Girgizar Kasa | |||
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![]() Amsa Mai Girma | |||
Tsarin kimiyya | |||
Mulkin: | Eumetazoi |
Suborder: | Girgizar Kasa |
Duniya ko tsutsotsar ruwan sama (lat. Lumbricina) - orderaramin ƙananan tsutsotsi masu ƙyalƙyali daga umarnin Haplotaxida. Suna zaune akan dukkan nahiyoyi banda Antarctica, duk da haka, aan speciesan dabbobin da farko suna da kewayon yawa: rarrabuwar wakilai da dama ya faru sakamakon gabatarwar ɗan adam. Mafi shahararrun tsirrai na Turai sun kasance cikin dangi Lumbricidae.
Siffofi da mazaunin gandun daji
Wadannan halittun suna dauke da tsutsotsin-bristle. Jikin duniya yana da tsayi daban. Ya shimfiɗa daga 2 cm zuwa m 3. Yankuna na iya zama daga 80 zuwa 300. Tsarin ƙasa peculiar da ban sha'awa.
Ana motsa su ta amfani da gajeren wando. Suna kan kowane bangare. Bangaren su ne kawai na gaba; babu setae a kansu. Yawan bristles kuma ba na musamman bane, akwai takwas ko fiye, adadi ya kai dubun dubata. Morearin tropic bristles.
Dangane da tsarin wurare dabam dabam na gandun daji, yana rufe kuma yana da haɓaka. Launin jinin su ja ne. Wadannan halittun suna numfashi saboda tsinkayen sel jikinsu.
A kan fata, bi da bi, akwai gamsai mai kariya ta musamman. Su m girke-girke ne gaba daya ba a tsara. Ba su da gabobin gani. Madadin haka, akwai sel na musamman akan fatar da ya amsa haske.
A wurare guda kuma akwai ɗanyun dandano, kamshi da taɓawa. Tsutsotsi suna da kyakkyawan haɓakawa don sake tsarawa. Suna iya dawo da tsohuwar jikin su bayan lalacewa.
A cikin babban iyali tsutsotsi, kusan nau'ikan 200 suna da damuwa. Girgizar Kasa Akwai iri biyu. Suna da rarrabe fasali. Dukkanta ya dogara ne akan salon rayuwa da halayen halitta. Kashi na farko ya hada da tsintsayen duniya da suke neman abinci a cikin ƙasa. Na biyun suna cin abincin su.
Tsutsotsi da suke samun abincin kansu a ƙasa ana kiran su da zuriyar dabbobi kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙasa basu da zurfin 10 cm kuma basa zurfi koda a cikin yanayin daskarewa ko bushewa daga ƙasa. Tsutsotsi ƙasa-ƙasa wasu rukunan tsutsotsi ne. Wadannan halittun zasu iya nutse kadan kadan fiye da na baya, ta 20 cm.
Don tsutsotsi tsutsotsi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, matsakaicin zurfin yana farawa daga mita 1 da zurfi. Tsutsotsar tsutsotsi suna da wahalar gani a farfajiya. Kusan sun taɓa bayyana a can. Ko da a lokacin dabbar dabbar ta hanyar canjin ko ciyarwa, ba su cika ficewa daga abubuwanda suke so.
Rayuwar duniya tono gaba ɗaya daga farko zuwa ƙarshen ya ratsa ƙasa mai zurfi a cikin aikin noma. Za a iya samun sararin samaniya a ko'ina, ban da wuraren sanyi Arctic. Tsutsotsi da tsutsotsin tsutsotsi suna da daɗi a cikin ƙasa mai ruwa.
An samo su a gefen gawawwakin ruwa, a wurare masu lalatattun wurare da kuma yankunan da ke da sauƙin yanayi. Litter da tsirrai-tsintsiyar ƙasa-ƙasa suna son taiga da tundra. A ƙasa ne mafi kyau a cikin steppe chernozems.
A duk wuraren suna iya daidaitawa, amma sun fi jin daɗi earthworms a cikin ƙasa dazuzzuka-babban daji. A lokacin rani, suna zaune kusa da doron ƙasa, kuma a lokacin hunturu suna zurfi.
Gini
Tsawon jikin wakilai na nau'ikan daban-daban ya bambanta daga 2 cm (genus Dichogaster) har zuwa 3 m (Megascolides australis) Yawan bangarorin kuma masu canzawa ne: daga 80 zuwa 300. Lokacin motsawa, alamomi na duniya sun dogara da gajerun geffuna waɗanda ke kan kowane ɓangare sai gaban gaba. Yawan bristles ya bambanta daga 8 zuwa dubun da yawa (a wasu nau'in zafi).
Tsarin wurare dabam dabam a cikin tsutsotsi yana rufe, da haɓaka sosai, jini yana da launi ja. Tsarin duniya yana da manyan jijiyoyin jini guda biyu: saukarwa, wanda jini ke motsawa daga baya zuwa gaba, da ciki, wanda jini ke motsawa daga gaba zuwa baya. Wadannan jiragen ruwa guda biyu suna da alaƙa ta jirgin ruwa na kowace shekara a kowane bangare, wasu daga cikinsu, da ake kira "zukata", suna iya yin kwangila, suna samar da motsi na jini. Essan ƙasa reshe a cikin kananan capillaries. Ana fitar da numfashi ta hanyar fata mai wadatar cikin sel masu hankali, wanda ke rufe da gamsai mai kariya. Mucus yana cike da manyan enzymes waɗanda ke maganin antiseptics. Tsarin juyayi na tsarin ƙasa shine ya haɗu da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai rauni (biyu jijiyoyi) da sarkar ciki. Suna da ikon haɓakawa don sake tsarawa.
Halittu na duniya sune hermaphrodites, kowane mutum da ya manyanta yana da tsarin haihuwa da na maza (synchronous hermaphroditism). Suna haihuwar ta hanyar yin jima'i. Sake haihuwa yana faruwa ta hanyar girkin, a ciki wanda aka hadu da ƙwai ya girma. Belin ya mamaye wasu bangarori na gaban wannan tsutsa, a tsaye kusa da sauran jikin. Ficewa daga bel ɗin ƙananan tsutsotsi yana faruwa bayan makonni 2-4 a cikin nau'in kwandon shara, kuma bayan watanni 3-4 suka girma zuwa girman manya.
Yanayi da salon rayuwar shukar kasa
Yawancin rayuwar waɗannan mutane marasa lafiyan suna tafiya ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Me yasa earthworms galibi ana samunsu a ciki? Wannan yana samar musu da tsaro. Hanyoyin kere kere da ke cikin zurfafan zurfafan wurare daban-daban suna ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta waɗannan halittun.
Suna da daukacin masarautar ƙasa a can. Slime yana taimaka musu motsawa har ma a cikin ƙasa mai wuya. Ba za su iya zama a rana ba tsawon lokaci, a gare su kamar mutuwa ce domin suna da fata sosai. Ultraviolet babban haɗari ne a gare su, sabili da haka, har zuwa mafi girma, tsutsotsin suna cikin ƙasa kuma kawai a cikin ruwan sama mai hadari ne yawo ƙasa.
Tsutsotsi sun gwammace suyi rayuwar da babu irinta. Dare ne da dare zaka iya haduwa da yawan su a saman duniya. Asali earthworms a cikin ƙasa sun bar wani sashin jikinsu don su duba halin da ake ciki, kuma bayan da sararin da ke kewaye da shi bai tsoratar da su ba, sannu a hankali suna fita waje don samun abincin nasu.
Jikinsu na iya shimfidawa daidai. Da yawa tsutsa tsutsa suna karkatar da baya, suna kare shi daga abubuwan waje. Ba zai yuwu a fitar da tsutsa baki ɗaya ba don kar ta tsage ta, domin don kare kanta, tana ɗaure gashin jikinta a bangon mink.
Girgizawar ƙasa wani lokacin tana girma mai girma
An riga an faɗi hakan da rawar da earthworms don mutane kawai abin mamaki ne. Ba wai kawai suna haskaka kasar gona da cika shi da abubuwa masu amfani ba, har ma suna kwance shi, kuma wannan yana taimakawa wajen daidaita ƙasan da iskar oxygen. A cikin hunturu, don tsira a cikin sanyi, dole ne su tafi da zurfi don kar su ɗanɗana sanyi su faɗi cikin yanayin rashin sanyi.
