Beetroot weevil, Pig, Cleonus punctiventris, Gwoza tushen weevil

Sugar gwoza weevil

Coleoptera (Gwoza) - Coleoptera

Cikakken beetroot weevil - monophage, kwaro mai hatsarin gaske na beets. Irin ƙwaro suna cin ganye, larvae - dasa asalinsu. Yin bisexual. Ci gaban ya cika. Gwoza overwinter. Wani zamani yana tasowa cikin shekara guda.

Danna hoto don faɗaɗawa

M t (o C)+30 Min t ci gaba (game da C)+ 7+ 10 Kyakkyawan fata. zafi,%50 Haihuwa (inji mai kwakwalwa)20-300 Tsararraki a kowace shekara1 Kwai (mm)Tsawon - 1.2 - 1.3

Nisa 1 - 1.1 Tsutsa (mm)3,5 -12,5 Doll (mm)Tsawon - 10 - 15.

Nisa - 6 Imago (mm)10-15 Reswanƙarar wahalaA daidai seeding a

a lokacin shuka iri na al'ada - 2-4

irin ƙwaro da 1 m 2

Ilimin halittar jiki

Imago. Irin ƙwaro 10-15 mm tsawo. Elytra kusan an rufe shi da zurfin katako mai hawa huɗu. Gefen pronotum an cika su da gajeru, zagaye, da sikelin da ke kusa da kusurwa, suna kewaye juna. Makogwaro tare da keel na bakin ciki da tsagi. Elytra daidaici-gefe, zagaye a warƙoƙi. Launi mai launin toka ne mai haske, a bayan tsakiyar elytra akwai wani wuri mai duhu na shuɗi, saman mafi rinjaye tare da aibobi duhu masu yawa.

Siffofin halittun jiki na gama-gari gwoza suna da matukar canzawa. Dangane da wannan, an gano hanyoyin da yawa. An sanya shi a takamaiman wuraren zama.

Dimorphism na jima'i. Bangaren da ke zaune a cikin iyali na ta'addanci sun bambanta a tsarin gabobin maza.

Namiji girman ya fi na mace girma. Kashi na uku na tarsi yana da girman gaske, mafi girma. Antennae suna da kamannin kulab. A sassa biyu na farko na ciki akwai rami mai tsayi a tsaye. Puban ƙarancin maza ke kwana fiye da na mace.

Mace ya fi girma fiye da namiji. Paws ƙasa da ƙasa.

Ya hadu da kwan m, haske rawaya. Length - 1.2-1.3 mm, nisa - 1-1.1 mm.

Tsutsa fleshy, farar fata, mai yalikan arcuate, bargo, tare da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi. Jikin ya ƙunshi bangarori 12, a gefunansu wanda 9 nau'i ne na spiracles. A lokacin ci gaban, yayi molts sau hudu kuma ya wuce shekaru biyar.

A cikin farkon farkon an rufe shi da kashin baya, tsawon jikin a cikin madaidaiciya layi shine 1.5 mm, nisa na kwalin kai shine 0,5 mm.

A shekara ta biyu, tsawon jikin mutum shine mm 3,5, girman kahon kai shine mm 1.

A na uku, 5 da 1.5 mm, bi da bi, a na huɗu, 7.5 da 2 mm, a cikin na biyar, tsayin jikin mutum shine 12.5 mm, kuma girman kaifin kai shine 2,5 mm.

Tsutsa na ƙarshe na ƙarshe tare da bakin ciki na bakin ciki, ba a iya gani gashi kawai akan wasu sassan.

Doll. Tsawon - 10-15 mm, nisa - 6 mm. Tsarin jikin mutum shine elongated-ovate, tare da ingantattun sassan jikin sassan irin ƙwaro nan gaba. Yankunan yanki daga sama suna sanye take da layuka masu gangara mai juzu'ai, kuma ƙarshen keɓaɓɓe.

Phenology na ci gaba (a cikin kwanaki)

JuyawaCikakke Cikakken sake zagayowar65-148 Kwai (amfrayo)5-12 Tsutsa45-90 Doll10-30 ImagoWatanni 9 - shekaru 2

Ci gaba

Imago. Irin ƙwaro hunturu a cikin ƙasa a cikin bishiyoyi, zuwa zurfin 45 cm. Mafi yawan mutane hunturu suna faruwa a cikin Layer na 15-30 cm.

A cikin bazara, lokacin da kasar gona warms sama a wintering zurfin 7-10 ° C, da beetles fara tabbata. Lokacin da zafin jiki na yanayi ya tashi zuwa + 25 ° C, ayyukan manya ya cika matsakaicinsa. Gwoza suna motsawa da sauri, ba da ƙwayar seedlings na beets na sukari da kuma shirye-shiryen iri ba.

