Babban adadin ruwan tsarkakakken shine an mayar da hankali ne a murfin dusar ƙanƙara da kuma dusar ƙanƙara, kuma ƙaramin ɓangaren sa ana rarraba shi a jikin jikunan ruwa. Kuma ko da wannan adadin zai isa ga bukatun ɗan adam, idan ba don gurɓatar bala'in teku ba.

Ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha na karni na ashirin ya haifar da gurbata tasoshin ruwa, adadin sa yana karuwa kowace shekara.

Dukkanin gurɓatattun abubuwa ana rarrabasu ta al'ada zuwa kashi uku:

Mafi yadu sunadarai masu guba kamar magungunan kashe qwari, karafa masu nauyi, kayan mai da na mai, kayan hade daban-daban. Tsarin kemikal shine mafi yawan gama gari kuma mai jurewa, yana da tasirin gaske akan aikin ruwa. A mafi yawancin halayen, cikakken tsabtace ruwa na ruwa tare da irin wannan gurbataccen abu bashi yiwuwa.

Hoto 1. Gurbataccen ruwa ta samfuran mai

Zuwa abubuwan gurbata yanayi cututtuka daban-daban. Kwayar cuta ta rage zuwa yaduwar fungi, protozoa, kwayoyin cuta, kuma na ɗan lokaci ne.

Baya ga manyan nau'ikan gurɓataccen iska, hydrospheres kuma yana fitar da isar da ruwa tare da ragowar ayyukan katako, sharar gida da masana'antu, wanda hakan ke kara dagula yanayin ruwan kuma yana lalata yanayin lalacewar yanayin.

Hoto 2. Sharar gida a cikin ruwa

Sakamakon gurɓataccen iska

Albarkatun ruwa ruwa ne na halitta waɗanda ke haifar da duk yanayin rayuwa mai kyau a duniya. Amma har ma da wadatar su, ɗan adam ya sami damar kawo ƙarshen mawuyacin hali. Zai yi wuya mutum yayi tunanin yadda rayuwa zata kara tsananta a duniya idan har gurbataccen iska ya faru a duniya.

Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa gurbata ruwan tekuna na haifar da canje-canje mai mahimmanci a cikin dala abinci, cikakkiyar asarar haɓaka sigina a cikin biocenosis, lalacewar ingancin rayuwa da mutuwar manyan wakilai na shuka da duniyar dabbobi.

Wata barazana ta musamman ga dukkan halittu masu rai a doron kasa shine gurbataccen iska na iska. Sharar rashi azaman bam ne na hakika, wanda zai iya farawa a kowane lokaci, yana shafe dukkan abubuwa masu rai a fuskar duniya.

Don hana gurbacewar ƙarshen albarkatun ruwa, duk nau'ikan samarwa suna buƙatar gabatar da sabbin fasahohi, musamman, hanyoyin rufe ruwa. Godiya garesu, ba a zubar da shara a cikin tafkuna na asali ba, amma ana kulawa dashi kuma ana amfani dashi fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin ayyukan samarwa.

Hoto 3. Tsarin kula da ruwa

Gurɓatar Hydrosphere

Kawa ya haɗu da duk ruwa kyauta wanda zai iya motsawa ƙarƙashin rinjayar ƙarfin rana da nauyi. Waɗannan su ne ruwayen tekuna, tekuna, tafkuna, dusar ƙanƙara, daskararru, ƙasa, ƙasa, kogi, yanayi (a cikin tururi, hazo).

Kamar yadda aka fada a sashe na 2.2.3, akwai kimanin mil biliyan 1.4 na ruwan gishiri a duniya (97%). Yankin farfajiyar ya kai mil miliyan 361 2. A kan ƙasa kusan miliyan 40 (3%) na ruwa mai kyau kyauta. A cikin hanyar sabuntawar kogunan duniya na shekara-shekara, girman ruwan da ake buƙata don rayayyun halittu kusan miliyan 0.04 kilomita 3, ko kusan 0.1% na yawan ƙarfinsa.