Suna jin isowar bazara ta cikin ƙasa mai ɗumi da ruwan sama, wanda ya fara kewaya cikin burbushinsu. Da zuwan bazara canjin ƙasa na fitar dashi kuma yana fara aikinsa na aikin gona ne.
Darajar amfani
Charles Darwin yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara nuna mahimmancin yanayin tsintsayen yayin aiwatar da samuwar kasa a shekarar 1882. Tsuntsayen duniya suna haifar da minks a cikin ƙasa (aƙalla 60-80 cm zurfi, manyan nau'ikan har zuwa 8 m), suna ba da gudummawa ga inganta, danshi, da haɗuwa. Tsutsotsi suna ratsa cikin ƙasa, suna tura barbashi baya ko haɗiye su. A lokacin ruwan sama, tsintsayen duniya suna zuwa sama, kamar yadda suke da fatar fata kuma suna fara fama da karancin iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa.
Tsarin sararin samaniya sune ma tsaka-tsakin runduna na helminth na huhun aladu da wasu kwari na tsuntsaye.
Ana amfani da ƙananan mutane azaman koto a cikin kamun kifi.
Magungunan daji
Kiwon ƙasa (ciyawar) tana ba ku damar sarrafa nau'ikan sharar gida zuwa takin ƙasa mai ingancin muhalli - vermicompost. Bugu da kari, saboda yawan tsutsotsi, ana iya karuwa da kwayoyin halitta don amfani dashi azaman kara kayan abinci don abincin dabbobin gona da kaji. Don tsutsotsi masu kiwo, an shirya takin daga asarar ɗabi'a iri-iri: taki, dattin kaza, bambaro, sawdust, ganye, ciyayi, rassan bishiyoyi da bushes, sharar gida daga masana'antar sarrafawa, shagunan kayan lambu, da sauransu Bayan yanayin muhalli a cikin takaddin yana haifar da mafi kyau duka. , tsutsotsi suna zauna a cikin takin. Bayan watanni 2-3, tsarar tsutsotsi ana samanta su daga sakamakon kwayar halitta.
A karon farko, an gabatar da tsarin amfani da wasu nau'ikan tsirenn ciyawa na takin zamani a Amurka, George Sheffield Oliver da Thomas Barrett sun zama majagaba a wannan yankin. Latterarshe ya gudanar da bincike a gonakinsa na Earthmaster daga 1937 zuwa 1950 kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan abokan aiki ƙima da mahimmancin masaniyar ƙasa a cikin fasahar noma [ tushe? ] .
Daraja ga mutum
A Yammacin Turai, an wanke tsintsiyar ƙasa ko foda daga tsutsotsi masu bushe a kan raunuka don warkarwa, tare da tarin fuka da ciwon daji, an yi amfani da tincture a kan foda, ana jin ciwo a cikin kunnuwa tare da broth, tsutsotsi da aka dafa a cikin giya - jaundice, man da aka sanya a kan tsutsotsi - kokawa da rheumatism. Kwararren likitan kasar Jamus Stahl (1734) ya ba da foda daga tsutsotsin da aka bushe don cututtukan fata. Ana amfani da foda a cikin maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin a matsayin wani ɓangare na magani don kawar da atherosclerosis. Kuma a cikin magungunan gargajiya na Rasha, ruwan da yake malala daga gishirin da aka sanya a ciki yana sanya kwayar idanu a idanun.
Aborigines na Australiya da wasu mutanen Afirka suna cin babban nau'in tsiron ƙasa.
A Japan, an yi imanin cewa idan ka yi urin anan iska a sama, to gurbi zai iya yin kumburi.
Shin tsutsotsi guda biyu zasu girma daga sassan biyu?
Tsuntsayen duniya suna da ikon sake tsara sassan da suka ɓace, amma wannan ikon ya bambanta tsakanin jinsin kuma ya dogara da matsayin lalacewa.
Stephenson (1930) ya ba da wannan babin a tarihin rayuwarsa, yayin da G.E. Gates ya kwashe shekaru 20 yana nazarin sake haifuwa a cikin nau'ikan iri daban-daban, amma "tunda babu ɗan sha'awa", Gates (1972) ya buga kawai wasu daga cikin ƙarshensa, wanda kuma duk da haka ya nuna cewa abu ne maiyuwa a wasu nau'ikan halittar tsutsotsi masu tsalle guda biyu daga wani samfurin da aka samu. Rahoton Gates sun haɗa da:
- Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) tare da ci gaba da sake farfadowa na gaba a cikin kowane tsarin cudanya har zuwa 23/24, yayin da wutsiyoyi ke sake farfadowa a kowane matakai a 20/21, i.e. Tsutsotsi guda biyu na iya girma daga ɗayan .
- Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758, yana maye gurbin bangarorin gabbai tun daga 13/14 da 16/17, amma ba a gano farfadowar wutsiya ba.
- Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872, yana sauƙaƙe sake saita sassan jikin da aka rasa, a cikin hanyar gaba daga 17/18 kuma a cikin hanyar baya zuwa 20/21.
- Lampito mauritii kinberg, 1867 tare da cigaba da cigaba a dukkan matakai har zuwa 25/26 da farfadowa da wutsiya daga 30/31. An yi imani da cewa sabuntawarwar ta haifar da lalacewa ta ciki wanda ya haifar da kamuwa da cuta tare da larvae na Sarcophaga sp.
- Tasirin lactum laccum, 1845, yana kuma da ikon sake tsarawa tare da maido da "kai", fara daga 40/41.
Abinci a Duniya
Wannan abu ne maras tabbas. Tsirrai na Kasa Ya kamata su haɗiye ƙasa mai ɗaci. Tare da wannan, ana amfani da ganyaye marasa kyau, amma banda da ƙanshi mara nauyi don tsutsa, da kuma tsire-tsire sabo.
A cikin adadi, tsarin tsirin ƙasa
Suna jan duk waɗannan kayan abinci a ƙasa kuma tuni sun fara ci can. Jijiyoyin ganyayyaki da basa son, tsutsotsi suna amfani da ɓangaren laushi na ganye kawai. Abubuwan da suke sanan duniya suna sanannan halittu masu tarin yawa.
Suna ajiye ganye a minks ɗin su, suna ta ɗaure su da kyau. Haka kuma, suna iya tono rami na musamman don adana kayan abinci. Sun cika ramin da abinci kuma suka rufe shi da dunƙule na ƙasa. Kada ku tafi zuwa cikin gidan ku har sai kuna buƙatar ta.
Sake bugun duniya da tsawon rai
Wadannan hermaphrodites marasa kan gado. Kamshi yake jawo su. Suna aure, suna haɗi tare da membranes ɗin mucous kuma,, hadi-da-rabuwa, maniyyi musayar.
Kwayar tsutsa tana adana a cikin akwataccen rata akan bel na iyayen. Ba'a fallasa shi ga mawuyacin halin abubuwan waje ba. Mafi yawan lokuta tsutsa guda daya tana bayyana. Suna zaune shekara 6-7.
Siffofin Iskancin ƙasa da Habitat
Jikin saukar ruwan sama na duniya zai iya kaiwa mita uku a tsayi. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasar Rasha akwai yawancin mutane waɗanda tsawon jikinsu ba ya wuce santimita 30. Don motsi, tsutsotsin suna amfani da ƙananan bristles waɗanda suke akan sassa daban-daban na jiki. Dangane da iri-iri, sassan zasu iya zama daga 100 zuwa 300. An rufe tsarin kewaya kuma yana da haɓaka sosai. Ya ƙunshi artery daya da kuma jijiya ta tsakiya.
Tsarin filin ƙasa ba sabon abu bane. An gano numfashi ta hanyar taimakon ƙwayoyin sel masu motsa jiki na musamman. Fata yana samar da gamsai mai kariya tare da isasshen maganin antiseptics na halitta. Tsarin kwakwalwa abu ne mai matukar kyau kuma ya hada da jijiyoyi biyu kawai. Dangane da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje, tsintsayen duniya sun tabbatar da kyakkyawan kwarewar su na iya sakewa. Itatuwa wutsiya da ke tsiro bayan wani gajeren lokaci.
Abubuwan da suke faruwa a cikin wata ciyawar duniya shima ba sabon abu bane. Kowane mutum mai hermaphrodite ne. Hakanan yana da gabobin maza. Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilmin halitta na dukkanin irin tsutsotsi sune za'a kasu kashi daya cikin rukuni. Wakilan ɗayansu suna neman abinci a farfajiyar ƙasa. Wasu suna amfani da ƙasa kanta a matsayin abinci kuma da wuya ake gani daga ƙasa.
