Batun Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha Yankin Novosibirsk wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Tarayya na Siberiya. Yankin ta shine murabba'in murabba'in kilomita dubu 178.2. km An kafa yankin a cikin 1937. Ya yi iyaka da Kazakhstan, Altai Territory, Omsk, Tomsk da Kemerovo Yankuna. Twoarshe biyun sun kasance ɓangare ɗaya daga gare shi. Dangane da bayanan 2015, mutane 2746822 suna rayuwa a ciki, ciki har da Novosibirsk.

Ci gaban yankin da albarkatun ƙasa

Kogunan Ob da Om suna gudana a cikin yankin. Baya ga tafkuna tare da matakan salinity daban-daban, yankin yana da fadama mafi girma a duniya - Vasyugan. Yanayin yanayin ƙasa yana da matsakaicin zazzabi ne na Janairu - 20 ° С da Yuli + 20 ° С. Yankin ya mamaye bangarori uku na dabi'a: steppe, gandun daji da kuma taiga. Yankunan gandun daji sun mamaye kadada sama da kadada miliyan 4. ko biyar a yankin. Tsakanin tsirrai masu rarrafe. Duniyar dabba tana wakiltar irin waɗannan nau'in: bear, muzir, deer, beaver, wolf, fox, bears, otter, capercaillie, hazel grouse da sauransu.

Sama da adibas 500 na ma'adinai daban-daban da aka gano a yankin. Waɗannan su ne: mai, mai, mai da baƙin ƙarfe, yumbu, peat, titanium, zirconium, marmara, zinariya da sauransu.

Manyan albarkatun kasa na yankin ana iya kiransu itace, wadanda aka kiyasta ajiyar su kimanin miliyan dubu 278 na mai siffar sukari. m., da ƙasa tare da babban taro na abubuwan rediyo na halitta: uranium, radium da radon.

Kara gurbatawar iska

Radon gas ne na halitta wanda ba shi da launi ko ƙanshi. A ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, yana da nauyi fiye da iska kuma saboda haka an mayar da hankali ne a cikin ƙananan ƙasusuwa, ɗakuna da ƙananan tushe, inda maida hankali zai iya wuce matsakaicin izinin halal ta dubun lokutan. Amma mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa yana da rediyo rediyo. Sabili da haka, haɗari ne ga mutane. Saboda wahalar sa, sai ya ratsa saman farjin ta ƙasa. Ya shiga cikin ruwa, jijiyoyin jiki da kuma irradiates tare da barbashi na alpha. A kan iyakar garin akwai wurare da yawa wanda gas ya isa saman ruwa da kuma ruwan radon.

A tsakiyar karni na 20, shi ne adana abubuwa masu kaifin rediyo wanda ya zama batun binciken kimiyya, sannan kuma ginin masana'antar masana'antar nukiliya. A halin yanzu, yawancin waɗannan masana'antar ba su aiki, amma fiye da shafuka 200 da ke cikin gurɓatar tasirin rediyo suna saura har yanzu. Tushen tushen iska mai gurbata iska da iska, ƙasa da ruwa na Yeltsovka-2 Kogin Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant.

Zubar da Sharar

Matsalar gaba ta birnin ita ce masana'antu da sharar gida. Aikin sharar masana'antu sannu a hankali yana raguwa, saboda dakatar da samar da masana'antu da yawa. Amma garin da ke da mazaunan ƙasar fiye da miliyan 1 suna samar da nisan miliya miliyan 2. m. na sharar gida a kowace shekara. Kawai a cikin birni yana ƙayyade adadin filaye na ƙasa 170 don su. Koyaya, waɗannan wuraren basu cika ka'idojin tsabta ba, kuma mafi mahimmanci, basu aiwatar da sharar gida ba - datti ya tara kuma yana buƙatar cirewa da gurɓatar da sababbin ƙasashe.

Abubuwan iska

Gurbata iska ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas. Babban tushen su ba masana'antu bane, sai dai sufuri na hanya, adadin sa yana karuwa daga shekara zuwa shekara. Amma a nan, kuma, yana da nasa peculiarity. Filin mota yana tsufa. Yawan motsin ruwa da tara abubuwa mai guba a cikinsu yana ƙaruwa. Waɗannan su ne: carbon dioxide da carbon dioxide. Matsakaicin kowane wata wanda ya wuce izinin maida hankali ne na karshen zai iya kaiwa sau 18. Baya ga waɗannan abubuwan, ƙayyadaddun hankali na iska don formaldehyde, ƙura, phenol, da ammoniya sun wuce.

Kashi na biyu mafi girma a cikin gurɓar iska na birni shine tsirrai masu wuta da gidajen mai da masana'antun masana'antu da na birni.

Novosibirsk a cikin nau'in gurɓataccen iska a sararin samaniya yana faruwa tsakanin St. Petersburg da Moscow.

Nazarin yanayin yanayin Novosibirsk. Imimanta yawan zubar da abubuwa masu lahani cikin yanayin garin. Binciken ingancin ruwa da tsafta. Manufofin sarrafa muhalli. Ayyukan fifiko a fagen kare albarkatun kasa.

