Mulkin: | Dabbobi |
Nau'i: | Arthropods |
Fasali: | Kwayoyin cuta |
Squad: | Lepidoptera |
Iyali: | Sailboats |
Jinsi: | Kirkira |
Duba: | Birdwing Sarauniya Alexandra |
Rothschild, 1907
Dangin dake cikin hadari IUCN 3.1 Damuwa: 15513 |
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Birdwing Sarauniya Alexandra , ko Tsuntsu Alexandra , ko Sarauniyar Sarauniya Alexandra , ko kayan ado na Sarauniya Alexandra (Ornithoptera alexandrae) - malam buɗe ido na ranar halittar Ornithoptera dangin jirage masu saukar ungulu. An dauki mafi girma a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya.
Labarin Gano
Baturke na farko da ya fara gano wannan nau'in kwalaben namomin daji a cikin 1906 shine mai binciken dabbobi da mai tara kaya Albert Stewart Mick, da ke tara kwari don ɗan banki na Burtaniya, mai kula da kuɗaɗe da mai tattara kayan kamshi, Lord Walter Rothschild. Latterarshen a cikin 1907 ya ba da suna ga jinsin don girmamawa ga Sarauniya Alexandra, matar Sarkin Burtaniya Edward VII.
Nau'in samfurin farko, wanda daga baya ya zama nau'in (holotype), wata mace ce wacce aka harba daga bindiga. An sake samar da irin wannan tsarin ta hanyar cewa barkono da wannan dabi'ar tayi yawan tashi sama sama da kasa a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi. A zamanin Victoria da zamanin Sarki Edward, katako da ke cike da ƙwayar mustard ko ƙaramin harbi (abin da ake kira ƙura-ƙura na Turanci), an yi niyya ne da harbi a kan ƙananan tsuntsaye a takaice kuma ba tare da cutar da su ba, wasu lokuta masu tattara don harba manyan tsuntsayen kwari da manyan kwari.
Yaɗa
Endemic zuwa tsibirin New Guinea, inda yake zaune a cikin tsaunukan ruwa na wurare masu zafi a kan iyaka a cikin tsaunukan yankin Popondetta na Oro. Dangane da rarrabuwa da IUCN, wannan nau'in mallakar wani bangare ne na cikin hadari (Damuwa) Fashewar dutsen Lamington a cikin 1951 ya lalata kusan kilomita 250 na yanayin mazaunan waɗannan baƙin, wanda shine babban dalilin rashin rarraba su. Sakamakon raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin ɗumbin dutsen nan na wannan nau'in saboda ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar CITES, nau'in Ornithoptera alexandrae An saka shi cikin jerin dabbobi da aka hana kamawa da sayarwa.
Bayanin
Manyan manyan litattafan buɗe ido na yau da gobe tare da bayyanar jima'i. Mace sun fi maza girma, tsawon ajikin fikafikan su na iya kaiwa har zuwa 27 cm a wasu mutane.The Museum of London Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi ya adana mace mai fuka-fukai 273, wanda ya sa wannan jinsin ta zama babbar wakiliyar kungiyar kulab (Leurnal) Lepidoptera. Tsawon ciki ya kai 8 cm, nauyi - har zuwa gram 12. Fuka-fukai da ciki sune launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da farin, cream da launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi.
Maza sunkai karami ga mace, fuka-fukan ta har zuwa cm 20. fuka-fukan maza sun fi karafi, fentin cikin shuɗi da kore.
Tsarin rayuwa
Tsarin ci gaban malam buɗe ido ya ɗauki tsawon watanni huɗu. Imago yayi tsawon watanni uku. Fodder tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire - jinsunan jinsunan halittar kirkazon: Dils kirkazon (Aristolochia dielsiana) da kirkason na Schechter (Aristolochia schlechteri) Katako ya yi girma zuwa 12 cm a tsayi kuma 3 cm kauri.
Tizania agrippins
Wannan nono maraƙin da ake kira titania agrippina (lat. Thysania agrippina), ko kuma scoop na agrippina, suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi na Kudancin da Tsakiyar Amurka. Babban wakilin wannan nau'in da aka sani da kimiyya an kama shi a Brazil, kuma fuka-fukan sa ya kai santimita 29.8.
Tizania agrippins
Peacock-eyed hercules
Peacock-eye Hercules, ko Koscinocera Hercules (lat. Coscinocera hercules), kuma shine malam buɗe ido maras nauyi kuma yana zaune a Australia da Papua New Guinea. Fuka-fukin wannan kyakkyawan ya kai santimita 26-27, kuma mahaukatan sun girma zuwa santimita 10 a tsawonsa. A cikin wannan nau'in, mace da namiji kuma suna da launuka daban-daban da sifofin fuka-fuki.
Peacock-eye atlas
Peacock-eye atlas
Wata babbar malam buɗe ido daga gidan kula da ido-peacock-atlas (lat.Attacus atlas). Suna zaune a cikin dazuzzukan da ke cike da ruwa mai zafi da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kuma fikafikan nashi ya kai santimita 24. Abin lura ne cewa barkono da suka manyanta basa ciyar da rayuwa daga abubuwan gina jiki da masara ta tara. Mata da maza suna ɗan ɗan bambanta da juna cikin launi da sifofin fikafikan.
Goliath na Ornithopter
Ornithopter goliath: namiji a sama, mace a ƙasa
Kowa golaath, ko goliath tsuntsu (Lat. Ornithoptera goliath), yana da girma zuwa 20 cm santimita kuma yana zaune a tsibiran kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sakamakon rarraba tsibirin, ana rarrabe yawancin ra'ayoyi a tsakanin su, wanda ya bambanta da launi daban-daban.
Trogonopter trojan
Trogonopter trojan, namiji
Wani kyakkyawa, mallaki matsayi na 8 a jerin sunayenmu na Kattai, shine trogonopter trojan (lat. Trogonoptera trojana). Wani ɗan malam buɗe ido mai sauƙin gaske wanda ke zaune a tsibirin Palawan (Philippines) kawai. Tsuntsu na wannan nau'in ya kai santimita 17-19. Maza sun karami, amma launinsu yana da haske.
Madagascar
Kyakkyawan dare mai labarta mai launuka mai haske, suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin gandunan daji na Madagascar. Madagascar comet (lat. Argema mittrei) ana kiranta don sabon abu sifar ƙananan fuka-fukan. Kwana biyu na wannan kyan kyan, wanda hotonsa yake yanzu a wani bangon Madagascar mai cike da murfin Malagasy 5,000, ya kai santimita 14-18.
Birdwing ƙwararrun labaren labaren mai kyanwa ce. Wannan ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan ne a cikin kwari na Lepidoptera.
Hakanan ana kiranta Sarauniya Alxandra ko Ornithopter na Alexandra. An fassara shi zuwa Hellenanci, wannan yana nufin "tsuntsu mai fuka-fuki."
Malam buɗe ido ya karɓi irin wannan suna saboda dalili: saboda girmanta, a nesa, tana da kama da tsuntsu. An shigar da Ornithopters a cikin dangin jirgi mai saukar ungulu, adadinsu ya kai nau'ikan 800.
Ana kiran Sarauniyar ta sarauniyar kyau saboda girmanta sosai a tsakanin mutane duka dangin jirgin ruwa. Kuma an sanya mata suna ne domin girmamawa ga matar Sarkin Burtaniya Edward VII. Wannan malam buɗe ido an kira shi da gaske lu'u-lu'u na ruwan damina.