Iri abubuwa masu gurbata iska

Rarrabe abubuwa masu gurɓataccen iska ta yanayi: ma'adinai (kusan 42%), kwayoyin (kimanin 58%), nazarin halittu (ƙwayoyin cuta), da abu: masana'antu, gida, fecal, by solubility: insoluble, mai narkewa, da sauransu.

Abubuwan da ke lalata ma'adinai sun haɗa da yashi, yumbu, slag, salts, acid, alkalis, mai ma'adinai, da dai sauransu, waɗanda ke cikin ruwan sha na masana'antar ƙarfe da injiniyoyi, sharar gida daga masana'antar sarrafawa.

Tsarin gurbatattun kwayoyin halitta ta asali ya kasu kashi biyu kayan lambu: ciyawa, shuka da kayan aikin abinci, takarda, kayayyakin mai, dabbobi: gurbata gonakin dabbobi, da rarraba dabbobi, da hada-hadar yanka dabbobin da ake sarrafawa, tanneries, biofactories.

Maɓallin gurɓataccen iska - abu ne ko batun da yake gabatar da gurbataccen iska, microorganisms ko zafi a cikin ruwa. Su ne yanayin ruwa da narkewa a cikin birane, ruwan sharar gida da masana'antu, kwararar dabbobi da ruwan karkashin kasa da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari. Kimanin biliyan 30 na 3 na ruwa marasa magani ana zubar da su cikin jikin ruwa a shekara. Babban abin da ke haifar da gurbata ruwan teku shine zubar da mai. Tsabtace hanyoyin ruwa yafi hatsari fiye da gurbatar yanayi, saboda hanyoyin tsabtace ruwa sunada hankali sosai.

Bullar koguna da jikin ruwa. Ana gurbata su da ruwan sha daga masana'antar da masana'antu na birni, ruwan ma'adanan, ma'adanai, filayen mai, daskararren yanayi, zubar da sufuri, kayan aikin gona da sarrafa albarkatun masana'antu, varnar masana'antu, ɓarnar katako lokacin girbi da katako na katako. Abubuwan haɗaɗɗun ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da: surfactants, robobin roba, magungunan kashe qwari da sauran ƙwayoyin sunadarai, ramin fecal, da sauransu.

A cikin yankuna da yawa na birjik, sosai koguna sun ƙazantu. Ruwan waɗannan kogunan ba kawai ba ne, amma ba za ku iya iyo ba. Kogin Nilu tsohuwar kogin ɗan adam ce, tsawon shekara guda tana karɓar kusan miliyan miliyan 100 na sharar mai guba da najasa. A Indiya, daga 1940 zuwa 1950, cutar amai da gudawa daga ruwa gurbatacciyar iska ya haifar da mutuwar kusan mutane miliyan 27. An juya Rhine zuwa gutter na Turai. Giaya daga cikin manyan masana'antu, Bayor, yana fitar da tan 3000 na abubuwa masu guba a ciki a shekara. A cikin Main, filayen guba masu yawa a cikin tan fiye da tan 800 800 ana kawo su ta Farbercht Hoechst. Kimanin 25 km 3 / shekara na ruwan sha yana shiga kogi mafi girma a Turai Russia, Volga, tare da ambaliyar ruwa kusa da Volgograd a 240 km 3 / shekara. Rashin gurbataccen ruwa ba shi da 1/10, yayin da ma'aunin yakamata ya kasance daga 1/20 zuwa 1/30.

Tabkuna suna mutuwa. Misalin wannan shine Tekun Bahar Maliya, wanda ke mutuwa sakamakon raguwar wadatar ruwa dangane da aikin hawan Karakum da kuma hauhawar yalwar ruwan Kogin Amu Darya da Syr Darya. Ofaya daga cikin Manyan Tabkuna na Amurka, Lake Erie, yana juyawa zuwa tafki na shara, wanda 6,000 m 3 na keɓaɓɓiyar ruwa kuma har zuwa miliyan 40 na fitarwa na masana'antu a shekara. Ana gurɓatar da mafi yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, Lake Ladoga da kuma tafkin mafi tsabta a duniya - Baikal.

