Hasken rana - haɗuwa da masu canza hoto (photocells) - na'urori na semiconductor waɗanda ke canza kuzarin hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa na wutar lantarki kai tsaye, sabanin masu tattara hasken rana waɗanda ke samar da kayan dumama.

Na'urori da yawa waɗanda ke ba da damar jujjuyawar hasken rana zuwa cikin zafin rana da na lantarki shine abubuwan nazarin ƙarfin hasken rana (daga Helios Greek. Ήλιος, Helios - Sun). Samun ƙwayoyin selvoltaic da masu tattara hasken rana suna haɓaka ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Bangarorin hasken rana suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam: daga ginannun microcalculators zuwa motocin da aka saka da rufin gini.

Labari

A shekara ta 1842, Alexander Edmond Becquerel ya gano tasirin sauya haske zuwa wutar lantarki. Charles Fritts ya fara amfani da selenium don juya haske zuwa wutar lantarki. Misalin farko na hasken rana ne ya samar da masaniyar daukar hoto ta Italiyanci Giacomo Luigi Chamican.

Maris 25, 1948, masana a Bell Laboratories sun ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar fasahar hasken rana ta farko da ta fara amfani da hasken rana. Wannan binciken ya samo asali ne daga ma'aikatan uku na kamfanin - Calvin Souther Fuller (Calvin Souther Fuller), Daryl Chapin (Daryl Chapin) da Gerald Pearson (Gerald Pearson). Tuni bayan shekaru 10, a ranar 17 Maris, 1958, an harba tauraron dan adam tare da amfani da baturan hasken rana, Avangard-1, a Amurka. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1958, tauraron dan adam din tare da amfani da batirin hasken rana, Sputnik-3, shi ma an bullo da shi a cikin USSR.

Abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da bangarorin hasken rana

“Batirin hasken rana” magana ce da ke nuni ga tsarin kwayoyin halitta da dama, wadanda sune abubuwanda suke samarwa wadanda suke canza hasken rana kai tsaye. Wannan hanya ana kiranta tasirin hoto. Bayan sarrafa wannan sabon abu mai kwakwalwa wanda aka kware a matakin dakin gwaje-gwaje, masana'antu ma sun sami nasarar samar da kayan aikin hasken rana. Ingancin bangarorin hasken rana - 18-22%. Haɗin hotunan hotunan a cikinsu bashine da layi ɗaya.

Firan da akansa yake dasu ya na kayan ɗanɗano ne.

Tsarin hada gidan hasken rana na gidan na bazara da na gida mai zaman kansa. Cikakken aiki na tsarin yana rinjayi madaidaicin zaɓi na dukkanin abubuwan haɗin lantarki na kewaye. Ingancin kayayyaki wadanda suke yin batirin hasken rana ya dogara ne kan yadda aka kammala nasarar tafiya hanyar photons daga Rana zuwa Duniya.

Tunda sun fada cikin wannan tarko domin hasken fitila, sai suka zama wani bangare na kewaye da wutar lantarki wanda yake kai tsaye. Furtherarin cigaba, gwargwadon aikin, yawan tara kuzarin da aka tara a cikin batura ko kuma an canza su zuwa madadin wutan lantarki na yanzu 220 V

Iri hasken rana bangarori

Dangane da nau'in da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar silicon semiconductor, kayayyaki masu amfani da hasken rana sun kasu kashi biyu: polycrystalline , guda crystal .

Tsoffin sun kasance a cikin nau'i mai fa'ida tare da bambancin ƙasa, saboda kasancewar lu'ulu'u na dissimilar. Ana amfani da narkewar silicon don kerawarsu. Da farko, ana zubar da albarkatun mai a cikin nau'i na musamman, to, an toshe tokar da ta narke cikin faranti biyu. Yayin aikin masana'anta, ƙaramin silicon ɗin da aka yiwa ƙarfe an sanya shi cikin sanyin hankali.

Bangarorin Monocrystalline sun fi inganci kuma suna samar da karin kuzari a girmansu iri daya, amma bangarorin polycrystalline suna da rahusa Matakan sun hada da faranti polycrystalline 36 ko 72. Kwamitin ya ƙunshi saitin irin waɗannan nodes. Fasaha mai sauki ce, ba ta da amfani da kayan aiki masu tsada kuma baya buƙatar saka hannun jari mai yawa. Usarin waɗannan kayayyaki ɗaya ne - ingantaccen aiki bai wuce 18% ba.

Abubuwan da suka fi rinjaye a kansu an yi bayanin su ta hanyar cewa sun fi arha. Ba kamar waɗanda suka gabata ba, rukunin bangarorin gilashi guda ɗaya ne. Waɗannan faranti ne na bakin ciki ana gane su azaman yanki yan katako a sasanninta. Don samun su, wani silicon kristal an gina shi da wucin gadi. Kwayoyin hasken rana da aka yi amfani da su a wannan yanayin sun ƙunshi sililin sillinon.

Ta hanyar daidaita dukkan abubuwan silicon ta dukkan bangarorin, ana inganta aikin. Wannan tsari yana da tsada amma mai amfani. Ingancin abubuwan daya-kristal na iya kaiwa zuwa kashi 22%. Farashin su ya fi na polycrystalline a cikin yanki na 10%.

Menene batirin rana?

Batirin hasken rana (SB) fewan modu ne na hotovoltaic da aka haɗasu cikin na'ura guda ɗaya ta amfani da masu amfani da lantarki.

Kuma idan batirin ya ƙunshi kayayyaki (waɗanda kuma ana kiran su bangarori), to kowane tsari ana yinsa daga wasu ƙwayoyin hasken rana (waɗanda ake kira sel). Cellwayar hasken rana muhimmin abu ne wanda ke zuciyar batir da sauran shigarwa na rana.

Hoton yana nuna sel na rana daban-daban na tsari.

Amma taron kwamitin photovoltaic.

A aikace, ana amfani da ƙwayoyin hotovoltaic a haɗaka tare da ƙarin kayan aiki, wanda ke aiki don sauya halin yanzu, don tarawa da rarrabawa mai zuwa tsakanin masu siye. Wadannan na'urori an haɗa su a cikin kayan aikin hasken rana na gida:

1. Bangarorin Photovoltaic sune kashin bayan tsarin da ke samar da wutan lantarki idan hasken rana ya same shi.
2. Baturi mai caji shine na'urar adana makamashi wanda ke ba da damar samar da masu amfani da wutar lantarki a madadin ko a cikin waɗancan waɗancan lokacin da SB ba ya samar da shi (alal misali, da dare).
3. Mai Gudanarwa - na'urar da ke da alhakin cajin batir na kan lokaci, yayin kare batura daga caji da zubar da zurfi.
4. Mai inverter shine mai canza wutar lantarki wanda zai baka damar karɓar alternating current a fitarwa tare da yawan da ake buƙata da ƙarfin lantarki.

Lokaci-lokaci, tsarin samarda wutan lantarki kamar haka.

Tsarin yana da sauki, amma domin shi yayi aiki yadda yakamata, ya zama dole ayi lissafin sigogin aikin dukkan na'urorin da ke ciki.

Abubuwa da ka'idodin aiki na bangarorin hasken rana

Aikin batirin hasken rana shine canjin kuzarin hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki, wanda ke ciyar da kayan aikin gida da na masana'antu. Aiki na tashar samar da hasken rana, ana aiwatar da su ne bisa tsarin makamancin juna kamar na al'ada.

Kwamitin hasken rana ya ƙunshi abubuwa 5. Abubuwan farko na shigarwa na hasken rana sune bangarorin hoto.

Na'urar semiconductor wacce ake hada su ta kai tsaye ta canza kuzarin jikin wata halittar zuwa ga wutar lantarki. Dukansu iko da ƙarfin lantarki na bangarorin hasken rana na iya zama daban, amma koyaushe suna da yawa na 12 V. Batirin rana tarin raka'a ne. Gano wuri batura a wuraren da za a iya samun hasken rana kai tsaye.

Don tsarawa da sarrafa ayyukan bangarori na hasken rana, irin waɗannan na'urori kamar batir, inverter, da masu sarrafawa suna cikin bututun. Batirin ya cika aikinsa na al'ada a cikin tsarin - an adana shi a cikin lantarki. Wannan na faruwa ne yayin aikin kayan lantarki na gida daga cibiyar sadarwa, kuma lokacin da wutar lantarki mai yawa ya faru lokacin da yake kunna gidan gaba daya daga tsarin hasken rana.

Shagon makamashi yana ba da da'ira tare da irin wannan adadin wutar lantarki don ana iya kula da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi a ciki. A matsayinka na mai mulki, an haɗa batura biyu a cikin kewaye - na farko da wariyar ajiya. Na farko, da ya tara wutar lantarki, nan da nan ya tura shi wurin samar da wutar lantarki.

Na biyu ya daina samar da makamashi mai tarin yawa bayan saukar da wutar lantarki a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Mafi sau da yawa, buƙatun baturin ajiyar ya tashi a cikin yanayin zafin rana ko da dare lokacin da bangarorin hoto ba sa iya aiki.