Sharar gida

Matsalar gaggawa ga Novosibirsk ita ce gurbata muhalli ta sharar gida. Idan ayyukan kamfanoni suka ragu, to asarar masana'antu za ta ragu. Koyaya, adadin sharar gari mai haɓaka yana karuwa kowace shekara, adadin filayen ƙasa yana ƙaruwa. A lokaci mai tsawo, ana buƙatar ƙarin wuraren samar da tukunyar ƙasa.

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Kowane mazaunin na iya inganta tsabtace garin idan ya ceci makamashi, ruwa, jefa sharar a jujjuyawar, juya takardu da sharar gida, ba cutarwa ba. Contributionaramar gudummawar kowane mutum zai taimaka wajen samar da yanayi mai kyau da kuma dacewa.

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Submitaddamar da kyakkyawan aikin ku zuwa tushe ilimi yana da sauƙi. Yi amfani da tsari a ƙasa

Dalibai, daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri, matasa masana kimiyya wadanda suka yi amfani da ginin ilimin a cikin karatunsu da aiki zasu yi matukar gode muku.

An buga shi http://allbest.ru

Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Kimiyya na Tarayyar Rasha

Makarantar Bayar da Izini ta Gwamnatin Tarayya

Jami'ar Jihar Siberian ta Tsarin Tsirrai da Fasaha

(FSBEI akan “SGUGiT”)

Ma'aikatar Lafiyar Halittu da Kula da Yanayi

"Matsalolin muhalli na Novosibirsk"

Kammalawa: St. E-21

1. Matsayin muhalli na birni na Novosibirsk

2. Emissions na abubuwa masu cutarwa cikin yanayin garin

3. Ob River a cikin yankin Novosibirsk

4. Samun ruwa da tsafta a Novosibirsk

5. Matakan da zasu inganta yanayin muhalli a jikin ruwan garin

6. Kare muhalli da matakan muhalli

Garinmu ba shi da girma sosai kuma dukkanin hanyoyin halitta da ke gudana suna da alaƙar haɗin kai.

Rushe dazuzzuka yana haifar da rage albarkatun ƙasa a cikin birni na Novosibirsk, ƙaddamar da sinadarai na iya haifar da cutar fata a cikin mutane, ƙaddamar da carbon dioxide a wuri guda yana inganta canjin yanayi gaba ɗaya.

Hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da muhalli suna haɓaka cikin sauri kuma suna bayyana kansu cikin:

1. Karfafa dogaro da tattalin arziki. Har zuwa kwanan nan, aikin ɗan adam da sakamakonsa a bayyane yake sannan kuma abubuwan da ke gudana sun fara ɓacewa. Juyin masana'antu da juyin juya halin masana kimiyya da fasaha sun ba da hanya don samar da filin motsa kaya, kaya da jari.

2. increasearin hauhawar kaya a kan yanayi saboda yawan jama'a. Ganin kyakkyawan sakamako na cigaban tattalin arziki da ci gaba. Ana iya bayyana cewa mutuwar yara ya ragu, matsakaicin rayuwar rayuwa ya karu (daga matsakaita na shekaru 60 zuwa 62), ƙididdigar haɓakar abinci ya wuce adadin haɓakar yawan jama'a.

Ci gaba a cikin magani ya ceci mutane daga wasu cututtuka kuma yana ba da taimako daga wasu.

A cikin aikin gona, da "Green Revolution" ya faru - samar da hatsi ya karu sau 2.6, wanda ya ba da damar ƙara yawan mutum da kashi 25 - 40%.

Garin Novosibirsk yana fuskantar matsalolin muhalli masu mahimmanci, waɗanda ke sa mu mai da hankali ga rashin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa.

Sakamakon haka, ƙara yawan amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, fitarwa daga ciki wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin tattalin arzikin.

Kwamitin Kula da Kare Muhalli na Novosibirsk na Kare Muhalli da Albarkatun Al'adu sun iyakance matakan kariya na muhalli da la'akari da shirin ci gaban muhalli ta hanyar yin nazarin muhallin muhalli na 2005 na birnin Novosibirsk.

A tsarin tsarin birni, kashi 34.2% mazaunin yankin ne, kashi 12.6% kuma yankin samarwa ne, 37.8% sune wuraren shakatawa da wuraren nishaɗi (gami da filayen lambun). 8.5% - jikin ruwa, 6.9% - wanin, ciki har da filayen ƙasa da hurumi. A lokaci guda, kashi 28.6% - yankin garin ya kasance ta hanyar samarwa da wuraren ajiya.

1. Matsayin muhalli na birni na Novosibirsk

Tsarin ilimin halittar Novosibirsk yana da alaƙa da manyan matsaloli guda biyu: gurɓataccen ƙasa da yanayin radiation.

