Octopus (in ba haka ba ana kiran dabbobi dorinar ruwa) a cikin tarihin fasahar baka na baka ya sami mummunan rawar dodannin teku. Kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen marubucin, wata babbar giwa cephalopod tare da dogayen tantuna ta zama cikakkiyar ƙa'idar ƙa'idar mugunta (ana samun irin wannan bayanin a cikin labari daga littafin "Ma'aikatan Teku" na Marie Hugo). A zahiri, wannan halitta mara lahani tana wahala sosai fiye da mutane fiye da yadda take iya cutar da ita aƙalla.
Bayyanar
Hoton da dorinar ruwa baƙon abu ne da gaske sabon abu ne: kai tsaye an fesa shi da mayafin, kuma dogayen tantuna (waɗanda yawanci takwas ne daidai da sunan, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan da ba su da yawa) ana cike da su tare da masu maye daga ƙasa, suna wasa da rawar ɗanɗano don maganin octopus. Kamar karen lika yana murza wutsiyarsa, idan akwai wata barazana, dabbar ruwa tana iya cire ɗaya daga cikin kafafun ta don karkatar da hankalin abokan gaba: guguwar da aka watsar tayi da wutsiyoyi na wani lokaci. Wani makamin octopus shine tawada, wani girgije wanda mollusks din ke saki daga jakarsu, wanda yake batar da maharin. Irin waɗannan kayan aiki tare da kayan kariya ba na haɗari bane; a cikin yanayi, octopuses suna da isassun makiya. Ana cinye su da jin daɗi daga masu cin abincin teku: sharks, may beels, eel, dolphins, seals, seals, zaki zakoki.
Octopuses, dangane da nau'in, suna iya bambanta da yawa sosai cikin girma: daga 20 cm zuwa mita 3. Tsawon alfarwar yawanci ya wuce girman jiki. Yawancin wakilan dangi har yanzu ba su kai mita ɗaya da rabi ba, amma daga cikinsu akwai manyan halittu masu nauyinsu ya kai kilo 50. A cikin 1945, an yi rikodin rikodin: wani katon octopus mai nauyin kilogram 180 kuma tsararren mil 8 ya kama a bakin tekun Amurka.K kuma ƙaramin octopus bai kai santimita ɗaya ba (ana kiransa Octopus Wolfi).
Akwai nau'ikan octopus na teku da yawa, shahararrunsu:
- zurfin teku (in ba haka ba ana kiransu fin)
- blue-ringed (mafi hatsari da guba),
- Argonauts (matayensu suna kallon isasshen kabari domin suna da harsashi),
- Doctoran Doctoranus (Enteroctopus dofleini, ƙaton ruwa ne da ke zaune a arewacin tekun Pasifik da tekun da ke kusa da shi).
Tsarin tantuna da baki
Yayi alfarma daga saman mollusk, thinning yayin da suke tafiya. A kan kowannensu akwai daga layuka ɗaya zuwa uku na kofuna masu tsotsa, kuma a cikin duka ana iya kirga su zuwa dubu biyu a cikin balagagge. A cikin maza, ɗayan alfarwar - the hectocotyl - yana taka rawar ɓangaren ƙwayar cuta. Wani bangare na octopus shima yana da ƙusoshin ƙwararrun fata wanda ke yin aikin wani nau'in rudder lokacin motsawa. Shellfish yawanci yin iyo a hankali, mafi sau da yawa ba sa yin iyo, amma suna tafiya tare da ƙasa akan shinge-rabi.
Bakin bakin octopus ana kiransa beak saboda yana kewaye da tsaftataccen jijiyar chitinous wanda ke gasa kifi da sauran abinci. Likitan octopus baya iya hadiye ganima gabaɗaya, kuma ko da bayan aikin jajayen, abincin bai ƙoshi ba: mollusk din ya wuce shi ta wani magini na musamman a cikin makogwaron, yana kawo abincin zuwa mawuyacin halin.
Da yawa idanu
Kwalba yana da idanu biyu, kuma tsarinsu yayi kama da tsarin gabobin ɗan adam na gani. Sun ƙunshi:
- ruwan tabarau, wani nau'in ruwan tabarau na asalin halitta,
- m cornea
- irises
- retina, wanda ke canza hasken shiga ido zuwa siginar jijiya.
Yawan chromosomes
Idan aka kwatanta da yawancin invertebrates, octopuses suna haɓaka haɓaka ta hanyar hankali. Irin wannan babban ci gaban octopuse, wanda yayi kama da na nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa, wani bangare saboda asalinsu ne. Bayan duk wannan, kodayake adadin chromosomes a cikinsu bai yi daidai da mutum ba, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa: ta wasu sigogi, idan aka kwatanta da homo sapiens mai yiwuwa ne.
