa kan batun menene matsalolin muhalli na yau da kullun ga hamada da kuma yankin jeji da kuma yadda za'a magance su. Yi tunani, saboda a aji na 4 ne ɗalibai suka sami masaniyar irin waɗannan matsaloli masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su don kada su haifar da mummunan sakamako, misalai na, abin takaici, suna da yawa sosai.

Fadada iyakokin yankuna

Sakamakon aikin ɗan adam, bangarorin lalata ƙasa suna tashi a iyakokin hamada, a hankali suna yin rajista zuwa hamada. A cikin yanayi, fadada kan iyakokin hamada yana faruwa a hankali, duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan anthropogenic, yawan haɓaka yana ƙaruwa sau da yawa. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa:

• lalata ciyayi a kan iyakar yankuna na halitta,
• garma,
• magudanan ruwa na magudanan ruwa da tabkuna,
• canjin kogin.

Fadada hamada ta haifar da canjin yanayi a duniya. Increasearuwar zazzabi da raguwar adadin hazo a iyakar iyakokin halitta yana haifar da motsi tsirrai da dabbobi zuwa wasu jeri, wani lokacin har zuwa mutuwar gaba ɗaya. Tsarin kankara na wuraren hamada Arctic ya tsananta, inda aka rage yawan ciyayi.

Poaching da Rage iri-iri

Harshen jeji, duk da ƙananan bambancin ilimin halittu, kuma suna wahala daga farauta. Halakar wakilan wakilan da ba'a saba dasu ba wadanda ke haifar da rushewar nau'in halittu kadai ba, har ma da hallakar daukakan muhalli, rushewar yanayin kasa. Cire dabbobi ya keta tsarin cutar da mutane masu warkarwa. Yawancin tsire-tsire na jeji da na dabbobi an jera su a cikin Littafin Layi.

Gurɓatar mai

A yankuna na hamada da rabin hamada yawancin lokaci ana samun adon ma'adinai - gas, mai. Lokacin da aka fitar da su, saboda haɗuwa da abubuwan da yawa, haɗari tare da sakin mai yana faruwa. A cikin jeji kusa da tuddai zaka iya samun kwararar mai, wanda ke tsokanar ƙonewar daga wurare masu yawa, mutuwar dabbobi, da lalata ciyayi.

Kwayar cuta zata iya faruwa a kowane matakai - samarwa, sufuri, aiki, ajiya.

Fure ƙasa da lalata sharar gida

Gano abubuwan hakar ma'adanai na hamada tare da gina hanyoyi, shimfida manyan hanyoyi, da kuma fadada gine-ginen masana'antu. Ayyukan ɗan adam ba tare da haɗuwa da bayyanar sharar gida ba. Cire kayayyakinda suke sabuntawa na buƙatar wadatattun abubuwa, kuma an samar da tuddan ƙasa domin adana kuɗi a wuraren ayyukan ɗan adam.

Bugu da kari, sharar gida galibi ana ajiye shi da gangan ne a hamada. Don haka, a cikin jejin Mojave akwai asarar motoci 14,000. Suna fuskantar lalata da lalacewa, a dalilin abin da cutarwa masu cutarwa ke cikin tsarin halittu.

Gina wuraren masana'antu

Gina wuraren masana'antu a koyaushe yana da alaƙa da sharar samarwa, ƙara yawan amo, da aiki mai ƙarfi na mutum. Sakamakon bayyanar irin waɗannan abubuwa, ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa suna lalata da samfuran da aka sarrafa. Da kansu, abubuwa sun zama sanadin damuwa da motsin dabbobi zuwa wasu wurare, wanda hakan ya keta hadaddiyar nau'in halittu da halayyar yankuna na yankuna.

Me za a iya yi

Hanyoyin da za a magance matsalolin muhalli na hamada da hamada ya kamata ya zama ba kawai a yanki da jihohi ba, har ma a matakan duniya. Za a iya bambanta hanyoyin magance wadannan hanyoyin ta hanyar kare wuraren halitta:

• saukar da nauyin anthropogenic,
• zubar da shara,
• Tsarin daji na kare kan iyakokin jeji,
• bincika sabbin hanyoyin, samar da yanayin muhalli don samar da mai a waje,
• karfafa iko kan hakar abubuwan halitta,
• halittar ajiyar,
• sabuntawar wucin gadi na yawan tsire-tsire da dabbobi masu yawan gaske.

