Bayanai na farko akan gudan majigi sun bayyana a karni na XVIII (Linnaeus, 1758) - a Ingila. Gabaɗaya, an yi nazarin wannan nau'in akan tafkin Baikal (Georgi, 1775). A duk wuraren da mazauninsu ke ciki, wannan nau'in gudgeon yana da yawa. A cikin Rasha, bayanai game da wannan nau'in gudgeon sun fara bayyana a cikin aikin “Fauna na Daular Rasha. Pisces ”(Berg, 1912). Tun daga wannan lokacin, masu bincike da yawa sunyi nazari da yawa (Berg, 1914, Nikolsky, 1936, Bogutskaya, Naseka, 1996)
Yaɗa
A baya an yi imanin cewa kewayon yana da fadi sosai, kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan nau'in sun fito a tsakanin kewayon ta (Berg, 1949 a). Dangane da sabbin bita na kananan abubuwan Gobio, mazaunin gama gari yana da iyaka ga jikin ruwa a arewa maso gabashin Turai: Great Britain, kudancin Sweden, jikin ruwan a cikin kwari, Farin, Baltic da Arewacin Teku, da Volga. Tsakanin wannan kewayon, al'umman largeon na kowa ana san su da mahimmancin haɗin gwiwar ƙwayar cuta (Vasilieva et al., 2004). Don haka, a cikin yankin wannan nau'in yana rayuwa ne kawai a cikin kogin rafin. Volga. Misali, zaman sa a cikin kogi sananne ne. Tereshka da lardinta a cikin gundumar kusa da Radishchevsky na yankin Ulyanovsk (Artemyeva, Selishchev, 2005), a tsakiyar kogin. Kurdyum a cikin gundumomin Saratov da Tatishchevsky (Belyanin, 2006). Ya kamata a fayyace matsayin haraji na ƙananan tarkace daga wuraren ajiya na Don basin.
Short Short
Girman girma ƙanana - 10-15 cm a tsawon, amma misalai sun fi girma. Bayyanannen takamaiman ne: jikin yana da wuya, dan kadan daga gefen ciki ne. Babban sikeli. Snout elongated, ƙananan bakin, lebe na ƙananan ya katse a tsakiyar, a sasanninta bakin akwai ingantattun tsirarrun eriyoyi. A cikin layi na ƙarshe na ma'auni na 40-45. Jikin da ke saman ana zana shi a cikin sautunan launin ruwan kasa-launin shuɗi, silvery akan tarnaƙi, an rufe shi da launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi, wasu lokuta suna haɗawa cikin ci gaba mai duhu, ciki cike da launin shuɗi. Rsarfin dosal da caudal suna ɗauke da maki masu duhu. A cikin ruwa, yana da sauki a gane ta manyan, fiɗa na ɗimbin kuliyoyin da aka sanya su a wuri ɗaya, waɗanda suke ba wa jiki fasalin triangular.
Siffofin ilimin halittu
Ya kai ga balaga tun yana ɗan shekara 3-4, lokacin da tsayin jikin mutum ya kasance aƙalla 8 cm. Rashin girman maza da mata, bisa la’akari da abin lura a cikin kogunan Sura, Moksha da Malaya Tsivil a watan Yuli - Agusta, kusan daidai yake (Artaev da Ruchin, 2007 b). Portion spawning, yana farawa da zafin ruwa na +7 ° C, jimlar sa shine watanni 1.5-2. Haihuwa ba ta wuce dubu 10 na daskararre ƙwai, waɗanda aka ɗora a kan maɓallin keɓaɓɓun cikin ruwan m. Qwai an lullube shi da barbashi na silt, hatsi na yashi, daga abin da ya zama ba a ganuwa. Yankakken girma tare da manyan ƙwallon ƙafa da idanun idanun. Ba su amsa da haske ba kuma suna wanzuwa a ƙasa har tsawon wasu kwanuka. A ƙarshen lokacin girma, ƙananan kifi sun kai tsawon cm 5. Ya zama mallakin benthophages na al'ada: larvae yana ciyar da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa (rhizopods, rotifers), kifi da manya sun cinye mayflies da ƙananan mollusks, da sauran ƙoshin kifi.
Pescara: fasali da fasali na waje
Fishan ƙaramin kifi mai ruwa-ruwa ba shi da ƙima ta kasuwanci saboda ƙananan adadin mutane da kuma matsalolin kamun kifi, amma a lokaci guda ana samunsa ko'ina kuma yana da kyawawan halaye na ciki. Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaitan matsakaici shine 10 cm, babba - 15-18 cm bisa hukuma, samfurin da aka auna 192 g kuma tsawonsa shine 22 cm a matsayin mai rikodin.
Godiya ga bayyanar da ba a saba ba, yana yiwuwa a fahimci abin da mai kama da shugeon yake ba tare da hoto ba. A takaice dai bayanin manyan kayan kifin ya isa haka:
- Tsawan jiki yana iya zama sananne a cikin yankin kai da kuma yankin tsakanin ƙushin ƙyallen da ƙushin caudal, wanda ya sa ya yi kama da ƙaiƙayi,
- inuwa mai launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi,
- pairwarara mai ƙarfi a cikin kusurwar manyan leɓunku na gaba,
- manyan manyan idanun da ke cikin gaban gaban kai,
- ingantaccen ƙirar fiber,
- silvery tare da duhu spots tare da midline,
- haske rawaya ciki,
- maimakon manyan sikeli (40-45 guda daga gills zuwa wutsiya),
- ƙaramin rsan wasan ƙanƙanin fure mai siffar kusan sau uku.