Earthworm nau'in ringed ne. A ƙarƙashin fata fata tsarin rayuwa ne na tsokoki, wanda ya ƙunshi tsokoki daban-daban. Bude bakin daga abin da abinci yake shiga cikin esophagus ta hanyar pharynx is located a gaban jiki. Daga can, ana jigilar shi zuwa yankin da yalwar goiter da ƙananan girman ƙwayar tsoka.
Burrowing da zuriyar dabbobi earthworms suna zaune a wurare da ƙasa maras sako da ƙasa. An zaɓi fifikon ƙasa mai daɗaɗɗa da ƙasa, busassun ƙasa da tuddai na wurare daban-daban. Varietiesasa nau'in tsutsotsi ana samun su a yankuna yankuna. Zuriyar dabbobi suna zama a cikin taiga da kuma daji-tundra. Babban tattarawa mutane yayi girman kai tsintsiya mai tsayi.
Abin da ƙasa suke da tsutsotsi?
Me yasa tsintsayen kasa suke yin yashi da yashi? Irin wannan ƙasa ana nuna shi da ƙananan acidity, wanda ya fi dacewa da mahimman ayyukan su. Matsayin acid a sama da pH 5.5 yana lalata abubuwa masu kyau na waɗannan wakilan nau'in shekara. Asa mai bushewa ɗayan abubuwan da ake buƙata don fadada yawan jama'a. A lokacin rani mai zafi da zafi, tsutsotsi suna shiga zurfi a ƙasa kuma sun rasa ikon yin kiwo.
Ta yaya tsintsayen duniya suke tsira daga hunturu?
A cikin hunturu, mafi yawan mutane hibernate. Droparancin zazzabi a cikin zafin jiki na iya lalata tsutsotsi nan take, saboda haka suna ƙoƙarin binne a gaba a cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin, sau da yawa sun wuce mita ɗaya. Tsarin ƙasa a cikin ƙasa yana aiki mafi mahimmancin sabuntawarsa ta halitta da wadatar abubuwa da abubuwa iri daban-daban.
Amfana
A lokacin narkewar ganyen rabin-fermented ganye, jikin tsutsotsi suna samar da takamaiman enzymes waɗanda ke taimakawa ga ƙungiyar aikin humic acid. Soilasa, da aka fallasa ta kwance ɗumɗun iska, ba ta da kyau sosai ga mafi yawan wakilan masarautar shuka. Tsarin rami mai tangled yana ba da fifikon iska da iska mai ƙarfi. Saboda haka, motsi na cikin ƙasa shine muhimmin mahimmanci a cikin aikin maido da halaye masu amfani na ƙasa.
Iskar ƙasa a zahiri tana da amfani ga mutane. Yakan sanya yadudduka ƙasa su inganta su da wadatar su da kowane nau'in abinci mai gina jiki. Koyaya, jimlar mutane a yawancin yankuna na Rasha suna raguwa da sauri. Wannan na faruwa ne sakamakon gabatarwar da ba'a sarrafa shi ba ta hanyar magungunan kashe qwari, takin zamani da kuma haɓakar ma'adinai a cikin ƙasa. Yawancin tsuntsaye, bawo, da daskararru iri-iri suna farautar tsuntsayen duniya.
Me abubuwan duniya suke ci?
A dare, wani abu mai saukar ungulu ya yi wa ƙasa zubewa, ya jawo ragowar tsire-tsire masu ɓarna, suka bar wurin shi. Hakanan a cikin abincinsa ya hada da ƙasa mai arziki a cikin humus. Representativeaya daga cikin wakilan jinsin suna iya sarrafawa har zuwa rabin gram na ƙasa a rana. Idan akayi la’akari da cewa kusan mutane miliyan da yawa na lokaci guda za'a iya kasancewa kan wani yanki mai hectare daya, sun sami damar yin aiki a matsayin masu canza ƙasa mai canzawa.
Tsarin waje
Tsarin ƙasa, ko tsirin ƙasa, yana da jiki mai tsawon rai, tsawonsa 10 cm. Jikin yana zagaye ne a sashin giciye, amma, ba kamar suttukan da ba zagaye ba, ana rarrabasu ta tsarin kowacce shekara zuwa sassan 110-180.
A kan kowane yanki 8 elaaramin matattara na roba sit. Kusan ba a gan su ba, amma idan kun riƙe yatsunsu daga ƙarshen tsutsa zuwa gaban, to nan da nan za mu ji su. Tare da waɗannan baƙin ƙarfe, tsutsa zata ƙare yayin motsi cikin ƙasa mara kyau ko a bangon hanya. Regeneration a cikin earthworms an bayyana da kyau.
Bango na jiki
Idan muka dauki tsutsa a hannunmu, zamu ga cewa bangon jikinta ya jike, gamsai. Wannan gamsai yana sauƙaƙe motsi da tsutsa a cikin ƙasa. Kari akan haka, ta hanyar bangon jikin mutum ne kawai tsutsa ta shiga cikin iskar oxygen da yake bukata don numfashi.
Ginin jikin ƙasa, kamar duk matattarar ruwa, ya ƙunshi ƙaramin abu mai bakin ciki, wanda keɓaɓɓen ruɓaɓɓen ƙasa guda ɗaya.
Habitat
Da rana, tsintsayen sama suna riƙe ƙasa, suna buɗe motsi a ciki. Idan kasa tayi laushi, to tsutsa ta shiga ciki tare da gaban jikin ta. A lokaci guda kuma, ya fara ɗaukakar gaban jikin ta, don ya zama ya zama na bakin ciki, kuma yana tura shi gaba tsakanin ƙashin ƙasa. Daga nan sai gaban gaba yayi kauri, yaduwar qasa, tsutsa kuma ta ja da baya.
A cikin ƙasa mai ɗorewa, tsutsotsi na iya cin nasa hanyar ta hanyar wucewa ƙasa ta hanjin. Za a iya ganin kusoshin ƙasa a saman ƙasa - tsutsotsi suna barin su anan. Bayan ruwan sama mai karfi wanda ambaliyar jikin su, tsutsotsin an tilasta su su tashi sama bisa doron ƙasa (saboda haka sunan ruwan sama). A lokacin rani, tsutsotsi suna zama a cikin shimfidar ƙasa na ƙasa, kuma a cikin hunturu suna tono minks har zuwa 2 m zurfi.
Tsarin narkewa
Mouthun bakin yana nan a ƙarshen ƙarshen tsirin jikin ƙasa, dubura tana bayan kafa.
Tsarin duniya yana ciyar da tarkacewar ciyawar da ta haɗiye tare da ƙasa. Hakanan yana iya ja ganye da suka fadi daga farfajiya. Ana haɗiye abinci a sakamakon lalacewar tsokoki na pharynx. Sannan abinci ya shiga hanjin ciki. Abubuwan da ba a sani ba tare da ƙasa ana zubar da su ta dubura ta ƙarshen jikin.
Hanyoyin ciki suna kewaye da hanyoyin sadarwa na jini, wanda ke tabbatar da sha da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin jini.
Tsarin kewaya
Tsarin wurare dabam dabam yana kasancewa a cikin duk dabbobin da ke kama da na biyu, suna farawa da allurai. Abunda ya faru yana da alaƙa da hanyar rayuwar rayuwa (idan aka kwatanta shi da tsutsotsi da tsutsotsi masu fiɗa). Kwayoyin tsokoki suna aiki sosai don haka suna buƙatar ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki da oxygen, wanda jini ya kawo su.
Tsarin ƙasa yana da manyan jijiyoyin jini guda biyu: ƙaddamarwa, wanda jini ke motsawa daga ƙarshen jikin zuwa cikin gwiwa, da ciki, daga ciki wanda jini yake gudana ta fuskar. Dukansu jiragen ruwa a kowane sashi suna haɗa su ta jiragen ruwa na kowace shekara.
Yawancin tasoshin ringi masu kauri suna da jijiyoyi, saboda raginsu, motsin jini yana faruwa. Jirgin jini tsoka ("zukata") wanda ke cikin sassan 7-1 tura jini cikin jirgin ruwa na ciki. A cikin "zukata" da jirgin ruwa na kashin baya, bawuloli suna hana juyewar jini.
Daga manyan tasoshin suna barin bakin ciki, sannan kuma sayan kayan a cikin ƙananan abubuwan sha. A cikin wadannan abubuwan, oxygen yana shiga ta fuskar jiki, da abinci mai gina jiki daga hanjin ciki. Daga capillaries Branching a cikin tsokoki, akwai dawowar carbon dioxide da samfuran lalata.