(Ba a tantance ba tukuna)

Matsalolin muhalli na hamada

Babban matsalar kwararowar hamada da hamada shine yaduwar kasa. Wannan tsari yana hanzarta bunkasa a cikin Amurka, China, India da Russia. Kashi uku na ƙasa a waɗannan ƙasashe yana gurɓata ƙasa. Lokaci ne kawai na lokacin zafi ba zai bar matakin karshe na ƙazantar farawa ba.

Sakamakon mummunan lalacewar ƙazanta a cikin tattalin arziƙi da muhalli suna da matukar tasirin gaske:

• yanayin lalacewa tare da yanayin da ke ciki ya lalace, kuma wannan yana hana mutane damar amfani da kyautuka na halitta,
• lalacewar gona,
• dabbobi da yawa masu tsire-tsire ana hana su damar yin amfani da mazauninsu na al'ada, kuma wannan yana shafan mutane.

Sanadin matsalolin hamada

Mallaka jeji wani yanki ne da aka manta da lalacewar ƙasa da mummunan matsalar muhalli. Wadannan matakai na iya faruwa ta dabi'a, kodayake wannan ba kasafai ake samunsa a yanayi ba, sai dai bangarori a iyakar iyakokin da aka riga aka kafa, kuma waɗannan matakai suna haɓaka a hankali.

Wani abu shine yaduwar lalacewa saboda dalilai na anthropogenic. Abubuwa da yawa dalilai suna lalata irin wannan lalacewar:

• ciyawar daji da tsirrai,
• kashe filayen noma da ba su dace ba,
• hayfields
• ci gaba kiwo
• salinization da kuma kuskuren zaɓi na hanyoyin ban ruwa na hamada,
• shekaru da yawa na aikin gini da hakar ma'adinai,
• yanke hukunci a cikin tekuna da samuwar hamada (alal misali shine yanke hukuncin Tekun Aral).

A cikin rabin 2 na karni na 20 Yankin kadada miliyan 500 aka bar ƙauyuka. An jawo hankalin ne ta hanyar gano kayan albarkatun kasa. Haƙiƙa, wannan yana haifar da wasu matsaloli ga mutum da yanayi. Sun zo daga ci gaban sababbin yankuna, bincike na kimiyya, tasirin tasirin samar da daidaiton tsarin halitta. Lafiyar dabi'a shine abu na karshe da suke tunani a kansu.

Haɓaka ci gaban fasaha da iyakokin albarkatun ƙasa sun sa mutane suka fara ƙaura. Yawancinsu, bisa ga binciken kimiyya, suna da wadataccen mai, gas, ƙarfe masu daraja. A lokaci guda, buƙatun albarkatun ƙasa yana haɓaka koyaushe. Sabili da haka, mutum ya ɗauki kayan aiki masu nauyi, kayan aikin masana'antu kuma ya fara lalata lafuzzan ƙasashen da basu da cutar a baya.

Matsalar muhalli a cikin hamada da kuma hamada ta lalace ta hanyar gina hanyoyi, sanya manyan hanyoyi, hakar sufuri da jigilar kayayyaki na kasa, gami da mai. Yana da mafi haɗari ga yanayin.

Gurbataccen mai ya fara riga a matakin samarwa kuma yana ci gaba yayin sufuri, aiki, ajiya. Gwal mai launin zinare na iya shiga cikin yanayi ta zahiri. Koyaya, wannan baya faruwa koyaushe kuma yana iya zama banda da ya tabbatar da doka. Weari muna magana ne akan ƙarami kaɗan. Basu lalata abubuwa masu rai ba.

Gabaɗaya, ana gane ƙazamar ƙazantawa azaman shigar azzakari cikin farfajiyar abubuwan gabobi waɗanda ba'a fara halayyar sa ba, kuma da yawaitar adadi. Akwai misalai da yawa na haɗari a bututun mai, a wuraren ajiya, yayin jigilar kaya, waɗanda suka haifar da mummunar lalacewar mahaukaciyar hamada da hamada.

Planet na duniya

Wannan kuma wani lamari ne da ke haifar da matsalar matsalar muhalli a cikin hamada. Gilashin kudanci da hemispheres na narkewa saboda zafi na ƙarancin yanayi. Sakamakon haka, yankuna yankuna na Arctic sun rage, kuma matakin ruwa a cikin teku yana tashi. A wannan yanayin, yanayin kasa bawai kawai yake canzawa bane. Wasu tsirrai da nau'in dabbobi sun ƙaura zuwa wasu wuraren zama. Wasu daga cikinsu suna mutuwa zuwa waje.