A karo na farko kenan da aka kama irin wannan malam buɗe ido kwatsam a New Guinea. Namiji ne. Girman fikafikan sa yakai santimita 20! Kuma nau'ikan su na sabon abu, ganye mai kama da rawaya mai ban mamaki, canza launi, ba a iya misaltawa. Wannan namiji, ta hanyar shawarar masana kimiyya, an sa shi a matsayin sabon jinsin kayan ado na gaba. Ya zama dole a nemo masa mata, musamman tunda mata sun fi maza girma. Girman fikafikan mace mai girma ya kai wani lokacin santimita 28! Koyaya, canza launin launirsu baya da na maza.
Mutumin da ya fara sa'a a binciken neman mace a shekarar 1906 shi ne A. S. Mik. Don sake cike tarin kwaro, sai ya koma tsakiyar tsakiyar New Guinea - wannan shine wurin da fikafikai-tsuntsu suke zaune. Yana kwance, sai Mick ya hango wata babbar kwari a cikin iska a saman bishiyoyin. Shot, ya buge shi kai tsaye kuma kwari ya fadi daidai a ƙafafun masanin. Ita ce matar Sarauniya Alexandra wacce ta dade tana nema. An cika shi da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu launin shuɗi, kuma girman fikafikan yana da kusan 28 cm.
Yawancin masu tattara sun yi mafarkin samun babban malam buɗe ido kuma suna farautar sa. Amma yin wannan kusan ba zai yiwu ba, tunda tana raye kuma tana cin ƙoshin fure na furanni wanda ke girma a tsayi mai tsayi. Ana kiran furanni aristochilia kuma suna girma a kan rassan bishiyoyi.
A halin yanzu, an fara yin farautar manyan namomin kaza, saboda suna karkashin kariya saboda raguwa mai karfi na adadi. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar wutar Lamington a cikin 1951. An yi asarar sama da muraba'in mita 260. km mazaunin fikafikan tsuntsaye.
PETLYAKOV ROMAN GOU SCHOOL SCHOOL № CIKIN SAUKI CIKIN MULKIN 163.
Gabatarwa:
PETLYAKOV ROMAN MAKSIMOVICH.
Aikin bincike kan batun:
Sarauniya Birdwing Alexandra.
A binciken da na yi, Ina son yin magana game da maraba da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na Ornithopter Sarauniya Alexandra (Ornithoptera alexandrae). Ta amfani da tarihin bayyanar waɗannan hotunan, Ina so in faɗi abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da wannan kwaro. Bambancin wannan nau'in ya ta'allaƙa ne a kan girmanta, kyakkyawa, mazauninsu da mahimmancinsu don fure da fauna.
Shekaru da yawa, Bernard d "Abrera ya kasance yana ɗaukar hotuna na malam buɗe ido da baƙon abu da baƙon abu ga litattafai da mujallu. Albakann hotunan sa na kayan kamshi na zama kayan aiki masu mahimmanci ga masana kimiyya. harbe, harbe, harbe.
A cikin mafi girman tarin hotunan d “Abrera, an rasa harbi ɗaya daga cikin hotunan babban malam buɗe ido a duniya, Sarauniya Alexandra Ornithopter.
Yana zuwa cikin gandun daji na New Guinea, r "Abrera bai dogara da yawa kan nasara ba. Ya san cewa wannan malam buɗe ido yana da ɗanɗano, ya lura cewa babu wanda ya taɓa iya ɗaukar hoto a cikin yanayin. Mai daukar hoto ya wuce duk abin da ya ji ko karanta game da yanayinsa na ban mamaki. .
Ornithapter a fassara daga tsohuwar Hellenanci yana nufin "tsuntsu". Sarauniya Alexandra tsuntsu ko Sarauniya Alexandra ornithopter - rana mafi girma a duniya, ta kasance dangin jiragen ruwa ne. Tsuntsayen fyaɗe na Alexandra sun fi maza girma, farar fikafikan su ya kai cm 28. Tsawon ciki shine 8 cm, nauyi - har giram 12. Fuka-fukai da ciki sune launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da fari, cream da kayan adon rawaya. Maza sun fi girma daga mace, fikafikansu ya kai cm 20. Maza sun bambanta sosai da na mace, fukaffansu sun fiƙe, fentin shuɗi da shuɗi. Tsarin ci gaban malam buɗe ido ya ɗauki tsawon watanni huɗu. Yaro ya rayu tsawon watanni uku. Katako ya yi girma zuwa 12 cm a tsayi kuma 3 cm kauri. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan waɗannan nau'ikan buɗaɗɗun ganye a cikin tropics, kuma dukkansu sun bambanta cikin girma masu girma: 15 zuwa 18 santimita na fikafikai. Don wannan ana kiran su fuka-fukan tsuntsu. Amma sau ɗaya a cikin gandun daji na New Guinea, sun kama ɗauka samfurori ɗaya na sabon, kayan ado, waɗanda masanan kimiyya ba su sani ba. An sanya sabon nau'in sunan Alexandra, saboda girmamawa ga Sarauniyar Ingila, matar Sarkin Burtaniya Edward VII. Lallai, wannan malam buɗe ido yana kama da sarauniya a cikin tsuntsayen fikafikan - fikafikanta ya kai santimita 20. Misalin daya fada a hannun masana kimiyya ya juya ya zama namiji. Amma sananne ne cewa mazajen Ornithopter koyaushe sun fi ƙananan mata yawa. Wace babbar magana ce game da kwari da za ta zama mace ga wannan ɗumbin labarta da ba a taɓa gani ba? Sun neme ta, suka hau cikin zurfin kurmin, suka tambayi mazauna yankin - kuma ba su amfana.
Shekaru sun shude. A cikin 1906, mai tattara maganin A.S. Mick yawo a kusa da New Guinea, mutumin da ke da yanke hukunci mai yawan sanyi. A waɗancan shekarun, fewan matafiya ne suka kawo ziyarar zuwa wannan yankin da ba a san shi ba. Mick ya hau zuciyar New Guinea, inda ƙafafun Turai ba su taɓa tafiya ba. Ya kasance yana zaune a cikin tanti kusa da ƙaramin kogi, yana ba da tsari don tattara kwari lokacin rana, ba zato ba tsammani ya ɗaga kai sama. Maɗaukaki, babba a cikin rata tsakanin fiɗaɗɗun bishiyoyin, wani nau'in tsuntsu ya fashe. A'a, ba tsuntsu ba - kwari mai girman da ba a taɓa ganin sa ba. Ba don komai ba ne cewa Mick an dauke shi mai yanke hukunci ne: da sauri ya ɗora bindigarsa tare da ƙaramin harbi, harbi, da babban katako, kusan a tsaye, ya faɗi a ƙafafunsa. 28 santimita a cikin fikafika. Mick nan da nan ya fahimci cewa malam buɗe ido wanda ya harba har yanzu ba a san shi ba mace ce ta almara Ornithoptera Alexandra.