Jini yana motsawa koyaushe ta cikin tasoshin kuma baya cakuda shi da ruwan rijiyar. Irin wannan yanayin ana kiran shi wurare dabam dabam. Jiki ya ƙunshi haemoglobin, wanda zai iya ɗaukar ƙarin oxygen, yana da ja.
Tsarin Excretory
Tsarin excretory a cikin tsintsiyar qasa abubuwa ne na shambura a kowane bangare na jikin mutum (amma ban da tashar tashoshi).
A ƙarshen kowace bututun ruwa akwai ramin murfi wanda yake buɗewa gabaɗaya, ta hanyar shi ana fitar da samfuran samfuran abubuwa masu mahimmanci (waɗanda galibi ammoniya suka wakilta).
Tsarin ciki
Tsarin juyayi na farjin kasa wani nau'in marafa ne, wanda ya kunshi ringin jijiyoyin jikin mutum da sarkar jijiya ta ciki.
A cikin sarkar jijiya na ciki akwai manyan fiber jijiya waɗanda, a cikin martanin siginar, suna haifar da ƙanƙantar tsokoki na tsutsa. Irin wannan tsarin mai juyayi yana ba da aiki na haɗin kai na yadudduka tsoka da ke hade da burrowing, motor, abinci da kuma aikin jima'i na duniyar ƙasa.
Me yasa tsintsayen sama zasu fashe bayan ruwan sama?
Bayan ruwan sama a kan kwalta da farfajiyar ƙasa, zaku iya ganin tsutsotsi da yawa, menene ya sa su fashe? Koda sunan "earthworms" yana nuna cewa suna matukar son danshi kuma ana kunna su bayan ruwan sama. Ka yi la’akari da dalilai da yawa da za su sa ƙwayoyin kwari ke lalacewa bayan an yi ruwan sama bisa doron ƙasa.
Rashin iska
Ka'idar ta uku tayi bayanin cewa bayan ruwan sama a cikin saman farfajiyar kasa akwai karin oxygen, don haka tsutsotsin sun hau sama. Ruwa yana wadatar da saman ƙasa tare da oxygen, kuma yawancin tsutsotsi suna son danshi kuma suna buƙatar isasshen oxygen. Kuma ta fuskar jiki, ana samun isashshen sunadarin oxygen a cikin yanayin gumi.
Tafiya
Masanin kimiyya dan kasar Ingila, Chris Lowe ya ba da shawarar cewa tsutsotsi su hau saman duniya a cikin ruwan sama don yin dogon balaguro zuwa sabuwar yankin. Tsutsotsi za su iya yin zurfi tare da ƙasa nesa da ƙasa, kuma busasshiyar ƙasa tana haifar da rashin jin daɗi lokacin motsi, an ƙirƙiri ɓarna mai ƙarfi, hatsi yashi a saman tsutsa, suna cutar da shi. Bayan ruwan sama, yanayin ƙasa yana da danshi, wanda ke ba su damar yin tafiya zuwa sabon yankuna na ƙasa kyauta.
Sake buguwa da ci gaba
Tsutsauran duniya sune hermaphrodites. Akan aiwatar da daidaituwa tsakanin mutane biyu, hadi yana faruwa, shine musayar gametes na maza, daga baya abokan tarayya su watse.
Kwayoyin na ciki da na jijiyoyin suna cikin bangarori daban-daban a gaban jikin mutum. An nuna wurin tsarin gabobin haihuwa a cikin Hoto na 51. Bayan an yi amfani da shi a hankali, an kafa abin ɗamara a kusa da kowane tsutsa - bututu mai ƙarfi wanda ke ɓoye ɓarin kwandon shara.
Kogin ya sami abinci mai gina jiki wanda daga baya zai ciyar da tayi. Sakamakon yaduwar zoben da ke bayan murhun, an tura shi gaba zuwa ƙarshen kai.
A wannan lokacin, an sanya ƙwai 10-12 a cikin kwarin ta hanyar buɗe oviduct. Bugu da kari, yayin motsi, maniyyi daga maniyyin da aka karba daga wani mutum yayin copulation sun shiga shi, kuma hadi yana faruwa.
Daraja (matsayi) a cikin yanayi
Yin motsi a cikin ƙasa, tsintsayen ƙasa suka kwance shi kuma suka sauƙaƙar shigar azzakari cikin ruwa da iska cikin ƙasa, ya zama dole don haɓakar tsire-tsire. Gamsar tsutsa da tsutsotsin ta kasance tare da ƙarancin ƙasa, hakan zai hana yaduwarsu da yashwa. Ja da tarkace tsire-tsire a cikin ƙasa, suna ba da gudummawa ga lalatawar su da samuwar ƙasa mai dausayi.
Abubuwa 17 masu ban sha'awa game da abubuwan kwance
- Ba kamar kujerun lebur ba, basu da ikon sabuntawa, kuma ba zasu iya dawo da jiki gaba daya daga kayansa (gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da tsintsaye).
- Tsutsotsin ƙasa, har ila yau suna da alaƙa da abubuwan hana ruwa, ana amfani da su sosai cikin abinci a ƙasashe da yawa. Fiye da 80% na yawan su shine tsarkakken furotin.
- Idan aka sare da kasa a rabi, rabi zai rage - wanda shine kanshi.
- Annelids basu da huhu kuma babu tsarin numfashi kowace se. Suna shan iskar oxygen a cikin fata.
- Tsutsa da tsutsa daɗewa mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ganowa shine samfurin shekaru 6.7-tsawon tsayi a Afirka ta Kudu (tabbatattun abubuwa game da Afirka ta Kudu).
- A Ostiraliya akwai gidan kayan gargajiya na zobe mai faɗi, wanda aka yi shi da tsutsa tsutsa tsayin mita 100. An ƙarfafa baƙin baƙi don kewaya wannan tsutsa a ciki, wani lokacin har ma da rarrafe.
- Tsarin dabbar ta hanyar lalata wasu tsutsotsi mara nauyi na iya zama mai tsawo. Don haka, tsintsayen duniya zasu iya yin aure na tsawon awanni a jere.
- Akwai kusan nau'ikan 18,000 na abubuwan rufe ido a cikin duniya.
- Yayin juyin halitta, wasu tsutsotsin ruwa marasa fita daga cikin ruwa zuwa rami kuma sun dace da rayuwa a cikin tsaunin zafi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wasu nau'ikan leeches waɗanda aka samo a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi.
- A cikin cubic mita na musamman m ƙasa, na iya zama da dama da ɗari dubu earthworms.
- Ianan ƙasar Amoniya da ke zaune a ruwan Amazon, suma raƙumi ne, sun kai tsawon santimita 45. Har ma suna kai hari ga anacondas da caimans, kuma suna iya yin saurin kashewa, alal misali, saniya ko mutum (tabbatattun abubuwa game da Amazon).
- Kimanin nau'ikan 500 na annelids suna cikin leeches.
- Yawancin Mongol sun yi imani cewa hamada Gobi gida ce ta tsutsa olga-horha na lantarki, wanda ke kashe waɗanda ke fama da mummunar rawar lantarki. Kwararrun masanan kimiyyar sihiri sun danganta wannan Halittar Halifofin ga mahangar ruwa. Gaskiya ne, har yanzu ba a gano wani tabbaci game da wanzuwar Olga-Horkhoi ba.
- Kamar yadda mummunan bala'i na sararin samaniya Columbia ya nuna, abubuwan hawa na iya rayuwa fiye da nauyin 2500g. Wadanda ke cikin kwalaye na musamman sun tsira daga halakar motar, wanda ya kashe ma'aikatan jirgin gaba daya.
- Yawancin tsutsotsin maras nauyi suna tsoron rana, saboda hasken ultraviolet yana cutarwa a gare su.
- Masana ilimin halittu suna iƙirarin cewa dubura da mollusks miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata suna da magabata na gama gari.
- Annelids yawanci suna da zuciya ɗaya. Wani tsirin ƙasa na iya samun guda 9.
Asa tana da alamar kasancewar a cikinsu akwai cavities cike da iska, abin da ake kira porosity (ko porosity) na ƙasa.