Sakamakon sauyin yanayi na duniya, ciyayi ke raguwa sosai, kuma lalacewar ƙasa tana ƙaruwa sosai. Ice da sauran tafiyar matakai na yau da kullun sun lalace. Suna da haɗari a cikin kansu. A lokaci guda, haɗarin mummunan sakamako yana ƙaruwa.

Bautar da bautar mara ba

Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, hamada tana wahala daga farauta, wanda ke rage bambancin nau'in flora da fauna. Akwai tsuntsaye da yawa, dabbobi, kwari, tsirrai. Bayan haka, akwai wasu korafe korafe a tsakanin su da cewa ana rubuta su a littafin 'Red Book'. Don kare flora da fauna a cikin hamada da rabin hamada suna shirya ajiyar muhalli. Daga cikinsu akwai Tigrovaya Balka, Ustyurt, Aral-Paygambar da sauransu.

Matsalar ruwa

Abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli ana haifar da su ta hanyar gurɓataccen shara na soja. Kar ku rikita su da makaman nukiliya. Sojojin suna amfani da hamada a maimakon aron ƙasa. Don magance matsalar, yana da muhimmanci a nemi wasu hanyoyin zubar da sharar sojoji maimakon a zubar.

Gurbataccen ruwan ƙasa yana da alaƙa da wannan matsala. An haifar da shi ta hanyar binne soji da makaman nukiliya Za'a iya magance matsalar ne kawai ta hanyar barin filaye a jeji.

Kasashen waje na gas da mai

Samuwar hamada Arctic yana haɗuwa da matsalolin muhalli waɗanda ke faruwa ta hanyar gano mahimman abubuwan ma'adinai a wurin. Hatsarori tare da zubar da mai suna faruwa lokacin da abubuwa masu guba suka shiga sararin samaniya. Sakamakon wannan shine gurɓatar da duniya gaba ɗaya na biosphere.

Wani lokaci a cikin yankin ƙauyen pola zaka iya ganin fadama mai ƙone mai. Suna tsoratar da yawan yawan wuraren da ciyayi ke rufe. Tabbas, yayin shimfida bututun mai, ana ƙirƙirar wurare don dabbobi, amma ba koyaushe ne zasu neme su da amfani da su ba. Saboda haka, dabbobin suna mutuwa.

Don haka, ana lura da matsalolin muhalli a cikin hamada da kuma jeji. Suna tsoratar da mummunan sakamako mara kyau ga duk rayayyun abubuwa, amma karancin lokaci, an raba albarkatu da kudi don magance su. Ana fatan cewa lamarin zai inganta nan gaba.

Wataƙila mutum zai fara gwagwarmaya da gaske game da ƙazantar yankuna da warware matsalolin muhalli. Koyaya, mutane tabbas zasu iya zuwa wannan lokacin da yankin da ya dace da aikin gona ya zama ƙasa. Sannan tambayar zata kasance yadda za'a ciyar da jama'a gaba daya. A halin yanzu, ana samun karuwar adadin bakin rawaya a taswirar duniya.

Amsa ko mafita 1

Matsalolin muhalli na Hamada da Semi hamada:

1. Tsarin jeji tsari ne wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin lalacewa. Irin wannan tsari yana faruwa ta halitta, amma a hankali.Wani abu kuma shine kwararowar hamada, aikin mutum yana haifar da hakan: lalata gishirin, salati ko ban ruwa, da sauransu.
2. Gina tituna, manyan hanyoyi, da manyan hanyoyi, hakar mai da sauran albarkatun kasa na haifar da gurbata tsarin muhalli na hamada da Semi-hamada.
3. Koyarwa da raguwar nau'in tsire-tsire na dabi'a kuma suna cutar mummunar yanayin hamada.