Tsarin da ya dace don haɗa bangarorin hasken rana Wani matsakaici tsakanin allon rana da batir shine mai sarrafawa. Wannan na’urar lantarki tana da aikin da ke sarrafa caji da cajin batir, tare da sarrafa wannan aikin.

A lokuta daban-daban na rana, rana ba ta fitar da iska ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda haka, fitowar wutar lantarki ta hanyar kwamitin shima yana canzawa. Don cajin baturi a cikin iyakoki na yau da kullun, ana buƙatar ƙarfin lantarki, ƙimar abin da aka iyakance ta wata iyaka. Mai tattara hasken rana yana kawar da rashin daidaituwa wanda lalacewa ta hanyar insolation. Kasancewar irin wannan na'urar bata cire caji batir tare da lokacin da zai tafasa. Hakanan, mai sarrafawa ba zai ba da damar rage karfin kuzarin da ke ƙasa da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa ba, wanda ke ba da tabbacin ingantaccen aiki na tsarin makamashi baki ɗaya.

Lissafin bangarori na hotovoltaic

Abu na farko da ya kamata ku sani lokacin da ake shirin yin lissafin kirkirar masu canza hoto (bangarorin hasken rana) shine adadin wutar lantarki da za a lalata ta kayan aiki da ke hade da bangarorin hasken rana. Taimakawa mara iyaka na masu amfani da makamashin hasken rana, wanda aka auna a cikin watts (W ko kW), zamu iya samun matsakaicin matsakaicin yawan wutar lantarki na wata - W * h (kW * h). Kuma ƙarfin da ake buƙata na batirin hasken rana (W) za'a ƙaddara shi gwargwadon ƙimar da aka samu.

Misali, yi la’akari da jerin kayan aikin lantarki waɗanda za a iya samarwa tare da kuzari ta ƙaramin inji mai amfani da hasken rana tare da ƙarfin 250 watts.

Ana ɗaukar teburin daga wurin ɗaya daga cikin masu ƙera hasken rana.

Akwai rashin daidaituwa tsakanin yawan kuzarin yau da kullun na 950 W * h (0.95 kWh) da ƙarfin baturi na rana na 250 W, wanda yakamata ya haifar da 6 kWh kowace rana yayin ci gaba da aiki (wanda yafi ƙarfin buƙatun da aka nuna). Amma tunda muna magana ne musamman game da bangarorin hasken rana, yakamata a tuna cewa waɗannan na'urorin zasu iya haɓaka ƙarfin ikon suna kawai a cikin rana (daga misalin 9 zuwa 16 hours), har ma a ranar bayyananne. A cikin yanayi mai hadari, yawan samar da wutar lantarki ma ya ragu sosai. Kuma da safe da maraice, adadin wutar lantarki da batirin ya haifar bai wuce 20-30% na matsakaicin farashin yau da kullun. Bugu da kari, za a iya karɓar ƙarfin daga kowace sel kawai idan akwai ingantaccen yanayi game da wannan.

Me yasa nauyin batirin 60 watts, kuma yana bayar da 30? An ƙididdige nauyin 60 W ta masana'antun tantanin halitta yayin insolation a 1000 W / m² da zafin jiki na baturi na 25. Babu irin waɗannan yanayi a duniya, har ma fiye da haka a tsakiyar Rasha.

Duk wannan ana la'akari dashi yayin da aka shimfiɗa wani takaddun wuta a ƙirar bangarorin hasken rana.

Yanzu bari muyi magana game da inda manuniyar ta fito daga - 250 kW. Kayan aikin da aka ƙayyade yana yin la'akari da dukkan gyare-gyare don rashin daidaituwa da hasken rana kuma yana wakiltar madaidaiciyar bayanai dangane da gwaje-gwajen da ake amfani da su. Ma'ana: auna ƙarfin ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na batura da ƙididdige matsakaiciyar yau da kullun.

Lokacin da kuka san yawan amfani, zabi ƙwayoyin photovoltaic dangane da ƙarfin buƙatun na kayayyaki: kowane 100W na kayayyaki suna samar da 400-500 Wh * h kowace rana.

Muna ci gaba: sanin matsakaiciyar buƙatar yau da kullun don wutar lantarki, zamu iya lissafin ƙarfin hasken rana da ake buƙata da adadin ƙwayoyin aiki a cikin ɗayan kwamiti na hotovoltaic.

A yayin yin ƙarin ƙididdigar lissafi, zamu mayar da hankali ga bayanan teburin da muka riga muka saba da shi. Don haka, a ɗauka cewa yawan ƙarfin wutar lantarki shine kusan 1 kWh kowace rana (0.95 kWh). Kamar yadda muka rigaya mun sani, zamuyi buƙatar batirin hasken rana mai ƙarfin wutan lantarki akalla 250 watts.

Ya ce kun yi niyyar yin amfani da ƙwayoyin hotovoltaic tare da ikon mara karfi na 1.75 W don tattara kayayyaki masu aiki (ikon kowane sel an yanke shi ne ta hanyar ƙarfin yau da kuma ƙarfin lantarki wanda kwayar hasken rana ke samarwa). Powerarfin sel 144 da aka haɗo cikin daidaitattun kayayyaki huɗu (ƙwayoyin 36 kowannensu) zai zama daidai da watt 252. A matsakaici, tare da irin wannan batirin zamu sami 1 - 1.26 kWh na wutar lantarki a rana, ko 30 - 38 kWh kowace wata. Amma yana cikin kyakkyawan ranakun rani, a cikin hunturu har ma ba za a iya samun waɗannan ƙimar koyaushe ba. Haka kuma, a cikin latitude na arewa, sakamakon na iya zama dan kadan, kuma a kudu - mafi girma.

Akwai bangarorin hasken rana - 3.45 kW. Suna aiki a layi ɗaya tare da hanyar sadarwa, don haka ingancin aiki shine mafi girman yiwuwar:

Waɗannan bayanan sun ɗan ɗanɗana sama da matsakaici, saboda rana tayi girma fiye da yadda aka saba. Idan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta kasance mai jinkiri, to samarwa a watan hunturu bazai wuce 100-150 kW * h ba.

Abubuwan da aka nuna sune kilowatts, wanda za'a iya samun kai tsaye daga bangarorin hasken rana. Nawa ƙarfin zai kai ƙarshen masu amfani - ya dogara da halayen ƙarin kayan aikin da aka gina a cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki. Zamu yi magana game da su nan gaba.

Kamar yadda kake gani, adadin sel sel da ake buƙata don samar da wutar lantarki ana iya lissaftawa kusan. Don ƙarin ƙididdigar yawan daidai, ana bada shawara don amfani da shirye-shirye na musamman da masu lissafin kuzarin hasken rana ta yanar gizo don taimakawa ƙaddara ƙarfin baturin da ake buƙata dangane da sigogi masu yawa (gami da yanayin yanki na shafinku).

Idan a karo na farko ba zai yiwu a ƙididdige adadin bangarorin daukar hoto ba (kuma waɗanda ba kwararru ba galibi suna fuskantar irin wannan matsalar), wannan ba matsala. Thearancin da ya ɓace koyaushe za'a iya yinsa ta hanyar shigar da ƙarin ƙarin hotunan hotunan.

Akwai nau'ikan na'urori guda uku:

A kashe-kashe - na'urorin da ke haɗawa ko cire haɗin baturin zuwa batirin hasken rana, gwargwadon matakin ƙarfin lantarki a tashoshin sa. Ana kiyaye matakin cajin a 70%.

Mai sarrafa PWM - kayayyaki yana ba ku damar cimma cajin baturi 100% a matakin ƙarshe na caji.

MRI - waɗannan na'urorin suna sauya sigogi na ƙarfin da aka karɓa daga bangarorin hasken rana zuwa mafi dacewa don cajin baturi, yana ƙaruwa da inganci har zuwa 30%.

Inverter - wani rukunin da ke canza kai tsaye wanda aka karba daga wayoyin hasken rana zuwa wutan lantarki na 220 V.

Wannan daidai ne bambancin yiwuwar da ke aiki don yawancin nau'ikan kayan aikin gida. Akwai masu juyawa cikin juzu'a uku: tsayawa-kadai, cibiyar sadarwa, matasan. Na farkon ba su tuntuɓar cibiyar sadarwar lantarki ta waje. A kan aikin grid (hanyar sadarwa) kawai tare da keɓaɓɓiyar hanyar sadarwa.

Baya ga aikin juyawa, irin waɗannan masu iya magana na iya daidaita amplitude na yanzu, mitar ƙarfin lantarki da sauran sigogin cibiyar sadarwa. Hybrid (matasan) inverter yana da ayyukan duka tsaye-da kayan aiki na cibiyar sadarwa. Lokacin da wutar lantarki ta tsakiya ke aiki, tana ɗaukar matsakaicin wutar lantarki daga batirin hasken rana, kuma idan aka yanke babbar hanyar sadarwa, tana aiki gaba ɗaya.