Bayan sun fitar da kasar gona, kwatsam sai kawai suka yi rarrafe, daga baya suka fara tashi.

Ana ɗaukar iska mai ƙwayar ƙwaro a ƙarancin iska (har zuwa 50%), iska mai tsayi (har zuwa 3 m / s) kuma a cikin rana, yanayin dumi. Lokacin rani ya fi aiki lokacin da zazzabi a ƙasa ya hau zuwa +30 ° C da sama.

Ana lura da gudu daga ƙwayoyin gwoza a cikin lokacin zafi a lokacin, yawanci daga 11 zuwa 16 hours, a tsawan sama zuwa 4. Yayin ɗaukar-tashi ɗaya, an shawo kan nisa zuwa 200 zuwa 500. A ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi da ya dace, ana dasa ciyawar gwoza cikin sauri, wanda ke tsoratar da halakar gwoza. .

Gwoza suna cin cokali mai yatsa, suna cin ganye. Lokacin da ganye ya bayyana, suma suna cinye su. Lalacewa yayi kamar notches tare da gefan takardar.

Lokacin yanka. A ƙarshen ƙarin lokacin ciyarwa, daɗaɗɗun sun zama balaga ta hanyar jima'i kuma suna kwanƙwai ƙura a ƙasan farfajiya a zurfin 0.2-0.3 mm zuwa cm 1. A cikin ƙasa mai laushi, ya fi kyau kuma ya bushe a ƙasa mai zurfi. Yawan mace-mace tsakanin 20-30 zuwa qwai 200-300. Ana lura da ɗibar ajiya mai dumin zafi a rana, ba rana, amma ba yanayin zafi sosai ba tare da ruwan sama mai matsakaici. Masonry ya ci gaba har zuwa Yuni, kuma an lura da shi a Yuli. Bayan kwanciya ƙwai, mutuwar asalin halittar ƙwaro.

Fihirisin

Phenology na cin gaban weevil gwoza. Adireshi ga yankuna na Kudancin Tarayyar Rasha, Moldova, Ukraine, da dai sauransu A cewar:

Ya hadu da kwan. An kammala aikin tayi cikin kwanaki 5-12.

Tsutsa. An lura da bayyanar larva na farko a cikin rabin na biyu na Mayu. Yaran matasa suna da hannu, cikin sauri suna motsawa cikin ƙasa kuma suna ciyarwa a kan tushen quinoa, beets, mari, da dai sauransu A lokacin ƙuruciya, sun fi mayar da hankali a cikin tushen tushe a zurfin 10-15 cm. Yayin da suke girma da haɓaka, larvae yayi zurfi cikin ƙasa zuwa 15-30 cm. bushewa daga cikin shimfiɗa na kankare yana tafiya mai zurfi har zuwa 50 cm.

A farkon ci gaba, kawai ƙananan tushe na gefen suna cin abinci, to, fossae a cikin babban tushen gnaw fita. A cikin matasa da tsintsiya shuke-shuke, larvae iya gnaw tushen gaba daya. A cikin tsawon shekarun kiwo, akwai dubun dubun na beets a cikin gwoza ɗaya, kuma ƙwace sama da 100 a tushen gwajin.

Ci gaban larvae yana kwanaki 45-90. Larvae na mazan, shekaru biyar sun bayyana a ƙarshen Yuni-farkon Yuli.

Doll. Bayan ya gama ciyarwa, tsutsa yana shirya shimfiɗar shimfiɗa a cikin ƙasa, wanda yake kama da kogo mara nauyi kuma yana da laushi, ganuwar ƙarafa. Matakan kafin karatun ya ɗauki kwanaki 5-6, sannan pupa ya bayyana. Matsayin dalibi yana daga kwanaki 10 zuwa 30. Pupae ya bayyana a cikin ƙasa yawanci daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli.

Imago. Matasa na ƙaman ƙwaro suna fitowa daga pupae daga ƙarshen Yuli zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta. Saboda tsawon lokacin kwanciya-kwanciya da sauran dalilai da yawa, matakan preimaginal suna haɓaka a lokaci guda, kuma ƙwanƙwan ƙwan ƙwaya yakan iya shimfiɗawa kafin lokacin sanyi da damuna.

A cikin dumin yanayi, wasu kwari suna iya zuwa saman ƙasa, amma idan sanyi sake kuma sai su koma ƙasa. Da yawa daga cikin irin ƙwaro ba ya zuwa farfaɗo kuma ya kasance na hunturu a wuraren ƙyanƙyashe wurare.

Rufe ra'ayi

Siffofin haɓaka. Cikakken sake zagayowar haɓakar fitar da ƙwaro daga kwai zuwa mafitar thean matasa masu wuce gona da iri ya ɗauki kwanaki 65 zuwa 148, matsakaita na 85.