Shekaru da yawa, balaguron kimiyya ya kara ziyarci sabon gandun daji na Guinea. A hankali ya sami damar tattara bayanai game da mazaunin Sarauniyar Butterflies. Ya juya cewa gashin tsuntsu Alexander yana zaune ne kawai a cikin wasu gorges tare da koguna a gabashin New Guinea, kuma har ma a can bai taɓa faruwa ba. Furanni da ake kira aristolochia, waɗanda suke ciyar da kan nectar, sun yi girma a rawanin bishiyoyi, kuma malam buɗe ido baya buƙatar sauka, saboda haka yana da matukar wahala a kama shi.
Sannan masana kimiyya suka jawo hankalin mazaunan karkara - Papuans, kuma ba da daɗewa ba sanannun kayan tarihin gidajen tarihi tare da samfuran manyan nau'ikan malam buɗe ido a duniya. Idan kawai gidajen tarihi! Sarauniya Alexandra ta sami sha'awar mutane wanda tarin takarda dala ɗari da alama tana da kyau fiye da kowane kyakkyawan Halittar yanayi. Don pennies, sayan kuli-kuli daga Papuans, sun wadatar da su daruruwan da dubban fam ga masu tattara masu kuɗaɗe. Duwatsu masu daraja sun bayyana a tallace-tallace da kuma shagunan kungiyoyin agaji a biranen Turai, Amurka, Japan. Domin kada ya vata da karfi a kan farautar mai kamun lukwai, maigidana sun samu rataye na tara pupae da caterpillars suna shirye don karatun ɗabi'a da karɓar baƙin ƙarfe daga cikinsu don siyarwa. Kuma menene ya damu dasu cewa yanayin yana gab da rasa ɗayan kayan adonta mafi kyau, wanda ba da daɗewa ba kawai samfuran kayan tarihin kayan tarihi waɗanda suka ɓace daga lokaci zai iya tunatar da mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun ƙyalƙyali a duniya?
Mahukunta sun dauki reshen tsuntsaye Sarauniya Alexandra karkashin kariya, kuma an kame da kuma sayar da kwalayen kwalaye iri iri. Amma 'yan tsirarun mutane da suka tsira suna fuskantar barazanar sabon bala'in mummunar bala'in. Fashewar dutsen Lamington a cikin 1951 ya lalata kimanin muraba'in mita 250. km na mazaunin wannan nau'in labaren marmari, wanda shine babban dalilin rashin rarraba su. Abubuwan da ke tattare da Alexandra suna ciyar da ganyayyaki na tsirrai ɗaya kaɗai. Wannan tsiro ya sa ƙwayayen da wannan malam buɗe ido ya sanya guba. Masanan daji waɗanda daga baya suka bayyana suna da damar da za su iya guje wa ƙaddarar da za a ci, saboda suna da ɗanɗano daɗi ga tsuntsaye da sauran masu farauta.
Shahararren masanin kimiyyar nan Richard Carver yayi sauri don taimakawa Sarauniyar Butterflies. Tare da babban wahalar tattara numberan adadin kwastomomi da pupae, ya isar da su zuwa ga mafi kusurwoyin tsibirin, ba a samun damar zuwa masu satar bayanai, ko kuma masu yawon shakatawa masu girman kai, ko kuma masu ba da fata - mafarauta. Tabbas, a cikin waɗannan sassan aristolochia yana girma cikin yalwace - abincin da aka saba da matafila. Ina waɗannan wurare masu kariya, yadda za'a sami asirin sababbin likitocin dabbobi na Guinea.
Duk waɗannan sanannu ne ga Bernard d “Abrera, don haka bai yi imani da sa'a da yawa ba. Bai yi imani da yawa ba, amma bai yi rashin bege ba." D "Abrera ya sami nasarar gano aristolochia. A hankali ya bincika kowane ganye, ya daɗe yana neman waɗanda suka san shi daga bayanin da zane-zanen zazzagewa, amma ba inda aka samo su. Tabbas, babu rubutattun ƙwayoyi.
Daga nan sai mai daukar hoto ya fara tambayar mutanen garin. Amma su ko dai basu san komai ba game da Alexander-tsuntsu na tsuntsu, ko kuma suka yi shuru tare da kallon abin mamaki. Amma mai daukar hoto ya ji cewa wasun su sun san wani abu. Ya yi rantsuwa cewa ba ya bukatar Sarauniya Alexandra da kanta, amma hotunanta, cewa shi aboki ne na halitta kuma zai ci gaba da asirce inda malam buɗe ido yake, tambaya, tabbaci, nace, lallashe. Kuma ya gamsu.
Wata safiya, sanyin safiya kawai, wani sabon abu mai kama da hankali ya isa daji: mai daukar hoto ya rataye shi da kayan aiki da sabbin abokai. Shirts sun jike da gumi, miliyoyin sauro da sauro sun hau kan idanu, kunnuwa, hanci, sunkuya a cikin gashi, kuma tururuwa masu girma na santimita santimita uku sun fadi kuma suka fadi cikin tsananin zafi. Kuma duk wannan azaba sabili da kyawun tsuntsayen Alexandra! Lokacin da sojojin ke guduwa, sahabban d "Abrera sun tsaya. Kuma a wannan lokacin mai daukar hoto ya hango a cikin ganyen aristolochia wata matacciyar guguwa mai kama da karamar maciji. Daya, wani, na uku. Sannan dolen Sarauniya Alexandra ta fara zuwa. D" Abrera a hankali ya dauki hotunan sifofin da pupae. Idanunsa na ƙwarewa nan da nan ya lura cewa ɗayan pupae kama da malam buɗe ido yana shirin fitowa daga gare ta. Amma tsakar rana ta yi kauri. Saboda sauro da sauro, ba shi yiwuwa a kwana a cikin daji, don haka Dr. Abrera da sahabbansa sun yanke shawarar zuwa nan gobe.
Washegari, ya tura cikin duhun, d "Abrera bai mai da hankali ko dai cizon sauro ba ko kuma tururuwa marasa kyau. Ya yi tunanin yadda zai kama haihuwar shahararrun malam buɗe ido a duniya.
A nan ne, wurin da aka so. Late: Chrysalis ba komai. Amma babu.Nan kusa, cikin alfahari yada fuka-fukai masu baƙar fata mai launin shuɗi-a cikin fararen dusar ƙanƙara, sarauniyar malam buɗe ido ta sake haihuwar zaune. Danna - kuma ana ɗaukar hoto mafi ɗaukar hoto. Manyan fikafikan Sarauniya Alexandra sun faɗi, zazzabi ya fara motsawa - sai malam buɗe ido ya tafi. Ta tashi a hankali da girma kamar yadda ta cancanci sarauniya. Kamar dai son yin mamakin hasashe mutane, Alexander's eyewing ya bayyana wani da'irar mai daɗi a cikin sama sama da kawunansu, sannan ya tashi sama ya ɓace. A hankali, tare da kyan gani, suna kallonta "d" Abrera da abokansa D "Abrera ta san cewa babu wani abin da za ayi mafarki game da hoton sarki, maza ba su da yawa fiye da na mace, masu kunya da rayuwa musamman na sirri.
Ya dawo Port Moresby don tashi daga gida zuwa can Australia. Mai daukar hoto yana da ɗan lokaci kaɗan, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin yawo tare da babbar hanyar birni.