Pores na iya yin tasiri a cikin girman ƙasa. Don haka, a cikin ƙasashen da aka horar, yawan cavans ya kai 30-40%, kuma a cikin babban yadudduka har zuwa 60% na girman ƙasa. Mafi girma da porosity, da mafi sharadi gwargwado ga rayuwa a cikin ƙasa. Manyan pores, kimanin 0.3 mm a girma, suna iya ɗaukar ruwa, yayin a lokaci guda kuma suna ba da iskar shiga iska a cikin ƙasa, watau, iska da kuma numfashi ga mazaunan ƙasar. Poan ƙananan pores (0.03-0.003 mm) suma suna taka rawa daban-daban: sun girke da babban tsari mai amfani a cikin ƙasa, wanda aka zana ruwan karkashin ƙasa daga ƙasa zuwa saman layin ƙasa. Tsarin kunkuntar ramuka a cikin ƙasa yana taka rawar samar da tsarin samar da ruwa, yana samar da saman yadudduka na ƙasa tare da ruwa saboda ruwa mai zurfi, wani lokacin ana samun zurfin ruwa. A cikin yankunan m wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga mazaunan ƙasa. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin matakai, haɓakar ruwan karkashin ƙasa ta hanyar sojojin mulkin mallaka na iya samun sakamako mara kyau: ta wannan hanyar, ana wadatar da saman saman ƙasa da gishiri, wanda ke haifar da samuwar ƙasan ruwan gishiri da marshes. Poananan pores, musamman ma ƙananan ƙanana (ƙasa da 0.003 mm), suna da mahimmanci matuƙa saboda ƙafewar ruwa yana faruwa a hankali a cikin su. Sabili da haka, zasu iya yin aiki don ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa a matsayin wuraren ajiya don ajiyar ruwa, wanda yake da mahimmanci musamman lokacin fari. Hattara a cikin ƙasa, kamar yadda za mu gani a gaba, mazauni ne ga mafi yawan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da faɗan ƙasa. Ilsasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, kamar ƙasa mai narkewa, mara kyau ne a cikin yawan dabbobi.
Ta wannan hanyar tsarin ramummuka da tashoshi a cikin ƙasa wani bangare ya mamaye ruwa, wani bangare kuma ya zama iska ta iska mai dawwamar ma'amala da dabbobin kasa. Abun da ke tattare da ƙasa ƙasa ya bambanta da iska mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin ɗan ƙaramin iskar oxygen kuma mafi yawancin adadin carbon dioxide. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon shan iskar oxygen da abubuwa masu narkewa a cikin kasar, numfashin kwayoyin halittar kasa, da kuma kwantar da carbon dioxide daga sashin carbonic na kasar gona a karkashin tasirin acid acid. Yawan oxygen da carbon dioxide ya dogara da nau'in kasar gona da zurfin sashin ƙasa. Yawan carbon dioxide yana ƙaruwa tare da zurfi da raguwa cikin porosity. Sabili da haka, rayuwa a cikin ƙasa don dukkanin kwayoyin da ke shayar da iska (i.e., ga dukkanin dabbobi da tsirrai, banda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta anaerobic), yakamata su fi maida hankali ne a cikin ƙananan yadudduka na ƙasa. A cikin dukkanin ƙasa, ana lura da wannan. Matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin wannan rarraba tsaye na rayuwa a cikin kasa ana wasa ba da yawa ba ta hanyar rage yawan oxygen a cikin yadudduka na ƙasa, kamar yadda sakamakon guba na carbon dioxide, wanda a zahiri yana ƙaruwa tare da maida hankali.
Yawan oxygen da carbon dioxide a cikin ƙasa shima ya bambanta lokaci-lokaci. A cikin manyan yadudduka na ƙasa, adadin oxygen yana da matuƙar haƙuri a cikin shekara, amma a cikin zurfin yadudduka ya faɗi sosai a cikin hunturu, kuma tun daga May zai iya tashi a hankali, yana kaiwa matsakaicin kawai a watan Agusta. Yawan carbon dioxide shima yana raguwa kadan a lokacin sanyi.
Don samun fahimtar yanayin rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, ya kamata ku fahimci kanku da janar ɗabi'ar yanayin ƙasa. An halin shi musamman yawan ruwa da yanayin zafin ƙasa. Soilasa ta ci abinci lokacin rana kuma ta yi sanyi da dare. Kasa sanyaya faruwa sauri, da more shi ya ƙunshi danshi. Haka kuma ana lura da guda ɗaya a canje-canje na yanayi a cikin zafin jiki na ƙasa. A cikin hunturu, zazzabi a ƙasa ƙasa ya saukad da shi, sakamakon wanda, a cikin yanayin latitude, ƙyallen da ke samansa da rayuwa a ciki ke katsewa na wani lokaci. Dukkanin hanyoyin sunadarai a cikin ƙasa da motsi na ruwa a ciki ma ana katse su. Amma zurfin yadudduka na kasar gona suna sanyaya sosai ƙasa, ba su daskare, da zazzabi a cikinsu ana sa m duk shekara zagaye. Mafi nisanci zuwa arewa, gajeriyar lokacin da rayuwa mai aiki a cikin kasa mai yiwuwa ne, sabili da haka tsari na samuwar ƙasa. A mafi nisa arewa, lokacin gajeren lokacin bazara, ƙasa kawai tana da lokaci don narkewa kuma samuwar ƙasa kusan ba ya nan.
Hoto 39. Bambancin yau da kullun a cikin zafin rana a lokacin bazara. (Daga N.P. Remezov).
1 a farfajiya, 2 - a zurfin of 5 cm, 3 - a zurfin of 10 cm, 4 - a zurfin 15 cm, b - a zurfin 20 cm.
Temperatureasan ƙasa yana dogara da ciyayi da murfin dusar ƙanƙara. Coveredasa ta cika da ciyawa, kuma musamman ciyayi, huɗaɗɗa tana sanyaya ƙasa a cikin shimfiɗaɗɗen ƙasa, in ji canjin tsire-tsire ne wanda yake daidaita yanayin ƙasa sau biyu dangane da yanayin zafin yau da kullun da na shekara-shekara. Kamar yadda aka sani, murfin dusar ƙanƙara kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare kai daga daskarewa na ƙasa a cikin hunturu.
Ana iya gani daga abubuwan da muka gabata cewa yanayin rayuwa da dare, idan aka kwatanta da na ƙasa, dukda cewa sun fi tsanani dangane da wadatar iskar oxygen, sunada tsayayye. Saboda haka, a cikin hunturu ƙasa tana zama mafaka ga dabbobi da yawa
Har yanzu ba mu ambaci wani muhimmin ɓangaren ƙasa ba, wato humus, ko humus. Humus hade ne da kwayoyin halitta na kasar gona, kayan da ake iya samarda su wadanda suke mutuwa sassan jikin tsirrai, tsinkayar dabbobi da gawarwakin nx. Wannan ya rigaya saninsa ga Lomonosov, wanda ya rubuta a cikin rubutunsa "A kan shimfidar ƙasa" (1763): "Babu shakka cewa chernozem al'amari ne na yau da kullun, amma ya fito ne daga karkatar dabbobi da tsokoki masu girma" (jikin mutane masu girma, hakika, fyaɗe ne )
A halin yanzu, an san cewa ƙwayoyin ƙasa, fungi, da sauran mutane suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samuwar humus. dabbobi marasa amfani. Halittar Humus tsari ne mai hadaddun tsari, abubuwan da suke ba wai kawai kekashe kwayoyin halittun bane, har ma da hadadden kayan aikinsu daga mai sauki. Kamar yadda kuka sani, don tushen tsirrai, abubuwan da suke dauke da kwayoyin halitta kansu kusan basa iyawa kuma suna sha kawai mafita ne na ma'adinan gishirin. Ko yaya dai, kasancewar humus shine yake tantance takaddar kasa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin halitta na kasa sunadarai ne ga rayuwa, asalin abinci ne ga tsirrai da dabbobi. Amfani da ƙasa humus don abinci mai gina jiki, ƙwayoyin ƙasa suna ci gaba da lalata kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya kasance ɗayan ɓangarorin jikin sauran abubuwa masu rai. Kayan samfuran karshe na wannan lalata su ne mahallin inorganic. Don haka, a cikin tsarin abinci mai gina jiki da metabolism na abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa, abin da ake kira mineralization na kwayoyin mahaifa yana faruwa. Of musamman muhimmancin shine mineralization na mahadi na nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium da sauran abubuwa zama dole ga mafi girma shuke-shuke. Babbar rawar a cikin sarkar karshe na wannan tsari ana yin ta ne ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa, kuma dabbobi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin duka ayyukan canza abubuwan da aka sanya a cikin ƙasa.