Ga wasu alamu:
- kwayoyin halittar octopus shine nucleotides biliyan 2.7 a cikin girmansa, kuma kadan kadan biliyan 3 a cikin mutane,
- sunadaran kare lambar dan takarar halittar dan adam a cikin dorinar ruwa - dubu 33, cikin mutane - dubu 28.
Yawan chromosomes a cikin octopus, gwargwadon kwatancen bincike, ya bambanta dangane da takamaiman jinsunan: za'a iya samun 28, 56, 60.
Masana sun ce wannan maharbin ya ba da kansa sosai ga horo. A kan hanyar sadarwa za ku iya samun hotuna da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda wayo tare da taimakon alfarmar sufutocin ke cire shingayen da ke hana su kai tsaye har ma da kwance kwantena daga gwangwani. Don haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa yawancin masana kimiyya suna ganin waɗannan mollusks basuda ma'ana fiye da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Shin likitan dabbobi ne mai dunƙule?
Kalmar mollusk kanta tana fitowa daga kalmar Latin molluscus “taushi”. Wannan nau'in mulkin dabba kuma ana kiranta mai laushi-jiki (ana nuna su da rashi ƙasusuwa). Kamar yawancin mollusks, jikin octopus yana kasancewa ta bangarori uku: kafafu, kai da torso-mantle.
Cephalopods suna da hadadden tsarin gabobin ciki. Don haka, octopuses suna da yawa kamar zuciya uku (babban kuma mai taimakawa biyu) da kuma tsarin rarraba jini. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: octopuses sune aristocrats, tun da hyoscyamine mai launi suna launinsu launin shuɗi. Wani fasali mai ban mamaki na dorinar ruwa shine siphon, wanda dabbar ke jan ruwa kuma ta kwantar dashi kwatsam tare da jet mai ƙarfi, don haka tabbatar da cewa jikin yayi gaba. Wani "na'urar mai kunnawa" tana cikin sauran mollusks - squid. Af, masana sun ce: squid siphon ne ya gabatar da dabarar injiniya mai mahimmanci ga mahaliccin dutsen.
Hadadden tsarin tsarin gabobin ciki na ciki ne, tare da rashi harsashi da bayyanar gaba wanda hakan ke sanya wasu shakku ga wannan dabba mai mollusk ce. Amma masaniyar kimiyyar halitta sun yaye wadannan shakku da dadewa.
Habitat
Octopus baya son ruwan sanyi sosai. Saboda haka, a zahiri basa rayuwa a cikin tekun arewa da tekuna. Amma sauran sune ainihin ainihin asalin yawancin yawancin wakilai na aji na cephalopod. A yanayi, akwai nau'ikan ruwa biyu masu zurfi da ruwa mara zurfi. Inganta zurfin wuraren da octopuses ke zaune yakai kimanin mil 150. Tunda rayuwar mollusk bata da inganci, suna daure sosai da "wurin zama" da aka zaba, wadanda akasarinsu ke da tsaunukan dutse, tarin duwatsun dutse da murjani.
Guda nawa octopuses ke zaune
A matsakaici, rayuwar octopus daga shekaru 2 zuwa 4. An riga an dauke masu ilimin halitta na shekaru huɗu. Dangane da bincike, tsinkayar rayuwa a cikin jinsuna daban na iya bambanta.
Wasu octopuses ba sa mutuwa bisa ga kashin kansu: wasu maza suna zama mata. Dangane da lura da masana kimiyyar, wasu lokuta mace kan bata wa abokin tarayya yayin jima'i, watakila ta hanyar cin su. Yawan mace-macen matasa yana da girma: daga ɗaruruwan dubban ƙananan larvae, fewan mutane kaɗan ne suka tsira zuwa balaga.
Abin da ke ci
Octopus yana nufin dabbobi masu cin naman dabbobi, abincin da yake ci yau da kullun na iya haɗawa da:
- kananan nau'in kifi,
- katantanwa
- plankton
- dangi masu nisa - fatattaka, masu amfani da bakin ciki da sauran tsutsotsi.
Wasu masu binciken da suka yi nazarin cewa dorinar octopus, sun ce ya cinye duk abin da yake motsawa. Mafarauta suna farauta da shinge, suna kama ganima. Wanda aka kashe an kashe shi da daskararren ruwa na ciki wanda aka shafa da bakin baki mai ƙarfi.