Kusan tsawon rayuwar gudgeon yana zaune a kasan. Wannan yana bayanin dalilin da yasa ciki ya yawaita kuma ya faɗi faɗi. Babban launi na ƙusoshin shine launin toka ko launin shuɗi.
Gudun ruwa mai ban sha'awa karkashin ruwa
Ta hanyar dabi'a, kifin yana da hankali sosai, saboda an haɗo shi a cikin abincin abinci na waterfowl, pike, perch, asp, perch har ma da ruff. Don kare kansu daga barazanar da kuma lura da hadarin cikin lokaci, gudannen na zaune a manyan fakitoci, wanda ya hada da mutane daban-daban.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Duk da karancin girman sa, dan wasan ya fi son abincin dabbobi da abinci akan ciyayi kawai lokaci-lokaci. Tushen abincin mutane ya ƙunshi ƙananan mollusks da ƙananan karkara, larvae, tsutsotsi, kwari, ƙwai na wasu kifaye, amma suna iya cin abincin dabbobi da siyarwa.
Gashin-baki mai nama yana wasa da mahimmancin sassan jiki masu taɓawa, wanda zai ba ku damar samun abinci daidai tsakanin tsintsaye da dutse ko kuma a cikin saman bene. Yayin hanya, wannan kifin yana halin 'yan farauta "masu farauta". Don yin wannan, yana narkar da kansa daga mafarautan cikin abin bakin ciki da ke ƙasa da matakin ƙasa kuma a hankali yana lura da abubuwan da suke wucewa. Da zaran kogin ruwa ya kawo kwari, kwai ko ƙaramin ɓawon burodi, ƙashin hancin ya tura kifin daga ƙasa, ya yi walƙiya-sauri, ya karɓi abinci ya sake ɓoyewa a cikin mafaka.
Ciyarwa
Haɗawa farawa da wuri, da zaran ruwan ya kama har zuwa + 7-8 ° C. Mace da ta balaga shekaru 3-4 da haihuwa sun sa ƙwai cikin ruwa mai zurfi a cikin rabo dubu da yawa na kamar wata biyu, yawanci daga farkon Afrilu zuwa ƙarshen Mayu. Wannan tsarin na gudgeon spawning yana ƙara haɓakar nasarar haɓakar yawan jama'a kuma yana ba ku damar cinye kitse guda lokaci guda ta cin caviar sauran kifaye.
Wani sirrin ga nasarar rayuwar shine nau'ikan itace a kan qwai. Ba wai kawai dogara da masonry zuwa m substrate ba, amma har da gaske tattara da tattara hadadden gasa da sauran gurbata, da gaske masking qwai karkashin inedible hatsi da yashi.
Bayan kimanin mako guda, larvae ya bayyana tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin wucin gadi, wanda ya nutse a ƙasa don ci gaba da girma. Bayan morean ,an kwanaki, namiji ya ci gaba da amfani da abinci na ƙoshin abinci.
Yadda za a zaɓi wurin da abin da za a kama kwamiti
Ana iya la'akari da yin kwalliya don kamun kifi wanda ke kwarara tafkunan ruwa masu sanyi tare da ƙasan ƙasa (yashi, dutse, ƙwaƙwalwa, yumbu). Ruwa mara zurfin ruwa, rapids na dutse, ramuka mai zafi da ramuka a zurfin matsakaici sun fi dacewa da kamun kifi.
Pecker zai yi ɗora'a a kan ƙimar asalin dabba. Game da burodi, kullu, hatsi da sauran nozzles, ba su da fa'ida.
Ana iya la'akari da ƙugiyar ta duniya azaman tsutsa na baƙin ƙarfe, amma tunda an haɗa shi a cikin littafin Red na Federationungiyar Rasha, zai fi kyau watsi da wannan ra'ayin da kuma amfani da wasu nozzles.
Taro yana da kyau akan mayukan jini, maggots, larva na drozenka da caddis, tsutsa dung. Na farkon biyun ana shuka su biyun daban-daban kuma a cikin taron da yawa. Ana amfani da tsutsa mafi kyau a cikin sassan, ba tare da ƙirƙirar wutsiya mai tsayi da yawa ba.
Gudgeon kamun kifi baya buƙatar koto. Banda shi ne kwallayen ƙasa tare da ƙara tsutsa tsutsotsi da zubar jini, waɗanda, lokacin da aka sake su cikin ruwa, haifar da girgije na hargitsi wanda ke jan kifin.
Gudanarwa na gama gari (lat.Gobio gobio)
A cikin tsarin Yenisei, sashin Siberian na cikin kifayen da aka gama dasu. Tana zaune a manyan koguna da koguna, ƙoguna, tafkuna, galibi masu gudana, tafkuna da tafkuna. A cikin Yenisei, yakan faru har zuwa Yankin Arctic Circle. An san shi a cikin manyan kabilunsa (Kan, Angara, Sym, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Tunguska na ƙananan, Turukhan).
Gudanar da Siberian - Gobio gobio cynocephalus Gudgeon ya samo asali ne daga gaɓarɓar da yashi da koguna. Gudgeon yana da jiki mai tsawo, zagaye, yana rufe da manyan sikeli. Bakinsa karami ne, karami, tare da bayyananniyar eriya mai gani a cikin sasanninta.