Idan muka tuna cewa tushen tsirrai na iya shakar nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, da sauran wasu abubuwan da suka wajaba don gina jikin su, kawai ta hanyar hanyoyin samar da gishirin ma'adinai ne, to aikin kirkirar halittar ƙasa a cikin babban tsarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a kai a kai na ɓoyayyen ƙasa zai zama bayyananne. . A wannan yanayin, ƙasa ba ta cika cikin kwayoyin halitta, tunda mafi kyawun murfin ciyayi ya fito akan farjinta, ƙari tarkacewar shuka ta shiga cikin ƙasa kuma. A akasin wannan, idan aiwatar da ma'adanin humus na jinkirta, to yawanta zai haifar da raguwar haɓakar ƙasa, musamman idan tayi ruwa kuma ta juya zuwa cikin peat tare da yawan danshi.
Thicknessaƙƙarfan farfajiyar ƙasa da fasalin sa a cikin ƙasa daban daban sun bambanta sosai. Don tsinkaye, zamu iya ba da zane mai zuwa na ɓangaren tsaye a cikin ƙasa. A saman, yanayin yana ciyawa ne ta hanyar ciyayi, a gindinsa ya zama akwai ganyen ganye da ya mutu kuma ya faɗa akan ƙasa. A ƙasa akwai turf da kuma Layer na humus (Layer humus na sararin samaniya L). Wannan shine sararin sama mafi yawan kwayoyin halittar ƙasa. Wannan yana biyo bayan sararin samaniya B, wanda adadin humus cikin sauri ya ragu tare da zurfi. Rayuwa a nan an fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin fasa, a cikin bututu da aka bari daga sassan jikin tsirrai, da kuma motsawar huhun duniya. Wannan sannu a hankali ya shiga cikin dutsen (sararin samaniya B), yana ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Bari muyi la'akari da bambancin yawan kasar gona domin fayyace wurin da takamaiman karfin da iska yake gudana a ciki.
Da farko, wannan ya haɗa da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da fungi, wanda zauna dukkan gibba tsakanin raka'a ƙasa, har zuwa ƙarami. Kwayar cuta da fungi abubuwa ne na yau da kullun kuma bisa ga dukkan alamu muhimmin bangare ne na kasar gona, wanda yake wakiltar kowane yanki mai siffar sukari na cubic yawa ta yawan mutane. A cikin ramuka masu ɗauke da iska, ana samun su da adadi mai yawa a bangon su an rufe su da fina-finai na ruwa. Mafi sauki, wato dabbobi marasa suturar hannu, suma suna zaune a cikin waɗannan finafinan. Ana wakiltar su da ƙasa amoeba, rhizopods, ciliates, da kuma wasu flagellates. Baya ga protozoa, mazaunan ruwa na ƙasa da finafinai masu ruwa da ke kewaye da ƙasa
Hoto 40. Tsarin yankin kasar gona tare da kututture. (Ta hanyar Fork).
Lines baƙar fata - abubuwan motsawa na ƙasa. A0 fulawa ce ta ganye, A ƙasa tana da wadatuwa a cikin humus, B ƙasa ce mai saukar ungulu ba tare da duwatsu ba, B ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ne mai duwatsu, kuma C shine ƙazamar tsauni.
A zahiri, akwai wasu ƙananan tsutsotsi (rotifers, nematodes) da sauran rukunin invertebrates. A cikin manyan yadudduka na kasar gona da ɓarnar ruɓaya, waɗannan fina-finai na ruwa suna mamaye nematodu masu yawa, kuma tsutsotsi na ciliary kuma ana samun su a can.
Mazaunan sararin samaniya a cikin ƙasa sune mollusks masu fashewa cikin fashewar ƙasa, da kuma arthropods daban-daban: lice itace (daga crustaceans), kunama na karya, nau'ikan ticks (daga arachnids), milipedes da kwari.
Na karshen, ƙananan kwari marasa kwari suna da yawa musamman, masu girma da yawa na jiki wanda ba su wuce 1-2 mm, kuma yawancin nau'ikan kwari masu yawa, wanda tururuwa, larba na gwoza da kwari, gutsiran bishiyoyin bishiyoyi. A ƙarshe, kwari da yawa a cikin ƙasa. Dangane da lissafin masana kimiyyar halittar dabbobi, kusan kashi 95% na dukkan kwari suna da wannan ko kuma wannan alaka ce da kasar gona.
Specialungiyar musamman ta mazaunan ƙasa ita ce dabbobi masu tono. Bayan ƙari ga tsutsotsin ƙasa, waɗannan sun haɗa da tsutsotsi waɗanda suke cikin aji guda - enchitreids, suna da yawa sosai a cikin duk ƙasa. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan tsutsotsi ne, ba kasafai ba sa cikawa fiye da 1.5 cm tsayi, yawanci ƙasa da ƙasa. Hakanan ya hada da kwari, waɗanda suke yin tsayi da wasu lokuta ma zurfi a cikin ƙasa, larvae na beetles da kuma wasu kwari, da kuma wasu gizo-gizo da ƙamshin itace. Daga cikin hanyoyin karkatar da dabbobi, dabbobin da suka fi yawan buɗe ido sune moles. Bugu da kari, dabbobi masu shayarwa masu yawa wadanda suke yin ramuka a cikin ƙasa, musamman ma dutsen (squirrels, baybaks, hamsters, carcasses, da dai sauransu), kodayake suna kashe wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu a cikin ƙasa, har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a cikin canjin ƙasa.
Mutum na iya samun masaniya dangane da yawan dangi daban daban na dabbobi, mazaunan kasar, daga yawan da aka baiwa kowane mai nisan kwalaji na kasar gona a Tsakiyar Turai (Fran, 1950).
Sautin ruwan sama
Wani masanin kimiyya, farfesa Joseph Gorris daga Amurka, ya ba da shawarar cewa girgizar ƙasa tana firgita da sautin ruwan sama, saboda rawar jiki da yake yi yana daidai da sautin kusancin babban abokin gabansu - tawadar Allah. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wasu masunta suka yi amfani da dabarar don yin jifa da ƙura a farfajiya: suna saka sanda a cikin ƙasa, an sanya wani ƙarfe na ƙarfe a saman fuskarsa kuma ya ja shi don ƙirƙirar girgiza, wanda za a canja shi zuwa ƙasa ta sandar. Ya firgita, tsutsotsi suna zuwa saman duniya kuma suna zama mai sauƙi ga masunta masu ƙwarewa.
Yaduwa da tsawon rai na earthworms
Tsarin ƙasa na hermaphrodite. Yana da gabobi na mata da na namiji. Koyaya, bashi da ikon hadin kansa. Bayan fara yanayin dumin yanayi mai zafi don buƙata don kiwo, ɗaiɗaiku sukanyi nau'i-nau'i, suna neman juna tare da yankin na ciki, kuma suna yin musayar iri. Bayan haka, ana canza ma'anar a cikin rago, wanda a ciki ke girma.
An bambanta wasu nau'in ta hanyar haihuwa. Jikin tsutsa ya kasu kashi biyu, yayin da ɗayan ɓangarorin kuma ke sabunta ƙarshen gaban, ɗayan kuma baya. Haka kuma akwai nau'ikan tsutsotsi waɗanda suke haifar ba tare da zuriya ba ta hanyar sanya maniyyi. Yawan rayuwar tsutsotsi na iya wuce shekaru goma.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Hoto: Girgizar Kasa
Lumbricina suna cikin ƙananan ƙananan tsutsotsi masu gangara kuma suna cikin umarnin Haplotaxida. Shahararrun jinsunan Turai sun kasance daga dangin Lumbricidae, wanda ke da kusan nau'ikan 200. Baƙin Ingilan a cikin 1882 masanin kimiyyar ɗabi'ar Ingila Charles Darwin ne ya fara bayyana shi.
A lokacin ruwan sama, tsintsayennn kasaitattun abubuwa suna cike da ruwa kuma ana tilasta su su hau sama saboda rashin iska. Saboda haka sunan dabbobi. A cikin tsarin ƙasa, sun mamaye wani wuri mai mahimmanci, suna wadatar da ƙasa tare da humus, cike da iskar oxygen, ƙara haɓaka yawan aiki.