Daban-daban na kwayoyinvolvoltaic

Tare da taimakon wannan babi, zamuyi kokarin korar da rashin fahimta dangane da fa'ida da raunin kwayar sel wadanda suka fi yawa. Wannan zai sauƙaƙe a gare ku zaɓi na'urar da ta dace. Monocrystalline da polycrystalline silicon kayayyaki don bangarorin hasken rana ana amfani da su sosai a yau.

Wannan shine daidaitaccen sel (hasken rana) (keɓaɓɓiyar sel) mai kama da tsarin allo, wanda za'a iya rarrabe shi daidai ta hanyar kusurwoyi biyu.

Da ke ƙasa akwai hoto na kwayar polycrystalline.

Wanne module ne mafi kyau? MUTANE masu amfani da kullun suna jayayya game da wannan.Wani ya yi imanin cewa kayayyaki na polycrystalline suna aiki sosai cikin yanayin girgije, yayin da bangarorin monocrystalline suna nuna kyakkyawan aiki a kwanakin rana.

Ina da mono - watts 175 da aka bayar a cikin rana a karkashin 230 watts. Amma na ƙi su kuma na koma cikin polycrystals. Domin lokacin da sararin samaniya ta bayyana, a kalla zuba wutar lantarki daga wani lu'ulu'u, amma lokacin girgije ne, ma'adanin ba sa aiki da komai.

A wannan yanayin, za a sami abokan adawar koyaushe waɗanda bayan sun aiwatar da ma'auni na zahiri, sun musanta bayanin da aka gabatar.

Ina samun akasin haka: polycrystals suna da matukar damuwa ga dimins. Da zaran ƙaramin girgije ya ratsa rana, nan da nan yakan rinjayi yawan abin da aka samar a halin yanzu. Wutan lantarki, af, a zahiri, kusan ba ya canzawa. Singleaƙwalwar kristal guda ɗaya tana ƙaruwa sosai. Tare da ingantaccen haske, bangarorin biyu suna aiki da kyau: ikon da aka bayar na bangarorin biyu shine 50W, duka waɗannan 50W guda ɗaya sun daina. Daga nan ne zamu ga yadda camfin ya bace cewa monopanels yana ba da ƙarin iko a kyakkyawar haske.

Bayani na biyu ya shafi rayuwar ƙwayoyin selvoltaic: shekarun polycrystals sun fi sauri fiye da sel guda ɗaya. Yi la'akari da ƙididdigar hukuma: daidaitaccen rayuwar bangarorin kristal guda ɗaya shine shekaru 30 (wasu masana'antun sunyi da'awar cewa waɗannan kayayyaki na iya yin aiki har zuwa shekaru 50). A lokaci guda, lokacin ingantaccen aiki na bangarorin polycrystalline bai wuce shekaru 20 ba.

Tabbas, ƙarfin bangarorin hasken rana (har ma da ingantaccen inganci) yana raguwa da wani yanki na kashi (0.67% - 0.71%) kowace shekara ta aiki. A lokaci guda, a cikin shekarar farko ta aiki, ikonsu na iya raguwa nan take da kashi 2% da 3% (na bangarorin kristal da polycrystalline guda bi da bi). Kamar yadda kake gani, akwai bambanci, amma yana da kaɗan. Kuma idan kun yi la'akari da cewa alamomin da aka gabatar sun dogara da ingancin kayayyaki na hotovoltaic, to za a iya watsi da bambancin gaba ɗaya. Haka kuma, akwai lokuta yayin da bangarori masu arha da keɓaɓɓun bangarorin da masana'antun sakaci suka yi asarar kusan kashi 20% na ƙarfinsu a farkon shekarar aikin. Kammalawa: mafi amincin masu samar da kayan aikin kayayyaki na PV, haka kayayyakin suke da dorewa.

Yawancin masu amfani da hanyarmu suna da'awar cewa modulu-guda ɗaya koyaushe sun fi tsada fiye da na polycrystalline. Ga yawancin masana'antun, bambanci a farashin (dangane da watt ɗaya na ikon da aka samar) a zahiri ana iya gani, wanda ke sa siyan abubuwan polycrystalline ya zama mafi kyau. Ba wanda zai iya yin jayayya da wannan, amma mutum ba zai iya jayayya da gaskiyar cewa ingancin bangarorin kristoci ɗaya sun fi na polycrystals ba. Sabili da haka, tare da wannan iko na kayayyaki masu aiki, baturan polycrystalline zasu sami babban yanki. Ta wata hanyar, cin nasara cikin farashi, mai siyar da abubuwan polycrystalline na iya yin asara a cikin yanki, wanda, idan akwai rashin sarari kyauta don shigar da SB, zai iya hana shi wannan amfanin tabbatacce.

Don lu'ulu'u guda ɗaya ne, ingantaccen, akan matsakaici, shine 17% -18%, don poly - kusan 15%. Bambanci shine 2% -3%. Koyaya, dangane da yanki, wannan bambanci shine 12% -17%. Tare da bangarorin amorphous, banbanci ya kasance mafi haske: tare da ingancinsu na 8%, kwamitin kristal mai tsayi ɗaya na iya zama babba kamar girman amorphous.

Bangarorin Amorphous wasu nau'ikan sel ne na photovoltaic wadanda har yanzu basu samu cikakkiyar sanannan ba, duk da irin kwarewar da suke musu: karancin karfi na asarar wutar lantarki tare da kara yawan zafin jiki, karfin samar da wutar lantarki koda a karancin haske, dangi mai sauki na kW daya ne ya samar da makamashi da sauransu. . Kuma ɗayan dalilan ƙananan shahararrun sun ta'allaka ne akan iyakancersu mai iyaka. Ana kiransu kuma modulu na Amorphous. Tsarin sassauƙa yana ba da sauƙin sauƙaƙe shigarwarsu, kwance-ɗinsu da ajiyar ajiya.

Ban san wanene wannan amorphous yayi talla ba. Ingancinsu ya yi ƙasa, sun mamaye kusan ninki biyu, yayin da suke da shekaru, ingancinsu, kamar lu'ulu'ai ne, yana raguwa. An tsara kayan gargajiya a cikin shekaru 25 na aiki tare da asarar ingancin 20%. Amorphous suna da ƙari guda ɗaya kawai: sun yi kama da gilashin baƙi (zaka iya rufe fuskar gaba ɗaya da irin wannan).

Zabi abubuwan aikin don gina bangarorin hasken rana, da farko, ya kamata ka mai da hankali kan martabar kamfaninsu. Bayan duk, ainihin halayen aikin su sun dogara da inganci. Hakanan, mutum bai manta da yanayin yanayin shigowar sabbin hasken rana ba: idan sarari da aka sanya don shigarwa bangarorin hasken rana yana da iyaka, yana da kyau a yi amfani da lu'ulu'u guda. Idan babu rashin sarari kyauta, to, ku kula da fa'idodin polycrystalline ko amorphous. Latterarshen na iya zama ya fi dacewa da bangarori na lu'ulu'u.

Ta hanyar sayen bangarorin da aka kera daga masana'antun, zaku iya sauƙaƙe aikin gina bangarorin hasken rana. Ga wadanda suka fi son ƙirƙirar komai tare da hannuwansu, za a bayyana tsarin samar da kayayyaki na hasken rana a ci gaba da wannan labarin. Hakanan a nan gaba muna shirin magana game da ka'idojin da za mu zaɓi batir, masu sarrafawa da inverters - na'urori waɗanda ba tare da batirin hasken rana ba zai iya aiki cikakke. Cigaba da sabuntawa zuwa bayananmu.

Hoton yana nuna bangarori guda biyu: wani katon gida mai daraja guda 180 W (hagu) da polycrystalline daga masana'anta 100 W (dama).

Kuna iya nemo game da mafi mashahuri madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi a cikin batun mai dacewa, buɗe don tattaunawa akan tasharmu. A cikin sashin gina gida mai zaman kansa, zaku iya koyon abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa game da madadin makamashi da kuma bangarorin hasken rana musamman. Videoan ƙaramin bidiyo zai ba da labari game da ainihin abubuwan da keɓaɓɓen tashar tashar hasken rana da kuma abubuwan da aka sa a jikin kwanonin hasken rana.

Iri Solar Panel Modules

Allon hasken rana-modules an taru ne daga sel, in ba haka ba - masu sauya hoto. PECs na nau'ikan biyu sun sami amfani mai yawa.

Sun bambanta da nau'ikan silicon semiconductor da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar su, waɗannan sune:

• Polycrystalline. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin hasken rana waɗanda aka yi daga silicon narke ta wurin sanyaya na dogon lokaci. Hanyar samarwa mai sauƙi ta ƙayyade iyawar farashin, amma aiwatar da zaɓi na polycrystalline bai wuce 12% ba.
• Monocrystalline. Waɗannan abubuwa ne da aka samo ta yankan faranti na bakin ciki da aka yiwa gilashin ƙarafa mai ƙarfi. Zaɓin da yafi dacewa da tsada. Matsakaicin matsakaici a cikin yanki na 17%, zaka iya samun hotunan kristal guda ɗaya tare da aiki mafi girma.

Kwayoyin hasken rana na polycrystalline na ɗakin murabba'i mai fa'ida tare da farfajiyar yanayin inhomogeneous. Tsarin Monocrystalline yayi kama da murabba'ai, murabba'ai farfajiya mai tsarin murabba'i tare da yanke sasanninta (manyan addinan murabba'i).