Daga 5 zuwa 15% na yawan jama'a, wani lokacin ma, ba ya isa yandar ƙasa a bazara, amma ya kasance cikin yadudduka mai zurfi cikin yanayin diapause na biyu da kuma na uku lokacin hunturu.

Tsarin ilimin halittar dan adam

Dangane da ilimin halittar jiki (bayyanar), imago yana kusa da nau'ikan da aka bayyana Norynoderes nubeculosus. Ya bambanta a cikin cewa saman yana cike da densely rufe da Sikeli, wani lokacin kusan a gaba ɗaya launin toka a launi. Disc da tarnaƙi na pronotum a cikin hairs mai yawa. Keel na rostrum an rufe shi da kauri mai kauri. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙarshen tsagi a cikin tsakiyar sigar elytra ba su haɗuwa ba, sararin samaniya a kan elytra yana daɗaɗaɗaɗa ɗan kadan.

Bayan wannan nau'in, ana samun sauƙin gwoza na gabashin Dukansukabarin foveicolliskuma irin wannan a ilimin halittar jiki ga tsohuwar ƙwaro gwoza weevil Dukkanin hukuncin.

Rarraba yanki

Mahalli na gama gari gwoza gama gari ya mamaye yankin daga Yammacin Turai zuwa Lake Baikal. A cikin yankin, ana rarrabe abubuwa huɗu: Wankamarr (Cleonus) ladabtarwa mai ladabtarwa tartsatsi a cikin Ukraine, Moldova, Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Rostov yankuna, Krasnodar Territory.

Wankamarr (Cleonus) nazazzarin nubeculosus (ƙananan kudanci) ya yaɗu cikin ƙananan sassa na Azerbaijan, a Armenia da gabashin Ciscaucasia.

Bothynoderes (Cleonus) punctiventris farinosus (kudurorin kudu maso gabas) ana samun su ne a gabashin yankin na Volga, galibi a cikin Kazakhstan, wani bangare a Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, da kuma a Arewa maso yamma China.

Bothynoderes (Cleonus) kashin baya na france An rarraba shi a tsakiyar Asiya, har zuwa ƙananan Syr Darya da Amu Darya, kuma yana iyakance zuwa yankunan solonchak da solonetzic da ƙananan chernozems mai sauƙi.

Malware

Talakawa gwoza weevil ƙwarai cutar da plantings da gwajin da iri daban-daban beets. Irin ƙwaro lalata seedlings, barin wani "dungu". Yawancin lokaci kawo hadari a cikin lokacin seedling a gaban girma na biyu ko na huɗu biyu ganye. Baya ga haze, beetles suna ciyar da nau'in halittu daga dangin amaranth, purslane da sauransu. Lalacewa zuwa itacen oak da maple seedlings a cikin gandun daji na kulawa.

Larvae lalata tushen tsirrai. Tare da mummunar lalacewa, tsire-tsire matasa suna mutuwa, thinning amfanin gona yana faruwa. Plantsan tsire-tsire masu ƙwaro gwoza suna juya launin rawaya, Fade, mutu in babu danshi. Arancin gwaje-gwaje sun bushe da wuri.

Babban wuraren cutarwa na wannan nau'in suna cikin Ukraine da kuma wuraren dake kusa da Moldova da Russia. A wannan yankin, kula da kwaro yakamata a gudanar da shi ta hanyar tsari. A ragowar kewayon, yana cutarwa a wasu wurare.

Matsalar tattalin arziƙi gama gari na beetroot a cikin amfanin gona na beetroot an ƙaddara daga seedlings zuwa ganye rufe a cikin layuka kuma an saita shi akan takamaiman shuka akan gano 0.3-0.5 irin ƙwaro da 1 m 2, yayin shuka na al'ada - 2-4 irin ƙwaro ta 1 m 2.

Matsayin Haraji

Kirkin ya mamaye babban fanni - kusan dukkanin Palearctic (duba ƙasa - “rarraba yanki”). Wataƙila dalilin rashin daidaituwa ya bambanta a ciki - bayan duk, yanayin rayuwa a irin wannan yankuna sun bambanta sosai. Ba abin mamaki bane, daga 1829 zuwa 1905, an bayyana samfuran wannan weevil har sau 15 a matsayin jinsuna daban. Researchersarin binciken masu bincike da aka yi la’akari da irin waɗannan nau’o’in ne kamar rama a cikin jinsin guda. Asproparthenis azabtarwa. Musamman, F.K. Lukyanovich ya lura cewa masu binciken, suna da samfuran daban ko kwayoyi da yawa kowannensu, suna sauƙin karɓar haruffa masu canzawa (siffar jiki, siffar da launi na sikeli, da dai sauransu) azaman manyan bambance-bambancen yanayin. Lokacin da ake nazarin dumbin kwari na yankuna daban-daban na yanki, ana iya ganin hakan akwai rarrabuwa tsakanin wadannan bambance-bambancen, yayin da jinsuna daban suna da bambance-bambance a tsakaninsu. Lukyanovich ya bambanta kashi hudu (zakariya zumar., zakariya blurntris nubeculosus Gyll., farinti farrisus Fahr.), kuma ya nanata cewa yana yin wannan “da sharaɗi”. Dukkanin ayyukan yau da kullun masu ƙarfi sunyi la'akari da ƙananan tallafin da aka gabatar a zaman farkon ɗayan matsayin jigogin halittar polymorphic Asproparthenis azabtarwa. Guda ɗaya ne kawai masu wannan tallafin (Asproparthenis guyoti Hartmann, 1909) an yarda dashi a matsayin jinsin masu 'yanci.