Launin launin shugeon yana da peculiar. Fushinta mai launin shuɗi ne mai launin shuɗi, gefenta suna da ruwan siliki, suna da shuɗi 6-6 ko kuma baƙi mai shimfiɗa wanda ke fitowa daga murfin murfin zuwa ga caudal fin, wanda wani lokacin, musamman ma a cikin tsohuwar kifin, hade cikin duhu mai ɗauka, ruwan ciki yana da shuɗi. Rsaƙashin ƙashi da ƙushin farin ciki sune launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi tare da ƙananan duhu, sauran sune launin toka mai haske.
Gudgeon yana jagorantar tsarin rayuwa. A lokacin rani, a cikin ƙaramin garke, yana riƙe da tushe, a cikin wuraren zama da ya fi so - ƙarancin rakodi da sandbanks mai cike da ruwa, da kuma cikin ramuka a baya tare da yashi, ƙanƙara mai dutse har ma da ɗan ƙaramin silted ƙasa.
Gudgeon kifi ne mai karsashi, galibin lokacin da yake kwance babu motsi, yana matse cikin ciki. Shi ne mafi yawan aiki a lokacin rana, ya fi son kada ya motsa da dare. Ba ya yin babban motsi. A cikin bazara ya shiga wurare masu zurfi tare da yashi mai ƙasa, kuma a cikin hunturu ya fi mai da hankali kan ramuka.
Tsarin balaga na Puccaria yana faruwa ne a shekara ta biyu ko ta uku na rayuwa, tare da tsawon tsayin jiki zuwa 7 cm da yawa na 6-12 g. haifuwarta tana faruwa ne a ƙarshen Mayu, Yuni kuma, wataƙila, cikin watan Yuli, a wurare marasa ƙarfi tare da daskararren ƙasa ko yashi. Caviar karami ne, mai nunin 0.7-0.8 mm, an share shi sassa daban-daban akan ƙasan sandy da ƙasan ciyawa. Sakamakon abu mai ƙarfi, dutsen caviar ya manne da duwatsun, an “ɗaura shi” da ƙananan hatsi kuma ya zama ba a iya samun (da wuya a gani) ga masu amfani da caviar.
Samun girman gudgeon yayi kadan, ya danganta da shekaru da girman kifin kuma yawansu yakai dubu uku. A cikin lokacin tsintsar ciki, maza suna iya bambamta ga mace ta hanyar yawan fitsari da ke fitowa a kawunansu da ƙashinsu.
Manyan kwamitocin sun kai tsawon 16-17 cm, nauyi 65-70 g da shekaru 6-7 (r. Turukhan, Kan). Koyaya, irin waɗannan samfuran marasa wuya ne, ƙididdigar ta ta yau da kullun ita ce 9.5-10 cm da 13-20 g.
Kamar yadda yake tare da mafi yawan sauran kifayen, ƙananan ƙwayoyin katako da rotifers sune tushen abinci mai gina jiki na matasa. Adult kifi ciyar a kan kwari larvae, wanda mayflies da chironomids, kazalika da mollusks da shuka detritus, mamaye babban wurin.
Ba shi da darajar kasuwanci. Amfani da shi azaman mashi don kamun kifi na planten da burbot. Yana da wani amfani a matsayin abu na kamun kifi ga masunta mai son.
Bayanin
Fasalin yana da jiki mai kauri mai zurfi, wanda aka rufe shi da babban sikeli. Bakin yana ƙasa, a sasanninta akwai eriya ɗaya. Goshin ya fadi, idanu sun kafu sosai. A baya launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi ne, gefunan ciki kuma na ciki fari-fari ne. Abubuwan baƙi na fata suna warwatse ko'ina cikin jiki. A gefe guda suna haɗuwa da tsiri. Rsarfin dorsal da caudal suna da launin toka tare da layin duhu da aibobi, ƙwalƙwalwar ƙwallon kafa da ventral suna launin rawaya.
Kiwo
Gudun ya zama ya zama mai balaga yayin jimawa lokacin da ya kai tsawon cm 8. Yana ninka da daddare a lokacin bazara da farkon lokacin bazara (Afrilu-Yuni), lokacin da ruwan yayi zafi har zuwa 15 ° C. An rarrabe ƙasa, lokacin, cikin wurare mara zurfi tare da m-yashi kasa. Qwai tare da diamita na 1.3-1.5 mm. tsaya a ƙasa. Haihuwa 1-3 dubu qwai. Caviar yana haɓaka kimanin kwanaki 8. Larvae da soya ku ci plankton da sauran ƙananan invertebrates. Ana kiyaye ƙananan yaran a kusa da tudu, kuma yayin da suke girma, suna matsawa zuwa wurare masu zurfi.
Rayuwa
Gidajen wannan karamin kifin mara ma'ana sune kogunan ruwa, tabkuna, mahaɗar rafi da ƙananan rafi da tashoshi. Idan ka zo kan tafkin ka ga ruwan da ke ciki na da tsabta, m, kuma baya tsayawa, amma yana gudana, to akwai yuwuwar yiwuwar cewa an sami gudgeons a cikin wannan tafkin. Kuna buƙatar bincika wannan kifin a cikin wurin da ƙananan yashi ne (a zahiri, saboda haka sunan kifin) ko an rufe shi da ƙananan pebbles. Gudgeon garken kifi ne.