Bangarori na farkon tare da wannan iko sun fi na biyu girma saboda ƙananan ƙarfin aiki (18% a kan 22%). Amma kashi, a matsakaici, ya fi arha goma kuma yana da fifiko a hakan.

Kuna iya karanta game da dokoki da lambobin zabar bangarorin hasken rana don samar da makamashi ga dumama mai zafi anan.

Ka'idar aiki baturin hasken rana

An tsara na'urar don canza hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki. Wannan aikin ana kiransa tasirin hoto. Semiconductors (silicon wafers), waɗanda ake amfani dasu don ƙirƙirar abubuwa, suna da ingantattun abubuwa masu ƙararrakin lantarki kuma sun ƙunshi yadudduka biyu: n-Layer (-) da p-Layer (+). Abubuwan lantarki masu yawa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hasken rana ana buga su daga yadudduka kuma su mamaye sarari a cikin wani rufi. Wannan yana sa wayoyin lantarki kyauta suke motsawa koyaushe, suna motsawa daga farantin zuwa wani, suna samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ke tarawa cikin batirin.

Yadda batirin rana yake aiki ya dogara ne akan na'urar sa. Da farko, ana yin silsilolin silsila. Har yanzu suna da shahara a yanzu, amma tunda aikin tsabtace silicon ya kasance mai wahala da tsada, samfuran da suke amfani da wasu hotuna na hoto daga hadaddun cadmium, jan karfe, gallium da indium ana bunkasa, amma basu da inganci.

Ingancin bangarorin hasken rana yayi girma tare da haɓaka fasaha. Zuwa yau, wannan adadi ya karu daga kashi ɗaya, wanda aka rubuta a farkon karni, zuwa fiye da kashi ashirin. Wannan yana ba mu damar amfani da bangarori a kwanakin nan ba kawai don bukatun cikin gida ba, har ma don samarwa.

Bayani dalla-dalla

Na'urar batirin hasken rana mai sauki ce, kuma ya kunshi abubuwa da yawa:

• Kai tsaye hasken rana sel / hasken rana panel,

• Mai jujjuyawar juyawa wanda yake juyawa kai tsaye zuwa ga mai karkatawa na yanzu,

• Mai sarrafa matakin baturi.

Za a sayi baturan don bangarorin hasken rana suna la'akari da mahimman ayyukan. Suna tarawa suna kashe wutan lantarki. Adanawa da cin abinci yana faruwa a cikin kullun, kuma a cikin dare da yawan abin da ake tarawa ana cinye shi. Don haka, akwai wadataccen wadataccen makamashi mai ci gaba.

Wuce kima kuma cajin baturin yana rage rayuwar batir. Mai kula da cajin hasken rana zai dakatar da tara kuzarin batir ta atomatik lokacin da ya kai sigogi masu yawa, kuma cire haɗin na'urar lokacin da fitina ke ƙarfi.

(Wutar lantarki ta Tesla - batir don 7 kW hasken rana - da cajin gida don motocin lantarki)

Grid inverter don hasken rana shine mafi mahimmancin zane. Yana canza kuzarin da aka samu daga hasken rana zuwa madadin halin yanzu daban-daban na karfi. Kasancewa mai canzawa, yana haɗa da ƙarfin lantarki na wutar lantarki a cikin mita da lokaci tare da hanyar sadarwa.

Za'a iya haɗa hotunan hotunan hoto a cikin jeri kuma a layi daya. Zaɓin na ƙarshen yana ƙara sigogi na wutar lantarki, ƙarfin lantarki da na yanzu kuma yana ba da damar na'urar ta yi aiki, koda kuwa kashi ɗaya yana rasa aiki. Ana yin samfuran haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da tsarin biyu. Rayuwar sabis na farantin kusan shekaru 25 ne.

Hasken rana

Idan za a yi amfani da ginin don kunna wuraren zama, za a zaɓi wurin da aka sa a hankali. Idan bangarorin sun kewaye ta da gine-gine masu tsayi ko kuma bishiyoyi, zai zama da wuya a sami ƙarfin da ake buƙata. Dole ne a sanya su a inda rafin hasken rana ya wuce, wato, a gefen kudu. Designirar ta fi kyau a kafa a wani kusurwa, kusurwa wacce ta yi daidai da yanayin ƙasa na wurin da tsarin yake.

Ya kamata a sanya hasken rana bangarorin don mai shi ya sami ikon tsaftace farfajiyar ƙura da datti ko dusar ƙanƙara, saboda wannan yana haifar da ƙananan ikon samar da makamashi.

Tsarin samar da makamashi na gine-gine

Manyannnnnnnnnn hasken rana, kamar masu tattara hasken rana, ana amfani dasu sosai a yankuna masu zafi da ƙananan wurare tare da adadin kwanakin rana. Musamman shahara a cikin ƙasashen Bahar Rum, inda aka sa su a kan rufin gidaje.

Tun daga Maris 2007, sabbin gidaje a Spain suna da kayan aikin samar da hasken rana don samar da kansu daga kashi 30% zuwa 70% na bukatun ruwan zafi, gwargwadon wurin da gidan yake da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan. Gine-ginen da ba na mazauni ba (wuraren cin kasuwa, asibitoci, da sauransu) dole ne su sami kayan aikin hoto.

A halin yanzu, canzawa zuwa bangarorin hasken rana yana haifar da zargi mai yawa tsakanin mutane. Wannan ya faru ne saboda farashin wutar lantarki mafi girma, yawan rabewar yanayin ƙasa. Masu adawa da sauya shekar zuwa bangarorin hasken rana sun soki irin wannan canjin, tunda masu gidaje da filaye wanda aka sanya bangarorin hasken rana da na’urar samar da wutar lantarki, ke karbar tallafin daga jihar, amma masu haya ba su yin hakan. A wannan batun, Ma'aikatar tattalin arziki ta Tarayyar Jamus ta tsara lissafin da zai ba da damar a nan gaba don gabatar da abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga masu haya waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidaje waɗanda aka ba su da makamashi daga shigowar hotovoltaic ko toshe tsire-tsire na wutar lantarki. Tare da biyan tallafin ga masu gida waɗanda ke amfani da madadin hanyoyin samar da kuzari, ana shirin ba da tallafin ga masu haya a cikin waɗannan gidajen.

Hanyar titi

• A cikin 2014, hanyar farko ta amfani da hasken rana ta amfani da hasken rana a cikin Netherlands.
• A shekara ta 2016, Ministan Lafiyar Kasa da Makamashi Segolene Royal ta Faransa ta ba da sanarwar gina wasu hanyoyi kilomita 1,000 tare da girgiza wutar lantarki da zafin rana. An ɗauka cewa 1 kilomita na irin wannan hanyar zai iya ba da damar wutar lantarki na mutane 5,000 (ban da dumama) [wanda ba mai ikon mallaka ba?] .
• A cikin watan Fabrairun 2017, gwamnatin Faransa ta buɗe wata hanyar samar da hasken rana a ƙauyen Norman na Tourouvre-au-Perche. Dogon kilomita kilomita hanya tana sanye da bangarorin hasken rana 2880. Irin wannan hanyar za ta samar da wutar lantarki ga fitilun kan ƙauyen. Filin zai samar da megawatts 280 na wutar lantarki a kowace shekara. Kudin sashin titin ya kai Euro miliyan 5.
• Hakanan ana amfani da shi don kunna fitilun zirga zirgar ababen hawa akan tituna

Cikakken saitin tsire-tsire na hasken rana

Don zaɓar abubuwan da suka dace don ƙwayar wutar lantarki, kuna buƙatar ƙididdige yawan na'urori da ƙarfin su. Don tsinkaye, zai fi kyau a yi la’akari da takamaiman misali: akwai wani gida mai rani da ke cikin ƙauyukan Ryazan, inda suke zama, daga Maris zuwa Satumba.

Cikakken saitin bangarori na hasken rana sun haɗa da: bangarorin hasken rana, inverter, masu ɗaukar kaya, ƙarin kayan (kebul, injunan atomatik, da sauransu) Matsakaicin yawan amfanin yau da kullun shine 10,000 W / h, nauyin yana kan matsakaici 500 watts, matsakaicin nauyin shine 1000 watts. Mun ƙididdige mafi girman nauyin, yana ƙaruwa iyakar 25%: 1000 x 1.25 = 1250 watts.

Amfani da sarari

Batirin hasken rana sune ɗayan manyan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a sararin samaniya: suna aiki na dogon lokaci ba tare da cin kowane kayan ba, kuma a lokaci guda suna da tsabtace muhalli, sabanin hanyoyin makamashin nukiliya da na radioisotope.

Koyaya, lokacin da suke tashi a nesa mai nisa daga Rana (a ƙarshen keɓaɓɓen duniyar Mars), amfaninsu ya zama matsala, tun da kwararar kuzarin rana ya zama gwargwado ga murabba'in nesa daga Rana. Lokacin tashi zuwa Venus da Mercury, akasin haka, ikon bangarorin hasken rana yana ƙaruwa sosai (a cikin yankin na Venus sau 2, a cikin yankin na Mercury sau 6).