Sakonni

An ambaci sunaye masu zuwa a cikin abin da ke cikin jinsin:

• betavorus Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes)
• Samanthajiri Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes)
• peregrinus Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes)
• yunifas ribanya, 1873 (Bothynoderes)
• sarana Hakuri, 1905 (Bothynoderes)
• Stigma Murray, 1905 (Bothynoderes)
• guyoti Hartmann, 1909 (Bothynoderes)
• sauraran hoffman, 1961 (Bothynoderes)

Bayyanar

Irin ƙwaro yana da tsawon 14.5-17 mm, jikin yana da launin toka, tare da bandeji mai ban mamaki baki ɗaya a tsakiyar elytra kuma tare da tabo mai duhu akan su, ƙari, akwai farin tubercle a saman kowane elytra. Fa'idar an shafe shi, bangarorinsa suna yalwatuwa da gajerun zanan da ke kwance a kan juna, kawai a kusa da sasanninta na pronotum sikeli din yana da elongated kuma kada ya mamaye juna. Elytra a layi daya-na ƙarshen, a cikin gamagin da aka zagaye kuma an rufe shi da yawancin 3- ko 4-lobed mai zurfin fulogen fata, kuma ƙarshen yana da girma. Abun ciki yana da launin toka, a cikin ƙananan baki polka dige (saboda haka sunan Latin "punctiventris" - speckled-ciki).

'Ya'yan ƙwayoyin halittu suna halin halin dimorphism. A cikin maza idan aka kwatanta da mace:

• karami jiki masu girma dabam
• suna da yanki mai girma na uku na tarsus da mace mafi girma na antennae
• a kashi biyu na farko na ciki daga ƙasa suna da haƙo na tsaye,
• paws densely rufe gashi.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, gwozayen tsoho suna da dumbin yawa yayin bayyanar, saboda haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa kwararru galibi suna ɗaukar bambancin mutum ya zama nau'in ɗan adam.

Eggwai yana da m, launin rawaya mai haske, 1.2-1.3 mm tsawo, mm.1.1 a ƙasan.

Tsutsa fari fari, tare da shugaban rawaya mai launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi, fleshy, arched, mai lankwasa, mara ƙyalli. Garkuwar kirji yana ja, tare da gashi biyu a ƙarshen bayan. Jikin ya ƙunshi bangarori 12, a gefunansu wanda akwai wuraren buɗe numfashi 9. Kashi na karshe na jikin yayi karami, zagaye. Yayin ci gaban, yayi molts sau hudu, bayan kowace mol ta zama mafi girma. Tsawonsa (a cikin layi madaidaiciya) shi ne: a shekaru I - 1.5 mm, yana da shekaru II - 3.5, III - 5.0, IV - 7.5, V - 12.5 mm. A zamani na ƙarshe, tsutsa an rufe shi da wuya, na bakin ciki, ba a iya ganin gashin kansa akan sassan jikin mutum.

Pupa 10-15 mm tsawo da 6 mm fadi. Yana da elongated ovoid, tare da bayyane bayyane sassa na jikin nan na irin ƙwaro. Sassan ciki na ciki suna da layuka masu canzawa na gefen ƙashi, kuma sashi na ƙarshe yana da yankin launin ruwan kasa.

Rayuwa

An yi nazari kan ilmin halitta na gama gari na gama gari, da cikakkun bayanai, mafi kyau fiye da mafi yawan ƙwaro.

Ana samun wannan nau'in a cikin tsintsiyar budurwa, a kan filayen noma, gishirin gishiri, daɗi da gefuna, a cikin gandun daji, a kan ciyayi da ke kan titi, da ciyayi, da wuraren kiwo, dazuzzuka, da makamantansu.