Hanyar kamun kifi
Sun fara kama gudgeon daga ƙarshen Mayu. Tun da yake galibi yana zaune ne a kan rafi, hanya mafi kyau ga kamun kifi ita ce kamun kifi. A cikin kogunan gudgeon suna kamuwa da aika rubuce rubuce tare da magance matsalar farin jini, tsutsotsi ko kuma wutsi. Sandar tana buƙatar madaidaicin haske, sassauƙa. Layin kamun kifi ya kamata ya zama na bakin ciki, tare da nunin 0.1-1.15 mm, ƙugiya No. 3-4, ya danganta da girman bututun, ruwa mai ƙyalli, ƙanƙara, mara nauyi, mafi kyawun kumburi ko abin toshe kwalaba, matattarar mai - pellet ɗin No. 7.
A cikin ƙananan wurare tare da saurin gudana, ana bada shawara don kama tare da iyo mai iyo ruwa mai iyo. Gudgeon shine kifi na ƙasa, kuma ya kamata a kiyaye bututun ƙarfe a ƙasan ƙasan. Yiwuwar biting yana ƙaruwa idan ba'a zana bututun ƙarfe a ƙasan ƙasa. Gudun ya tsinke babu tsoro, ana iya kama shi da sanda guda.
Tare da farko na sanyi, suna kamun kifi a kan hanyoyin zubar jini a wurare masu zurfi tare da hanya ta tsakiya. Idan ana kamun kifi a cikin wade, ya zama dole a tayar da ruwa, tunda kwarton zai fi kusanci kogin laka, kuma yakamata a ƙaddamar da bututun da ke gefensa. A cikin kaka, a wuraren da ake tara tarin koguna a rapids, ana kama shi da ɗan sandun mashin ƙasa tare da ƙugiya biyu kuma tare da matattar maɗaukaki.
Kuna iya ƙarin koyo game da hanyoyin kamun kifin a cikin sashin "Labarai game da kamun kifi" ko ta hanyar ɗaukar ɗayan finafinan ilimi game da kamun kifi a gidan yanar gizon mu. Hakanan zaka iya saukar da littattafai ko mujallu a sashin rukunin mu "Siffofin kamun kifi".
Ba ku da isasshen haƙƙoƙin rubuta sharhi. Da fatan za a yi rijista a kan Portal ko shiga cikin asusunka.
Haraji
Yanki: | Eukaryotes |
Mulkin: | Dabbobi |
Nau'i: | Chordate |
Fasali: | Kifin Rayfin |
Squad: | Cyprinids |
Iyali: | Cyprinids |
Jinsi: | Pescari |
Duba: | Gudun na kowa |
Bayyanar
Bayyanar ɗarikar gargajiyar talakawa kyakkyawa ne kuma masu ɗimbin kyau, kodayake palette mai launi yana ƙarami. Yana da tsayi, siriri, mai kauri, mai zagaye, wanda ke girma cikin tsayi zuwa santimita 12-15. Filin santimita santimita mai rikodin mutum a dangin sa kuma ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, kuma musamman musamman, a matsayin banda. Yawan taro yana kai giram 80 kawai.
A jikin wani dan karamin komon, akwai gajerun yatsun hancin da àyoyin da basu da ratsin fari. Gaba dayan fuskar an rufe shi da manyan Sikeli.
A kowane lungu na bakin bakin yana bakin gashin bakin magana. Bakin bakin gudgeon yana da layuka guda biyu na hakoran faran-fatar ido, suna dan kadan a bakin goge. Da kansa yana da fadi kuma ya daidaita, tare da fuska mai annuri, ƙananan muƙamula ya fi guntu sama da na sama kuma yana da kamannin da aka zana. A gaban gaban kai akwai manyan idanu biyu masu launin shuɗi.
Jikin talakawa yana da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi-baki, launin shuɗi. Tare da bangarorin launin kifaye masu launin shuɗi sune layuka masu duhu, galibi suna yin ratsi. A gefe guda suna daga shida zuwa goma sha biyu, ya danganta da girman dabba. Abun ciki da sauran duka ƙananan an rufe shi da fararen fata ko launin shuɗi, sannan kuma fenti na ciki, ventral da furofesos ana fentin surar launin fari da launin shuɗi. Dorsal da caudal fins kodadde launin ruwan kasa tare da duhu aibobi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa tare da shekaru, kifin yana canza launi, yana wucewa daga inuwa mai haske zuwa mai duhu. Wataƙila irin wannan rikice-rikice yana taimaka wa matasa su tsira cikin yanayin ƙara yawan hankalin daga kifin da ake tsammani.
Yaya tsawon lokacin da gudgeon
Rayuwar talakawa ba ta wuce shekaru takwas zuwa goma. Amma mafi yawan lokuta kifaye sukan katse lokacin da suke da shekaru 3-5, matukar dai taimakon soyayyar ya sami damar wuce layin shekara 1. A lokaci guda, kifin da aka kama daga tafki na asali ana iya kiyaye shi a cikin yanayin akwatin ruwa, yana rayuwa a cikin su daga shekaru 2 zuwa 3.