Ruwan karkashin kasa ke gurbata kuma ya ƙazantu. Hatta kankara ta zama gurbacewar yanayi. A cikin kankara na Greenland, jagorar abun ciki a cikin 1969 idan aka kwatanta da 1953 ya karu sau 20 kuma ya wuce matakin halitta na dusar kankara ta hanyar sau 500.

Kwayar cuta ta tekuna. Yana faruwa: saboda masana'antu, aikin gona da ayyukan mutane, wanda ke haifar da gurɓatar da kogunan da ke kwarara cikin tekuna, sakamakon zubar da sharar gida kai tsaye da datti a cikin tekuna, saboda zubar da mai daga manyan tanki a lokacin rushewar su. Wasu daga cikin kwararar suna ba da sassan gaɓar tekuna da tekun, tare da samar da abubuwa da yawa na phytoplankton, haɓakar launin shuɗi-kore kuma, a sakamakon haka, cike su da manyan wuraren ruwa da kuma mutuwar wasu halittu masu rai na teku. Yanzu ya kai matsayin teku wanda duk da mahimmancin ayyukan kiyaye kai, ba zai iya sake dawo da halayensa na halitta ba idan ba a taimaka masa ba. Da farko dai, wannan ya shafi ruwayen da ke cikin teku: Caspian, Rum, Baltic, Red, Aral da sauran tekuna. Dangane da maganar J.-I. Cousteau, ba tare da matakan gaggawa ba don mayar da ruwan Tekun Bahar Rum, zai zama matacce cikin shekaru 40 kawai.

A farkon fari a cikin gurɓatattun abubuwa na teku shine mai. Don haka, hatsarin a wata rijiya da ke kusa da Santa Barbara a California a cikin 1969 yana tare da zubar da mai na yau da kullun a cikin teku wanda ya kai lita dubu 100 na mai. Hadarin wani babban jirgin ruwa mai suna Torri Carion a bakin iyakar kudancin Ingila ya kai tan 17,000 na gurbataccen mai a tekun. Kuma waɗannan misalai za a iya kawo sunayensu na dogon lokaci. Sakamakon zubar da mai, ainihin abin da ya samar da teku a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata ya ragu da 15-25%. Sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa na ruwan teku sune magungunan kashe qwari, da sharar gida daga masana'antu da masana'antu, musamman waɗanda ke da ƙarfe uku masu nauyi: Mercury, jan ƙarfe da gubar. Don haka, ana fitar da kimanin tan 5,000 na Mercury a cikin yanayin marine a shekara.

Tasirin gurɓataccen iska a farfajiyar flora, fauna da mutane

Ruwan Acid wanda samfurorin konewa na dabi'un ƙasa da samfuran mai ke haifar da su, lalata ciyayi, kuma yana ƙara ingancin ruwan ƙasa. An yi rikodin karuwa a cikin ruwan acid zuwa pH 2.4 a cikin garin Pitlochry na Scotland. A arewacin Scandinavia, aka kirkiro tafkunan acid. A Ostiryia a 1983, kadada dubu 200 na gandun daji da abin ya shafa. Mutuwar dajin ke haifar da rushewar tsaunuka, da kara hadarin ambaliyar ruwa da kwararawar kasa. Itatuwan daji sun zama ƙasa mai dausayi.

Daga zubar ruwan da ba a sanya shi cikin jikin ruwa, kifi da ciyayi masu ruwa suna mutuwa. Amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun ta hanyar mutum ya ƙunshi yawancin abubuwan cutarwa sau da yawa sama da MPC yana haifar da cututtukan fata na fata, ciki, da hanta. Tare da babban adadin MPC, guba da mutuwa suna yiwuwa. Bayyanar cututtukan cuta a cikin ruwa na iya haifar da annoba, kamar kwalara.