Mass kiwo

Annobar cutar ɗumbin taro yana faruwa ne sakamakon haɗuwa da halayen da suka dace da kwari. Haka kuma, adadin ƙwaro yana raguwa sosai lokacin da abubuwan da ba su dace da hakan ba. Misali, a shekara ta 1933, a babban yankin kifin na Yukren da ke tsiro a cikin bazara da bazara, yanayin ya ci gaba da ƙasa da na al'ada, kuma ruwan sama ya wuce matsakaici. Sabili da haka, a cikin kaka, yawan adadin ƙwayar gwoza a cikin ƙasa ya kasance kashi 3 13% kawai na duka matakan haɓaka. Wannan ya nuna cewa qwai, larvae da pupae sun mutu cikin ruwa a cikin kakar. A cikin bazara na shekara mai zuwa, kawai 'yan weevils za a iya gani a cikin filayen.

Mass Massage na weevil a cikin Ukraine ya faru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa: 1851-1818, 1868- 1869, 1875-181877, 1880-18188, 1891-1893, 1896-18187, 1904-1906, 1911-1912, 1920-1922, 1928-1919, 1936-1940, 1947-1949, 1952-1957, 1963-1964, 1973-1976, 1986-1988, 1995-2002. Idan aka kwatanta waɗannan bayanan tare da hanyoyin aikin rana, masana sun yanke shawara cewa yawancin (82%) na barkewar cuta na faruwa ne a cikin shekaru na canje-canje masu ƙarfi a cikin ayyukan Rana ko shekara mai zuwa (18%).

Yawan vilan bala'i a cikin shekarun saurin tasirin sa ya kai ga dabi'u masu ban mamaki. Misali, a cikin 1904, an tattara kilogram 76 (fiye da tan 1.2) na gwoza da sunan Count A. A. Bobrinsky Grushkovka a wani yanki na kusan kadada 160. A shekara mai zuwa, kusan buhun 297 na gwoza aka tattara a cikin tattalin arzikin Kurman kusa da Talniy a Cherkasy kan tsire-tsire na gwoza (sama da 40 ha). Don wannan, ma'aikata 36 595 ne suka halarci taron.

Tsarin rayuwa

Wannan nau'in yana ba da ƙarni ɗaya a shekara. Irin ƙwaro da ke aiki suna bayyana a lokacin bazara lokacin da ƙasa ta yi zafi har zuwa + 7 ... 10 ° C. Wasu daga cikinsu suna kasancewa a cikin ƙasa cikin yanayin rufewar magana tsawon shekaru 1-2. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na ƙasa ya kai +25 ° C, kwari suna watsawa ta iska ko a ƙasa. Musamman jirgin sama mai aiki yana faruwa a yanayin zafin jiki na +30 ° C. Suna tashi a cikin hasken rana mai dumi, tare da iska mai rauni (3 m / s) da ƙarancin zafi (har zuwa 50%), akasari daga 11 zuwa 16 hours. Tsarin jirgin sama bai wuce mil 4 ba, kewayon jirgin - har zuwa 500 m). Wani sashi (har zuwa 16%) na irin ƙwaro da ke fitowa daga hunturu ba ya bayyana a kan tsire-tsire na gwoza, amma a cikin sauran agrocenoses - amfanin gona na hatsi, Clover, da dai sauransu.

Fodder tsire-tsire na balagwo gwoza weevil da larvae suna da yawa Lebedovye (Amaranth iyali). Waɗannan tsire-tsire ne daga jigilar Quinoa, Mar, Beetroot, Alayyafo, da sauransu.A zamanin da, rayuwar beetles tana da alaƙa da ciyawar daji, kuma idan a wani wuri amfanin gona na beets suka bayyana, sai huhun ya sauya zuwa gare su daga ciyawar da ke rufewa. Wani lokacin gwoza suna ciyar da tsire-tsire daga wasu dangi. Irin ƙwaro gnaw ganye daga gefuna, barin nicks.

A kan tsire-tsire tare da seedlings, beets beetles yanke ta cotyledonous ganye ko ma halakar da su har ma a karkashin lumps na ƙasa. Naarna ganye da fi na plantsan tsire-tsire, har ma da dabbobin tsiro, suna barin "kututture". Suna yin cutar mafi yawan yara tsirrai, har sai samuwar 2-4 nau'i-nau'i na ganye. A cikin gandun daji, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a wasu lokuta suna lalata itacen oak da maple seedlings.

Bayan tsawon lokacin ciyar da bazara, da ƙwayar beetles (yawanci a cikin shekaru goma na uku na Afrilu - Mayu), to mace tana sanya ƙwaiyensu (kusan har zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni). Don yin wannan, mace ta tono karamin rami kusa da tsire na ciyarwa. Haihuwa ta dogara da yanayin, shekarun mace da sauran dalilai kuma sunada girman 20-30 zuwa qwai 200-300, har ma fiye da haka a yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ana kwanciya ƙwai a kwai har zuwa farkon Yuli, bayan wannan sai aka mutu irinta.