Habitat, mazauni
Babban taron jama'a na rayuwa ne a cikin tsarin ruwa mai tsafta wanda ke kwarara zuwa gabashin tekun Atlantika, Tekun Arewa da kwarin Tekun Baltic. Wadannan magudanan ruwa sun hada da magudanar Loire da magudanan gabas, Burtaniya da magudanan ruwa Rhone, Danube na sama da na Tsakiya da Manyan Dniester, da kuma Bugai Dnieper magudanar ruwa a cikin Tekun Bahar Maliya. Har yanzu ba a fayyace dalilin samar da irin wannan kifin mai yawa ba, amma ana samunsa galibi a cikin tafkuna, koguna da koguna masu girma dabam, waɗanda ke da yashi ko tsakuwa da ruwa mai tsafta.
Tekun Atlantika, kwari na Arewa da Baltic Tekuna, daga magudanar Loire zuwa Gabas, Gabashin Burtaniya, magudanan ruwa na Rhone da Volga, Manyan Danube da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Manyan Dniester da Dnieper magudanar ruwa cike suke da wani yanayi tare da wannan karamin dako. An gabatar dashi cikin Gabas da Arewacin Italiya, Ireland, Wales da Scotland. Ba a san iyakokin gabashin da na kudanci ba. Yawan jama'a daga Penasar Iberian da Basin Kogin Adur a kudancin Faransa na garin Lausanne ne. Yawan jama'ar gundumar Caspian na iya zama dabam dabam.
Abincin da talakawa gudgeon ke ciki
Mafi yawan minnows na yau da kullun suna ciyar da duk abin da za'a iya samu daga ƙasan tafki. Abinci na iya zama na tsiro ko daga dabbobi. Amma tunda kifi ne mai ƙaddara, ƙananan abubuwa na duniyar dabba suna wasa mafi ƙima a cikin menu. Tsarin menu ya hada da lardin sauro, in bako, ƙananan tsutsotsi, daphnia, cyclops da kwari. A lokacin tsunduma - a lokacin bazara, maharbin na iya cin abinci a ƙwai na wasu nau'in kifaye. Nowaramin abu yana neman abinci tsakanin duwatsu da hatsi na yashi, ta amfani da eriyawa masu aiki azaman vibrissas don bincika.
A wurare da isassun igiyoyi, wannan kifayen mahimmin tsari har ma ya kafa ayaba. Oye a cikin karamin ɓacin rai, gudgeon na iya sauƙi jira karamin crustacean ko soya ta, ta karɓa kuma ku ci.
Abokan halitta
Abin takaici, a cikin daji an shirya shi sosai don wanda ya fi girma ya ci mai rauni da ƙarami. Gudgeon shine ganima da yawa daga masu cin kifayen, kamar su Eurasien otter, kifin dako, katako ko kayan masarufi. Duk da cewa irin wannan karamin kifin ba zai iya biyan bukatun abinci na babban maharbi ba, amma ya taka rawar rayuwar 'yan tsiraru, wato yaɗuwarsu. Saboda haka, farauta donsu ya zama mafi wadatarwa, saboda idan kun ɗauki hanzari na dama, zaku iya shiga cikin kunshin, ku kama mutane da yawa a lokaci ɗaya. Ya juya ya zama ɗan ƙara kusan ɗaya lokaci guda tare da wutsiya mai juyayi, bayan wannan ya zama mai sauƙin ci gaba da abincin ba tare da sauri ba, kawai ɗaukar waɗanda abin ya rutsa da su. A Tsakiyar Turai, a kan rafuffuka da koguna, ƙananan ƙananan sun ninka har zuwa 45% na abincin wannan mazaunin ruwa mai ruwa. A wasu yankuna, wannan adadi ya tashi daga kashi 25-35%.
Amma ba wai kawai kifi da otters ba ne mai ƙin cin abinci a ƙaramin. Crayfish kuma yana iya cutar da alumma ta hanyar lalata samari waɗanda suke gani talauci, har yanzu wani lokaci bayan haihuwa, raguwa a gindi.
Barazanar na iya gudana cikin sama, da kuma a gabar teku. Manyan manya ana marhabin da abinci ga tsuntsayen masu farauta da ƙananan filaye. Hakanan, duk da irin wannan ƙaramar darajar kasuwancin, masunta sun kama alkalin. Kuna iya kama ɗaruruwan mutane a kowace masanin kamun kifi tare da ƙungiyar tsutsa da take da tsutsa. Don samun gudgeon, kawai kuna buƙatar saukar da ƙugiya zuwa ƙwanƙolin ƙasa, kuma nan da nan zai amsa abincin da ya bayyana a sararin sama.
Kifi na kamun kifi
Talakawan talakawa bashi da wani muhimmiyar darajar kasuwanci. Duk da dandano mai gamsarwa da sauƙin kamun kifi, ba a taɓa amfani dashi don dafa ɗan adam ba. Naman sa bai dace da siyarwa ba, kamar yadda kifayen ƙarami ne, kuma naman da kansa bebaye. Kuna iya dafa abinci daga gare ta, amma ba za a iya kawar da fuss ba. Wannan kifin bai dace da kiwo wucin gadi ba saboda dalilai iri ɗaya. Sau da yawa mafi yawan lokuta, dan sanda yakan zama abu ne na farauta ko kuma ana kama shi don amfani da shi azaman ƙimar mafi ƙima, babban kifi mai cin nama, alal misali pike, kifin kifi, kifin kifi, ko ma kifin kifi. Hakanan, za'a iya kiyaye waɗannan kifayen masu ban sha'awa cikin bauta. Suna son sabo ruwa da abinci mai yawa. Minnow a cikin akwatin kifayen nuna hali unpretentiously, da sauri daidaita da, ko da an kama daga daji a cikin wani ko orasa da balagagge shekaru.