Kasa na Yankuna Na Juyin Halitta

Yawancin filaye na ƙasa na duniya suna cikin yanki mai zafi, suna karɓan ruwa daga 0 mm zuwa 250 mm a shekara. Haɓakawa yawanci shine sau da yawa fiye da adadin hazo. Mafi sau da yawa, saukad ba su isa saman ƙasa ba, suna ƙaura a cikin iska. A cikin tsaunin dutse Gobi da tsakiyar Asiya a cikin hunturu, zazzabi ya faɗi ƙasa 0 ° C. Babban amplitude alama ce ta halayyar hamada. Don kwana daya zai iya zama 25-30 ° С, a cikin Sahara ya kai 40-45 ° С. Sauran rikice-rikice na yanayin ƙasa:

• hazo wanda ba ya bushe da ƙasa,
• ƙura hadari da iska mai ƙarfi ba tare da ruwan sama ba
• babban tafki-free ruwan tafki,
• tushen da aka rasa a cikin yashi, ba ya bayar da rafi ba,
• koguna ba tare da keɓaɓɓun wurare ba, tashoshin ruwa marasa kyau da tarin tarawa a cikin deltas,
• yawo a cikin tabkuna
• bishiyoyi, ciyayi da ciyawa ba tare da ganye ba, amma tare da ƙaya.

Manyan hamada na duniya

Yankunan yankuna mara kyau na ciyayi an sanya su zuwa yankuna mara ruwa na duniya. Anan, bishiyoyi, ciyayi da ciyawa ba tare da ganima ko ciyayi ba gaba daya, wanda ke nuna kalmar "hamada" kanta. Hotunan da aka sanya a cikin labarin suna ba da ra'ayi game da yanayin mummunan yanayin wuraren bushewa. Taswirar ta nuna cewa jeji yana cikin arewancin da Kudancin Hemispheres a cikin wani yanayi mai zafi. Sai kawai a Tsakiyar Asiya wannan yanki na halitta wanda yake a yankin mai tsinkaye, yana kaiwa 50 ° C. w. Manyan hamada na duniya:

• Sahara, Libya, Kalahari da Namib a Afirka,
• Monte, Patagonian da Atacama na Kudancin Amurka,
• Great Sandy da Victoria a Australia,
• Arab, Gobi, Siriya, Rub al-Khali, Karakum, Kyzylkum a Eurasia.

Zones kamar Semi-hamada da hamada, akan taswirar duniya gabaɗaya daga 17 zuwa 25% na duk duniya, kuma a Afirka da Ostiraliya - 40% na yankin.

Farin Kogi

Wani wurin da ba a sani ba shine halayen Atakama da Namib. Waɗannan shimfidar wurare marasa rai suna cikin teku! Tsibirin Atacama yana yamma da Kudancin Kudancin Amurka, yana kewaye da tsaunin dutse na tsaunin Andes, wanda ya kai tsawan sama da 6500 m. A yamma, yankin yana Tekun Bahar Rum tare da ruwan sanyi na Peruvian na yanzu.

Atacama shine hamada mafi rashin rai, tare da rakodin ruwan sama mai nauyin 0 mm. Ruwan sama mai saurin girgiza yana faruwa sau ɗaya kowace shekara, amma a lokacin hunturu karnuka sukan fito daga bakin teku. Kimanin mutane miliyan 1 suna zaune a wannan yanki mai rashin ƙarfi. Yawan yana aiki da garken dabbobi: duk tsaunukan tsaunuka suna kewaye da wuraren kiwo da makiyaya. Hoto a cikin labarin yana ba da ra'ayi game da mummunan yanayin wuraren Atacama.

Tsarin Dan daji (rarrabuwa a muhalli)

1. M - nau'in yanki, halayyar maɓallin wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare. Yanayin yanayi a wannan yankin ya bushe da zafi.
2. Anthropogenic - ya taso ne sakamakon tasirin ɗan adam kai tsaye ko a kaikaice akan yanayi. Akwai wata ka'idar da ke bayanin cewa wannan hamada ce wacce matsalolin muhalli suke da alaƙa da haɓakarta. Kuma duk wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar yawan jama'a.
3. Rayuwa - yankin da ake da mazaunin dindindin. Akwai kogunan wucewa, oases, waɗanda aka kafa a wuraren da ruwan ƙasa ke fitowa.
4. Masana'antu - yankuna waɗanda ke da mummunan ciyayi da ciyawar daji, wanda saboda ayyukan samarwa da rikicewar yanayin halitta.
5. Arctic - dusar ƙanƙara da kankara a cikin manyan latitude.

Matsalolin muhalli na hamada da hamada a arewaci da kuma wurare masu zafi sunyi kama da juna: alal misali, rashin isasshen ruwan sama, wanda shine yake iyakance rayuwar tsiro. Amma wadataccen ruwan sanyi na Arctic ana nuna shi da yanayin zafi sosai.