Ci gaban amfrayo ya kai kwanaki 5-12. Yawancin lokaci a cikin rabin na biyu na Mayu zaka iya samun larvae na farko. Suna motsawa da sauri a cikin ƙasa mai kwance, suna samun ƙananan geffan gefen gefen kuma ɓoye su. Tare da shekaru, ana binne su a cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin 30 cm (kuma lokacin da ƙasa ta yi bushe sosai, to har zuwa rabin mitir). Tsofaffi larvae ku ci kusa da babban tushe, cizo a cikin tushen amfanin gona. Yawan larvae a kusa da daya gwoza shuka ya kai dama dubun har ma fiye da ɗari.

Tsutsa tsutsotsi kimanin kwanaki 65 kuma a wannan lokacin yana buɗe sau huɗu. A farkon Yuli, larvae shirya domin pupation: sun gina m a tsaye Room tare da m mai bango. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren (kwanaki 5-6) na pre-pupa, pupa kansa yayi. Rayuwarsa kwanaki 10-30, gwargwadon yanayin, yanayin ƙasa da makamantansu. Kwayoyi na farko na sababbin mutanen suna bayyana a ƙarshen Yuli - farkon watan Agusta. Tsarin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta suna buɗewa har zuwa farkon yanayin sanyi. Yawancin waɗannan kwari suna kasancewa har zuwa hunturu a cikin ƙasa. Wasu suna zuwa sama a cikin dumin yanayi a ƙarshen watan Agusta - Satumba, sannan aka sake binne su. A sakamakon haka, cikakken tsarin ci gaba daga kwai zuwa sabon-ƙarni na ƙaruwa yana zuwa kimanin kwanaki 85 (65 - 148).

Abokan halitta

Yawan gandun daji weevil yana shafar gasar dabbobi da ƙaddara masu yawa da kwaya. Daga cikin tsintsayen akwai kwari irin: busassun ƙasa, carapace, cin-mutu, har da tutoci, tururuwa da sauran kwari. Wadannan weevils har ila yau suna ciyar da kannun shinge, shinge, kuma musamman sau da yawa tsuntsaye: tauraron dan adam, janda, magpie, kumatu, jay, gulls, larks, daskararre, da sauransu - gabaɗaya, kusan 40 nau'in tsuntsayen tsuntsaye. Sakamakon haifuwar taro, weevils suna da babban rabo a cikin abincinsu. Misali, a cikin tsuntsu daya, murkushe ciki da hoopoe an samo kwari 10-20, bustards - 62, rooks - 133.

Babban mahimmancin sune cututtukan fungal na beetles, abubuwan da ke haifar da fari waɗanda suke fararen fata, kore da ja ja. Musamman babban mace-mace na weevil daga gare su yana lura a cikin sanyi lokacin rani. Qwai weevil suna lalata m Caenocrepis daga tsari Hymenoptera, larvae - nau'ikan tsutsotsi na nematode, tsutsotsi na balagaggu - ƙwayar parasitic - Rondania .

Mahimmanci a cikin yanayi da rayuwar mutum

A cikin daji, murwa, kamar kowane irin abu mai rai, haɗi ne mai mahimmanci a cikin yanayin halittu. Hakan yana da alaƙa da yawan tsire-tsire waɗanda yake ci gaba da shi kuma daga cikinsu wanda yake ɓoyewa. Wannan nau'in yana da wasu alaƙa tare da masu fafatawa, masu farauta, da masu parasites. Ya zama kwaro ne kawai lokacin da ya ƙare a cikin abubuwan agrocenoses da aka yi da mutum - gonar da beets ya mamaye shi. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa an kwatanta wannan nau'in a matsayin sabon abu don kimiya ta masanin kimiyyar ɗabi'ar Jamus E.-F. Germar daidai lokacin da aka bunkasa ƙwayar sukari a cikin Jamus.

Kwaro yana haifar da cutar mafi girma ga mutane a cikin shekaru tare da bushewar bazara, mai zafi. Yana cutar da amfanin gona na sukari, tebur da forts na beets na farkon da na biyu ("dasa") shekaru namo. Lahanin cutarwarsa saboda gaskiyar magana:

• saboda yawan haifuwa, dole ne ku shuka beets,
• tsire-tsire masu lalacewa suna samar da karamin taro na amfanin gona,
• a cikin beets na sukari saboda lalacewar ganye da kayan amfanin gona a ƙarshen, abun cikin sukari yana raguwa,
• Beets na 2 shekara na rayuwa samar da ƙarancin tsaba, kuma suna da ƙarancin inganci.

A bayyane yake cewa duk wannan yana haifar da ƙimar kuɗaɗen tattalin arziƙi don yaƙar kwaro da sakamakon ayyukansa da ƙara farashin kayayyakin amfanin gona.