Musamman haɗari ga rayayyun halittu shine gurɓatawar tekuna da yankin bakin teku yayin fashewar mai daga bututun jirgin ruwa (kimanin tan miliyan 10 / shekara), yayin hatsarori a kan bututun ruwa a gefen teku, da kuma lokacin tankuna masu wanka (kimanin tan miliyan 2 / shekara). Yawancin lokaci, irin wannan haɗari suna haifar da masifa a cikin muhalli a cikin wuraren da mai ke zubar cikin ruwa, tunda samfuran mai da samfuran mai suna da lahani ga yawancin rayayyun halittu, da farko plankton, shine ainihin abincin abinci mafi yawancin kwayoyin halittun ruwa.

Maɓallin gurɓataccen iska

Babban matsalar ita ce gurbataccen iskar gas. Masana sun ambaci wadannan hanyoyin gurbata ruwa:

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• masana'antar masana'antu
• gidaje da sabis na jama'a,
• safarar kayayyakin mai,
• aikin gona na aikin gona,
• tsarin sufuri
• yawon shakatawa.

Teku na gurɓataccen iska

Yanzu bari muyi magana game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Dangane da masana'antar mai, ƙananan lenon mai suna faruwa yayin hakar albarkatun ƙasa daga rafukan tekuna. Wannan ba masifa bane kamar yadda malalar mai ke gudana yayin hatsarin jirgin ruwa. A wannan yanayin, tabon mai yana rufe babban yanki. Mazauna gawarwakin ruwa suna yin amai saboda mai ba ya barin iskar oxygen shiga. Kifi, tsuntsaye, mollusks, dabbobin ruwa, kifayen whales, da sauran halittu masu rai suna halaka, algae sun mutu. A wurin zubar da mai, matatun da ke matattara, a Bugu da kari, kayan sunadarai na ruwa ya canza, kuma ya zama bai dace da kowane bukatun mutum ba.

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Bullar koguna da tafkuna

Tabkuna da koguna da ke gudana a cikin nahiyar suna fama da ayyukan anthropogenic. A zahiri kowace rana, ana zubar da mahaukatan gida da na masana'antu a cikinsu. Tsarin ma'adinai da magungunan kashe qwari shima ya fada cikin ruwa. Duk wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa yankin ruwan yana cike da abubuwa masu ma'adinai, waɗanda ke taimakawa ga ci gaban algae. Su, a biyun, suna cin dumbin oxygen, suna mamaye mazaunin kifi da dabbobin kogi. Wannan na iya haifar da mutuwar tafkunan koguna. Abin takaici, ruwan saman ƙasa kuma yana ƙarƙashin sunadarai, na rediyoakti, gurɓataccen nazarin halittun koguna, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon lamuran ɗan adam.

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Albarkatun ruwa sune wadatar duniyarmu, watakila mafi yawa. Kuma har ila yau wannan babbar wadatar mutane ta sami damar kawowa cikin mawuyacin halin. Abubuwan sunadarai, yanayin yanayi na ruwa, da mazaunan koguna, tekuna, tekuna, da kuma iyakokin jikin ruwan an shafe su. Mutane ne kawai zasu iya taimakawa tsaftace hanyoyin ruwa don ajiye wuraren ruwa da yawa daga lalacewa. Misali, Tekun Aral yana gab da hallakarwa, sauran jikin ruwa suna tsammanin ƙaddararsa. Ta hanyar kiyaye hydrosphere, za mu ceci rayuwar yawancin nau'in flora da fauna, kuma za a bar magiyan mu.

Matsayin ruwa

Ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa duka a cikin hanyoyin halitta da kuma waɗanda suke canjin yanayi. Ruwa ruwa ne da zai zama ruwan dare gama duniya. Muhimmiyar rawa ruwa a doron kasa ya faru ne saboda kayan jikinta.

Ruwa yana da babban ƙarfin zafi na 4.18 J / g · K (ƙarfin zafi shine iska 1.009 J / g · K). A karkashin yanayin halitta, ruwa a hankali yana sanyaya a hankali kuma yana zama mai zafi, kasancewa mai tsara zafin jiki a Duniya.