Dukiya mai amfani
Kayan abinci na Octopus shine samfurin abinci wanda ke da wadataccen furotin da bitamin B. .Arfin kuzarinsa shine (a kowace g 100 na naman clam):
- 82 kcal,
- kusan 15 g na furotin
- kamar 1 g na mai,
- 2.2 g na carbohydrates.
Hakanan naman octopus zai iya yiwuwa ga wadanda ke kan abinci don asarar nauyi, da kuma wadanda ke fama da cututtukan hanji. Masana ilimin abinci sun lura: samfurin musamman wadataccen abinci ne na omega-3 polyunsaturated mai acid, don haka an ba da shawarar yin amfani dashi don rigakafin cututtukan zuciya da kuma kawar da abin da ake kira "mummunan" cholesterol daga jiki. Kuma bitamin B ya zama dole don tsarin metabolism.
- ke da alhakin halayen ƙwayoyin halittar sel a cikin ƙwayoyin phosphorus,
- yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karfafa sinadarin zinc,
- mai mahimmanci don glandar thyroid kuma yana tasiri sosai ga aikin haifuwar selenium,
- hana faruwar cutar anaemia da samar da isasshen yawan hawan jini a cikin jini, iron,
- potassium daidaita tsarin sadarwa,
- tallafawa tsarin juyayi da kuma karfafa magnesium na zuciya.
Contraindications zuwa hada da dorinar ruwa a cikin abinci sune kawai rashin lafiyan mutum da rashin haƙuri ɗaya.
"Labarin tatsuniya" - labarin almara na ka
Octopuses sune kifayen kwalaben dunkulalliya tare da wasu gabar jiki guda takwas wadanda suka bayyana a cikin tekuna da tekun duniyarmu miliyan 250 da suka gabata kuma suna rayuwa a cikin zurfin teku har zuwa nisan mil 150.
Yafi son ci gaba da murjani na murjani da kuma a cikin duwatsu na ruwa.
Bayan Whales da dabbobin ruwa sune halittu masu hankali na halittun duniya. An daɗe da sanin mutane cewa octopuses suna ba da kansu da kyau don horo, da sauƙin zama hora kuma suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai ban mamaki.
Gaskiya ne, tsare gida tare da dabbar, dorinar ruwa na iya ja da azaba, ƙwaƙwalwarta kuma ta ƙunshi guba, tumbi daga ciki wanda ba sa sauka kusan wata ɗaya. Kuma daga guba na octopus mai launin shuɗi, mutum na iya mutuwa a cikin awa ɗaya.
A zahiri, octopuses suna da hannaye shida da kafafu biyu. Zai yi wuya a gaya musu ban da su, amma dakaru ya san inda yake. Tare da gabar jiki guda biyu (waɗannan ƙafafun) suna motsawa, suna rarrafe tare da gindin teku da sauran shimfidar wurare, sauran shida ana amfani dasu don abinci. Idan dorinar ruwa ta cika da nutsuwa, cikin sauƙaƙe yana amfani da hannayensa don ... ninka murfin Rubik.
A kan dukkanin shinge takwas na tsoho octopus, akwai kusan 2000 daga cikinsu, kowane ɗayan yana da ikon riƙe kusan 100 g, kuma, ba kamar ɗayan da mutum ya yi ba, octopus suckers na buƙatar ƙoƙari don riƙe, ba tsotsa ba, wato, ƙoƙarin ƙwaƙwalwa ne kawai yake riƙe su.
Tabewar tana da zuciya uku: ɗaya (babba) yana fitar da jinin shudi a cikin jiki, ɗayan kuma biyun - gill - yana tura jini ta hancin.
Idanun octopuses suna da yawa, tare da tabarau mai kama da na mutum. Dalibin yana da rectangular a siffar.
Octopuses suna da ikon fahimtar sauti, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta.
A kowane "hannu" akwai alamun ɗanɗano dubu goma waɗanda ke ƙayyade wadatar ko rashin cancantar batun.
A cikin iya canza launi na jiki, dorinar ruwa na octopuses sune na biyu kawai ga katako. Koda bayan mutuwa, ƙwayoyin chromatophores suna ci gaba da aiki.
Don canza canjin octopus, kyakkyawan halayensa, idanu suna da alhakin gaske. Idanun cat kawai, mujiya da mutum zasu iya yin gasa tare da su. Idanun octopus suna da yawa a gareshi cewa filin kallo yana kusa da digiri 360. Hakanan ana nuna su da abin da ake kira "magana" - a gaban idanun ciki mutum na iya karanta farin ciki, tsoro, da fushi.