Bidiyo: Kasa-iska
A Yammacin Turai, tsutsotsi masu narkewa an sarrafa su cikin foda kuma ana shafawa ga raunuka don saurin warkarwa. An yi amfani da Tincture don magance cutar kansa da tarin fuka. An yi imani cewa broth ɗin ya taimaka da jin zafi a cikin kunnuwa. Spineless, dafa shi a cikin giya, kula da jaundice, kuma tare da taimakon mai, nace a cikin invertebrates, sun yi yaƙi da rheumatism.
A cikin karni na 18, likita daga Jamus, Stahl, ya kula da marasa lafiyar da ke fama da wankewa da foda na ƙasa. A cikin maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin, an yi amfani da magani don magance atherosclerosis. Magungunan gargajiya na Rasha suna gudanar da maganin cututtukan cataracts tare da taimakon magudanar ruwa daga tsutsotsi masu soyayyen gishiri. Sun binne ta a idanu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Aborigines na Australiya har yanzu suna cin nau'in tsutsotsi, kuma a Japan sun yi imanin cewa idan kun yi urin atewoda akan yanayin duniya, yanayin sanadin zai yi kumburi.
Za'a iya rarrabuwar ra'ayoyi cikin nau'ikan halittu guda 3, gwargwadon halayen su a cikin yanayin halitta:
- epigeic - kar a tono ramuka, zauna a cikin ƙasa na sama,
- ƙarshen zamani - rayuwa a cikin manyan burrows na kwance,
- m - ciyar a kan Organic fermented kwayoyin, tono a tsaye ramuka.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Girgizar Kasa a Duniya
Tsawon jiki ya dogara da nau'in kuma yana iya bambanta daga santimita 2 zuwa mita 3. Yawan sassan sune 80-300, kowane ɗayansu yana da guntun wando. Yawan su na iya zama daga raka'a 8 zuwa dubun da yawa. Tsutsotsi suna dogara da su lokacin motsi.
Kowane bangare ya kunshi:
- ƙwayoyin fata
- tsokoki na tsaye
- ruwan ciki
- tsokoki na ringi
- setae.
Tsokoki suna haɓaka da kyau. Uresirƙirare a madadin daskarar da tsawo da kuma tsokoki na zobe. Godiya ga takaddama, ba zasu iya rarrafe kawai tare da ramuka ba, har ma suna faɗaɗa ramuka, suna tura ƙasa zuwa gaɓoɓin. Dabbobi suna numfashi ta hanyar ƙwayoyin fata masu hankali. Epithelium an rufe shi da gamsai mai kariya, wanda ke cike da enzymes antiseptik masu yawa.
An rufe tsarin kewaya, da haɓaka da kyau. Jinin ja. Invertebrate yana da manyan jijiyoyin jini biyu: dorsal da ventral. An haɗa su ta jiragen ruwa na kowace shekara. Wasu daga cikinsu suna yin kwangila da bugun jini, suna fitar da jini daga kashin baya zuwa jiragen ruwa na ciki. Jirgin ruwa reshe cikin capillaries.
Tsarin narkewa ya ƙunshi buɗe bakin, daga inda abinci ya shiga cikin pharynx, sannan zuwa cikin esophagus, goiter ya karu, sannan ya shiga cikin ƙwayar tsoka. A cikin hanji na tsakiya, abinci yana narkewa kuma yana karɓa. Sharan gona ta hanyar fitowar budewar fir. Tsarin juyayi ya ƙunshi sarkar ciki da jijiyoyi biyu. Sarkar jijiya na ciki yana farawa da ringin periopharyngeal. Yana da mafi yawan ƙwayoyin jijiya. Wannan tsarin yana tabbatar da 'yancin sassan sassan da daidaituwar dukkanin gabobin.
An gabatar da gabobin gauraye a cikin nau'ikan bututu na bakin ciki, wanda karshensa yana gudana zuwa jiki, dayan kuma a waje. Metanephridia da cututtukan fata suna taimakawa wajen cire gubobi daga jiki zuwa cikin muhalli lokacin da suka tara kiba. Babu gabobin hangen nesa. Amma a fata akwai wasu sel na musamman waɗanda suke ganin kasancewar haske. Hakanan akwai gabobin taɓawa, ƙanshin, ƙanshin dandano. Ikon sake haɓaka wata dama ce ta musamman don mayar da wani ɓangaren jiki bayan lalacewa.
Ina ne duniyar take?
Hoto: Girgizar Kasa a Rasha
Spineless an kasu kashi biyu cikin waɗanda ke neman abinci wa kansu ƙasa, da waɗanda suke neman abinci a kai. Tsoffin ana kiransu zuriyar dabbobi kuma basa tono ramuka masu zurfi sama da santimita 10, koda a lokutan daskarewa ko bushewa daga ƙasa. Terasa mai zurfin ƙasa na iya sauka cikin zurfin ta 20 santimita.
Girgizar ƙasa ta sauko daga zurfin mita ɗaya. Wannan nau'in ba kasafai ake gani a saman ba, tunda galibi basu tashi ba. Ko da kan aiwatar da ma'aurata, abubuwan motsa jiki ba sa cikakken tsari daga burrows.
Kuna iya ganin tsintsayen sararin samaniya ko'ina, ban da wuraren sanyi Arctic. Rowwararruwa da kayan gado suna jin ƙoshin ƙasa. Ana iya samunsu kusa da gawarwakin ruwa, a cikin fadama ruwa a cikin yankuna da yanayin yanayi. Asa kamar steppe chernozems, zuriyar dabbobi da kuma zuriyar-ƙasa - tundra da taiga.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Da farko, 'yan kalilan ne kawai suka yaɗu. Fadada kewayon ya faru ne sakamakon gabatarwar dan adam.
Invertebrates sauƙin daidaitawa ga kowane yanki da sauyin yanayi, amma suna jin daɗin jin daɗi a cikin wuraren daɗaɗɗun daji da ke cikin daji. A lokacin rani ana zaune kusa da su, amma a lokacin hunturu suna zurfi.
Me duniya take ci?
Hoto: Babban Girgizar Kasa
Dabbobi suna cinye filayen tsirarran ruɓaɓɓen tsiro waɗanda suke shiga cikin oral tare da ƙasa. Yayin hanyar wucewa ta tsakiyar hanji, an hade ƙasa da abubuwa na kwayoyi. Carin invertebrates ya ƙunshi karin sau 5 na nitrogen, sau 7 more phosphorus, sau 11 fiye da potassium idan aka kwatanta da ƙasa.
Abincin da ake ci a cikin lambun shine ya rage ragowar dabbobin da ke jujjuyawa, letas, taki, kwari, peke-peels. Halittu suna guje wa sinadarin alkaline da acid. Tasteanshin tsutsa kuma yana shafar abubuwan zaɓi. Kowane mutum, da ke bayyana sunansu, ya nemi abinci bayan duhu. Veins an bar, suna cin naman ganyen kawai.
Bayan sun samo abinci, dabbobin sun fara haƙa ƙasa, suna riƙe abin da zai sami a bakinsu. Sun fi son haɗuwa da abinci tare da ƙasa. Yawancin nau'in, alal misali, tsutsotsi masu ja don abinci, guba ne a farfajiya. Lokacin da abun da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa ya ragu, mutane suka fara neman ƙarin yanayin rayuwa mafi dacewa kuma ƙaura don tsira.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kwana ɗaya, tsirin ƙasa yakan ci gwargwadon iko.
Saboda jinkirin da suka yi, mutane ba su da lokacin da za su sha ciyawar a farfajiya, saboda haka sukan jawo abinci a ciki, su yi ma'amala da kwayoyin halitta, su adana shi a ciki, su bar 'yan uwansu su ci shi. Wasu mutane suna haƙa wani kantin sayar da kayan abinci daban-daban don abinci kuma, idan ya cancanta, ziyarci su a can. Godiya ga hakori-kamar protrusions a cikin ciki, an shafa abincin a ciki zuwa kananan barbashi.
Ana amfani da ganyayyaki mara lafiyan ba kawai don abinci ba, har ma an rufe ƙofar rami. Don yin wannan, suna jan fure da aka fika, mai tushe, gashin fuka-fukai, takarda, bunch of uffan ƙofar. Wani lokacin petioles daga ganye ko gashin fuka-fukan za su iya fita daga ciki.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Red Earthworm
Tsutsotsin ƙasa yawancin dabbobi ne na cikin ƙasa. Da farko dai, yana samar da tsaro. Halittu sun tono minks a cikin ƙasa daga zurfin 80 santimita. Manyan nau'ikan sun fashe ta hanyar tunnels har zuwa mituna 8 a zurfi, saboda abin da ƙasa ke gauraye, ya jika An tura barbashi na dabbobi ƙasa zuwa garesu ko kuma haɗiye su.