Yawancin ruwa shine matsakaicin 3.98 ° C kuma shine 1.0 g / cm 3. Yawancin ruwa yana raguwa biyu tare da haɓakawa da rage zafin jiki. Wannan yanayin yana sa ya yiwu a rayu cikin ruwan daskarewa a cikin hunturu. Tun da kankara ya fi ruwa ƙarfi (yawanta yayi ƙasa), yana kan farfajiya yana kare tushen ruwa daga daskarewa. Tare da kara yawan zafin jiki, kauri daga dusar kankara yana ƙaruwa, amma yawan zafin ruwa a ƙarƙashin kankara ya kasance a matakin

4 ° C, wanda ke ba da damar rayuwa mai ruwa.

Babban hanyoyin samar da gurbataccen iska

Gurbataccen ruwa ya bayyana kanta a cikin canji a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi jiki da kwayoyin, ƙaruwa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, baƙin ƙarfe mai guba, raguwa a cikin iskar oxygen da ke narkar da ruwa, bayyanar abubuwa masu aiki na rediyo, kwayoyin cuta da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa. An kiyasta cewa sama da kilomita 420 3 na gurbataccen ruwan sha ana zubar da su a shekara a duniya.

Babban hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska shine:

• masana'antar sharar gida
• Sharar gida,
• magudana ruwa daga bankunan,
• filayen noma da manyan dabbobi,
• kai ruwa.

Duk gurɓataccen gurbataccen ruwa ya kasu kashi uku:

1. ƙwayoyin cuta: ƙwayoyin cuta - ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, tsire-tsire - algae, yisti, mold,
2. gurbatawar sunadarai: abubuwanda ake yawan gurbatawa sune kayan mai da mai, abubuwan kwalliya, magungunan kashe qwari, karafa mai nauyi, dioxins, phenol, ammonia da nitrite nitrogen, da sauransu,
3. gurɓataccen abu na jiki: abubuwa masu aiki na rediyo, daskararru, dakatarwar, yashi, ƙyallen, zafi, da sauransu.

Nau'in Tsarin Ruwa

Gurbatawar sinadarai na iya zama ƙwayoyin cuta (ƙwayoyin cuta, magungunan kashe ƙwari), inorganic (salts, acid, alkalis), mai guba (ƙwayoyin cuta, arsenic, cadmium, gubar), mara guba. Eutrophication wani sabon abu ne wanda ke da alaƙa da shigar cikin jikin ruwa mai yawan abinci mai gina jiki (ƙwayoyin nitrogen da phosphorus) a cikin takin mai magani, sabulu, sharar dabbobi.

A cikin Rasha, yawan gurɓataccen gurbi ya wuce MPC a cikin jikkunan ruwa da yawa (Table 6). Lokacin da aka gabatar da zuwa ƙarshen jikin ruwa, abubuwa masu cutarwa suna lalata da barbashi na dutse, oxidized - rage, precipitated. Koyaya, a matsayin mai mulkin, cikakken tsabtace kai ba ya faruwa.

Kwayar cuta ta bayyana a bayyanuwar kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa, fungi, da sauransu a cikin ruwa.

Rashin iska na jiki na iya zama na rediyoaktif, inji, zazzabi.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwa na rediyoakti a cikin ruwa, har ma da ƙananan taro, yana da haɗari sosai. Abubuwan rediyo masu rai suna fada cikin jikin ruwa a lokacin da aka zubar da shara a cikin su, an binne sharar gida, da sauransu.Abubuwan rediyo masu aiki a ciki suna shiga cikin ruwan karkashin kasa sakamakon tasirinsu a doron kasa da kuma rabewar da ke biyowa cikin duniya, ko kuma sakamakon ma'amala da ruwan karkashin kasa tare da daskararre kankara.

Ana lalata yanayin injina ta hanyar ci gaban abubuwa daban-daban na injina zuwa cikin ruwa (ƙwanƙwasa, yashi, ƙwanƙwasa, da sauransu), wanda zai iya lalata mahimmancin halayen kwayoyin.