Don zuwa abinci, octopuse suna yin kyakkyawan aiki ... ta buɗe gwangwani.
A cikin tekuna na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda ake kira octopus mai yin kwaikwayon Thaumoctopus mimicus yana rayuwa, wanda ya kai 60 cm tsayi kuma yana kwaikwayon tsari da hanyoyin motsi kamar sabanin halittun kamar maciji na teku, flounders, ophiuras, crabs, jellyfish da shrimps. Yin kwaikwayon octopus ba mai guba bane, saboda haka suna son cin abinci a kan dabbobin ruwa da sharks. Dauki kamannin mazaunan teku masu guba shi ne cetonsa a cikin ɗan gajeren rayuwa.
Amma game da gubar octopuse mai guba, ƙaramin mollusk Hapalochlaena maculosa, wanda a cikin farin ciki jihar an rufe shi da alamun shuɗi mai haske, ana kiransa "mutuwar shudi" a Ostiraliya. Na farko ba ya kaiwa mutane hari, domin shi karami ne kuma kyakkyawa ne. Ko ta yaya, guba da ke kunshe cikin daskararren bakin ruwa mai launin shuɗi ya isa ga mutane 40. Abinda kawai zai magance shine lokacin motsa jiki na wucin gadi.
Dorinar ruwa, kamar yawancin cephalopods, suna da jaka tawada a jikinsu wanda ke ɗauke da launin fatar kwayar halitta daga rukunin melanin. A lokacin awa ɗaya na haɗari, octopuse suna jefa jigilar tawada don gudu, yana barin abokan gaba suyi yawo cikin duhu.
A cikin octopus na California, babban abokin gaba shine kifayen kifayen kifi. Sai ya juya ya nuna cewa dansandan octopus na gurguntar da wuraren ganyen da ke cikin mayu na tsawon awa ɗaya, ko ma ya fi tsayi. Idan dorinar ruwa da kanta, “tana mamakin” kifin, ba ta da lokacin da za ta tsere, to, ita kanta za ta mutu cikin tawada. Wannan yakan faru ne a cikin aquariums, inda, saboda iyakance sarari, yawanci mollusks masu ƙarfi ba su da ƙarfi kafin tsoro na kansu.
Octopuses kuma suna da na'urar kariya - mai cin gashin kanta: alfarwar da abokan gaba suka kama na iya zuwa saboda lalacewa mai ƙarfi na tsokoki, wanda a wannan yanayin yana lalata kansu.
A farfajiya mai wuya (gami da wani yanayi mai kyau), dorinar ruwa tana motsawa tana rarrafe ta amfani da alfarwaran tare da kofuna masu tsotsa. Hakanan yana iya iyoɗaɗɗun shinge a baya, saita kanta a cikin motsi ta hanyar wani nau'in na'urar jet propulsion - tattara ruwa a cikin rami wanda ginin yake a ciki da ƙarfin tura shi a cikin shugabanci sabanin motsi ta hanyar rami, wanda ke taka rawar bututun ƙarfe. Hanyar motsi yana canzawa ta hanyar juya jakar.
Duk hanyoyin guda biyu na motsin ruwa na ruwa ba shi da sauƙi: lokacin yin iyo, yana da ƙasa da saurin kifin. Don haka, dorinar ruwa ta fi son farauta daga maharan, suna kwaikwayon muhalli, kuma suna ƙoƙarin ɓoye wa masu son su.
Ga ladan, dorinar ruwa tare da gabobi 8 sun bayyana cewa dangin squid da katako ne. Tabbas, dukkaninsu suna cikin aji ɗaya, amma likitan kwayoyi yana da bambance banbanci da yawa.
Da fari dai, ba su da ƙasusuwa ko kuma bawo mai kariya, kamar katon kifin da squid iri ɗaya. Kadai kawai sashin jiki shine baki, mai kama da aku. Ragowar jiki mai laushi ne, sassauƙa da roba. Yana ba da damar dorinar ruwa don shiga cikin kunkuntar gawarwarka da ramuka a cikin duwatsun da ruwa. Iyakar abin da ya rage kawai shine baki. Don haka, girman ramin da dorinar ciki zai iya shiga ciki yana da iyaka da girman beak dinsa.