Duk da karancin shaharar kifayen don abinci mai gina jiki, har yanzu ya cancanci ambaton fa'idodi masu amfani. Gudgeon naman yana da wadata a ma'adanai da abubuwan gina jiki. Ya ƙunshi bitamin na rukunin A da D, alli, selenium, phosphorus da fluorine. Akwai wadataccen iodine da omega-6 polyunsaturated mai mai mai a cikin nama gudgeon.
Lokacin yin soya, kifi yana samun kyakkyawan jin dadi, kuma tare da yin amfani da shi na yau da kullun yana iya samun sakamako mai amfani ga lafiyar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, yanayin hangen nesa, fata, ƙashi da hakora. Aidin da ke cikin kifin yana da tasiri mai amfani a cikin glandar thyroid. Nama ba kawai yana da amfani ba, amma yana da ƙarancin mai mai yawa, wanda ke sanya shi kyakkyawan ingantattun abubuwa yayin da yake cin abinci don asarar nauyi ko lokacin dawowa bayan wani rashin lafiya.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Kifi - halittu tsoffin mutane ne, sun bayyana ne sama da shekaru miliyan 520 da suka gabata. Na farkon su yayi kama da tsutsotsi fiye da kifi, amma, shekaru miliyan 420 da suka shude, ajin da aka yiwa hasarar fyaɗe - tushen tsarin ƙashin ƙyallen nasu daidai yake da na kifi na zamani.
Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda yawancin kifayen da ke zaune a duniyar tamu yanzu, gami da gudan kurwa, suna cikin rayukan da aka yiwa gwajin kayan. Amma a cikin ɗaruruwan miliyoyin da suka gabata, sun daɗe ta hanyar juyin halitta, da farko jinsunan da suka mamaye duniyarmu a zamanin Paleozoic sun ƙare, sannan wakilan Mesozoic fauna suka maye gurbinsu.
Bidiyo: Gudgeon
Yawancin nau'ikan halittu na zamani, in banda '' ma'adanai masu rai '' masu rarrabe, sun tashi a zamanin Cenozoic, wannan ya shafi kifayen. Su ne suka fara yin amfani da ruwa a wancan lokacin, kuma da farko dai, taskokin tarin yawa - mamaye sun mamaye su daga sharks.
A lokacin ne kawai cyprinids na farko suka tashi - wato, ƙananan mintuna na wannan dangi. Hakan ya faru ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 30 da suka gabata. Lokacin da manyan alkalai suka tashi, ba a san da wasu tabbacin cewa akwai samo asali tun shekaru miliyan ɗaya da haihuwa ba, amma yana yiwuwa hakan ya faru tun da farko.
Asalin halittar da aka bayyana shine JL. de Cuvier a cikin 1816, ya karbi sunan Gobio. Ya haɗa da yawancin jinsuna kuma ana ci gaba da bayanin duk sababbi. Misali, a shekarar 2015 kawai aka yi bayanin kimiya game da halittar canjin halittu, har ma da shekara guda daga baya, artvinicus.
Ina ne gudgeon yake zaune?
Hoto: Gudgeon a cikin kogi
Rarraba a arewacin yankin Turai: ana iya samunsa a kusan duk kogin da yake guduwa cikin tekun Tekun Arctic. Duk waɗannan kogunan suna da haɗin kai ta dalilin cewa ruwansu yana daɗaɗɗa - waɗannan daidai ne da ƙananan ƙananan. Saboda ba su da yawa a cikin kogunan dumi na kudancin Turai, suna ɗaukar ruwa zuwa Bahar Rum - sun fi dacewa da sauran kifayen.
Koyaya, suna zaune a wasu koguna na kogin Bahar Rum, misali, a cikin Rhone. Kogin rafin Bahar Maliya kuma yana zaune: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester. Suna zaune a mafi yawan kogunan Rasha yamma da Dutsen Ural, irin su Volga, Don da Ural.
Suna zaune a cikin ruwan Scandinavia. An gabatar da su a cikin Scotland, Ireland da Italiya, sun ninka kuma yanzu sun zama mazaunan mazaunan wuraren tafki a can. A cikin yankin Asiya na Rasha, ana samun su har zuwa Primorye, kuma ana samun su a wuraren ajiyar Asiya ta Tsakiya.
Baya ga yawan zafin jiki na ruwa, ka'idojin da kwamitocin za su daidaita ba su da tushe balle makama: ana iya samun waɗannan kifayen a cikin manyan kogunan kwanciyar hankali da kogunan tuddai, har ma a cikin koguna, ana samun su a manyan tafkuna da kuma a cikin ƙananan tafkuna. Abin sani kawai yiwuwar haɗuwa da su shine mafi girma, mai tsabta da kuma wadatar da oxygen.
Hakanan suna ƙaunar tafkunan da ke da dutse mai kaɗa ko sandar yashi. Suna zaune kusa da tushe cikin ruwa mara zurfi, kuma mafi yawan lokuta basa zama a wannan wurin da aka haife su, idan ya dace kuma ya sami damar ciyarwa. Ko da dole ne ku yi ƙaura (yawanci duk garken yana yi sau ɗaya), yawanci ba sa yin tafiya mai nisa, amma kilomita ɗaya ko da yawa.