A cikin Novosibirsk, ana kafa kimanin mitak miliyan 2 miliyan a shekara. m gida da game da 500 dubu ton na sharar gida masana'antu. Irin waɗannan lamuran ɓoye suna kawo matsala sosai ga garin. Kimanin mil dubu 1,500 na mai siffar sukari cubes ana jigilar su zuwa rijiyoyin ƙasa a kowace shekara, ana ajiye ɓangarorin a masana'antu, kuma wani ɓangaren yana zuwa ga ayyukan zubar da ruwan da ba a tsara su ba, daskararren dusar ƙanƙara, yawanci suna cikin kwari da ambaliyar ruwa.

A cikin biranen akwai har zuwa 170, tare da jimlar yanki mai girman hekta 14. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kasar gona ta dauki nauyin nauyin cutar anthropogenic duka kuma lalatata na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Babban matsalolin yanayin rashin kyau na kasa yana da alaƙa da yalwar lalacewarsu, ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da gida da sharar masana'antu, hargitsi da yanayin ƙasa sakamakon samarwa da ƙasa, tsaftataccen iska tare da guba, gishirin ƙarfe mai nauyi, sharar iska, kayan mai, ma'adinai, nitrates, magungunan kashe ƙwari, cututtukan cututtukan ɗan adam da dabbobi.

Hakanan, a cikin kasa na Novosibirsk, an sami adadin wucewar babban adadin farin ƙarfe na sau 10 ko fiye. Kayaran shara na birni a cikin birni ba su da tsari daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idoji. Sharar da aka adana tana ƙonewa koyaushe, iska ta ƙazantu da ƙura, kuli, abubuwan ban mamaki, sinadarin nitrogen, sinadarin hydrogen da sauran abubuwa masu cutarwa.

Iko na Novosibirsk an sarrafa shi. Bayan bala'i a cibiyar makamashin nukiliya ta Chernobyl a matakin gwamnati, an yanke shawara game da binciken da ya wajaba game da gurbatawar tashe-tashen hankula na biranen da yawan jama'a ya haura miliyan 1. Tun daga 1988, an gudanar da irin waɗannan nazarin a kan yankin Novosibirsk.

An gurɓatar da iska ta hanyar fasahar kere kere a cikin Novosibirsk daga 40-50s. a sakamakon ayyukan masana'antu da cibiyoyin masana'antar nukiliya. Yawancin masana'antar ba su wanzu, amma yanayin ayyukansu yana bayyana a duk garin yanzu. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar gano shafuka 217 na gurbatawar iska a kusan dukkanin yankuna. An gano mafi yawan adadin wuraren da aka lalata abubuwa na rediyo a cikin gundumar Kalinin (131), inda Itace Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrate Plant.

Sakamakon aikin, kusan dukkanin wuraren da ke gurbatawar rediyo an lalata su, ban da mafi girma biyu, wato: yankin da ke gurbata a cikin yankin kariya na tsabta na NPZhK da ambaliyar kogin. Yeltsovka-2. Ya kamata a ci gaba da yin cikakken nazarin sahihan ɗan iska na gundumar Kalininsky. Daga ƙwarewar aikin da aka yi, yana yiwuwa a iya faɗi hasashen wuraren da ke cikin abubuwan da ba a gano musababin rediyo ba da kuma buƙatar aikin lalata ƙazantawa a kan duka yanki har zuwa 1 ha.

Gabaɗaya, zamu iya cewa a halin yanzu halin da ake ciki tare da gurɓatarwar iska a cikin garin ba shi da ƙima kamar na shekarun da suka gabata, amma duk da wannan, ana ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗi kowace shekara daga asusun kula da muhalli na gari don ayyukan da aka tsara don tabbatar da amincin fitowar jama'a.

Novosibirsk, kasancewa babban cibiyar masana'antu, hanyar sufuri ta Siberiya, ya zama tilas a sami sabon tsari na zamani don sa ido kan yanayin hasken wutar lantarki, wanda ya kasance ɓangare na tsarin ƙasa guda.

An nuna wannan ta hanyar yanki na yankin Novosibirsk, yana kan iyakokin da ke ƙarƙashin gurɓataccen rediyo yayin gwajin makamin nukiliya (Altai Territory) da sakewa na haɗari na fasaha na fasaha (Yankin Tomsk), yanayin yanki na yankin, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga tarawa da tasiri a kan mutane na yanayin radionuclides, ayyukan kasuwancin ta amfani da rediyo. albarkatun kasa (NZHK). Garin yana da kamfanoni sama da ɗari, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, cibiyoyin bincike waɗanda ke amfani da hanyoyin rediyo a cikin ayyukansu kuma suna buƙatar kulawa da amincin amfanin su.

Novosibirsk babbar tashar jigilar kayayyaki ce ta hanyar da kera kayayyaki da kayayyakin albarkatun ƙasa, gami da na rediyoaktif, wucewa da shigowa. Duk abubuwan da ke sama suna nuna buƙatar saka idanu game da yanayin radiation a cikin tsarin da aka daidaita.

Takwas daga cikin gundumomi goma na birni na Novosibirsk ana samun su ne a cikin babbar hanyar samarda abubuwa masu ƙarfi na sinadarai - uranium, thorium, potassium da radium da radon, waɗanda ke haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da yawan jama'a daga maɓuɓɓuka na asali.