Rashin lafiyan yana da alaƙa da haɓaka zafin jiki na ruwa na halitta sakamakon haɗuwa da ruwan da yake gudana. Yawan zafin jiki na sharar ruwa daga tsirrai masu amfani da wutar lantarki da tsire-tsire na wutar lantarki ya wuce 10ºC sama da zafin jiki na jikin ruwan dake kewaye da shi. Tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki, ana canza canjin gas da sinadarai a cikin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ninka ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin anaerobic, sakin gas mai guba - N₂S, CH₄. Ruwa na ruwa, haɓakar haɓakar microflora da microfauna.

Ayyukan muhalli

Don kare saman ruwa daga gurbatawa, ana samar da matakan kariya na muhalli masu zuwa.

• Haɓaka fasahar marasa ruwa da mara ruwa, ƙaddamar da tsarin samar da ruwa wanda aka sake jujjuyawa - ƙirƙirar yanayin rufewa don amfani da masana'antu da ruwan sha na gida, lokacin da ruwan sharar gida ke gudana koyaushe, kuma ba a cire haɓakar su zuwa ga ruwa na ruwa ba.
• Kula da ruwan sha.
• Tsarkakewa da kuma lalata ruwan da akayi amfani dashi don samar da ruwa da sauran dalilai.

Babban gurbata iska na ruwa - Sharar ruwa, sabili da haka, haɓakawa da aiwatar da ingantattun hanyoyin kula da gurbataccen ruwa aiki ne na gaggawa da mahalli mahimmanci aiki.

Tsabtatawa na inji

Ana amfani dashi don cire abubuwa masu dakatarwa daga ruwan sharar gida (yashi, barbashin yumbu, fiber, da sauransu). Tsarin tsabtace injina yana dogara ne akan matakai huɗu:

• straining,
• goyon baya
• aiki a fagen aikin sojojin centrifugal,
• tacewa.

Ana tantance tacewa a cikin matsanancin kyauta da masu kama da fiber. Ana amfani dashi don cire manyan abubuwan ƙonewa daga ruwan sharar gida (ruwan sharar gida daga ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda da masana'antar masana'anta). Faɗin gibin shine 10-20 mm.

Tashin hankali ya danganta ne da rashin dattin na nakuda tare da yawa ρ> ρ ruwa ko hauhawar ƙazanta tare da ρ Pestov Sergey 2013 (c)

Kwalarar Man Fetur ta Duniya

Samun mai zai iya faruwa ko dai a ƙasa ko a bakin teku. A cikin halayen guda biyu, samfurori masu ladabi an sake su a cikin yanayin. Girman waɗannan leaks abu ne da za a iya sakaci, amma yana da amfani. A sakamakon haka, cutar ta kamu - tabkuna, tafkunan ruwa, ruwan karkashin kasa, tekuna da teku.

Shawo kan mai na iya faruwa yayin:

• haɗarin tankuna masu isar da albarkatun ƙasa ko samfurori,
• yanayin da ba a zata ba a dandamalin mai,
• yanayin gaggawa akan bututun da aka shimfida a saman tekuna da tekun.

Babban bala'in masana'antu a cikin shekaru 30 sune:

• wani hatsari a Guanaraba Bay wanda ke haifar da bala'in muhalli a Rio de Janeiro,
• Jirgin ruwan mai fastoci a gabar tekun Spain,
• zubewar mai da bututun mai daga tankin mai a Philippines,
• lalacewar tankoki biyu a cikin Kerch Strait ya haifar da zubar da mai da mutuwar dabbobi da kifayen teku,
• Babban bala'in dandamalin mai a yankin Gulf na Mexico.

Magungunan Kazanta

Abubuwa masu guba sune tushen gurɓataccen iska. Wadannan abubuwa ne wadanda ake hada su da abubuwan wankewa. Suna rage yawan tashin hankali na ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da ƙara kumfa da kuma tsabtace saman abubuwa daga gurɓata.