Mallaka - asarar ci gaba da ciyayi

Kimanin shekaru 150 da suka gabata, masana kimiyya sun lura da karuwa a yankin Sahara. Rashin bincike na archaeological da kuma binciken binciken dabbobi sun nuna cewa ba koyaushe ba hamada ce kawai a wannan yankin. Matsalar muhalli sai a haɗa da abin da ake kira "bushewa" na Sahara. Don haka, a cikin karni na XI, ana iya yin noma a Arewacin Afirka har zuwa latinti na 21 °. Shekaru bakwai, iyakar arewa ta aikin noma ta koma kudu zuwa na 17, kuma a karni na 21 shi ma ya canza gaba. Me yasa hamada take faruwa? Wasu masu binciken sun yi bayanin wannan tsari a Afirka a matsayin “bushewa” yanayi, yayin da wasu ke ambatar motsin yashi da ke bacci. Abun fahimta shine aikin Stebbing "Desert, wanda mutum ya kirkira", wanda yaga hasken a 1938. Marubucin ya ambaci bayanai game da ci gaban Sahara zuwa kudu kuma ya bayyana abin da ya faru ta hanyar rashin noma, musamman tarkace garken irin hatsi, da tsarin noman da ba na zamani ba.

Anthropogenic dalilin lalacewar yanayi

Sakamakon bincike game da motsi da yashi a cikin Sahara, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa yayin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, yanki na ƙasar noma da adadin shanu sun ragu. Itatuwan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire daga nan sai su sake fitowa, wato, hamada ta koma baya! Matsalar muhalli a halin yanzu ana haɗuwa da kusan rashin kasancewar irin waɗannan lokuta idan aka janye yankuna daga wurare dabam dabam na aikin gona don sabuntawarsu ta asali. Ana aiwatar da matakan reclamation da reclamation akan karamin yanki.

Baza'a lalata daji yawanci shine ayyukan mutane, dalilin “bushewa” ba yanayi bane, amma anthropogenic, yana da nasaba da yawan amfani da wuraren kiwo, cigaba da wuce gona da iri a kan titi, da kuma rashin aikin gona. Mallaka a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan da ke iya faruwa na iya faruwa a iyakar ƙasashe masu bushewa, amma ƙasa da hakan ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan adam. Babban abinda ke haifar da kwararar mahaifa:

• hakar ma'adanan talla (a cikin binciken),
• waje kiwo ba tare da maido da wadatar makiyaya ba,
• sare sare dazuzzuka yana kiyaye ƙasa,
• na zamani ban ruwa (ban ruwa) tsarin,
• karuwa da ruwa da kuma lalatattun iska:
• magudanar ruwan jikin, kamar yadda ya faru da bacewar Tekun Aral a Tsakiyar Asiya.

Iri hamada da rabin hamada

Dangane da yanayin halittu na yanayin kasa, nau'ikan jeji da jeji-rabi sun wanzu:

p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->

• m - cikin tropics da subtropics, yana da yanayin zafi, bushe,
• anthropogenic - yana bayyana sakamakon mummunan aikin ɗan adam,
• shimfidar wurare - yana da koguna da otal waɗanda suka zama wuraren zama na mutane,
• masana'antu - yanayin ya dagula aikin ayyukan mutane,
• Arctic - yana da kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, inda ba a samo dabbobi kusan.

An gano cewa jejin da yawa yana da mahimmancin ajiyar mai da iskar gas, gami da karafa masu daraja, waɗanda ke haifar da ci gaban waɗannan yankuna ta hanyar mutane. Haɗin mai yana ƙara matakin haɗari. Idan batun zubewar mai, daukacin abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa sun lalace.
Wani batun batun muhalli kuwa shine bautar daji, wanda ke lalata rayayyun halittu. Saboda rashin danshi, akwai matsalar rashin ruwa. Wata matsalar ita ce ƙura da yashi. Gabaɗaya, wannan ba cikakken lissafin matsalolin data kasance ba ne na hamada da hamada.