Kariyar kwaro

Don rage asara daga ayyukan murhun, ana amfani da manyan rukunoni huɗu na hanyoyin sarrafawa: na inji, sinadarai, agrotechnical, da kuma nazarin halittu. Injiniya ya ƙunshi tarin kwari, rarar ƙasa tare da tsagin kamun kifi da sanya tarkuna masu ƙyalli da makamantansu. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, ingancin irin waɗannan ayyukan yana da ƙasa, kuma farashin tattalin arziki yana da yawa. Kamar yadda entomologist A. A. Silantyev ya rubuta:

Yin amfani da hanyoyin ilimin halitta akan kwaro yana fuskantar aiwatarwa tare da manyan matsaloli da tsada mai yawa. A wasu wurare, an yi ƙoƙari don kafa halakar gwoza ta hanyar sakin kaji (kaji, turkey) a kan filayen, amma, ba shakka, ba za su iya ba da sakamakon da ake so ba. Matsakaicin sakamako a cikin kariyar beets za a iya cimma shi ta hanyar amfani da tsarin matakan. Musamman, waɗannan sune:

• halakar ciyayi a cikin gona (ba kawai gwoza ba) kuma tare da su,
• biyun biyun bi yarda
• presowing lura da tsaba tare da kwari ko gabatarwar su a cikin ƙasa,
• kwance ƙasa lokacin da qwai ke kwanciya da larvae sun bayyana,
• cire sharan gona gwoza bayan mun girbe tsaba a shuka,
• magudan ruwa bayan an girbe amfanin gona,
• aiwatar da duk matakan agrotechnical na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar tsaba, ci gaba mai ɗorewa da ci gaban tsirrai,
• digging plantations kusa da waɗanda inda kwaro ya wuce 0.5 ind./m² tare da kifi grooves - don ware amfanin gona da cutar da kuma halakar da ƙwaro a cikin tsagi.

Wataƙila ƙwayoyin gwoza na yau da kullun shine farkon abu a cikin aikin gona na duniya wanda aka yi amfani da hanyoyin lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Manufar aikace-aikacen nasu ga masanin ilmin halitta Ilya Mechnikov ne, kuma ɗalibinsa Ishaku ɗan Dyer ya kawo shi da rai.

Tsutsa

Ganyen tsatsayen fararen fata mai kyawun nama wanda aka suturta daga kwan kwai ya ƙunshi bangarori 12 kuma yana kasancewa cikakkiyar rashin kafafu. Tsutsa mai numfasawa ta hanyar spiracles na musamman, wanda a cikin adadin nau'ikan tara ana kewayen tare da gefuna na jikin.

A lokacin ci gabanta, tsutsa yana yin matakai hudu na molting, ya sami kashin motsi da girma cikin girma.

Tsutsa a matakin karshe na ci gabanta yana samun isasshen taro don canzawa zuwa cikin chrysalis game da mm 15 a cikin murfin chitinous. Tuni a cikin nau'in dunƙule, ana ganin bayyane na irin ƙwaro nan gaba.

Adult irin ƙwaro

Irin ƙwaro ba ya yin girman pupa, amma kuma da wuya moreaya da centaya da rabi santimita.

The gama gwoza weevil ne sauƙi a saninsa ta m haske m launin toka launi da yawa duhu aibobi, a cikin wanda akwai manyan oblique aibobi cewa obliquely ƙetare da baya. Hakanan wani nau'in rarrabe na wannan nau'in ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta shine dogon rostrum, yana ba shi wani kama ga tururuwa.

Mata sun bambanta da maza masu girma a cikin manya, ƙarancin halayen mara lafiya da kuma tsarin halittar mace daban.

Siffofin haɓaka

Yarinya mata, bayan samun mahimmancin taro da kuma canjin, sa ƙwai a cikin babba na ƙasa, da wuya a zurfafa sama da ɗaya ko ma'aunin santimita, tare da zaɓi na zurfin kai tsaye ya danganta da danshi na ƙasa (a cikin rigar ƙasa, kwari suna isa mil biyar). Yawan ƙwai da mace ɗaya za ta iya bambanta daga dozin biyu zuwa ɗari biyu. Bayan masonry, da beetles mutu.

Ci gaban amfrayo ba ta fi tsawon mako guda ba, kuma larvae da ke fitowa daga awanni na farko suna haifar da rayuwa mai aiki da sauri da sauri ta shiga cikin ƙasa neman asalin tsiwar tsiro. Yayinda suke girma, za a iya binne larvae a cikin ƙasa har zuwa rabin m don isa zuwa babban tushen tsiro. Da yawa larvae a cikin 'yan kwanaki iya gaba gnaw tsakiyar tsakiyar babban shuka.