Tare da taimakon gamsai, hanyoyin motsa jiki suna motsawa ko da a cikin ƙasa mai wuya. Kada su kasance a cikin rana na dogon lokaci, tunda wannan yana barazanar tsutsotsi da mutuwa. Fatar su yanada bakin ciki kuma ta bushe da sauri. Ultraviolet yana da tasiri mai tasiri a cikin m, don haka ana iya ganin dabbobi ne kawai a cikin yanayin girgije.
Contungiyar kwastom ɗin ta fi son gudanar da rayuwar dare. A cikin duhu, zaku iya samun tarin abubuwan halittu a duniya. Yana kwance, sai suka bar wani sashin jiki a ɓoye, suna bincika halin da ake ciki. Idan babu abin da ya firgita su, an zabi halittu gabaɗaya daga ƙasa kuma neman abinci.
Jikin invertebrates yana kokarin shimfidawa sosai. Yawancin bristles suna lanƙwasa, suna kare jiki daga tasirin waje. Yana da matukar wahala a cire tsutsa baki ɗaya daga tsintsiya. Dabba tana kiyayewa kuma tana mannewa da goge baki a gefan mink, don haka abu ne mai sauki mu tsage.
Amfanin earthworms suna da wuya a ninke su. A cikin hunturu, don kada su yi hibernate, sun faɗi ƙasa mai zurfi. Da shigowar bazara, kasar gona ta samu daukaka sai mutane suka fara zagayawa ta hanyar magunan. Tare da kwanakin farko na farko da suka fara aiki suna fara aiki.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Girgizar ƙasa a shafin
Dabbobi sune hermaphrodites. Sake haihuwa yana faruwa ta hanyar jima'i, hadi da haɗuwa. Duk mutumin da ya balaga, yana da gabobin mace da na maza. Tsutsotsi suna da alaƙa da membranes na mucous da musayar maniyyi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Canjin canjin abinci na iya wuce awa uku a jere. Yayin yin nishadi, kowa ya hau kan junan shi ya kuma yiwa abokin aikin sa sau 17 a jere. Kowane jima'i yana ɗaukar aƙalla minti 60.
Tsarin haihuwa yana gaban jiki. Kwayoyin maniyyi suna cikin gwanayen. A lokacin cinye ciki, gamsai ya zauna a kashi na 32 na tantanin halitta, wanda daga baya ya hadu da kwalin kwai, wanda sinadarin furotin yake ciyar dashi. Ana canza daskararwar ta zama hannun mucous.
Qwai mara lafiyan sa a ciki. Amfrayo ana haihuwar su bayan makonni 2-4 kuma ana adana su cikin rago, amintaccen kariya daga kowane irin tasirin. Bayan watanni 3-4, suna girma zuwa girma girma. Mafi sau da yawa, ana haihuwar guda ɗaya. Tsawon rayuwa ya kai shekaru 6-7.
Amynthas nau'in Taiwan a lokacin juyin halitta ya rasa gabobinsa kuma suna haifuwa ta hanyar parthenogenesis. Don haka suke yadawa zuwa zuriya 100% na kwayoyin halittar su, sakamakon wanda aka sami daidaitattun mutane - aka kera. Don haka mahaifa yana aiki a cikin mahaifa da mahaifiyarsa.
Abokan gaba na duniya
Hoto: Girgizar Kasa a yanayi
Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru a yanayin da ke rikice rayuwar dabbobi ta ambaliyar ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, fari da sauran abubuwan da ke kama da haka, masu farauta da masu tazara suna haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a.
Wadannan sun hada da:
Moles suna cin duniya baki daya a adadi mai yawa. An sani cewa a cikin burrows suna tarawa don hunturu, kuma sun fi kunshi na ciyawa. Masu tsinkaye suna fyaɗa kan mara lafiyayyen ko kuma lalata shi da yawa don kada ya fashe har sai sashin da ya fashe ya sake kasancewa. Mafi dadi ga moles shine tsutsa mai girma.
Moles suna da haɗari musamman ga hanyoyin shiga cikin jiki. Kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna farautar tsutsotsi. Kwayoyin kwaɗayi suna lura da mutane kusa da ramukarsu da kai hari da dare, da zaran shugaban ya bayyana a ƙasa. Tsuntsaye suna yin babban lahani ga lambobi.
Godiya ga tsinkayen hangen nesa, zasu iya fitar da iyakar tsutsotsi da suke makale cikin burrows. Kowace safiya, ana fashin ƙasa neman abinci, sukan zana marasa lafiyansu daga bakin ƙofofinsu da kayatattun bebaye. Tsuntsayen suna ciyar da ba wai kawai ga manya ba, har ma suna ɗaukar koko tare da ƙwai.
Doki na dawakai, wanda aka samo a jikin wasu ruwa na ruwa, gami da dabbobin ruwa, basa kaiwa mutane ko manyan dabbobi hari sakamakon karsashi. Ba za su iya ciji ta lokacin farin ciki ba, amma suna iya hadiye tsutsa cikin sauƙi. A autopsy, ragowar tsutsotsin tsutsotsi suna cikin cikin masu ƙaddara.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Girgizar Kasa
A cikin al'ada unpolluted ƙasa a kan gonaki arable na iya zama daga dubu ɗari zuwa miliyan tsutsotsi. Yawan nauyinsu zai iya zama daga kilo ɗari zuwa kilogram dubu a kowace kadada. Manoma na kwantar da tsire-tsire suna shuka alƙalansu don amfanin ƙasa mai girma.
Tsutsotsi suna taimakawa wajen aiwatar da sharar kwayar halitta zuwa cikin vermicompost, wanda shine ingantaccen taki. Manoma suna kara yawan wuraren kiwo don ciyar da su akan abincin dabbobi da tsuntsaye. Don haɓaka adadin tsutsotsi, an shirya takin daga shara. Masunta suna amfani da kashin baya don kama kifi.
A cikin binciken na chernozem gama gari, an gano nau'ikan halittar earthworms uku: Dendrobaena octaedra, Eisenia nordenskioldi, da E. fetida. Na farko a cikin murabba'in murabba'in kasar gona sun kasance raka'a 42, kasable ara - 13. Ba a samu Eisenia fetida ba a cikin budurwa ƙasa, a cikin ƙasa arable - a cikin adadin 1 mutum.
A cikin mazauna daban, lambobi sun bambanta sosai. A cikin wajajen ambaliyar ruwa na birnin Perm, an gano kimanin 150./m2. A cikin gandun daji gauraye na yankin Ivanovo - 12,221 ind./m2. Pine daji na yankin Bryansk - 1696 ind./m2. A cikin gandun daji na tsaunin Altai Krai a cikin 1950 akwai kwafin 350,000 a kowace m2.
Kariyar Kasa
Hoto: Littafin nan mai saukar ungulu
An jera nau'ikan 11 masu zuwa a cikin Littafin Red na Rasha:
- Al'adfora kore
- Shawarar shawara game da inuwa,
- Shawara
- Eisenia Gordeeva,
- Eisenia Mugan,
- Eisenia yana da kwazazzabo
- Eisenia Malevich,
- Eisenia Salair,
- Eisenia Altai,
- Eisenia Transcaucasian,
- Dendroben shine fatalwa.
Mutane suna tsunduma cikin sake tsugunar da tsutsotsi a cikin wuraren da basu isa ba. Dabbobi suna cin nasara cikin nasara. Wannan hanyar ana kiranta jan rai na ƙasa kuma yana bada damar kawai don adanawa, amma don ƙara yawan halittu.
A wuraren da yalwar ƙasa ba ta da yawa, ana bada shawara a iyakance tasirin ayyukan noma. Amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari yana cutar da haifuwa, kamar faduwar bishiyoyi, waje kiwo. 'Yan lambu suna ƙara kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa, suna inganta yanayin rayuwa na invertebrates.
Duniya dabba ne na gama kai kuma yana sadarwa ta taɓawa. Don haka garken ya yanke shawarar wacce hanya zata motsa kowane memba. Wannan gano yana nuna yanayin tsutsotsi. Saboda haka, lokacin da kuka ɗauki tsutsa kuma ku canza shi zuwa wani wuri, kuna iya musayar shi tare da dangi ko abokai.