Octopuses ba su daɗe. Yawancin nau'ikan suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 2. Wadanda suke rayuwa a yankuna na wurare masu zafi har ma da ƙasa - kimanin watanni shida. Mai riƙe rikodin na tsawon rai shine "octopus na Antarctic", wanda ya kai shekaru 5 da haihuwa.
Sake yin octopuses. Gida wani rami ne a cikin ƙasa, wanda aka liƙa tare da ƙyallen duwatsu da bawo. Qwai mai siffar ƙwal, da aka haɗa a cikin rukuni na 8-20 guda. Bayan hadi, mace ta shirya wani gida a cikin wani rami ko wani kogo a cikin ruwa mara kyau, inda ta tanada tan dubu 80. Mace koyaushe tana kula da ƙwai: koyaushe tana watsa su, ta wuce ruwa ta abinda ake kira siphon. Tare da tantin, ta cire abubuwa da baƙi. Yayin duk tsawon lokacin haihuwar qwai, mace ta zauna a gida ba tare da abinci ba kuma sau da yawa yakan mutu bayan kyanwa da kananan yara.
Irin wannan ɗan gajeren rayuwar an haɗa shi da wata hujja mai ban sha'awa. Octopuses sun daina cin abinci bayan an gama balaguro, kuma basa ci abinci tsawon watanni. Koyaya, basu mutu kwata-kwata daga yunwar, amma daga gaskiyar cewa suna da glandon na musamman waɗanda ke taka rawar da "bam ya jinkirta."
Wadannan glandan asirce suna da wani ruwa na musamman wanda aka “shirya shi” don kashe gawa. Idan an cire wannan glandon a cikin shaye-shaye, to asirin octopus ya ci gaba da rayuwa. Koyaya, ko da ba tare da wannan glandar ba, ba ya cinye abinci, kuma har yanzu ya mutu saboda yunwar.
Octopuses suna da tsarin jijiyoyi masu haɓaka, kuma kaɗan kaɗan na shi yana mai da hankali ne a cikin kwakwalwa. Ragowar neurons na dabbar an kera ta cikin kafafu. Reflexes a cikin dabba na ci gaba ta hanyar da aka ba da shawarar cewa suna da tsarin mai juyayi mai matakan uku.
A cikin bauta, ana amfani da octopuse a sauƙaƙe a cikin ayyukan da aka saba, kuma har ma suna “wasa” tare da mutanen da ke da daɗi. Suna iya maimaita motsin hannun mutum da ƙafafunsu.
Girmama octopuse an tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin dokar 1986 game da zaluntar dabbobi, octopus yana cikin jerin waɗancan halittun da ba za a iya gwada su ba tare da maganin rashin lafiya ba. Kodayake ga octopuse, wannan doka tana aiki ne a Burtaniya.
Ga sauran duniya, musamman Asiya, octopuse sun fi son cin abinci kamar na kimiyya.
A Japan, cephalopods suna ɗaukar girman wuri a kan tebur, tare da sauran abincin teku. Haka kuma, wasu kananan octopuses wani lokacin ma ana cin su da rai, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa a shekara. Gaskiyar ita ce octopus mai rai, har ma da ƙarami, yana ƙoƙari ya manne wa mafaka da shinge mai tsauri, kuma ga alama cewa maƙarƙashin mutumin yana irin wannan.
Aikace-aikacen dafa abinci
Don ƙarancin Rashanci, jikin octopus da ganga ƙoshin abinci ne. Koyaya, akwai ƙasashe waɗanda samfurin ke yaɗu. A cikin al'adun gastronomic na Asiya, ana cin waɗannan mollusks da rai. Sushi na Japan da mirgine tare da naman su sun saba wa Turawa. A Indonesia, an ɗinka murfin kwakwa da busassun ganyen sannan a tafasa a cikin madara mai kwakwa tare da ƙari da kayan ƙanshi na gida.
Abincin abinci na Bahar Rum ya shahara ga miya, salads da taliya tare da abincin teku, a cikin abin da akasarin octopus ba su da yawa. Daga cikin sanannun kayan ciye-ciye a Spain da Italiya akwai carpaccio a cikin kirim ko tafarnuwa miya. Masu ba da shawara na Connoisseurs sun ba da shawarar: wannan kwanon abincin yana da kyau don bauta wa giya mai kyau.
Jikin da tantuna na mollusk za a iya dafa shi, soyayyen, gasa, kyafaffen, cakuɗe, stewed, shine, duk hanyoyin dafa abinci suna dacewa da su. Duk waɗannan za a iya yi a gida: a cikin gidajen abinci, wannan abincin, duk da cewa kwararru a fannin su, sun yi tsada sosai.