Radon gas ne na asali wanda bashi da launi ko ƙanshi. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, a saman duniya, radon ba ta tarawa cikin haɗari mai haɗari ga ɗan adam ba, amma tunda sau 7.5 ya fi iska ƙarfi, ya sami damar tattara hankali a cikin rufaffiyar ginin ƙasa, ɗakuna, yankuna masu tsabta, da dai sauransu. a cikin adadin da ya wuce MPC sau goma.

Radon kuma ya ratsa saman ta hanyar fasa a cikin kankara, ta cikin kasa, ta hanyar magudanar ruwa da tsarin samar da ruwa, ta hanyar ruwa. Radon na iya fitar da kayan gini. Abubuwan da ke lalata lalata na Radon sun zauna akan barbashi ƙura da ke ƙunshe cikin iska, shigar da tsarin numfashi kuma sanya jiki tare da barbashi na alpha, mai haifar da cutar huhu.

Ayyukan tattalin arziƙi, tasirin tsarin ruwa na Ob reservoir, haɓaka yankin ba tare da yin la’akari da tasirin abin ambaliyar ba, hakan ya kara dagula yanayin yanayin iska a garin. Sama da dozin bayyanannun da adana ruwan radon an bincika su a cikin garin. Don buƙatu iri iri na gidaje, ɗumbin rijiyoyin sun cika rijiyoyin da ruwan injin da ke cikin ruwa mai zurfin haɓaka masu halaye. Aikin da bai dace ba, yanayin gaggawa na rijiyoyin yana haifar da gurɓatar radon manyan rijiyoyin sama da kuma lalacewar yanayin aikin iska.

Tsarin ilmin lafiyar Novosibirsk ba zai iya tasiri ga yanayin lafiyar jama'a ba.

Taimakawa motocin haya zuwa jimlar abubuwan birki a cikin 2005 a kalla yakai tan miliyan 187,000 a shekara, kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da sunadarai na abubuwan hawa sun kasance cikin jerin abubuwanda suke gurbata yanayin yanayin gari. Binciken iska a sararin samaniyar mutum "matsakaici-matsananciyar damuwa" ya nuna kasancewar a cikin iska irin abubuwanda ake amfani da su na motocin kamar carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formdehyde, gubar, da sauransu, a manyan abubuwan da suka haɓaka ƙimar halayen ta hanyar 1.2-10 da ƙari. A wasu manyan hanyoyi, yawan samfurori masu dauke da abun cikin abubuwa masu cutarwa sun kama daga 40 zuwa 100%.

Yawan ci gaban motoci a titunan Novosibirsk cikin shekaru ukun da suka gabata ya zarce kashi 25%. Dangane da hasashen da aka yi, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa ci gaban adadin motoci a Novosibirsk zai ci gaba. Tare da haɓaka motocin motocin birni, ƙaruwa na watsi da gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin yanayin zai faru.

Tare da haɓaka jirgi mai saukar ungulu na birni, ana haɓaka ƙazamar ƙazamar lalacewa zuwa cikin yanayin. Dangane da hasashen da ake yi yanzu, ci gaban adadin motoci a Novosibirsk zai ci gaba cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

Ganin girma motocin motocin, ragin sabuntawa, raunanan rauni na saurin bunƙasa hanyoyin ci gaba ta hanyoyi (metro, alal misali), yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a yi amfani da wadatattun wuraren ajiyar don rage mummunan tasirin jiragen biyu duka kan halin muhalli na yau a birni da kan lokaci mai tsawo.

2. Emissions na abubuwa masu cutarwa cikin yanayin garin

Babban hanyoyin gurbata iska: motoci, matatun mai da makamashi da kuma matattarar iskar gas mai zaman kansa (hayaki).

Jimlar adadin gurɓataccen iska a cikin 2005 ya kai tan 11.9 dubu. Wannan ya faru ne sabili da hauhawar hayaki mai amfani da fasaha sakamakon haɓakar haɓaka, ƙaruwa a cikin motocin masu ababan hawa da kuma ƙaruwar farashin wutar ƙonawa.

Mafi mahimmanci shine gurbata yanayi a masana'antar wutar lantarki. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni kamar: rarrabuwa na CHPP-2, CHPP-3, CHPP-4, CHPP-5 na reshen Generation na Novosibirskenergo OJSC suna gurbata yanayi. An gabatar da sauye sauyen gurɓar gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin masana'antar JSC "Novosibirskenergo" a cikin teburin:

Ynamarfafawar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska daga Novosibirsk TPPs, tan dubu.

-Irƙirar mutum-da-yanayin iska

A karkashin Tarayyar Soviet, masana'antu da yawa na masana'antar nukiliya - tushen kafofin - sun yi aiki a Novosibirsk. A yau, ana samun kusan bangarori 200 tare da karuwar asalin hasken rana kusa da masana'antu. A cikin yanayin akwai:

Amma tashin hankali na rediyo na kasa na Novosibirsk Yankin yana faruwa ba wai kawai saboda tasirin anthropogenic: babban dutse na dutse wanda birni yake zaune ya ƙunshi radon. Wannan rukunin rediyo mai haɗari yana da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwa.