Abubuwa sun hada da:

• shawa
• tsarkakakku
• masu launin launuka da aladu,
• filastik da polyvinyl chloride abubuwa,
• shamfu
• sabulun don wanka da abinci,
• powdered da gel sabul.

Hakanan ana kiranta daskararru. Ana amfani da Surfactants a cikin aikin gona don emulsify magungunan kashe qwari da sauran takin mai magani, da kuma wakilai na parasitic.

Na kwaskwarima da sabulu suna shiga ƙasa tare da ruwan sharar gida, ana fitar da su cikin tekuna da tekuna.

Yin amfani da samfuran kemikal a cikin ayyukan gona yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa sun bayyana akan tsire-tsire kuma sun narke cikin ruwa, sun fada cikin ruwa tare da hazo, harba wani yanki mai ruwa na ruwa. Ruwayoyi masu gudana cikin tekuna suna ci gaba da ɗaukar abubuwa masu guba.

Manralization na ruwa

Tsarin ma'adinai na ruwa shine ci gaban waɗannan abubuwa zuwa cikin hanyar ruwa:

• salts ma'adinai
• acid da mafita,
• alkalis
• nauyi karafa
• slag daga sharar gida,
• m barbashi daga Forge sarrafa tsire-tsire,
• yumbu.

Tsabtace ruwan sha abu ne mai haifar da gurɓataccen tsari da nau'in ma'adinai na lalata. Matsakaicin maye shine adadin abinda ya rage bayan fitowar ruwa kuma ya fadi ta hanyar ingantaccen hazo.

Zafin karfe mai nauyi

Karafa mai ƙarfi nau'in mai guba ne mai guba. Suna daidaituwa da halayen su tare da gungun abubuwan gano abubuwa, amma suna da lahani ga mutane da dabbobi. Cire su ke da wuya. Alsarfin karafa da sallolinsu suna a jikinsu har abada, suna cutar da gabbai da tsarin rayuwa, yana haifar da maye gurbi da guba.

Tushen nauyi karafa:

• dalilai na halitta - yanayin yanayi na kankara da kasa, lalacewa, aikin volcanoes,
• abubuwanda suka haifar da mutum-mutumin da ya shafi aiki da hakar ma'adanai, kone mai, ayyukan noma da motoci.

Ingantaccen iska

Addamar da abubuwa masu ɗumi masu zafi suna haifar da shirye-shiryen dumama ruwan tushen ƙasa. Sakamakon haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin ruwa da tsabtacewar yanayin zafi na faruwa. Wannan ya cutar da rayuwar halittu masu rai, wanda gidansu ruwa ne da reshen gishiri.

Mafi kyawun abin da ya haifar da tasirin shakar ruwa a jikin rayayyun halittu shine halin da ake ciki tare da babban shinge na shinge. Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa ruwan tekun ya zama mai zafi a kusan 1 ° C, murjani a cikin reef ya fara mutuwa. Kuma wannan tsari ya fara ɗaukar halayen da ba a jujjuya ba, wanda ke buƙatar magance matsalar cikin gaggawa.

Polli gurbatawa

Yanayi da fuskantar matsalar rayuwar dan Adam. Babban hanyoyin gurbata yanayi sune:

• polyvinyl chloride
• polyamide
• polystyrene
• polyester
• polyethylene
• lavsan
• rubbers
• roba.

Rashin filastik maras ƙazanta ya cika tsibirin, yana lalata rayayyun halittu.

Hanyoyi don samun gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ruwa

Kamuwa da cuta daga cikin ƙasa mai aiki da ruwa na faruwa a cikin hanyoyi masu zuwa:

• gurbatawar kai tsaye - tare da wannan hanyar, abubuwa masu cutarwa suna shiga kai tsaye jikin jikin ruwa daga waje,
• gurɓataccen yanayi - a wannan yanayin, abubuwa masu guba sun fara shiga ƙasa ko iska, kuma kawai sai su shiga cikin ruwa.