Bishiyoyin Bougainvillea da aka dasa a gefen hanya, an cika su da furanni masu duhu mai duhu, sun toshe babbar hanyar daga wuraren noman kofi. Kamar yadda aka saba, buɗaɗɗun ganye mai haske suna mamaye furanni. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani d “Abrera ta gani a tsakanin su wani babba ne da ba a saba ganinsa ba .. Hannun mai daukar hoto ya kai ga kyamara .. Amma abin ban mamaki mai walƙiya ya kewaya sosai, a saman saman bishiyar mita goma sha biyu.
Sannu a hankali, wani ɗan malam buɗe ido, wanda yafi na kowa, ya sha mamaki da zafin rana, ko wataƙila fure ce ta fure, don babu wani dalili da zai ba da damar zuwa wurin baƙon m da raye-raye a kusa da shi. A fili bai son wannan masaniyar. Yayi sanyi cikin nutsuwa ya sauka kasa a kan furanni bougainvillea kusa da mai daukar hoto. A ƙarƙashin nauyin giant ɗin, reshe mai fure tare da furanni sunyi rawar jiki da saukar da su.
Haka ne, sarki ne na malam buɗe ido. Kamar tsohuwar tarko, fuka-fukansa masu launin shuɗi-kore, waɗanda aka jera su tare da layin baƙi, suka haskaka. D "fim ɗin Abrera ne.
Me kuma zan iya ƙarawa? Hotunan 'yar tsintar Sarauniya Alexandra sun bayyana a buga. Yanzu kowa na iya sha'awar su. Hotunan “Abrera ba a zaman banza ake kiransu shahararrun hotuna na karni ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, wani zaiyi sa'a don ɗaukar wannan mu'ujiza mai rai .. Bayan haka," Abreka ya kiyaye kalmar sa ga abokan sa: ya bayyana dalla-dalla ganawar da sarauniya, wurin da aka gudanar da wannan taron, da kuma hanyar zuwa gare ta mai daukar hoto ya rike sirri.
A ƙarshe na wannan aikin, Ina so a lura cewa wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi nau'in haɗari, an haɗa shi cikin jerin Lepidoptera, wanda aka tsara fitarwa, sake fitarwa da shigowa daidai da Yarjejeniyar Harkokin Kasuwanci na inasashen Duniya da ke cikin Hadarin Kayayyakin Duhun Fauna da Flora. Hakanan, saboda raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin ƙwayoyin bishiyar wannan nau'in saboda lalata, an hada nau'in Ornithoptera alexandrae a cikin jerin dabbobi da aka haramta kamawa. Don haka, an san irin wannan nau'in malam buɗe ido a cikin ta daban kuma mai haɗari. Wajibi ne don adana tsarin rayuwar duniyarmu da kiyaye kyakkyawa na duniya!
Hoto na 1. Habitat na Sarauniya Alexandr's Birdwing.
Hoto na 2. Mace da namiji.
3. Pupa na Sarauniya Alexandra.
Hoto 5. Papuan da tsuntsayen Sarauniya Alexandra.
Hoto na 6 Sarauniya Birdwing Alexandra.
Hoto na 7 Sarauniya Birdwing Alexandra.
Bibliography.
1.L. V. Kaabak, A.V. Sochivko Butterflies na duniya / G. Vilchek. - Moscow: Avanta +, 2003 .-- S. 86. - 184 p. - (Mafi kyawun sanannen kuma sanannen). - kwafi 10,000. -
2.B. Mallakin Birni Encyclopedia Encyclopedia / Kimiyya. mai duba Divakova S. V. .. - Moscow: Labyrinth Press, 2002. - P. 71. - 272 p. - (Illustrated Encyclopedia).
3. Ornithoptera alexandrae: bayani akan shafin yanar gizo na Red Book.
Sarauniya Birdwing Alexandra.
Masarauta: dabbobi (Animalia).
Nau'in: arthropod (Arthropoda).
Class: kwari (Insecta).
Oda: Lepidoptera.
Iyali: jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu (Papilionidae).
HALITTA: Ornithoptera (Ornithoptera).
Jinsuna: Tsuntsayen Sarauniya Alexandra (Ornithoptera alexandrae).
An fassara daga tsohuwar "hesthopter" ta Girka da ma'anar "tsuntsu". Malam buɗe ido ya sami suna a cikin 1907 godiya ga Ubangiji Walter Rothschild. Ya sanya mata suna cikin girmamawa ga matar Edward VII Alexandra na Denmark, Sarauniyar Burtaniya da Ireland, da kuma Sarauniyar Indiya.
Habitat
A halin yanzu, jinsunan suna zaune a yankataccen yanki a kudu maso gabashin Papua New Guinea. Ana samunsa a nisan mil 155 a saman matakin teku a cikin gandun daji marasa kwanciyar hankali da ƙananan gorges a gefen kogunan lardin Oro kusa da kwarin Popondetta. Malam buɗe ido ya fi son cinye mafi yawan rayuwarsa a rawanin gado da kan gado, lokaci-lokaci yana gangara ƙasa. A baya can, an samo tsuntsu mai fikafikan ko da a cikin tsaunuka - a arewacin yankin Owen Stanley Range. A can ne a cikin Janairu 1906, a wani wuri mai kusan 1700 m sama da matakin teku, Albert Stuart Mick, mataimaki ɗan banki kuma masanin kimiyyar shiga ciki Walter Rothschild, ya fara kama wata mace daga cikin wannan jinsin.
Bayyanar
Sashin tsuntsu, ko kayan ado na Sarauniya Alexandra ita ce rana mafi girma a malam buɗe ido a duniya. Ana kiran dimorphism jima'i sosai - wani lokacin yana da wuya a yarda cewa mace da namiji sun kasance iri ɗaya ne. Mace suna da girma: tare da tsawon tsawon 8 cm, tsawon fikafikan su zagaye, ya kai santimita 28. Fuka-fukan fuka-fukai da ciki an shafe su da launin ruwan kasa da fari, cream ko rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Lowerashin ƙananan fuka-fukan yana da tsarin asali tare da bambanci mai zurfi tare da jijiyoyi - shi ne ya sa ya yiwu ya bambanta mace ta wannan nau'in daga wasu nau'in ornithopter. Yawan nauyin malam buɗe ido na iya kaiwa g 12. Maza ƙasa da mata. Fuka fukafukinsu mai cike da shuɗi mai haske da shuɗi masu launin kore a cikin layin baƙar fata. Kama da tsohuwar cadearfin kwandon shara kuma mafi fiɗa daga sauran ornithopter, sun yi kama da furannin wata fure mai tsananin zafi. Kewayon ya kai 17-20 cm.
Rayuwa da Ilimin halitta
Tsarin ci gaban malam buɗe ido ya ɗauki tsawon watanni huɗu. Yaro yana zaune sama da watanni uku. A tsawon rayuwarsu, mace na sanya ƙwai 27 na launin shuɗi mai haske, wanda daga ciki sai futowa ya fito. Suna da launi mara launi iri-iri da madaidaiciya mai tsayi, ya kai 12 cm tsayi. Da farko suna ciyar da harsashi na qwai, sannan a kan ganyayyaki daban-daban na creepers (Aristolochia spp.), Wadanda ke dauke da sinadarai masu guba waɗanda suke da mutuƙar zazzabi. Yana tara waɗannan abubuwan, igiyar tana samun dandano mara dadi ga tsuntsaye da sauran masu ƙaddara abubuwa, wanda ke ba da damar kare kanta. Cok ɗin malam buɗe ido mai launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi ko tan tare da baƙar fata. Tsawonsa yakai 9 cm, kaurinsa yakai cm 3. Yana ɗaukar kimanin makonni shida daga matakin kwai zuwa samuwar pupa; canjin fenti daga cikin manya yana ɗaukar kusan wata daya ko fiye. Wani tsohuwar malam buɗe ido yawanci yakan bayyana a alfijir, lokacin da zafi yafi girma. Kafin rana ta yi sama kuma ta yi zafi sosai da bushewa, kwari ya ba da izinin shimfida fikafikan sa gaba ɗaya. Manya sun fi ciyar da manyan furanni, kamar hibiscus. Sukan tashi da kyau, sun fi aiki da sassafe ko a alfijir.
