Sunan Latin: | Motacilla alba |
Squad: | Passerines |
Iyali: | Wagtail |
Additionallyarin ƙari: | Bayanin jinsunan Turai |
Bayyanar mutum da hali. Kyakkyawan tsuntsu girman girman gizo-gizo, amma mai santsi, mai sauƙin ganewa ta launi da halayyar sa. Kafafu suna da tsayi, tare da dogon yatsunsu, amma tare da gajeren yatsa. Tsayin Jikin 18-20 cm, fuka-fukai 25-30, nauyi 17-27 g.
Bayanin. A cikin tsuntsaye manya a matse rigan, baya yana da launin toka, kambi na kai, wuya da wuya baki ne, goshi da bangarorin kai sun yi fari, makogwaro da kirji na baki ne, kasan jikin shi fari ne da launin toka mai launin toka a garesu. Fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsaye suna da launin shuɗi-baki, da fararen rukunin furannin fari. Fuka-fuki fika-baƙi ne mai launin shuɗi, tare da faffadar iyaka ta fidda fata a fuka-fukan fuka-fukan da fikafikansu. Wutsiyar baƙar fata ce, nau'i biyu na gashin fuka-fukan farin suna da fari tare da baki a kan mai suturar ciki. Kafafu da baki suna baki. Mace ko dai ba ta bambanta da maza ba, ko kuma suna da launin toka ko baƙi mai kauri daga kawunansu, da alama akwai alamun halayen farko. A cikin damin kaka, yanayin haɓakar launuka ya ci gaba, amma maƙogwaron da goiter sun zama fari, baƙar fata kamar fatar an kiyaye shi kawai a gaban kirji, gashin fuka-fukan a saman kai yana da murfin launin toka a saman, sakamakon abin da kambi mai baƙar fata da goshi sun fi ko ƙasa masked da launin toka.
Tsuntsayen matasa suna da launin ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi-baki da na baya, a baya ga wani kunkuntar farin gira, mai farin fari, mai launin toka-saƙa (da wuya baƙi mai launin toka-wuya) a kirji Cutar da datti fari. Yankin kan iyakoki na kunkuri a kan reshe na fikafikan kunnuwa Gashin fuka-fukai masu digiri na uku tare da iyakar haske mai launin shuɗi. Kafa da baki suna da launin ruwan kasa. A cikin kayan kaka, firstan shekaru biyu na mata da maza suna kama da tsuntsayen manya, amma saman kawansu mai launin toka ne ba tare da inuwa baƙi, kuma a garesu kawunansu ana bayyana abin rufewa da ruwan lemun tsami. Ba mu da nau'ikan iri ɗaya. A farkon gashin tsuntsu, ba shi da banbanci sosai da sauran wagtails a gaban wurin jin murfin baƙi a kirji na sama. A cikin kayan ado na yara, ana bambanta shi da launi mai launin shuɗi na sama da kuma rashi launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi.
Kuri'a - a hankali "wayewa», «da'irori», «fadi"Ko kuma monosyllabic"tsli», «tsuntsu". Waƙar saurin maimaitawa ce wacce ba za'a iya sauya ta ba daga maimaita waɗannan sautunan guda.
Matsayi na Rarraba. Yankin kiwo ya shafi dukkan Turai da kuma wani yanki mai yawa na Asiya kudu zuwa Asiya Minarama, Siriya, arewacin Kazakhstan, Mongolia, da gabashin China. Babban wuraren yankuna suna cikin Iran, Afghanistan, India, Arabia da Afirka. Yawan nau'in ƙaura na ƙaura. A wasu shekaru, a cikin adadi kaɗan, zai iya yin hunturu a kudu na ɓangaren Turai na Rasha, lokaci-lokaci mutane ɗaiɗaiku suna wanzuwa don hunturu a tsakiyar layi, inda, a matsayinka na mulkin, ana kiyaye su a bankunan wuraren da ba a daskarewa ba.
Rayuwa. Ya isa tsakiyar layin a ƙarshen Maris ko farkon Afrilu. Yakan zauna a gefen rami, tare da bayan filayen da ƙauyuka. Kashe lokaci mai yawa a ƙasa, da wuya ya zauna akan rassan. Matsayi na mazaunin yana da bambancin launuka: tsakanin duwatsun, a cikin cavit daban-daban na gine-ginen mutane, a cikin rabin-hollows, a ƙarƙashin tushen, a cikin tsibin bishiyoyin katako ko kuma ciyawa mai yawa.