Radon na halitta yana haɗuwa da sauƙi tare da iska, ƙasa mai guba da ruwan sha. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa gubar radon ita ce abu na biyu mafi yawan lokuta da ke haifar da cutar kansa ta huhu. Masu shan sigari suna fuskantar radon musamman.

Novosibirsk na ɗaya daga cikin garuruwa goma masu "cutar kansa" a ƙasar. A cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata, yawan masu fama da cutar kansa ya karu da 4%. A zazzabi, akalla kashi 10% na yawan megalopolis miliyan daya da rabi suna rijista.

A cikin iyakokin Novosibirsk kawai, aƙalla wurare da dama an gano inda gas mai guba ya tsere zuwa saman.

Iska mai gurbata yanayi

Matsalar gurɓacewar masana'antu ya dace da manyan biranen. Kasuwancin masana'antu waɗanda ke aiki tare da mai, sunadarai, da masana'antu masu ƙarfi suna gurbata yanayi tare da dubban mitir cubic na hayaƙi. Amma babban barazanar da iska ke fuskanta shine sufuri. Babban hanyoyin gurbata yanayi:

• kai - 66% na watsi,
• masana'antu - 4.5%,
• Gidajen tukunyar mai na tarayya (4%) da kuma fitar da hayaki mai zaman kansa.

Mayar da hankali mai guba abubuwa a kan metropolis ya wuce na yau da kullun sau 18. Yanayin ya gurbata:

• carbon dioxide
• benzapyrene,
• nitrogen (dioxide da fluoride),
• phenol
• ammoniya
• madancin.

Novosibirsk yana haɓaka matsayin cibiyar masana'antu. Sabbin ayyuka suna jawo hankalin mutane daga yankin, yawan jama'a yana ƙaruwa - akwai ƙarin jigilar mutane. Wataƙila matsalar gurɓarwar iska zata daɗa ƙaruwa.

Likitoci suna ganin gurbataccen iska shine babban dalilin cutar sankarar fata, shine mafi “mashahuri” nau'in cutar oncology a Novosibirsk. Mafi yawan masu haƙuri a cikin yankunan tsakiya (inda motoci ke lalata iska) da kuma wuraren masana'antu.

Ruwan dafi

Inya da Ob sune babban kogunan yankin Novosibirsk. Suna ba mazaunan ruwa ruwa, amma a lokaci guda birni da ƙawayenta sun ƙazantar da su.

The Ob yana karɓar najasa daga Novosibirsk da Altai Territory kuma yana ɗaukar shi zuwa wurin ajiyar ruwan Novosibirsk, inda ruwa ke tsarkakakke. Kasuwancin masana'antu galibi suna zubar da shara a cikin koguna, wanda hakan ke kara dagula yanayin muhalli.

Tsarin kula da ruwa na birni ajizai ne, saboda haka ba za ku iya sha daga famfo ba. Kafin amfani, dole ne a tafasa ko tace.

Masana muhalli sun lura cewa yankin Novosibirsk bashi da wuraren ajiyar ajiya mai aminci. A cikin 2018, rairayin bakin teku 15 kawai aka buɗe don yin iyo, 5 daga cikinsu a cikin yankin yanki. Yawancin jikin ruwa na yankin ana ganin basu dace da ruwa ba saboda rashin bin ka'idodin tsabta.

Vata

Abubuwan da ba makawa na rayuwar mutum shine ƙazamar ƙazamar gari. Akwai rijiyoyin sharar ƙasa 41 a Yankin Novosibirsk, amma akwai isassun wuraren zubar da datti. Sakamakon cunkushewar wuraren gari, mazauna gari suna shirya lokaci-lokaci - a cikin gandun daji da kwari.

Yankin ba ya aiwatar da sharar gida. Wani zaɓi don adana sharar gida na iya zama mai ɗaukar hoto. Yanzu akwai irin wannan masana'antar guda ɗaya kaɗai da ke aiki ga yankin baki daya, amma farashin tarin datti akwai mafi girma fiye da yadda ake samar da ƙasa, saboda haka sabis na gama gari ya fi son zubar da sharar gida a tsohuwar hanyar. A cewar masana kimiyyar muhalli, tsirrai 5 zasu ishe Novosibirsk da muhallinsa don tsabtace shara.

Mazauna karkara na aikin gina tsirrai na sake sarrafa shara. Wannan ya kawo cikas ga aiwatar da tsarin kyautata muhalli.

Shukewar dabbobi

Inganta yanayin muhalli a yankin Novosibirsk zai taimaka wa wuraren sarari wadanda ke tsabtar da iska. Amma ba a dasa sabon bishiyoyi ba. Kuma ciyawar daji ta ci gaba.

Zanga-zangar adawa da lalata gandun daji suna faruwa akai-akai a Siberiya, kuma babu Novosibirsk. Sabon abin kunya da ya faru shine gushewar bishiyoyi a kusa da garin. Ukuran da suka kasance mallakar gonaki ne na gama gari kuma suka kirkiro da “garkuwar garkuwar” birni na yanzu mallakar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa ana siyar da katako a ƙasashen waje, kuma fa'idodin kasuwanci ga masu gandun daji sun fi tsada nesa da ilimin tsirrai.