Irin ƙarfin lantarki na yanzu

Matsakaicin batirin da aka fi sani shine mai yawa na 12 V. Irin waɗannan abubuwan haɗin tashar tashar hasken rana a matsayin mai kulawa, inverter, ana tsara kayayyaki don hasken wuta daga 12 zuwa 48 V. Kasancewar batir 12 V ya dace saboda lokacin da suka kasa, zaku iya maye gurbinsu ɗaya a lokaci guda. .

A ƙarfin lantarki sau biyu mafi girma, dangane da ƙayyadaddun aikin batirin, sauyawa biyu kawai ke yiwuwa. A kan hanyar sadarwa ta 48 V, dukkanin batura guda huɗu dole ne a canza su a kan reshe ɗaya, kuma 48 V ta riga ta zama barazana daga yanayin tsaro na lantarki. Daga wani ra'ayi, mafi girma da ƙarfin lantarki, da ƙaramin waya yanki sashi za a buƙaci, kuma lambobin sadarwa za su kasance mafi abin dogara.

Lokacin zabar ƙimanta, yana da mahimmanci la'akari da halayen ƙarfin masu inverters da ƙimar ƙimar mafi girma:

48 V - daga 3 - 6 kW,

24 ko 48 V - daga 1.5 - 3 kW,

12, 24, 48V - har zuwa 1, 5 kW.

Idan ƙarfin batir da farashinsa daidai yake, za a dakatar da zaɓin akan baturin tare da mafi girman zubar izini da ƙimar izini na yanzu.Rayuwar batirin yana ƙaruwa lokacin da wannan alamar ta wuce 30 - 50%.

“Babban mahimmancin zabar batir ya zama abin dogaro. A cikin takamaiman yanayin, ƙarfin farko zai zama 24 V.

Zaɓin ƙwayoyin hasken rana

Lissafin ƙarfin batirin hasken rana ta amfani da tsari mai zuwa: Pcm = (1000 x Eeut) / (K x Sin) A ciki:

Rcm - ƙarfin baturi a cikin W, wanda yake daidai da adadin ƙarfin bangarorin hasken rana, 1000 - ɗaukar hoto na sel a cikin kW / m²,

Eeut - adadin wutar lantarki da ake buƙata kowace rana a cikin kWh (don yankin da aka zaɓa - 18). Coefficient K yana yin la'akari da duk asarar lokaci-lokaci: don bazara - 0.7, don hunturu - 0.5.

Zunubi - ɓarkewar zafin rana a cikin kW x h / mular (ƙimar ƙimar) a ƙarshen fa'idar bangarorin. Kuna iya gano wannan sigar a cikin sabis na yanayin yanayi na yankin. Kyakkyawan kusurwa don shigar da bangarorin hasken rana a damina da damina daidai yake da ƙimar latti.

A lokacin rani, 15⁰ ya kamata a ɗan debe, kuma a cikin hunturu - 15⁰ ya kamata a ƙara. Abubuwan da ke jikin kansu dole ne a karkatar da su zuwa kudu. Yankin daga misalin yana istifar a cikin latti 55⁰.

Tun lokacin da muke sha'awarmu ya faɗi a cikin Maris-Satumba, muna ɗaukar kusurwar bazara - 40⁰ dangi zuwa ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, matsakaicin insolation na yau da kullun na wannan yanki shine 4.73.

Mun canza waɗannan bayanan a cikin dabara kuma muka aikata aikin:

Pcm = 1000 x 12: (0.7 x 4.73) ≈ 3 600 W .

Idan modurorin da suke cikin batirin zasu sami karfin 100 watts, to dole ne a sayi raka'a 36. Don sanya su, kuna buƙatar dandamali 5 x 5 m, kuma tsarin zaiyi nauyin tan 0.3.

Taro na baturi

Lokacin shirya fakitin baturin, abubuwan da yakamata yakamata a la'akari dasu: baturan na al'ada da akayi nufin motoci basu dace da wannan dalilin ba, rubutun "SOLAR" yakamata ya kasance akan bangarorin hasken rana, duk baturan da aka siya yakamata suyi daidai da juna kuma, zai fi dacewa, su kasance iri ɗaya ne na tsarin samar da kayayyaki. , wajibi ne don sanya abubuwan a cikin ɗakin dumi, da kyau - 25⁰.

Ba lallai ba ne a sayi sabbin batura, saboda baturan da aka yi amfani da su ma suna da kyau kwarai saboda wannan dalili. Idan zazzabi ya ragu zuwa -5⁰, ƙarfin baturin zai ragu da 50%. A cikin misalin tare da 12 volt AB tare da karfin 100 A / h, zaku iya ganin cewa zai iya samar wa masu amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin adadin 1200 W na awa daya.

Gaskiya ne, wannan zai biyo baya da cikakken cajin batirin, kuma wannan ba a cika so. Tunda 60% ana ɗaukar "ma'anar zinare" don zubarwa, muna ɗaukar ajiyar makamashi ga kowane 100 A / h a 600 W / h (1000 W / h x 60%). Batura na farko dole ne a caji 100% daga tashar mashaya.

Ajiyewar yakamata ya zama irin wannan cewa ya isa ya rufe nauyin daren, kuma idan yanayin ya kasance mai hadari ne, to sai a samar da sigogi masu mahimmanci yayin rana don tsarin yayi aiki. Batirin da ya wuce gona da iri ba a so saboda za a yi masu ɗaukar kaya koyaushe kuma ba zai wuce ba.

Maganin da yafi dacewa shine akwatin baturi tare da ajiyar kaya wanda ke rufe yawan amfani da wutar yau da kullun. Mun ayyana jimlar ƙarfin baturi: (10,000 W / h: 600 W / h) x 100 A / h = 1667 A / h Saboda haka, don ba da ikon samar da hasken rana daga takamaiman misali, 16 AB tare da karfin 100 A / h ko 8 zuwa 200 za'a buƙaci nau'in haɗi serial-a layi daya.

Yadda zaka zabi mai kula

Zaɓin mai sarrafawa yana da ƙayyadaddu. Mai zaɓaɓɓen mai zaɓin da ya kamata ya kamata:

1. Tabbatar da irin wannan cajin baturan masu yawa na batir don hakan yana ƙara rayuwar hidimarsu.

2. Yi haɗin haɗin kai tsaye ta atomatik / cire haɗin AB da batirin rana a cikin caji tare da caji ko caji.

3. Sake haɗa kaya daga batirin hasken rana zuwa batir da cikin tsari mai juyawa.

Mai kula da cajin hasken rana dole ne ya kasance a cikin ɗakin tare da baturan Don yin wannan, sigogin shigarwar sa dole ne yayi daidai da daidai daidaitattun kayayyaki na hasken rana, fitarwa tana buƙatar irin ƙarfin lantarki tare da yuwuwar bambanci a cikin tsarin.

Yawancin ya dogara da ko an zaɓa mai sarrafawa daidai: aikin fakitin baturin, da kuma tsarin hasken rana gabaɗaya. Idan kun tabbatar cewa wutar tana karɓar wutar kai tsaye daga mai sarrafawa, zaku iya ajiye kuɗi lokacin sayen inverter - siyan zaɓi mafi arha.

Yadda za a zabi inverter Aikin mai inverter shine a samar da kaya mafi girman lokaci mai tsawo.

Wannan mai yiwuwa ne lokacin da ƙarfin shigar sa ya zama daidai yake da yuwuwar bambanci a cikin tsarin.

Mafi kyawun zaɓi yayin zaɓar inverter shine "Inverter tare da aikin mai kulawa." Ka'idodi masu zuwa suna da mahimmanci: Tsarin motsin sanyin da mitar yanzu yana canzawa zuwa madadin mai gudana. Kusanci zuwa sinusoid tare da mita 50 Hz tabbacin ingantaccen aiki ne.

Daidai ne, idan wannan adadi ya wuce 90%. Abincin da na'urar take amfani dashi yakamata ya zama daidai tare da jimillar ƙarfin amfani da tsarin hasken rana. Mafi kyawun duka - har zuwa 1%. Dole ne na'urar zata iya sauƙaƙe abubuwan hawa sau biyu na gajeren lokacin.

Nasihu da misalai na lissafi da aka bayar a cikin labarin zasu taimaka tare da shigarwa tashar wutar lantarki ta gida. Sun dace da duka babban gida da ƙaramar gida.

Tsarin aiki na samar da hasken rana

Lokacin da ka duba sunayen sauti wadanda ke cikin tsarin samar da hasken rana, zaka sami ma'anar mafi girman fasahar na'urar.

A matakin micro na rayuwar photon, wannan haka yake. Kuma a bayyane yake babban keɓaɓɓiyar da'irar lantarki da kuma ƙa'idar aikinta suna da sauƙi. Daga cikin hasken sama zuwa “fitilar Ilyich” matakai hudu ne kawai.