An shigar da shi a cikin littafin Aljihu
A baya can, an gano sashin tsuntsaye na Sarauniya Alexandra a kusan duk gabashin yankin New Guinea. Dalilin rarrabewar jinsunan shine raguwa mai kauri ga mazauninsu na halitta. A cikin 1951, fashewar dutsen mai suna Lamington ya lalata kusan kilomita 250 daga cikin babban gidan wannan matattara mai ban mamaki, wanda ya shafi girmanta. Har ila yau, an hana fitar da wuraren dazuzzukan ruwa na wurare masu zafi don ƙirƙirar dasa bishiyoyin dabino a mako.
Doka ta kare duniyar dabbobi, wacce aka sanyata a Papua New Guinea a shekarun 1970, ta hana cikakken bacewar kwari, amma ba ta iya dakatar da farautar ba. Sarauniyar tsuntsu Sarauniya Alexandra, saboda girmanta, har yanzu masu martaba suna da daraja sosai kuma tana kashe kuɗaɗe masu yawa a kasuwar baƙar fata.
Birdwing Sarauniya Alexandra
Tsuntsu na Sarauniya Alexandra za a iya kira shi da sarkin malam buɗe ido. Babban fikafikan sa tare da fikafikan 170-200 mm mai haske tare da launuka masu launin shuɗi da shuɗi. Mai ba da labari fiye da sauran tsuntsayen fikafikai, masu kama da ganyen tsire-tsire masu zafi.
Mace ta bambanta da namiji sosai. Ya fi girma girma: tsawon girman manyan fikafnsa ya kai mmk 280 - wannan ya zarce na kowace rana malam buɗe ido. Amma cikin haske da kyakkyawa yana da ƙanƙan da kai ga namiji: akan manyan fuka-fukansa masu duhu masu duhu akwai haske abin ƙamshi na cream da launin rawaya mai “launuka” daban-daban. Tsarin da ke tsakanin ƙananan fuka-fukai tare da banbancin duhu mai duhu tare da jijiya yana ba mu damar rarrabe sarauniyar tsuntsayen Sarauniya Alexandra da sauran nau'in tsuntsayen fikafikan tsuntsaye.
Kwakwalwa na wannan nau'in daskararre mai launin baki ne mai launin shuɗi tare da madaidaicin madaurin kirim mai tsayi wanda ya kai 12 cm a tsayi, kuma ƙirar tana da cm 9 (tare da inci 8 cm). Maballin tsuntsu na Sarauniya Alexandra, kamar sauran kayan ado, suna ciyar da ganyayyaki daban-daban na creeper aristolochian, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake kiran waɗannan katako wasu lokutan fikafikan fuka-fukan aristolochia. Maƙasuwa suna rayuwa kimanin watanni uku. Wannan ornithopter din yana da karancin abokan gaba. Babban barazanar da ke haifar da nau'in shine lalata ciyayi da dasa bishiyar kwakwa, koko da bishiyoyin roba, musanya mahalli.
Wurin zama iyakantacce: wasu yankuna na wurare masu zafi na rashin ruwa a cikin kwari na Popondetta (Papua New Guinea). A can ne kawai aka sami Dils na kirkason - tsire-tsire kawai daga dangin kirkason wanda matan Alexandra ke sanya ƙansu. A baya can, an kuma samo fikaɗikan tsuntsu mai ban mamaki a cikin tsaunuka - a arewacin ɓangaren Owen Stanley Range. A zabar shuka don kwanciya ƙwai, malam buɗe ido yana da ɗanɗano, yayin da matafirai ba na ja ba ne. Nazarin ya nuna cewa za su iya ciyar da ganyayyaki na wasu tsirrai na kircasone. Cikakken sake zagayowar girma daga kwai zuwa malam buɗe ido ya ɗauki fiye da watanni huɗu.
Wani fuka-fuki mai launin fata byak-byak-byak-byak.
🐾 Kamar yadda aka riga an fahimta, magana a cikin gidan zai tafi ne don lepidoptera, wato, malam buɗe ido, ko kuma, game da hawthorn. Idan kuna da ƙwayar cuta ko kuma arthropods ba su da daɗi - kawai kalli wannan bishiyar daji na Norwegian! Mai tsananin, m, m! 🦁
Duk sauran karatun - Ina maraba da farin cikin gani!
Wannan ni duk game da gizo-gizo ne da kuma masu tsegumi. Waɗannan mutane ƙayyadaddun abubuwa ne kuma ba ga masu son mutane ba, saboda wasu ma suna jin tsoron namomin kaza. Kuma ba zan zarge su ba, zan iya daukar scolopendra a hannuna, amma kafin bugun zuciya da bugun zuciya na ass mai fata Ina tsoron sauro mai dogon kafa.
Kuma @jetoffsky, yi hakuri, ban rubuta game da argiop ba, a nan - An gaya wa Super 8 # 13.9 da kyau sosai har ma akwai misalai na cizon wannan gizo-gizo.
Kuma a yau zan tsar da shafuka na da wata halitta mai ban sha'awa - hajiya. Gabaɗaya, shaho shaye shaye ne dangi wanda ke cikin lalata ƙwayoyin malam buɗe ido iri-iri.
Amma daidai ne tare da waɗannan cikakkun bayanai, wani lokacin ana kiransu asu '(wanda kuma daidai ne), amma wasunsu suna da kyau kawai!
Misali wannan Bishiyar odasar Venezuelan:
Kuma ga shi - ruwan hoda asu
Kyakkyawan maza.
Amma akwai ƙarin kallo. Da ake kira harshe ko hummingbird. Kuma hakika wannan itace kwayar humming na duniyar kwari!
Kuma aka sa masa suna saboda hanyar cin abinci. Kamar hummingbirds, shaho baya zaune a kan shuka, amma ya “rataye” a cikin iska a gaban furen kuma ya buɗe proboscis.
Ba wani hummingbird bane, amma ƙoƙari. Saboda girman da kuma hanyar da suke ciyar da waɗannan shaho, da yawa suna yin kuskure da gaske don hummingbirds. Amma ba kamar tsuntsaye ba, kwari basu da launi mai haske.
Shaho kanta ba shine mafi girma a cikin kabilun ba, fuka-fuki shine 40-50 mm. An rufe shi a saman, kamar kowane asu na mutunta kansa, tare da mura (a gaba ɗaya, ana kiran wannan flakes, amma bari ya kasance mai ƙoshin wuta), wanda ke samar da buroshi a ƙarshen gawa asu. Akwai “crests” na kariya a saman idanun, kuma akan idanun su akwai tofin koyarwar ɗalibin.