Gandun daji na Novosibirsk ya zama dole ba kawai kamar wuraren nishaɗi ba. Suna tsaftace koguna, suna hana lalacewar ƙasa, suna adana biranen yankin.

Tsarkakewa

Masu fafutukar kare muhalli da hukumomin birni sun fahimci cewa ba shi yiwuwa a bar lamarin ya ɓaci. Man na lalata gari - mutum kuma tsaftace shi.

Subbotniks da abubuwan muhalli, tsaftace wuraren kore da tafkuna, da wuraren shakatawa ana yin su a kai a kai a yankin. Don haka, sakamakon jerin tsabtace tsabtataccen dabbobin fata shine cikakken lalata ɗaya daga cikin rairayin bakin teku, wanda aka rufe saboda rashin bin ka'idodin tsabta. Yanzu an sake yarda da iyo.

Hukumomin yankin sun amince da wani shiri don inganta tsabtace muhalli na yankin. Yana bayar da:

• lura da yanayi
• kariya daga ruwa
• sake amfani da amfani da sharar gida,
• Kula da muhalli,
• shimfidar ƙasa
• Tabbatar da kare lafiya.

Suna shirin canza gidajen mai da keɓaɓɓun gari da jigilar jama'a zuwa ga mai, don lalata masana'antu: a cewar masanan muhalli, bututun mai suna fitar da abubuwa masu haɗari cikin yanayi fiye da duk lokacin zafi da tsire-tsire iri a cikin Novosibirsk.

A tashoshin gas, an riga an dakatar da sayar da mai da dizal tare da abun ɓoye mai mai. Matakan yana rage adadin gubar a cikin iska. An gabatar da iko da guba na mota.

Ana kulawa da hankali ga "garkuwar garkuwa": suna aiwatar da faɗar tsabta a kai a kai, girbi, sake sabbin bishiyoyi. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suna karfafa ra'ayin kamfani na tattara shara tare da kamfanonin sharar gida masu zaman kansu.

Yanayin halin rayuwa a cikin birni

Zamu iya bambance irin wadannan hanyoyin, sakamakon yadda ake gurbata yanayin garin:

• kai (ya kai kashi 66%),
• aikin kamfanoni (4.5%),
• najakum tukunyar gida (4%),
• fitar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (musamman daga hayaki).

Yanayin muhalli a cikin yanayi

Daga 300 zuwa tan 300,000 na abubuwa iri daban-daban wadanda ke gurbata yanayi suna fito da su cikin tasirin iska na Novosibirsk kowace shekara.

Maimaitawar wasun su sun haɗu da halayen halatta.

Yawancinsu a cikin iska akwai formaldehyde (daga 3 zuwa 4.5 matsakaici mai haɓakawa), benzapyrene (har zuwa 3 MPC), nitrogen dioxide (daga 1.2 zuwa 1.3 taro), ammoniya (har zuwa 1.2 maida hankali), da nitrogen fluoride (har zuwa 1.1 taro) da ƙura (har zuwa 1.2 MAC).

Gurbatawar iska

Hakanan, yanayin yanayin yanayin rayuwar Novosibirsk, har ma da sauran manyan biranen, ya dogara ba kawai kan abubuwa masu cutarwa da aka saki a cikin iska ba, har ma a kan abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin illa kamar su kwantar da hankula, yanayin zafin jiki, da kuma karnuka (waɗanda ke da damar tara abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin saman farfajiyar yanayi).

Gabaɗaya, ikon watsa yanayin yanayi a cikin Novosibirsk ya fi kyau, misali, a Gabashin Siberiya ko Kuzbass, amma har yanzu ba su kai matakin da ya dace ba wanda aka lura da shi a cikin Turai ta Rasha, saboda wannan dalili ƙarfin ƙarfe na gurɓataccen iska yana ƙaruwa a cikin birni.

Matsayin jikkunan ruwa

A cikin kogunan Ine da Ob, yawancin gurɓatattun abubuwa suna zuwa canji daga yankuna kusa. Ob site,wanda yake farawa daga Barnaul kuma ya haɗu zuwa rafin Novosibirsk, yana da babban matakin gurɓataccen iska.

Rijiyar Novosibirsk, wacce ke da tafki tare da babban iko don tsarkake kai, tana karbar ruwa mai gurbatawa daga yankin Altai kuma yana haɓaka matsayin ta zuwa ƙazantar matsakaici. Tare da kwararar ruwanta, birnin yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga yawan gurɓatattun abubuwa. Mutum na iya lura da karancin karancin kayan kariya na ruwa.

Kogin Ob shine babban tushen da ke wadatar da garin. Kowace shekara, mitoci miliyan 700 na shi ana kashewa don bukatun jama'a. Ba kasa da 2% na jimlar ruwan da ake ɗauka daga tushe na ƙarƙashin ƙasa.

Wannan gaskiyar tana tattare da haɗari, saboda, a yayin da ba a taɓa tsammanin gurbata Kogin Novosibirsk ba, yana haɗarin gaba ɗaya ba tare da ruwa ba.