Kowane faɗuwa sukan je zuwa wurare masu zurfi, suna neman inda ya fi ɓarna ya zama mafi dumin lokacin da kankara ta rufe kankara. Lokacin da kandami ya fara daskarewa, sau da yawa mutum na iya ganin gungun minnows suna taro kusa da makullin, wanda ruwa ke ci gaba da doke shi. Har zuwa kwanan nan, suna ƙoƙarin neman wuraren da ba a bushe ba tare da ruwan oxygen.
A cikin hunturu, suna ƙoƙarin neman wurin da ruwan yake da zafi: suna zuwa tafkuna ko tafkuna, suna iyo a cikin ruwa mai karkashin ruwa ko kuma maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu zafi. Mafi sau da yawa suna kwance a cikin ramuka a cikin ƙasa kuma suna kwance a ƙarƙashin ɓarna. Idan an ƙwace ƙananan minna a cikin tafki tare da tsabtataccen ruwa, to, ana shayar da su a cikin wani batun shekaru, amma a lokaci guda ba su kai girman kogi ba.
Me gudgeon zai ci?
Hoto: Gudgeon gama gari
Abincin gudgeon ya hada da:
Kamar yadda kake gani, wannan kifayen magabaci ne, kuma yafi son cin kananan dabbobi dabam dabam. Minnow kuma zai iya cin abincin shuka, amma a smallanana kaɗan, kuma galibi suna ciyar da kansu ta hanyar farauta, wanda za'a iya ci gaba daga safiya zuwa maraice. Yawancin lokaci suna amfani da wannan lokacin suna bincika tushe, suna bincika abin da ke cikin ganima, wani lokacin ma sun tono ta, suna jin komai tare da taimakon eriya masu hankali, wanda babu abin da zasu ɓoye.
Wani lokacin minnows na iya ma dako a wurin da yanzu yake da sauri kuma yana ɗaukar ganima. Suna ɓoye kusa da rafin, ta wani dutse, suna jira a soya ko ɗan mollusk su wuce, kuma idan sun jira, sai suka fizge shi.
A lokacin bazara da farkon lokacin bazara, lokacin da wata kifin ta ɓoye, minnows suna canzawa zuwa ciyar da caviar da soya, da gangan nemi su kuma sau da yawa iyo a cikin waɗannan bincike daga ƙasa, wani lokacin zuwa farfajiya. Movementungiyoyin suna jan hankalin maharan, sabili da haka, don haifar da su, yawanci ruwa zai zama balamamute.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kodayake mutane da yawa ba sa amfani da ƙarancin abinci don abinci, suna da amfani: naman su yana da bitamin da ma'adanai da yawa, kuma yawanci amfani yana da sakamako mai kyau ga yanayin tsarin zuciya da kasusuwa da fata. Hakanan suna da iodine da yawa, wanda ke taimakawa tare da matsaloli tare da glandar thyroid. A lokaci guda, yawan kitse na nama mai gudgeon yana da ƙima, domin a iya cinye shi yayin cin abinci ko lokacin da yake murmurewa daga rashin lafiya.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Gudgeon Kifi
Minan wasan ƙwaya kaɗan yawanci suna aiki da rana, koyaushe suna neman ganima, galibi a ƙasa, amma cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Babban damar da aka samu na kama su kusa da bakin dutse ko yashi. Da dare, minnows suna hutawa, suna manne wa ƙasa ƙasa da ƙashin ƙyallen, don yadda halin yanzu ba zai iya busa su ba yayin rashin aiki.
Yawancin lokaci, koda kafin faɗuwar rana, suna ɓoye a tsakanin tsire-tsire kusa da rapids, don haka a wannan lokacin ya dace don kama su idan kun san irin waɗannan wuraren. Amma wannan ba koyaushe bane yake faruwa: idan mafarautan sun zauna kusa da minnows, farauta su kuma suna aiki yayin rana, suna ƙoƙarin yin ƙasa da fita don neman abinci daga baya, a yamma.
Suna ganin talauci a cikin duhu, saboda lokacin da suke da irin waɗannan halayen ba su da yawa, kuma lokacin aiki na biyu ya faɗi akan sa'oin alfijir. Irin wannan canjin da ake samu a tsarin mulkin yau yana taimakawa sosai wajen rikitar da masu farautar, amma yana da amfani kawai idan babu kifayen kifayen da ba su da yawa a cikin tafki, wanda ke aiki a maraice.
Pescaras na iya iyo da sauri, wanda ya hada da kan mai ƙarfi na yanzu, amma yawanci basa nuna ƙarfin da ake tsammani daga irin wannan karamin kifin: suna son shakatawa da yin iyo kamar yadda ba su iyawa, saboda ana iya kama su da raga.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin kwanakin mafi zafi na bazara, ƙananan wayoyi suna zama mai santsi kuma suna da haɗari. A cikin ganiya mai zafi, nan da nan bayan tsakar rana, sun huta na dogon lokaci kusa da wani dutse, wanda babu motsi, wanda ake kiransu da ginshiƙai.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Pescara a Rasha
Da matsakaicin shekaru 3 minnows suna shirye don kiwo. A lokaci guda, kamar yadda suke da ƙuruciya, sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar. A cikin irin wannan garken na minnows, kifi na shekaru daban-daban tare, hada da ƙara da damar rayuwa lokacin da maƙiyi.