Gida yana da girma babba da siffar kwano. Kayan kayan karami ne, kwari na ciyawa, tushen sa, gansakuka, ulu, fuka-fukai da makamantansu. Baran ɗin yana da tsabta, ya liƙe da kayan taushi, galibi yana da ulu. A cikin kama 4-7, yawanci 5-6 qwai na farin ko launin furfura, m sau da yawa tare da haske ocher ko greenish tint, tare da kananan muryoyi na launin toka, launin ruwan kasa ko launi mai launin shuɗi, yawanci sparse, amma wani lokacin kusan gaba daya rufe bango. Chickks a saman a cikin wani launin toka launin toka, da bakin ciki daga orange zuwa rasberi ja, tare da rawaya rago ridges. Yana ciyar da yanayin ƙasa, lokaci-lokaci tsaba da tsire-tsire. Tashi na faruwa a hankali, daga lokacin bazara zuwa ƙarshen kaka.
A cikin Northern Urals rajista jirgin sama masked wagtailMotacillapersonatamai kama da farin wagtail cikin girma (tsayin 18 cm), bayyanar da hali. Ya bambanta da farin wagtail ta hanyar babban ci gaba na baƙar fata a kan kai (goshi, yankin da idanun ya kasance fari fat, a damina da damina - har ma da dima, saman makogwaro). Farkon filin a kan reshe ya fi girma. Matasa suna kama da duhu, da launin toka, ba fari, amai da amai. Tsarin jinsunan a Siberiya, Kazakhstan, da Tsakiyar Asiya; a iyakar iyakarta, tana yin farin jini tare da farin wagtail (galibi ana daukarta a matsayin reshe ne).
Bayanin
Tsayin Jikin - 180 mm, fuka-fuki - 87-94 mm, wutsiya - 90 - 95 mm, metatarsus game da 22-24 mm. A cikin bazara, goshi, gefuna na wuyansa da kan kai da kuma na gefe na jiki a bayan kirji farare ne, bangarorin sun yi launin toka, kambi, bayan kai, baya na wuya, gindi, goiter, na sama na kirji baki ne, fuka-fukai karami ne, wulakanci da baya sun yi launin toka, murfin wutsiya na sama baƙi ne, kuma mafi tsawo daga cikinsu baki ne tare da hasken streaks a gefuna, matsakaici da manyan fikafikan sutturar fuka-fuka-fuka-fukai tare da fararen fata, farar-fata-brownish, sakandare tare da iyakokin fata na farin webs, shugan bakar fata, na biyu na helmsmen masu farin tare da baki mai baki na webs na ciki, na biyu tare da gefen tururi - fararen tare da ginin gashin tsuntsu mai tushe da gefen fan cikin ciki. Matar dan kadan duller ce, kambi yana da kamshin launin toka. Bakan gizo duhu launin ruwan kasa, baki da kafafu baƙi ne. Bayan motsi na kaka, makogwaron da goiter sun zama fari, baƙar fata a kan kirji yana raguwa da girma.
Matasa zuwa farkon molt daga sama sune datti launin toka tare da goshi mai duhu da launin shuɗi, a ƙasa akwai ƙwaya mai launin shuɗi, tare da ɓangaren launin toka, wani ɓangaren fata mai launin fari da ƙari ko developedasa daɗaɗɗa "girki" akan kirji.
Habitat
Yankin yana da faɗi a cikin gundumar Rtishchevsky: tana zaune a cikin tafkuna na babban ko ƙarami, kusancin wuraren ajiyar filin, ƙauyuka, gami da kusancin garin Rtishchevo. Intarfafawar sababbin ƙasashe, gina sabbin hanyoyi da ginin gadoji, da sauransu, ayyukan ɗan adam yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga mazaunin wannan tsuntsu, kuma ana ci gaba da inganta ayyukan farin wagtail.
Hijira
Rationaurawar bazara da kaka ta waɗannan tsuntsayen sun sha bamban sosai. A cikin bazara (kwanakin farko na farko na Afrilu) wagtails suna motsawa zuwa arewa a cikin nau'i-nau'i, ko a cikin kananan rukuni, yayin kaka (ƙarshen watan Agusta - farkon rabin Satumba) ƙauna yana bayyana sosai kuma yana faruwa a matsayin ɓangare na manyan garken. A cikin yankin Saratov, mafi tsananin farin farin wagtails yana faruwa a cikin kwanakin farko na Satumba, a cikin lokacin mai zuwa har zuwa farkon Oktoba, mutane kaɗan ne kawai aka rubuta.