Hasken hasken rana sune kashin farko na shuka mai wuta. Waɗannan ƙananan bangarori huɗu ne na bakin ciki waɗanda aka taru daga takaddara tabbataccen faranti hoton faranti. Maƙeran suna yin bangarorin hoto daban-daban a cikin wutar lantarki da ƙarfin lantarki, mai yawa 12 volts.

Na'urar da take da fasalin launuka suna dacewa a kan shimfidar wuraren da aka fallasa su da hasken rana. An haɗa raka'a masu daidaituwa ta hanyar haɗa haɗin batirin hasken rana. Aikin batir shine ya sauya makamashi na rana, samar da kullun yanayi na darajar da aka bayar.

Na'urar adana cajin lantarki - batura don bangarorin hasken rana kowa yasan kowa. Matsayin su a cikin tsarin samar da makamashi daga rana na gargajiya ne. Lokacin da masu haɗin gida suke da haɗin ginin cibiyar sadarwa, ana adana tanadin makamashi a cikin wutar lantarki.

Suna kuma tara abin da ya wuce kima, idan na yanzu tsarin hasken rana ya isa ya samar da wutar lantarki da kayan wutar lantarki ke ci.

Akwatin baturin ya ba da da'irar adadin kuzarin da ake buƙata kuma yana kula da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi da zaran amfani da shi ya haɓaka da ƙima. Abubuwa iri ɗaya suna faruwa, misali, da dare tare da bangarorin hoto marasa amfani ko yayin yanayin dumin yanayi.

Mai sarrafawa shine matsakaici na lantarki tsakanin module ɗin rana da batura. Matsayinta shine daidaita matakan baturi. Na'urar bata bada damar tafasa daga caji ko karɓar ƙarfin wutar lantarki a ƙasa da wani ƙa'ida ba, tilas ne don tsayayyen aiki na tsarin hasken rana.

Flipping, don haka a zahiri bayyana sauti na kalmar inverter ga hasken rana bangarori. Haka ne, a zahiri, wannan rukunin yana yin aiki wanda da alama yana almara ga injiniyoyin lantarki.

Yana canza yanayin hasken rana kai tsaye da batura zuwa madadin halin yanzu tare da yuwuwar bambanci na 220 volts. Wannan wutar lantarki ne yake aiki don mafi yawan kayan aikin wutar lantarki na gida.

Loadwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙimar ƙarfin yau da kullun

Jin daɗin samun tashar ku ta hasken rana har yanzu yana da yawa. Mataki na farko akan hanyar samun karfin hasken rana shine a tantance mafi kyawun hauhawar nauyi a cikin kilowatts da matsakaita matsakaiciyar yau da kullun a cikin kilowatt na gida ko gida mai zafi.

Createdunƙun mafi girman nauyin an ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar buƙata don kunna na'urorin lantarki da yawa yanzu kuma ana ƙaddara shi da iyakar ƙarfin su, la'akari da mahimmancin farawar wasu daga cikinsu.

Lissafin matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana ba ku damar gano mahimmancin buƙatar aiki na lokaci ɗaya wanda kayan aikin lantarki, kuma waɗanda ba su da yawa. Wannan alamar tana yin biyayya ga halaye na wutar lantarki na nodes na wutar lantarki, shine jimlar farashin na'urar.

Ana amfani da yawan kuzarin yau da kullun ta kayan lantarki ta hanyar ƙarfin mutum ɗaya na lokacin da ya yi aiki daga cibiyar sadarwa (wutar lantarki) na rana guda ɗaya. Ana lissafin jimlar yawan kuzarin yau da kullun a matsayin adadin kuzarin da ake amfani da shi na kowane mai amfani na yau da kullun.

Sakamakon amfani da makamashi yana taimaka wajan daidaita yawan amfani da hasken rana. Sakamakon lissafin yana da mahimmanci don ƙarin ƙididdigar ƙarfin baturi. Farashin fakitin batir, wani yanki ne mai yawa na tsarin, ya dogara da wannan siga har ma da ƙari.

Shiri don lissafin ilimin lissafi

Layi na farko an zana al'ada - lambar serial. Layi na biyu shine sunan kayan aiki. Na uku shine yawan amfani da mutum.

Gumakan daga hudun zuwa ta bakwai zuwa ta bakwai su ne awowin ranar daga 00 zuwa 24. Wadannan ana shigar dasu masu zuwa ta hanyar layin kwance a layi:

• a cikin kidaya - lokacin aiki na na'urar a cikin wani lokacin sa'a guda a cikin nau'in adadin (0,0),
• denominator ya sake zama ƙarfin ikonsa na mutum (ana buƙatar wannan maimaitawa don ƙididdigar nauyin kowace awa).

Jeri na ashirin da takwas shine adadin lokacin da kayan aikin gidan suke aiki da rana. A ƙarni na ashirin da tara, ana yin amfani da ƙarfin kuɗin na mutum a sakamakon ninka yawan ƙarfin mutum da lokacin aiki na yau da kullun.

Hakanan shafi na talatin shine ma'auni - bayanin kula. Yana da amfani ga ƙididdigar matsakaici.

Bayanin mai amfani

Mataki na gaba na lissafin shine canza hanyar littafin rubutu zuwa bayani dalla-dalla ga masu sayen wutar lantarki a gida. Rukunin farko a bayyane yake. Ga lambobin layin.

Shafi na biyu yana dauke da sunayen masu amfani da makamashi. An ba da shawarar fara cike farfajiyar tare da kayan lantarki. Mai zuwa yana bayyana wasu ɗakuna a kan agogo ko agogo (kamar yadda kuke so).

Idan akwai bene na biyu (da sauransu), hanya ɗaya ce: daga matakala - kewaye. A lokaci guda, bai kamata mutum ya manta da kayan aikin sitiriyo da hasken titi ba.

Zai fi kyau a cika layi na uku tare da ƙarfin gaban sunan kowane na’urar lantarki a hanya tare da na biyu.

Lissafi huɗu zuwa ashirin da bakwai sun dace da lokacinsu na kowace rana. Don saukakawa, za a iya raba su nan da nan tare da layin kwance a tsakiyar layin. Sakamakon sama-sama na layin kamar lambobi ne, ƙananan juzu'i sune waɗanda aka yanke.

Wadannan ginshikan suna cika layi-layi. An tsara ƙidayar lambobi azaman matsakaitan lokaci a cikin tsari na abin ƙididdigewa (0,0), yana nuna lokacin aiki da kayan wutan lantarki a cikin wani lokacin ajali. A layi daya tare da lambobi, ana shigar da denominators tare da alamar ikon na'urar da aka ɗauka daga shafi na uku.

Bayan duk ginshiƙan sa'a suna cika, suna ci gaba zuwa lissafin kowane aikin yau da kullun na kayan aiki na lantarki, suna tafiya tare da layin. Sakamakon binciken an rubuta shi a cikin ɗakunan da ke daidai da shafi na ashirin da takwas.

Dangane da iko da lokacin aiki, ana yin lissafin yawan kuzarin yau da kullun na masu siye. An lura dashi cikin sel na ashirin da tara.

Lokacin da duk layuka da ginshiƙai na ƙayyadaddun suka cika, suna lissafin jimillar. Dingara ƙarfin hoto daga denominators na ginshiƙai na sa'a, ana samun nauyin kowane sa'a. Taimakawa yawan adadin kuzarin mutum a kashi na ashirin da tara daga sama zuwa ƙasa, sun sami adadin yau da kullun.

Lissafin bai kunshi amfani da tsarin na nan gaba ba. Anyi la'akari da wannan batun ta hanyar mai daidaita taimako a cikin lissafin ƙarshe na biyo baya.

Bincike da inganta bayanai

Idan aka tsara ƙarfin hasken rana azaman madadin, bayanai akan yawan ƙarfin wutan kowace awa da matsakaita matsakaita yawan ƙarfin yau da kullun suna taimakawa rage yawan wutar lantarki mai tsada.

Ana samun wannan ta hanyar kawar da masu amfani da makamashi daga amfani har zuwa lokacin da aka maido da samar da wutar lantarki a tsakiya, musamman a lokacin awowi mafi girma.

Idan aka tsara tsarin hasken rana a matsayin tushen samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun, to, sakamakon abubuwan da aka sa a kowane lokaci ana tura su gaba. Yana da mahimmanci a rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki yayin rana a cikin wannan hanyar don cire mafi yawan wuraren da suka fi mamayewa da raguwar lalacewa.

Kauda kololuwa, daidaituwa na matsakaicin nauyin lodi, kawar da kwararan matakai a cikin amfani da makamashi akan lokaci zai baka damar zabar mafi wadatar tattalin arziki don nodes na tsarin hasken rana da tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali, mafi mahimmanci, aiki na dogon lokaci ba tare da matsala ba daga tashar.

Hoton da aka gabatar yana nuna canji da aka samo bisa ga takaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin jadawalin marasa daidaituwa. Mai nuna alamar amfani da kullun yana raguwa daga 18 zuwa 12 kW / h, matsakaicin nauyin saurin awa daya daga 750 zuwa 500 watts.