Yanayin yanayin yanayin rayuwa a wasu yankuna na Novosibirsk

Dangane da samfuran da aka tsara, wanda aka gudanar daga Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Yammacin Siberiya a Kogin Kamenka (wanda ke yankin tsakiyar), ana lura da ƙara yawan gurɓatar yanayi. Don haka, a cikin ruwanta alamomin sulfides, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen ammonium sun fi yadda aka saba. Abubuwa biyu na farko da ake gurɓata sune saboda yawancin masana'antu. Hakanan, saboda yawan gurɓataccen kwayoyin da ke cikin kogin, an lura da ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke cikin ruwanta.

Iska a cikin Novosibirsk tana da kudu maso yamma, wanda ke haifar da canja wurin gurɓataccen iska daga gundumomin Leninsky da Kirovsky zuwa Zaeltsovsky da Tsakiya.

A yankin Tsakiya, bisa ga sakamakon lura, akwai karuwar abun da ke tattare da carbon dioxide a cikin iska, da kuma formaldehyde da carbon dioxide.

Garin na da manyan yankuna biyu na kore, suna cikin gundumar Soviet da Zaeltsovsky. Suna ba da gudummawa wajen samar da gari da iska mai kyau. Koyaya, Anan zaka iya lura da yanayin a wasu lokuta tare da faduwar bishiyoyi, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan wannan ya zama da wuya.

Zaeltsovsky boron a zahiri shine huhun Novosibirsk, yana daya daga cikin mahimman bangarorin halitta. Dangane da bincike da yawa, iskar da ke tsarkaka a cikin gundumar Zaeltsovsky, sannan ta isa tsakiyar gari tare da wadatar da yankin tare da iskar oxygen zuwa gundumar Oktyabrsky.

Har ila yau, ya zama dole a faɗi cewa gundumar Soviet ita ce huhun birni na biyu na birni, wanda a wannan lokacin ma ya himmatu wajen adana wuraren koren. Misali, yanzu ana yin wani yanki na musamman da zai iya kiyayewa, wanda zai kasance a tsakiyar manyan hanyoyin Academgorodsky da Berdsky.

Yanayin rediyo a cikin birni

Rashin iska mai lalacewa ta hanyar fasaha ta birni wanda aka kafa a cikin 40-50s na ƙarni na ƙarshe. Dalilinsa sune ayyukan masana'antu daban-daban, kazalika da cibiyoyi waɗanda ke haɓaka masana'antar nukiliya.

Wasu kamfanoni sun riga sun dakatar da aikinsu a yau, duk da haka, zaku iya lura da sakamakon ayyukan su. Misali, an sami yankuna 217 a duk yankuna na Novosibirsk inda aka ninka matakin hasken.

Yawancin wuraren da ke da gurbatawar iska a cikin muhalli suna cikin gundumar Kalininsky (yankuna 131), anan ne ake da tsire-tsire mai da hankali. Ana aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban koyaushe ana zubar da hasken rana a cikin birni.

Gabaɗaya, a wannan lokacin, aikin rediyo na Novosibirsk ba shi da kyau kamar yadda yake a da, amma har yanzu ana buƙatar ayyukan yau da kullun waɗanda zasu tabbatar da amincin radiation a cikin birni.

Sama da kamfanoni ɗari ɗari daban-daban, kazalika da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna amfani da hanyoyin rediyo a cikin aikinsu, saboda haka ya zama dole a tabbatar da amincin amfaninsu.

Anan, 8 daga yankuna 10 suna cikin yankin na granite massif tare da haɓaka abubuwan abubuwa na rediyo, kamar thorium, uranium, potassium, da radon da radium, waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar haɗarin bayyanar 'yan ƙasa.

Kamfanonin masana'antu na birnin

Novosibirsk a cikin masana'anta ita ce ɗayan manyan cibiyoyin Siberiya. Kimanin kashi 20% na jimlar masana'antu na birni da keɓaɓɓun su ke kera injunan ginin. Musamman waɗanda ke rarrabe a tsakanin su akwai katako da injunan sarrafa ƙarfe. Non-ferrous da lantarki ƙarfe na lantarki kuma yana da haɓaka.

Za'a iya kiran nau'ikan kamfanonin nan da wakilan su:

• Haɗin Jirgin Sama: “.ungiyar Jirgin Sama Chkalova ", yana aiki don gyara da haɓakar jirgin sama,
• Karfe: NZMK - nau'ikan nau'ikan tsarin karfe,
• "LVK" - gine-ginen tafi-da-gidanka, sansanonin canzawa, manyan gine-gine,
• filastik: "NZP Uniz", yana samarwa kwantena daga polyethylene,
• kayan gini: PromGeoPlast - zanen gadojin polima ana yin su anan,
• kayan aikin: "NIZ" - clamping, direba, har ma da kayan aikin hawa,
• USB: "NKZ" - kebul na wutar lantarki da tagulla,
• tubali: “Strokeramika” - tubalin yumbu,
• masana'antun cakulan ”- samfurori daban-daban na kayan kwalliya,
• "NKZ" - yana samar da samfuran gwangwani,
• NLZ - ya shiga aikin daidaiton karfe, baƙin ƙarfe da baƙin ƙarfe mara haɓaka,
• Shuka injiniyoyi na Fasaha - suna samar da kayan aikin dumama,
• "Cinderella", "NMF" - masana'antar sarrafa kayayyaki, suna samar da kayan daki,
• "NFF", "NZMP-Novomed" - kayayyakin kiwon lafiya,
• "NMZ" - ƙarfe,
• "NFVO", "KORS" - ana samar da takalma,
• Baltika-Novosibirsk - an yi giya,
• “Schwabe” - tana aiki ne da samar da na'urori masu sa ido da jagora, haka kuma kayan aikin aunawa da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antu,
• "KPF" - gidan kiwon kaji,
• "Gallop" - kayan masarufi, gyare-gyare, gyare-gyare,
• Sibir masana'anta ne na saƙa
• Chemplast - samfuran sunadarai daban-daban,
• SibFlux - masana'antar magudanar ruwa mai yawan zazzabi,
• “Salatin” - samar da katangar bango,
• PSF, Severyanka, Prize, Sympathy, Classics, Sinar - masana'antun dinki,
• "NEMZ" - sauya na'urori masu ƙarancin lantarki,
• "TEK" - tubular heaters,
• Adalit masana'antar kayan ado ne.

Masana'antu mai ƙarfi sun fice daga dukkan nau'ikan samarwa waɗanda suke a cikin Novosibirsk. Manyan masana'antu na irin wannan shirin suna a cikin Novosibirsk, kazalika a Iskitim da Berdsk (suna cikin yankin Novosibirsk).

Shin filastik abu ne na gaba? A'a, da gaske ne. Kuna iya karanta game da ɗayan polymer masu ban sha'awa a cikin labarinmu.

Wadanne irin motoci ne ke sanya biranenmu tsabta da kyau da safe? Labari mai amfani kuma mai bayani akan https://greenologia.ru/othody/vyvoz/kommunalnaya/kommunalnaya-texnika-pum.html.

Kare Muhalli a Novosibirsk

Ana gudanar da shirye-shirye daban-daban cikin tsari a cikin birni, kazalika da ayyukan da ake kokarin tsaftace jikin ruwan da wuraren kore da kuma kiyaye su cikin kyakkyawan yanayi. A saboda wannan, cibiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban, kungiyoyi da kamfanoni suna da hannu, kuma gudanar da ayyukan gundumomin Novosibirsk suma suna taka rawar gani a wannan aikin.

Ana gudanar da Subbotniks a duk yankuna na garin dangane da tarin datti da kuma shimfidar wuraren shakatawa, yadi, murabba'ai. Don tsabtace yankin gabar kogin Kamenka, wanda ke gudana ta gundumar Dzerzhinsky, an tattara tarin datti, cirewa, haka kuma ana tattara tarin datti daga titunan dake cikin yankin gabar teku.

An kuma gudanar da wani aiki don zubar da datti daga Kogin Ob. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2014, an gudanar da bikin muhalli lokacin da yankin bakin teku da bakin rafin da ake kira South-West a gundumar Leninsky suka lalace.

Hakanan kuma, yankin yankin ya dauki shirin wanda yakamata a aiwatar da tsarin ta hanyar:

• don inganta yanayi,
• kariya da kuma amfani da albarkatun ruwa,
• Kariyar muhalli daga amfani da sharar gida da kuma samarwa,
• ci gaba da lura da yanayin
• a kan shimfidar wurare na birni, kazalika da sake haifar dazuzzuka da ke cikin birni,
• tabbatar da amincin rediyo na yawan jama'a.

Ana aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan a wannan lokacin don daidaita yanayin yanayin yanayin birni (kuma lallai ne a aiwatar da su a gaba):

1. Ta hanyar haɓaka rage tasirin tasirin tasirin tasirin birni (da farko, tazo ne daga abubuwan amfani da wutar lantarki, da kuma kayan aiki na wutar lantarki).
2. Inganta magudanan ruwa da tsarin samar da zafi, watakila sauya wasu hanyoyin zafi zuwa gas, haka kuma rufe hanyoyin rashin isasshen zafin da zai iya cutar da muhalli.
3. Rage cutarwa sakamakon lalatattun motoci, gabatar da nau'ikan makamashi mai tsabta na man fetur, lura da yanayin fasaha na motocin.
4. Don wannan dalili, ya zama dole a yi yaƙi da rukunin shara da ba da izini da inganta tsarin shimfidar wurare tare da haɓaka abubuwan nishaɗinsu don tsarkakewa da haɓaka bangarorin kariya na ruwa, gami da rairayin bakin teku.

Idan kun bi duk waɗannan ƙa'idodin, yanayin muhalli na Novosibirsk zai canza don mafi kyau, wanda zai taimaka sosai inganta rayuwar rayuwar localan ƙasa da rage yawan cututtukan da ke tasowa saboda yanayin gurbata yanayi.