p, blockquote 5,1,0,0,0 ->

Idan zamuyi magana game da matsalolin muhalli na hamada, babbar matsalar ita ce fadada su. Da yawa daga cikin ƙauyukan ƙauyuka yanki ne na canjin yanayi da ke da kwari a cikin hamada, amma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu dalilai, suna ƙara ƙasa kuma su juya zuwa hamada. Wannan aikin ana motsa shi ta hanyar motsa jiki na mutum - sare bishiyoyi, lalata dabbobi, gina tsirrai masana'antu, da lalata ƙasa. A sakamakon wannan, rabin hamada ba ta da isasshen danshi, tsire-tsire sun mutu, kamar wasu dabbobi, wasu kuma sun yi ƙaura. Don haka Semi-hamada yayi saurin jujjuyawa cikin jeji mara mutuwa (ko kusan m).

p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->

Batutuwa na Muhalli a cikin Harshen Arctic

Arctic filayen are located a arewa da kuma kudu dogayen sanda, inda debe zazzabi ya cika kusan koyaushe, dusar ƙanƙara da kuma mai yawa glaciers kwance. Arctic da Antarctic hamada suka kirkiro ba tare da tasirin mutane ba. Yanayin yanayin sanyi na yau da kullun yana tsakanin -30 zuwa -60 digiri Celsius, kuma a lokacin rani zasu iya tashi zuwa +3. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 400 mm. Tunda yanayin hamada ke rufe kankara, kusan babu tsirrai, sai dai lasisin lemo da moss. Dabbobi sun saba da yanayin yanayi mai tsauri.

p, blockquote 7,0,0,0,0 ->

A kwana a tashi, wuraren Arctic suma suna fuskantar mummunan tasirin ɗan adam. Yayinda mutane suka mamaye, yanayin halittar Arctic da Antarctic sun fara canzawa. Don haka kamun kifi na masana'antu ya haifar da raguwa ga alƙalumansu. Kowace shekara, adadin seals da walruses, belar polar da Arctic foxes yana ragu a nan. Wasu nau'ikan suna kan gab da ƙarewa saboda ɗan adam.

p, blockquote 8,0,0,1,0 ->

Masana kimiyya sun gano mahimmancin ma'adinai a cikin yankin hamada Arctic. Bayan haka, haɓarsu ta fara, kuma wannan ba koyaushe ake cin nasara ba. Hatsarori wani lokaci, kuma mai ya zube cikin muhalli, abubuwa masu cutarwa sun shiga cikin yanayin, kuma gurɓataccen ɗabi'ar duniya ke faruwa.

p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 ->

Ba shi yiwuwa a taɓa batun ɗumamar dumamar yanayi. Jin zafi na yau da kullun yana ba da gudummawa ga narkewar glaciers a cikin kudu da arewacin hemispheres. Sakamakon wannan, yankuna na ƙawancen Arctic sun ragu, kuma matakin ruwa a Tekun Duniya ya haɓaka. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ba kawai ga canje-canje a cikin yanayin ƙasa ba, har ma da motsin wasu nau'in flora da fauna zuwa wasu yankuna da gushewar ɓangarensu.

p, blockquote 10,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 11,0,0,0,1 ->

Don haka, matsalar kwararowar hamada da hamada ta zama gama gari. Yawan su yana ƙaruwa kawai saboda laifin mutum, saboda haka kuna buƙatar ba kawai tunanin yadda za'a dakatar da wannan tsari ba, har ma da ɗaukar matakan tsattsauran ra'ayi don kiyaye yanayi.

Rayuwa ta jeji. Tsirrai da dabbobi

Yanayin mawuyacin hali, karancin albarkatun ruwa da shimfidar filayen hamada sun canza bayan ruwan sama sun wuce. Yawancin nasara, kamar su cacti da Crassulaceae, suna iya ɗaukar ruwa da adana ruwa a cikin ganyayyaki da ganyayyaki. Sauran tsirrai na xeromorphic, kamar su 'saxaul' da tsutsa, suna haɓaka tsayi da haɓaka zuwa ga ruwa na ruwa. Dabbobin sun daidaita don samun danshi da suke buƙata daga abinci. Yawancin wakilan fauna sun sauya zuwa rayuwar daddare don gujewa zafi mai zafi.

Duniyar da ke kewaye da ita, hamada musamman, yawan ayyukan mutane tana cutar da shi. Lalata halayen muhalli na faruwa, a sakamakon haka, mutum da kansa bazai iya amfani da kyautar halitta ba. Lokacin da dabbobi da tsire-tsire sun rasa mazauninsu, wannan kuma yana cutar rayuwar mutane.