Principlea'idar guda ɗaya da kyakkyawan fata tana da amfani yayin amfani da zaɓi na ikon daga rana azaman madadin. Ba lallai ba ne a kashe kuɗi don haɓaka ƙarfin hasken wutar lantarki na hasken rana da batir saboda ƙarancin matsala na ɗan lokaci.

Zabin na nodes na hasken rana shuke-shuke

Don sauƙaƙe ƙididdigar, za mu yi la'akari da sigar amfani da batirin hasken rana a matsayin babban tushen samar da wutar lantarki. Abokin ciniki zai zama gidan ƙasa na asali a cikin yankin Ryazan, inda suke zaune koyaushe daga Maris zuwa Satumba.

Lationsididdiga masu amfani waɗanda suka dogara da bayanan jadawalin mahimmin tunani na yawan ƙarfin kuɗin awa wanda aka buga a sama zai ba da tabbaci ga tunani:

• Jimlar yawan ƙarfin yau da kullun = 12,000 watts / awa.
• Matsakaicin nauyin amfani = watts 500.
• Matsakaicin nauyin 1200 watts.
• Babban nauyin 1200 x 1.25 = 1500 watts (+ 25%).

Za'a buƙaci ƙimar a cikin lissafin jimlar ƙarfin na'urorin hasken rana da sauran ma'auni na aiki.

Eterayyade ƙarfin lantarki mai aiki da tsarin hasken rana

Voltagearfin wutar lantarki na ciki na kowane tsarin hasken rana yana dogara ne akan yawaitar 12 volts, azaman ƙimar baturi mafi yawanci. Yankunan da aka fi amfani da tashoshin hasken rana: kayayyaki na hasken rana, masu sarrafawa, masu karkatarwa - ana samarwa ne a ƙarƙashin fitaccen fitowar wutar lantarki na 12, 24, 48 volts.

Babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana ba da damar amfani da wayoyi na ƙaramin ɓangaren giciye - kuma wannan haɓaka ne na amincin sadarwa. A gefe guda, batir 12V da aka kasa za'a iya maye gurbinsu a lokaci guda.

A cikin cibiyar sadarwar 24-volt, la'akari da ƙayyadaddun ayyukan baturan, dole ne a maye gurbin su da nau'i biyu. Hanyar sadarwa 48V zata buƙaci canza duk batir guda huɗu na reshe ɗaya. Bugu da kari, a 48 volts akwai riga haɗari na girgiza wutar lantarki.

Babban zaɓi na ƙimar mara girman darajar bambanci na ciki yana da alaƙa da ikon halayen inverters waɗanda masana'antar zamani ke samarwa kuma dole ne yayi la'akari da nauyin mafi girma:

• daga 3 zuwa 6 kW - 48 volts,
• daga 1.5 zuwa 3 kW - daidai yake da 24 ko 48V,
• har zuwa 1.5 kW - 12, 24, 48V.

Zabi tsakanin amincin wayoyi da kuma rashin daidaituwa na maye gurbin baturan, ga misalinmu zamu maida hankali kan aminci. Nan gaba, zamu gina akan wutar lantarki mai aiki da tsarin lissafin 24 volts.

Yi amfani da magani

Masana kimiyyar Koriya ta Kudu sun haɓaka ƙwayar hasken rana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa.Za'a iya dasa ma energyaramin energyaramin makamashi a ƙarƙashin fatar mutum don ya tabbatar da tsayayyen aikin na'urorin da aka sanya cikin jikin, alal misali, na'urar bugun zuciya. Irin wannan batirin ya zama 15 sauƙin gashi fiye da gashi kuma ana iya cajin shi koda kuwa ana amfani da hasken rana a fata.

Kunshin Maballin Baturi

Dabarar da za a yi lissafin karfin da ake buƙata daga batirin hasken rana yayi kama da haka:

Pcm = (1000 * Ee) / (k * Zunubi),

• Rcm = ikon batirin hasken rana = karfin wutan lantarki na rana (bangarori, W),
• 1000 = bayanan da aka yarda dasu na masu canza hoto (kW / m²)
• Ku ci = buƙatar yawan amfani da kuzarin yau da kullun (kW * h, a cikin misalinmu = 18),
• k = amintaccen lokacin lokacin yin la'akari da duk asarar (bazara = 0.7, hunturu = 0.5),
• Zunubi = darajar insolation (kwararar hasken rana) tare da ingantaccen bututun ƙarfe (kW * h / m²).

Kuna iya gano ƙimar insolation daga sabis na meteorological na yanki.

Kyakkyawan kusurwa na sha'awar bangarorin hasken rana daidai yake da nisa na yankin:

• a cikin bazara da kaka,
• da digiri 15 - a cikin hunturu,
• debe digiri 15 a lokacin bazara.

Yankin Ryazan da aka yi la’akari da shi a cikin misalinmu yana cikin tazarar 55th.

Don lokacin da aka ɗauka daga Maris zuwa Satumba, mafi kyawun karkatar da hasken rana ya yi daidai da kusurwar 40⁰ zuwa bazara na duniya. Tare da wannan shigarwa na kayayyaki, matsakaita kullun yau da kullun na Ryazan a wannan lokacin shine 4,73. Duk lambobin suna nan, bari muyi lissafin:

Pcm = 1000 * 12 / (0.7 * 4.73) ≈ 3 600 watts.

Idan muka dauki nau'ikan 100-watt a matsayin tushen batir din rana, to za a bukaci 36 daga cikinsu. Zasu auna kilogram 300 kuma su mamaye yanki na kusan 5 x 5 m.

Ana ba da zane-zanen filayen waya da zabuka don haɗa bangarorin hasken rana anan.

Ingancin hotunan hoto da kayayyaki

Fluarfin kwararar hasken rana a ƙofar sararin duniya (AM0) kusan watts 1366 ne a kowace murabba'in murabba'i (duba kuma ga AM1, AM1.5, AM1.5G, AM1.5D). A lokaci guda, takamaiman ikon hasken rana a Turai cikin yanayi mai hadari koda a lokacin rana zai iya zama kasa da 100 W / m² [ Ba a ayyana asalin ranar 1665 ba ]. Tare da taimakon ƙwayoyin hasken rana na masana'antu gama gari, yana yiwuwa a sauya wannan makamashi zuwa wutar lantarki tare da ingantaccen kashi 9-24% [ Ba a ayyana asalin ranar 1665 ba ]. A lokaci guda, farashin batirin zai kasance kusan dalar Amurka 1-3 a kowace watt na wutar da aka kimanta. Ga masu samar da wutar lantarki ta masana'antu ta amfani da katun, kwatankwacin kWh zai zama $ 0.25. A cewar kungiyar Kungiyar Muryar Turai ta Turai (EPIA), nan da shekarar 2020 farashin wutar lantarki da ke amfani da tsarin “hasken rana” zai ragu da kasa da 0.10 € a cikin kW · h don shigarwa na masana'antu da kasa da 0.15 € a kWh don shigarwa a cikin ginin mazaunin [ wanda ba mai ikon mallaka ba? ] .

Kwayoyin hasken rana da kayayyaki sun kasu bisa ga nau'in kuma sune: kristal-kristal, poly-crystalline, amorphous (m, fim).

A shekara ta 2009, Spectrolab (wani reshen Boeing) ya nuna kwayar hasken rana tare da ingancin kashi 41.6%. A watan Janairun 2011, ana tsammanin wannan kamfani zai shigo kasuwa don samar da hasken rana tare da ingancin kashi 39%. A cikin 2011, Solar Junction na California ya sami daidaitaccen hoto na 5.5 × 5.5 mm na 43.5%, wanda shine 1.2% mafi girma fiye da rikodin baya.

A cikin 2012, Morgan Solar ya kirkiro tsarin Sun Simba na polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglas), germanium da gallium arsenide, tare da hada sansanin tare da kwamitin da aka sanya hoton. Ingantaccen tsarin tare da tsararren tashar shine 26-30% (ya danganta da lokacin shekara da kusurwar da rana take), sau biyu yana haɓaka ingantacciyar ingantacciyar ƙwayoyin hasken rana dangane da silicon crystalline.

A cikin 2013, Sharp ya kirkiro hoton 4 4 4 4 mm uku-uku akan madaidaiciyar gallium arsenide tare da ingancin 44.4%, da ƙungiyar kwararru daga Cibiyar Fraunhofer for Solar Energy Systems, Soitec, CEA-Leti da Helmholtz Berlin Center suka kirkiro ta amfani da ruwan tabarau ta Fresnel tare da ingancin 44.7%, sama da nasarorin da ya samu na 43.6% [ wanda ba mai ikon mallaka ba? ]. A cikin 2014, Cibiyar Fraunhofer na Solar Energy Systems ta kirkiro bangarori masu amfani da hasken rana wanda ya dace da 46% saboda hasken haske akan ƙaramin ƙaramin hoto [ wanda ba mai ikon mallaka ba? ] .

A cikin 2014, masanan kimiyyar Spain sun kirkiro kwayar silikionvolvolicic wanda ke iya sauya hasken rana ta hanyar wutar lantarki.