Wannan nau'in yana son tafiya, saboda haka yana ƙaura zuwa duk inda yake, yana rataye a lokutan gandun daji da kuma a wuraren shakatawa yayin hutu. Har ila yau, an sami maganganu na wannan shaho a Yakutsk. Wataƙila GLONASS ya tashi.
Amma a zahiri wannan nau'in, hakika, yana son zafi kuma, kamar tsuntsu, yayi ƙaura tare da sanyi zuwa kudu. Kuna iya saduwa da shi a lokacin bazara a Karelia, Yankin Amur, Kudancin da Gabas ta Tsakiya, Sakhalin. Amma sharar hunturu a Kudancin India.
Kuma har yanzu ban iya sanin yadda ake gama opus na al'ada ba, saboda haka ga malam buɗe ido da ake kira White Sorceress
Kushin ƙwayar cuta
An dauki hotuna da yawa a lokuta daban-daban.
Wadanda ba sa son kwari da sauran datti da yawa - yana da kyau kar a kara karatu. Tun shekaru uku nake ƙaunar arthropods da sauran dabbobi. Duk wanda ya karanta littafin Darrell "Iyaliina da Sauran astsabiyoyin" - wannan batun nawa ne. Kuma wannan post din na masu son kwari ne. Kuma a, za a yi gizo-gizo da (tsoro!) Flytraps.
Idan na yi kuskure wajen bayyana jinsin a wani wuri, zan yi godiya idan wani ya gyara shi.
Galatea (Melanargia galathea). Tuni kyawawan dabi'u sun saba da tsarin rayuwarsa. Yanzu Wiki ta gano game da ita gaskiya mai ban sha'awa:
Galatea yana sanya ƙwai, jefa su cikin iska ko zaune akan ƙarancin tallafi da watsa ciyawar ciyawa. Bayan hatching daga qwai, larvae nan da nan hibernate kuma fara ciyar kawai a cikin bazara, lokacin da sabo ciyawa ke tsiro.
Jefar da iska. Yawancin lokaci, duk da haka, malam buɗe ido na kwance ƙwai a cikin wani wuri. Mafi sau da yawa - a kan shuka fodder.
Amata phegea arya. Ko kuwa Amata nigricornis ce?
Suna tashi kamar waɗancan macizan daga wargi - ƙarancin jinkiri. Tunawa da makarantar yara ta yara - yadda zan iya kama wadannan baƙin ƙarfe, in buga su ƙasa, sannan in sanya su a hannuna kuma na sake kallonsu.
Madaukai (Agrius convolvuli)
Kyawun halitta. Za ku iya ganin yadda yake muraɗa. Af, suna kuma da dumi. Brazhniki - mafi kyawun ƙyallen takardu a tsakanin man shanu. Kawai kalli yanayin jikin su da fikafikan su. Hanzarta zuwa 60 km / h. Amma don tashi, suna buƙatar dumama kamar mota. Saboda haka, kafin su tashi, suna girgiza fikafikan su na 'yan mintina kaɗan, suna ɗora jikin. Kuma suna buƙatar "fur" don ci gaba da ɗumi. Kuma i, idan kun kama shaho mai tashi - zaiyi zafi ko da a daren sanyi. Amma yana da kyau idan ba a yi haka ba, duk wannan kyakykyawar fuskar zata kasance a hannunka. Maƙanganun maɓallin kai ba dame ba ne, suna fitowa ne da ƙima kaɗan.
A watan Agusta, akwai sau daya da yawa shaho a teku. Kuma ana ta jin jita-jita mai daɗi a kai a kai: "Oh look, wannan humaira ce!" Bisa manufa, zaku iya rikicewa. Halin yana kama. Amma ba a samo hummingbirds ba a nan. Amma shaho-humirbird masu girma sosai, musamman a kudancin ƙasar. Na yi sa'a, ina zaune a Rostov-on-Don. Don irin wannan mai ƙaunar kwari - wuri mai kyau.
Da kuma hadirinsa. Yatashi tare da tsiran alade, ya fi guntu. A cikin girbi shekara, tafiya tare da steppe, a rana za ka iya samun dozin daga gare su.
Kuma tunda mun tuna game da Hogwarts, ga wani.
Euphorbiaceae (Hyles euphorbiae). Ba alama ba ni da hoto mai kyau na malam buɗe ido a cikin inganci mai kyau. Amma akwai matafila, zai yi haske fiye da malam buɗe ido. Hanya na kowane shaho yana da sauƙi a rarrabe daga wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Suna da kaho a baya.
Da yake magana na ƙaho. Wannan shi ne abin da ƙarshen ƙarshen caterpillar caterpillar yayi. Wanne mahaukaci, ban iya tunawa :(
Kuma don gamawa da waɗanda ke jin tsoron arthropods (arthropodophobes?), Anan ne ake tashi sama.
An faɗi abubuwa da yawa game da ita a Picabu. Babu makawa wata halitta mai rauni, tana da amfani. Amma yanzu zan bayyana ainihin sirrin da nake so. Sirrinsa mafi kunya. Don haka, ina tsoron su! Ee, zan iya samun cikakken zubin zhmenu. Suna motsa sosai a hankali. Zan iya ɗaukar Python a kirjina zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen garin. A lokacin da nake magana da manyan labaren dare, ina yin farauta ne kawai da karfin ikon hana kaina kama ni nan da nan.
Amma tsine shi, flytrap! Yana haifar da girgizawar ilhami. Kuma a kasar sun cika. Idan ka kwanta barci ka ga yadda ta yi birgima a jikin bango, ka kasance mai jan hankali ne. Kuma mai tsananin kunya. Domin kun fahimci cewa ba ta da lahani. Kuma ta wata hanya, ku masanin ilmin halitta. Kuma a nan akwai irin wannan abin kunya.
Abubuwan da ke biyo baya sun taimake ni: Na kama mai tashi mai tashi kuma in ajiye shi a gida a cikin farfaɗar fata, tsakanin tarantula, scolopendra da kunama. Ya ciyar da ita kananan karnukan ruwa, ruwa. Kuma ka sani, ya taimaka! Ba cewa na ƙaunace su ba, amma na ƙara rashin tsoro. Ina ba da shawarar shi ga duk wanda ke tsoron irin waɗannan dabbobi. Tsoron masu gizo-gizo - sami kanka a tarantula. Tabbas, wannan ya dace wa waɗanda hankalinsu ke motsa motsin rai, kuma ba gabanin ba.
Tunda muka ci gaba da amfani da milipedes, a nan ne mai ƙyalli mai ɗaukar nauyin zuriyarsa.Scolopendra ta kama cikin farfajiyar shimfiɗar ƙwai, ta “ƙyanƙyashe” su, suna rufe su. Sannan yaran an haife su, kuma a farkon suma fararen fata ne, masu taushi da marasa taimako. Abu mafi mahimmanci shine hana matasa tserewa yayin da suka sami 'yanci. Smallarami, suna kutsawa cikin kowane rata. Kuma sun mutu a cikin gida, saboda ya bushe sosai.
Kuma ana kiran wannan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta "bronzovka." A cikin Kudancinmu, sunansa Mayu bug. Wanne, ba shakka, kuskure ne. Waɗannan ƙwaro biyu ba ɗaya bane. Ina wutar jahannama ta gan chafer kore? Amma, tunda ba mu da ƙwaro na Mayu a cikin steppes, ana kiransu waɗannan kwari waɗanda ke bayyana a watan Mayu. An nada tagulla na tagulla ga rawar da ƙwayoyin Mayu ta hanyar lalata fatarar ma'abuta Cossack. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daya. Wanene daidai a wannan hoton, ban sani ba. Wataƙila, Gwanin Zinare (Cetonia aurata).