Hijira ta kaka-shi ne ci gaba na dabi'a na ƙaura na bazara na matasa da manya. Ya zama sananne daga ƙarshen farkon ƙarnin farko na watan Agusta kuma yana gudana akasarin manyan ramuka. Bayan wadannan jujjuyawar, tsuntsayen suka fara komawa kudu da kudu maso yamma. A watan Satumba, tsuntsaye sukan mamaye ƙauyuka - suna zaune akan rufin gidaje, suna bin tituna, lambuna, ƙasa mai kusa, tsakanin amfanin gona na hunturu. Farar wagtails suna tashi, yawanci a cikin rana. Mafi yawan motsin tsuntsaye ana lura da shi safe da yamma.
Kiwo
Zuwan a wuraren farauta. A cikin mako na farko bayan isowa, yawancin tsuntsaye sun riga sun kasu kashi biyu kuma sun mamaye wuraren zama. Ginin gida mafi yawa ana haɗe shi da na yanzu. Baya ga waƙa ta asali (tsintsiya madaidaiciya), wacce ake yi yayin jirgin na yanzu, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na zanga-zangar sun mamaye babban wuri a cikin halayen maza na farin wagtail. Maza sun sunkuya, squat, suna yada wutsiyarsu, wani lokacin kuma suna shimfida fikafikan su a kwance, amma kuma galibi suna rage ɗayansu kuma suna "zana" da'ira a kusa da mace a cikin radius rabin mita, kamar zakara. A wasu lokuta, tsuntsu na yanzu yakan ɗaga fikafikan sa buɗe sama. Don halayen miji na aiki, gaban mace na wajibi ne. A lokacin farauta, wagtails na da wahalar rashin haƙuri, kuma galibi maza kan fara yin faɗa don mallakar yankin ƙasa.
Farin gida w fariils a cikin halittu iri daban-daban. Mafi yawan lokuta suna sauka a kan rafin gabar teku tare da tushen tsafe-tsafe waɗanda ke iyakance rairayin bakin teku masu yashi. A kan kogunan koguna masu tsafe tsafe, wani farin wagtail yakan ratsa zurfin cikin dazuzzukan ci gaba. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana gina mazaunin a ƙasa, yana sanya su ƙarƙashin rami da tarkace mai zurfi, a ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi, a ƙarƙashin duwatsu da tsakanin su, a cikin duwatsun kankara, a kan sandar rami a ƙarƙashin murfin bara ta bara, har ma a kan keɓaɓɓu da kwari a cikin ruwa. M wasu wuraren nishadi masu kyau wasu lokuta ana mamaye su tsawon shekaru a jere.
Wagtails kuma da yardan zaunar da su a sansanonin da suke kan bankunan jikin ruwa. Hakanan ana samun makanninsu a cikin ƙauyukan ƙauyuka. A irin waɗannan wuraren, tsuntsaye mafi yawa suna yin sheƙun girke-girke a cikin kabilu da ganima na bango, a bayan robobi da murfin gidaje, a ƙarƙashin rufin gidaje, a bayan katako, a bangon rukunin gidaje da rijiyoyin, a tsoffin ramuka da ramuka, a cikin ramin katako da katako, cikin tsofaffin marasa aiki. motoci, da sauransu sitesasashen wuraren kiwo na yau da kullun don farin wagtails a cikin shimfidar wuri na anthropogenic suma akwai gadoji da sauran tsallakewar ruwa da ginin titi. Gidajen Wagtail kamar yadda suke a kullun a cikin ɓarnar gwaiwa - a cikin ramin daji a cikin kantuna, a cikin katako mai cike da ɓaraka, da rami na katako da ke kwance, da sauransu. Wani lokacin farin wagtails ya sauka akan filaye da kuma wuraren kiwo. A cikin wuraren shakatawa da gandun dajin-dajin, waɗannan tsuntsayen da son rai a kan wasu duwatsu da fasalin katako.