Jagora mai ba da haske shine ƙirƙirar hotunan hoto dangane da nanoantennas wanda ke aiki akan daidaitawa na igiyoyin kai tsaye a cikin ƙaramin eriya (na tsari na 200-300 nm) ta haske (wato, hasken lantarki na yawan adadin 500 THz). Nanoantennas baya buƙatar albarkatun albarkatu masu tsada don samarwa kuma suna da ingantaccen ingantaccen aiki har zuwa 85%.

Hakanan, a cikin 2018, tare da gano tasirin flexophotovoltaic, an gano yiwuwar kara ingancin hotunan daukar hoto., Hakanan kuma saboda fadada rayuwar masu daskararrun zafi (wayoyin lantarki), iyakantaccen ka'idojin ingancinsu ya tashi daga 34 nan da nan zuwa kashi 66 cikin dari.

A cikin 2019, masana kimiyya na Rasha daga Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha (Skoltech), Cibiyar Inorganic Chemistry mai suna A.V. Nikolaev na Siberian reshe na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha (SB RAS) da Cibiyar Matsalar Magungunan Kiwon Lafiya RAS sun sami sabon kayan koyar da sinadarai na kwayoyin halittar hasken rana, waɗanda ba su da mafi yawan rashi kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a yau. Gungun masu bincike na Rasha sun buga a cikin mujallar Journal of Materials Chemistry A [en] sakamakon aiki a kan aikace-aikacen sabon kayan ilimin semiconductor wanda aka haɓaka su don ƙwayoyin hasken rana - hadaddun polymer bismuth iodide (<[Bi₃Ni₁₀]> da <[BiI₄]>), tsarin yayi kama da ma'adinin perovxite ma'adinai (titanate kalis na halitta), wanda ya nuna rakodin canji na haske zuwa wutar lantarki. Groupungiyar rukuni na masana kimiyya sun kirkiro karo na biyu mai kama da kwayar halitta ta hanyar taɗaddun ƙwayar cuta mai guba tare da tsarin perovxite-like.

Tsarin rukunin wutar baturi

Lokacin zabar baturan, kana buƙatar jagorantar ku da waɗannan abubuwan:

1. Batirin mota na al'ada bai dace da wannan dalilin ba. Alamar hasken rana ana yiwa lakabi da "SOLAR".
2. Samun baturan yakamata su zama iri ɗaya ne bisa dukkan fannoni, zai fi dacewa daga masana'anta ɗaya.
3. Dakin da aka sanya akwatin baturin ya kamata yayi dumin. Mafi yawan zafin jiki lokacin da baturan suka bada cikakken iko = 25⁰C. Lokacin da ya ragu zuwa -5⁰C, ƙarfin baturin zai ragu da kashi 50%.

Idan muka dauki batir mai amfani da wutar lantarki mai karfin 12 volts da karfin 100 amperes / awa don yin lissafi, ba shi da wahala a kirga, tsawon awa daya zai iya samar wa masu sayen kayan karfin 1200 watts. Amma wannan yana tare da cikakkiyar fitarwa, wanda ba a ke so.

Domin tsawon rayuwar batir, ba a yaba masa ka rage cajin su ƙasa da 70%. Adadin iyaka = 50%. Mu ɗauki 60% a matsayin tsakiyar tsakiyar, muna sanya ajiyar makamashi na 720 W / h ga kowane 100 A * h na baturin mai ƙarfi na batir (1200 W / h x 60%) azaman tushen lissafin da zai biyo baya.

Da farko, dole ne a shigar da batir 100% daga caji daga tushen yanzu. Batura dole su rufe nauyin duhu. Idan baku sa'a tare da yanayin, kula da sigogin tsarin dole yayin rana.

Yana da mahimmanci a la'akari da cewa yawan batir din zai haifar da yawan cajin su. Wannan zai rage rayuwar sabis sosai. Mafi kyawun mafi kyawun ma'ana shine samar da naúrar tare da batura tare da ajiyar makamashi wanda ya isa ya rufe yawan kuzarin rana ɗaya.

Don gano ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi da ake buƙata, muna rarraba jimlar ƙarfin yau da kullun na 12,000 W / h ta 720 W / h kuma mu ninka da 100 A * h:

12 000/720 * 100 = 2500 A * h ≈ 1600 A * h

Gabaɗaya don misalinmu, muna buƙatar batura 16 tare da damar 100 ko 8 a 200 Ah *, waɗanda aka haɗa cikin jerin-layi.

Abubuwan da ke Tasirin Tasirin Tasiri

Tsarin fasalin sel sel yana haifar da raguwa a cikin aikin bangarori tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki.

Ialarƙwalwar ɓangare na kwamitin yana haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙarfin fitarwa saboda asarar da aka yi a cikin ɓangaren unlit, wanda ya fara aiki azaman nauyin parasitic. Ana iya kawar da wannan matsalar ta hanyar shigar da kewaye akan kowane hoton kwamiti. A cikin yanayin girgije, idan babu hasken rana kai tsaye, bangarorin da suke amfani da ruwan tabarau wajen tattara hasken rana sun zama basa iyawa, tunda tasirin ruwan tabarau ya shuɗe.

Daga halayen aiki na panelvoltaic panel, ana iya ganin cewa don cimma iyakar ƙarfin aiki, ana buƙatar zaɓi daidai na juriya na lodi. A saboda wannan, bangarorin hotovoltaic ba su da alaƙa da kai tsaye zuwa ɗaukar kaya, amma a maimakon haka suna amfani da mai sarrafawa don sarrafa tsarin sarrafawa, wanda ke tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na bangarori.

Zabi mai sarrafawa mai kyau

Kyakkyawan zaɓi na mai kula da cajin batir (batir) aiki ne na musamman. Tsarin shigarwar sa yakamata yayi daidai da abubuwan da aka zaɓa na hasken rana, kuma ƙarfin fitarwa zai dace da bambancin yuwuwar ciki na tsarin hasken rana (a cikin misalinmu, 24 volts).

Kyakkyawan mai sarrafawa dole ne ya tabbatar:

1. Yin cajin baturi mai yawa wanda ke haɓaka ingantaccen rayuwar su da yawa.
2. Na'urar atomatik, baturi da hasken rana, haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da cajin caji.
3. Sake haɗa nauyin daga baturi zuwa batirin hasken rana da kuma akasin haka.

Wannan karamin ƙulli sashi ne mai mahimmanci.

Kyakkyawan zaɓi na mai sarrafawa ya dogara da aikin ba matsala cikin kunshin batirin mai tsada da daidaituwar tsarin duka.

Zaɓin mafi kyawun inverter

An zaɓi inverter ta yadda zai iya ba da nauyin ganiya mai tsawo. Voltagearfin wutar aikinsa dole ne yayi daidai da bambanci na ciki na tsarin hasken rana.

Don mafi kyawun zaɓi, ana bada shawara don kula da sigogi:

1. Da siffar da mita na m alternating current. Mafi kusancin kusancin igiyar ruwa na Hz 50, mafi kyau.
2. Ingantaccen na'ura. Mafi girma 90% - mafi ban mamaki.
3. Samun amfani da na'urar. Dole ne ya zama commensurate tare da babban ƙarfin amfani da tsarin. Daidai ne - har zuwa 1%.
4. Ikon wannan rukunin zai iya yin amfani da nauyin ninka sau biyu.

Mafi kyawun fasalin shine inverter tare da aikin mai sarrafa ciki.

Rashin daidaituwa na Solar Power

• Bukatar amfani da manyan yankuna,
• Itace hasken rana baya aiki da daddare kuma baya aiki sosai da maraice, yayin da yawan ƙarfin wutar lantarki yake faruwa a cikin lokutan yamma,
• Duk da tsabtar muhalli na kuzarin da aka karɓa, hotunan hotunan kansu suna ɗauke da abubuwa masu guba, alal misali, gubar, cadmium, gallium, arsenic, da dai sauransu.

An soki tsire-tsire na hasken rana saboda hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali na ɓoyayyen gubar gurɓataccen gubar da haɗarin waɗannan mahadi. Leadaran-free-Semiconductors na hasken rana, alal misali, dangane da bismuth da maganin antimony, a halin yanzu suna ƙarƙashin ci gaba mai aiki.

Saboda ƙarancin ƙarfinsa, wanda ya kai kashi 20 cikin ɗari mafi kyau, bangarorin hasken rana suna yin zafi sosai. Sauran kashi 80 na kuzarin rana na amfani da hasken rana ne zuwa matsakaicin zazzabi na kusan 55 ° C. Tare da karuwa a cikin zafin jiki na kwayar hotovoltaic ta 1 °, ingancinsa yana raguwa da 0,5%. Wannan dogaro ne mara daidaituwa kuma karuwa a cikin zafin jiki na kashi ta 10 ° yana haifar da raguwa da inganci ta kusan kusan kashi biyu. Abubuwan da ke aiki da tsarin sanyaya (magoya baya ko na kantuna) waɗanda ke canja wurin refrigerant suna cinye babban adadin makamashi, suna buƙatar kulawa ta lokaci tare da rage dogaro ga tsarin duka. Tsarin kwantar da hankula yana da ƙarancin aiki kuma ba zai iya jimre wa aikin sanyaya hasken rana ba.