Bayan kwanaki 45-90 na ciyarwa, larvae pupate, kuma wata daya daga cike da ƙwayar gwanayen ƙwayoyin cuta suna bayyana daga pupae. Saboda tsawon lokacin da ake yin bishiyar, wani sabon ƙarni na irin ƙwaro yana zuwa saman kusa da Agusta, kuma wasun su ba su barin wurin da kwalin su kwata-kwata har zuwa lokacin bazara mai zuwa.

Gabas

Irin ƙwaro yana da ɗan ƙarami, yayi girma har zuwa santimita, baya an rufe shi da Sikeli fari da launin rawaya. Ba kamar madaidaiciyar ma'ana da sikeli ba, ba su yin kafaffun layin ba, kuma duhu baƙi suna farkon farkon elytra.

A cikin hunturu, waɗannan kwaro suna ciyarwa a ƙarƙashin ragowar girma ko a cikin tushen tsirrai, suna isa zuwa ƙasa ko da saman ƙasa na yin zafi har zuwa digiri biyar zafi. Lokacin da suka isa farfajiyar, beetankar ta'azzara ta bazu ko'ina a cikin jirgin tare da taimakon fuka-fuki.

Yammacin weea pickan gabas ba su da ɗanɗano game da abinci, suna fifita amfanin gona tare da ganye mai kyau Suna daidai kamar beets, da masara, har ma da inabi.

Gashi

Irin ƙwaro yana ƙaruwa sama da santimita. Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan ƙwaro ba. An rufe saman elytra da gashin gashi mai kauri da yawa tare da ƙananan sikeli na azurfa. Partashin ɓangaren irin ƙwaro shima launin toka ne, amma wuta mai launi. A cikin murfin toka, fuka-fukan ba su da matsala, ba kamar sauran jinsuna ba, kuma galibinsu sun fi guntun ciki.

Grey weevils mafi yawa fi son lokacin hunturu a cikin ƙasa, hawa zuwa zurfin game da 20 santimita, yana bayyana a farfajiya kawai bayan iska ko da zafi har zuwa 10 digiri Celsius da dare. Yayin da zafin jiki ya sauka, sai suka sake binne kansu a cikin ƙasa. Bayan barin wurin da ake yin lokacin hunturu, kwalliyar ta yi birgima zuwa ga ciyawar da ke kusa kuma ta kasance a kanta.

Grey weevils fi son ci a kusa da m gefuna na shuka ganye.

Akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire har zuwa 130 a cikin abincin da ake ci da ƙwayar launin toka, amma suna da ƙaunar mafi girma ga beets na sukari, fure-fure, da larvae sun fi son wake da nau'in tsire-tsire masu ƙanshi.

Weevil lalacewar aikin gona

Ba sa son nau'in ƙwayar gwoza na kowa saboda lalacewar tsirransu na yawancin beets, kamar yadda gwoza manya ke ci matasa shuka zuwa jihar hemp. Gabaɗaya, manya manya na ɓarawon iya lalata ƙwararrun koren ciyayi na itacen oak da lindens.

Gwoza suna maye gurbinsu daga larvae, tare da lalata tushen tsarin tsirrai. Sakamakon yana da sauƙin hango ko hasashen: tsirrai bushe da ƙarshe mutu. Ganin cewa a kwai uku zuwa hudu a kowace murabba'in mita na iya faruwa a kan ƙasar da cutar ta ke da wuya, ba shi da wahala a hango girman bala'in.

Akwai magunguna iri iri don kunne a gidan. Mafi inganci sune bazawar, kuma mafi aminci sune kaset mai ɗorawa. Zaka sami bayanin wadannan da sauran kayan aikin anan.

Zaka iya kawar da tsintsiyar bera ta hanyar kiran sabis na kula da kwaro. Me yasa waɗannan kwari masu haɗari, karanta hanyar https://stopvreditel.ru/parazity/perenoschiki/krysinyje-kleshi.html.

Laifin da aka haifar da gwoza weevils

Wadannan kwari ana daukar su kwari ne saboda suna lalata plantings. Don mafi yawan lokuta suna kai hare-hare iri iri na beets. Mutane manya gaba ɗaya suna cin tsire, suna barin kututture daga gare ta.

Weevils suna ciyar da ganyayyaki masu kyau da tushen beets da sauran albarkatu na shuka.

Bugu da kari, adult beetroot weevils na iya lalata matasa plantings na lindens da itacen oak. Idan manya mutane lalata shuke-shuke da kansu, to, larvae halaka riga-kafa tushen tsarin. A sakamakon irin wannan fitsarin, tsirin ya mutu.

Kusan mutane 3-4 na gwoza na iya rayuwa a kan yanki da ke kamuwa da murabba'in murabba'in, don haka ba wuya a hango girman sikelin da wadannan kwari zasu iya haifar ba.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.