Siffar da girman farin wagtail sun bambanta sosai. Idan gida yana cikin rami a ƙasa, to, ramin ya yi layi tare da tsofaffin, rabin-mai-tushe mai tushe da ganyayen ganye. Gidajen da aka samo a cikin masararry na birki, a ƙarƙashin wani dutse, suna da bango mai kauri, kwance da rashin kulawa da aka sanya su daga daidai rotted da soaked mai tushe da ganyayyaki na herbaceous, wani lokacin gauraye da dunƙulewar firam kuma an ɗaure su da zaren woolen. Gida da aka sanya a bayan fatar gidan ko a cikin rami itace tari mai kauri, gashin fuka, ulu da sauran kayan, tare da tire da aka shirya a saman wannan tarin. Amma bisa ga dukkan alamu, gidan fararen farin wagtail yayi kama da ƙaramin kwano, ganuwar waɗanda basu da kulawa sosai kuma an sanya su sosai daga rabin-lalatattun abubuwa ko soyayyen mai tushe da ganyayyaki. Zuriyar dabbobi a cikin gida shima ya saba dashi: ya ƙunshi gashin dabba (shanu, tumaki, da sauransu) da gashin doki. Girman girman gida: diamita - 10-14 cm, tsayi - 6-8 cm, tebur diamita 5.5-8 cm, tray zurfin 2.5-5.5 cm.
Ginin gida yana ɗaukar kwanaki 6-12, amma wani kwanaki 2-3, gidan yana iya zama fanko. An saka ƙwai na Wagtail a cikin kwanaki goma na farko na Mayu, kuma a tsakiyar wannan watan, ana ɗaukar cikakkun abubuwan rikice-rikice a cikin mafi yawan mazaunin. Koyaya, a cikin lokaci mai zuwa, haɗuwa na ma'aurata waɗanda suka fara haihuwar kwanan nan yana yiwuwa. Mafi sau da yawa, cikakken masonry ya ƙunshi fararen farin 5-6 tare da aibobi mai launin toka, ƙasa da sau 4 ko 7. Girman kwai: 18-21 × 13-15 mm. Duk iyayen sun shiga cikin shigarwar abubuwan rashin daidaituwa. Kiɗaɗa na yau da kullum na qwai yana farawa bayan kwanciya. A dare, kawai mace koyaushe ya kasance a cikin gida. Da rana, ƙwai suna yin zafi daga abokan haɗin su. Lura da cewa namiji ba ya kafa tabo, ana iya ɗauka cewa an rage rawar da ya taka ne musamman adana zafi a cikin gida yayin rashin mace. Kayan kaji suna cikin gida kamar mako biyu. Sun bar gida da yake da izinin tashi, ko da yake kayan ƙira na yara a wannan lokacin har yanzu basu kasance cikakke ba.
Farin wagtail nestlings yana ciyar da namiji da mace. A cikin kajin 7-8 na kwana-kwana, tsofaffin tsuntsaye suna tashi da abinci a matsakaita har zuwa sau 15 a kowace awa, kuma macen a wannan lokacin tana ciyar da kajin dan lokaci kadan. Ciyarwar ta ƙunshi mafi yawan 'yan diplomasiyya. Ciyar da kajin na tsawon kwanaki 7-8. Wani lokacin brood ya watse - kaji biyu ko uku ne mace ke ciyar da su, sauran kuma maza ne. Gabaɗaya, a cikin gundumar dama na yankin Saratov, lokacin ciyar da kajin ya faɗi a ƙarshen kwanakin Mayu - farkon shekarun Yuni. Babban taro na tsuntsaye masu tashi yana sauka a shekaru goma na biyu na Yuni. Wannan farin wagtail yana da alaƙa da gudu na matasa nan da nan bayan lalacewar ƙazamar brood. Haɗu da kananan tsuntsayen a wurin farauta a shekaru masu zuwa lamari ne mai wuya.
Wannan nau'in yana da masonry biyu a shekara guda, amma wani ɓangaren nau'i-nau'i, a bayyane yake, shine na ukun, kamar yadda za'a iya lura da farashi ko da a ƙarshen watan Agusta.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Abincin farin wagtails yana mamaye gizo-gizo, ana samun kwari a garkuwa, lepidopterans, gwozayen ƙasa, kwari, damis, gwoza, bakuna da baƙi, daga hymenopterans akwai mahaya da tururuwa, jakadu na ainihi suna wakilta ta sauro da kwari na gaske.
Wani lokacin wagtails suna kama da adadin mayflies da dodonflies. Hanyar farauta a wannan yanayin takamaiman tsari ne: tsuntsaye ko dai suna gudu da sauri a ƙasa ko kuma tare da ganyen dabbobin ruwa na ruwa, to, da sun lura wata ƙwaya zata tashi, sai suka harbe har suka kama ta. Tsuntsayen da yardar ransu suna guduwa tare da gefen ruwa. Inda raƙuman ruwa suka fara sauka, bayan komawar su, wagtails suma suna gudana, suna ciji ƙarancin kwari da sauran ƙananan dabbobi waɗanda guguwar ta bari.