Don haka akwai yuwuwar ɗayansu za su lura da harin a baya, kuma masu farautar ba za su iya kai farmaki gabaki ɗaya ba, koda kuwa da yawa daga cikinsu, wanda ke nufin cewa ana iya ajiye mafi yawan fakitin. Amma abin da minnows ba su sani ba shi ne cewa wasu manyan masu farauta suna jan hankalinsu ta hanyar rayuwarsu ta farauta: farauta saboda minnie ɗaya ba shi da ma'ana sosai ga babban kifi, kuma kuna iya kama shi da yawa a lokaci guda.
Ciyarwa sau ɗaya a shekara, tsundumawa yana farawa ne lokacin da ruwan ya tashi zuwa 7-8 ° C. A cikin latitude masu zafi, wannan na iya faruwa a watan Afrilu, kuma a arewa kawai a watan Yuni. Spawning baya faruwa lokaci guda, amma a cikin tsari kuma yana iya ɗaukar watanni biyu. Femaleaya daga cikin mata na iya sa daga qwai 8 zuwa 13 dubu. Tana yin wannan kusa da wurin da take zaune, kuma cikin ruwa mara ruwa. Sakamakon cewa lokacin da ake kwanciya qwai, masu karamin karfi suka fantsama a hankali, suna jan hankalin maharban da aka dauko su cinye kwai da kanana, wanda shine dalilin da yasa wannan lokacin shine mafi hatsari a gare su a cikin shekarar.
Qwai ƙananan, bluish. Suna da wani kwasfa mai narkewa, sabili da haka da sauri ya tsaya ga snags, duwatsu ko tsire-tsire a ƙasa, ana ɗaukar su da yashi ko karkatarwa, bayan wannan zai zama da wuya ga wasu kifaye su samo su ci. Saboda haka, lokaci mafi haɗari a gare su shine kai tsaye bayan ɓoye lokaci. A cikin larvae, nan da nan bayan bayyanar, manyan kannun manyan idanun da idanun an bambanta su sosai. Kwana 3-4 suna kwance a kasa, ba su da wani dauki ga haske a wannan lokacin. Bayan wannan lokacin ya ƙare, sai suka fara himmatuwa wajen ba da ƙarancin abubuwan disritus da benthos: ƙananan ƙananan invertebrates waɗanda ke zaune kusa da ƙasan.
Da farko suna girma da sauri kuma, idan akwai isasshen abinci a kusa, a cikin watanni uku kawai sun kai tsawon 6 cm sannan girma ya ragu kuma zuwa girman 12-14 cm, gudgeon ya girma zuwa shekaru 3-4, sannan an riga an dauke shi cikakke kuma, aƙalla. ya ci gaba da haɓaka, amma tuni a hankali. Tsammani na rayuwa na iya kaiwa shekaru 8-10, amma tunda akwai mutane da yawa da suke son cin gajiyar gudgeon, kaɗan daga cikinsu suna rayuwa har zuwa tsufa, yawancinsu suna mutuwa sama da shekaru 4-6. An sa shi cikin yanayi, minnows na iya rayuwa a cikin akwatin kifaye, amma ana iya rage tsammanin rayuwarsu a cikin irin wannan yanayin - har ma da ƙifin kifayen ba za su iya rayuwa fiye da shekaru 3 ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Gudgeon Kifi
Pescaras suna tartsatsi, kuma hakika basa fuskantar barazanar halaka: a yawancin kogunan Turai da Siberiya ana iya samun su da yawa. Bawai nau'in kasuwanci bane, amma wasu masunta suna kama shi: duk da ƙaramin girmanta, tare da shiri mai dacewa, ƙananan ƙananan zasu iya zama mai daɗi.
Amma suna karaya, kuma babu isasshen nama a cikin su, saboda haka yawanci yakan cika damuwa fiye da kyau, saboda ba safai ake kama su ba. Kodayake ana amfani dasu azaman babbar kifin: har ma da shuka masu nauyin kilo 20-25 suna son su, sabili da haka masunta galibi basu damu da kashe kuɗaɗe ba, musamman idan ƙarami ne.
Pescaras suna kula da gurbacewar ruwa - suna barin wurare marasa kyau, suna iyo a cikin tsabtataccen ruwa. Saboda haka, a wasu yankuna, kusa da masana'antar masana'antar sarrafa kemikal, da sauran asarar da suke ƙazantar ruwa, sun kusan ɓace, amma har zuwa yanzu babu buƙatar magana game da barazanar da ƙabilar gaba ɗaya ko jinsin mutum ɗaya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A wasu lokuta ana adana minnows a cikin aquariums tare da ruwan sanyi (22 ℃ ko )asa). Ba sa buƙatar lokaci mai yawa don daidaitawa, don haka 'yan kwanaki bayan ƙaddamar da akwatin kifayen, gudgeon zai yi hali kamar a cikin yanayin halitta, idan an ƙirƙiri yanayin da ya dace. Ko da daidaikun mutane da aka kama da manya za a iya buɗe su zuwa cikin akwatin kifaye, kuma suna iya tsintar kansu kai tsaye.
Mafi yawan mazaunin ruwa mai tsafta, gudan zai zama mai nuna alamun tsabtarsu: idan ta ɓace daga kogi, to “yawancin sunadarai” masu cutarwa suna shiga ciki, kuma da sannu wani kifin zai mutu. Gudgeon na iya zama a cikin akwatin kifaye kuma halayenta na da matukar kyau a kallo, bugu da ƙari, suna da cikakkiyar fassara.