Suna iya tashi ba tare da tayar da elytra ba. An ba da wings daga gefe, kuma wuya elytra ya kasance yana matse jikin. Kuma kada ku dunƙule, kamar sauran kwari, suna ɓarɓar duk abubuwan da ke sararin samaniya.
Idan gidan ya shigo, zan yi fiye da haka. Ina da irin waɗannan hotuna da yawa, kuma zan iya gaya muku wani abu mai ban sha'awa game da yawancin waɗannan kwari. Idan kowa yana sha'awar ci gaba - rubuta. Kuma a cikin wane tsari - hoto kawai (ko da yake wannan ya rigaya ya cika), ko tare da cikakken labari game da kowace kwaro, ko ma babban labarin game da wani nau'in / dangi.
'' Ants '' 'tururuwa': aikin tukwane na injin “ƙasa” ko dabbobin jama'a masu kyauta da wayo Kashi na 2
Ci gaba da kwafin kalaman Zhanna Reznikova a Taron “Masana kimiyya a kan La’anar-11” Oktoba 19, 2019
Kuma yanzu likita na kimiyyar nazarin halittu, sanannen mawakiyar ilimin kimiyya, Alexander Markov yana son yin tambaya. Alexander, kana nan? Bayar da microphone ga Alexander, don Allah.
Alexander Markov: Na gode, Zhanna Ilinichna, ga wani lacca mai kayatarwa. Na shirya tambaya, Ni, da izininka, zan zube cikin takarda.
Tambaya game da al'ada. An ɗauka cewa a cikin juyin halittar mutum, al'ada ta taka rawa mai yawa kuma zamu iya magana game da haɓaka ilimin halitta da haɓaka al'adu. Misali, bayyanar da haɓakar wasu kayan aikin dutse suna jagorantar, gwargwadon haka, zuwa canji a rayuwa da al'adu, kuma wannan yana sauya yanayin zaɓi. Sakamakon haka, mutane sun fara haɓaka wasu nau'in daidaitawar ƙwayar cuta ko fahimi waɗanda ke ƙara haɓaka dacewarsu ga wannan sabon yanayin, idan akwai waɗannan kayan aikin, akwai wata al'ada ta amfani da su, da sauransu. Kuma yanzu ana yin bincike mai yawa akan al'adun dabbobi. Ko kuma, idan baku son amfani da kalmar "al'adar", zaku iya maye gurbin ta da wani abu. Amma gaba ɗaya, muna magana ne game da wasu alamun alamun halayyar halayyar mutum, wasu fasalulluka na halayyar, wasu ƙwarewar da ake yada ta hanyar koyon zamantakewa daga mutum zuwa wani. Kuma yanzu sun sami abubuwa na al'adu a cikin dabbobi da yawa, a cikin chimpanzees, misali. A can, a wasu rukunoni, mutane suna yanyan kwayoyi a wata hanya, wasu kuma a wata hanya dabam, cikin rukuni na uku ba su san yadda ake sara kwayoyi ba. Wannan a fili ba dabi'ar halitta bane, ba dabaru bane. Kuma a cikin sauran dabbobi: a cikin tsuntsaye, a wasu ungulates waɗanda ke koya daga juna hanyoyin ƙaura yanayi, koda a cikin Drosophila, kwanan nan akwai labarin da ke da alaƙa da al'adun gargajiya.
Don haka ina so in tambaya, yaya tare da al'adun al'adun tururuwa? Da alama suna da komai don wannan, duk abin da suke buƙata, tare da horarwar zamantakewa, komai yana da kyau tare da su. Kamar yadda kuke gani daga karatun naku, suna tura rikitattun bayanai ga juna. Waƙwalwa, ma'ana, haɓaka, ayyuka daban-daban da za a iya warwarewa - komai ya ishe su isa su samar da wata al'ada, al'adun gargajiyar, wataƙila ma juyin halitta na al'ada. Tambayata ita ce: shin akwai wanda ke nazarin wannan? Misali, akwai wata shaida da ta ce a cikin gidan kuli ɗaya an warware wasu matsaloli masu wuya ta ɗayan hanyoyi da yawa, kuma a wata - a wani? Saboda tururuwa sami, alal misali, masu sihiri, wasu irin mafita, sa’annan wasu suna koya daga garesu kuma ana kiyaye wannan ƙwarewar. Shin tarin wadatar irin waɗannan ƙwarewar za su yiwu a cikin iyalai? Kuma idan babu ko ƙaramin bayanai game da wannan, to, kada ku yi ƙoƙarin yin? Misali a sashenmu, alal misali, muna kuma son yin nazarin tururuwa. Don haka tnank ku.
Zhanna Reznikova: Na gode Alexander! Tambayar tana da zurfi da fadi da yawa, kyakkyawa ce mai ban mamaki. Zan yi kokarin ba da amsa a takaice. Da farko dai, eh, hakika, babu kusan babu irin wannan bayanan, gami da namu. Yana da wuya a zahiri madaidaici canja wurin wasu ƙwarewar al'adu a matakin babban iyali. Wadannan yakamata su zama manya manyan kungiyoyi wadanda muke aiki dasu, muna bincika watsa bayanai daga garesu. Kuma a matakin ƙananan ƙananan, kamar yadda muke gani, ba sa buƙatar ƙwararrun fasahar. Gabaɗaya, amsar tambayar ko don yin wannan, a wannan batun, i, tabbatacce, ya kamata a magance shi. Ina so ne in jawo hankula ga gaskiyar cewa batun al'adu da al'adun dabbobi a kanta ma yana da rikitarwa.
Don haka na yi lectures shekaru da yawa da suka gabata: "Shin dabbobi suna da al'ada?" akan Siyasa.ru Kuma tun daga nan sababbin bayanai sun bayyana, amma ainihin ra'ayi na bai canza ba. Ka'idodin al'adun gargajiyar na chimpanzees, wanda wasu ƙungiyoyi ke da ikon yin amfani da duwatsu don abinci da kuma don kashe kunama mai haɗari, yayin da wasu, duk da cewa su ma suna da matukar ingancin chimpanzees, suna rayuwa ne kawai a wani wuri, a wata ajiyar, a cikin wasu saboda wasu dalilai babu irin wannan kwarewar. Ta yaya ake tallafawa wannan cibiyar al'adun gargajiyar?