Fuskantar iska

Dangane da darajar kwanciyar hankali na sunadarai masu shiga cikin yanayin ruwa, za a iya raba gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa:

• m - sinadarai shiga cikin sake zagayowar abubuwa a cikin hydrosphere, saboda abin da suke ɓace cikin sauri a ƙarƙashin tasirin nazarin halittu,
• m - bangarorin da ke gurbata yanayi ba su shiga cikin tsarin keɓaɓɓiyar sunadarai a cikin hanyar ruwa, ta haka ne tara da ci gaba da ƙazantar da ruwa.

Don tantance girman kamuwa da cuta, yi amfani da hydroa'idodin hydrochemical na gurbata ruwa.

Matsakaicin yaduwar gurbataccen iska

Dangane da sikelin rarraba, akwai:

• duniya, cikakken gurbataccen iska wanda zai iya faruwa a ko ina cikin duniya,
• gwargwadon matakin guban ruwa na faruwa a cikin gida, a wani yanki na duniya,
• Gurbacewar gida tana faruwa a wasu jikin ruwa inda kamfanonin ke gurbata muhalli suke

Menene gurbacewar iska mai tsabta ga rayayyun halittu?

Akwai sakamako iri iri da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Amma duk suna mummunar tasiri:

• aikin jiki
• cikakken girma ci gaba,
• aiki mai kyau
• Tsarin haihuwa da haihuwa.

Sabili da haka, kare ruwa daga gurbatawa yana buƙatar kulawa ta kusa da kuma amfani da cikakkiyar hanyar magance matsalar guba ta hydrosphere.

Neurotoxic illa

Metarancin ƙarfe, faɗuwa a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, suna haifar da lalata kyallen jijiya. Tsarin ya daina aiki cikakke, yana haifar da rikice rikicewar jijiyoyin jiki:

• rikicewar juyayi
• danniya
• Damuwa
• autism
• kadan karancin kwakwalwa,
• Autism bakan cuta
• jinkirta tunani
• tashin hankali na bacci
• migraines
• take hakkin aiki na jijiyoyin jiki,
• illa gazawar jini a cikin kyallen kwakwalwa,
• haifar da keta ayyukan tunani.

Rashin haihuwa

Idan taro na gurɓataccen abu yana da mahimmanci, to jiki zai iya mutuwa da sauri. Idan maida hankali yana da ƙasa, to abubuwan guba a hankali suna tarawa a cikin jiki, yana rage yawan aiki.

Abubuwan haɗari masu haɗari da gurɓataccen abu na rediyo suna cikin ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da asarar ikon haifuwa.

Rashin Tsarin Musanya

Musayar kuzari muhimmin bangare ne na aiki a jiki. Wannan tsari yana faruwa a matakin intercellular. Amma idan kwayar salula ta fallasa abubuwa masu cutarwa, to kuwa za a tarwatsa tsarin musayar kuzari a cikinsu. Sakamakon haka, tsarin rayuwa a cikin jiki ya fara yin kasa a hankali, sannan ya daina kuma jikin ya daina wanzuwa.

Hanyoyin da za a bi don inganta lafiyar muhalli

Haɓaka masana'antu na buƙatar kariya daga tushen ruwa. Tun da ƙarin ci gaba zai haifar da sakin sarrafawa daga lalatattun abubuwa masu guba da abubuwa, waɗanda zasu sami sakamako masu illa ga yanayin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Kariyar Hydrosphere yakamata hada da gurɓataccen shara.

Hakanan tasirin motoci ya kamata ya ragu. Countriesasashe da yawa sun ɗauki matakan da suka fi dacewa a cikin wannan shugabanci, muna maye gurbin injin din man fetur din daga bututun lantarki.

Matsalar gurbataccen ruwa matsala ce ta duniya, wanda ke buƙatar haɗaɗɗiyar hanya, game da haifar da yaduwar yaduwar da kuma haɗarin gurɓataccen iska. Kiyaye matattarar ruwa daga gurbataccen sinadarai na daga cikin manyan matsalolinda ke bukatar dabaru da kayan aiki iri daban daban.