Ina tsammanin amsar wannan tambayar tana cikin wata tambaya: mai yasa, idan chimpanzees suna da al'adun gargajiya, har yanzu suna zaune tsirara a cikin ruwan sama? Amsar ita ce: saboda an rarraba hikimar sababbin inan adam a cikin matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyar jigilar nau'ikan ra'ayoyi. Gaskiyar ita ce kusan shekaru 40 da suka gabata, Jane Goodall ta lura a cikin yawan chimpanzees waɗanda ba sa amfani da duwatsu, matasa biyu waɗanda suka yi amfani da waɗannan duwatsu cikin nasara. Kuma kawai ta yi tsammanin cewa a cikin shekaru 20 zuwa 30 kungiyar za ta mallake ta. A'a, wannan sabuwar bidi'a ta mutu tare da dillalin ta, ko aƙalla ta mutu nan. Sabili da haka, amsata ita ce: idan kun ga al'adun dabbobi na dabba, to, ku jike halayyar su kuma za ku sami asarar yanayin rayuwa don yin wasu ayyukan. Kuma mafi kyawun malami don dabbobi shine gado, aƙalla domin da yawa daga cikinsu. Bawai kwatsam bane littafina na Cambridge, yanzu haka na shirya sabon bugu wanda ya inganta, wanda za'a fito dashi nan da shekarar 2021, idan na kara shi, kuma ya sadaukar da hankali ga dabbobin dabba a matakai daban daban. Amma babban babi mai karfafawa a ciki an karkata shi ne daidai da yanayin halayen dabbobi, wanda a fili yake ya dogara ne da asalin nau'in halittar da na yi magana a yau.
Amma game da binciken, wanda har yanzu ana gudana akan tururuwa ...
Ba zan ɓoye daga masoyan sauraron cewa mun kasance a cikin maƙarƙashiya ba kuma tambayar Alexander ta saba da ni a gaba, don haka na kalli abin da aka faɗa game da wannan a cikin 'yan lokutan. Kuma a irin wannan matakin akwai ayyuka irin su nazarin abubuwan da ake kira haɗin kai, halayyar jama'a. Wannan shine, bambance-bambance na mutum a cikin magance matsalolin rayuwa daban-daban a matakin duk iyalan tururuwa. Anan, musamman, ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan misalai, muna gani a nan cikakke yadda masu bincike a Brazil suke aiki akan wannan. Waɗannan tururuwa na Aztec, waɗanda suke cikin symbiosis tare da shuka cecropia. Kuma a nan mun ga sloth wanda ya kamata a ciji kuma a kori shi, a nan mun ga tururuwa na tururuwa waɗanda suka zo kuma ana buƙatar korar su. Hakanan wajibi ne don kore tsire-tsire masu tasowa masu tayar da hankali, wanda zai iya lalata shuka mai watsa shiri. Kuma ya bayyana cewa iyalai daban-daban na wadannan Aztecs suna yin shi daban, kuma suna warware hadadden wadannan ayyuka na rayuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wannan shine, babu ayyuka masu yawa waɗanda aka keɓance don bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar haɗin kai kwanan nan, amma akwai. Amma waɗanda suka amsa da gaske tambayoyinku masu ban sha'awa game da yadda iyalai daban-daban suke warware matsalolin hankali, ko suna da canjin al'adun al'adunmu a wannan, har yanzu babu irin wannan bayanan.
Alexander Sokolov: Na gode da cikakken amsar! Af, nan ne kawai labarin game da amfani da kayan aiki a cikin aladu na Polynesian, da alama wannan al'ada ta tashi kai tsaye a cikin gidan dabbobi.
Tambaya daga wakilai. "Akwai wani abu kamar" da'irar mutuwar tururuwa. " Na ji labarinsu a cikin rahoton masanin kimiyya. Ya ce masana kimiyya ba su da bayanai game da dalilan wannan halayyar. Shin haka ne, kuma akwai wasu ƙaddara game da wannan? ”
Akwai ma wani nau'in bidiyon da kuke buƙatar nuna. Abokai, don Allah haɗa bidiyo.
Zhanna Reznikova: Ee, saboda haka za mu iya kallon waɗannan "da'irar mutuwa" abin da ya yi kama. Bidiyon ya kasance kwanan nan, amma a zahiri, masana kimiyya har yanzu sun sami amsar wannan tambayar, tuntuni da suka wuce. A cikin aikin sanannen masanin ilimin kimiyyar halittar duniya Theodor Schneirli, a cikin shekara ta 44th na karni na 20, ya bayyana waɗannan da'irori game da mutuwa dalla-dalla. Ka ga ko a nan, a tsakiyar wannan karkace, tururuwa waɗanda sun riga sun faɗi kuma sun mutu da gajiya, wato, waɗannan sune ainihin da'irar mutuwa, kuma ya bayyana yadda wannan ke faruwa. Waɗannan tururuwa na legionnaire waɗanda muka riga muka sani, kuma su, idan kun tuna manyan wannan hoton, musamman inda sojan da yake da babba, makafi ne. Suna da idanu, amma suna kanana, kuma pheromones suna jagorarsu a cikin ayyukan su. Kuma hakika, lokacin da akwai matsala, kuma a lokaci guda, tururuwa suna taɓa juna da bangarorin su da eriya, sannan tare da irin wannan kuskuren zasu fara da'ira a cikin da'irar har sai ta fara ruwan sama sosai kuma an wanke wannan pheromone. Suna samar da irin wannan hanyoyin, "da'irar mutuwa." Amma a zahiri, ana ganin wannan nau'in tafiya a cikin da'irar a wasu dabbobi, bidiyon waɗannan nau'ikan spirals suna game da kifi. Wanda kuma ya samar da irin waɗannan da'irori, amma babu "da'irar mutuwa", amma irin wannan makaho da tafiya na tsawon lokaci bayan juna akan waɗannan motsi ana samun gaske a cikin jinsunan dabbobi daban, ba wai kawai a tururuwa ba.
Abokan aikinmu na zamani sunyi ƙoƙarin yin wannan ƙira akan wasu nau'in tururuwa, kuma ya zama cewa waɗancan nau'in tururuwa waɗanda ke da haɓaka da gani, kuma bawai amfani da pheromones ba, dakatar da wannan motsi da sauri kuma kada ku shiga cikin waɗannan da'irar mutuwa. Sabili da haka, akwai kuma dalilin rashin kyawun gani da kuma rashin yin amfani da waƙar pheromone.
Alexander Sokolov: godiya sosai. Muna da lokaci don tambaya guda daga masu sauraro.
Basil: Barka da yamma, sunana Vasily. Tambayar za ta zama kadan wauta. Gabaɗaya, an san cewa mutum shima halitta ce ta zamantakewa, amma duk da haka a cikin matsanancin yanayi, musamman, fadowa cikin yanayin ikon mallaka, alal misali, a tsibirin da ba a zaune, ko wani wuri a cikin gandun daji, mutum yana iya gina rayuwarsa ya rayu na dogon lokaci, ko ma rayuwa har zuwa ƙarshen zamaninsu. Misalai sune hermits kuma, kuma, tsibirin da ba a zaune ba. Shin tururuwa za su iya rayuwa cikin yanayi mai 'yancin kai kuma har yaushe? Kuma zai iya, alal misali, buga wani tururuwa kusa da nan ya nemi ya zauna tare da su?
Zhanna Reznikova: amfani Tambaya! Tabbas zai iya tambayar rayuwa. A wani lokaci, muna ƙoƙarin amsa tambaya mai kama da tambayar Alexander game da al'adun al'adu. Munyi kokarin haɓaka ɗimbin tururuwa a cikin ɗakin bincikenmu sannan mu ga ko wannan dangin zai iya kasancewa irin wannan tururuwa Robinson ba tare da wani ƙwarewar rayuwa a cikin yanayin ba. Mun koma da su zuwa dajin, da yake mun alama a baya. Wannan shine mafi girma, kimanin dubun dubbai, girman dangi wanda mu, bisa manufa, zamu iya cimmawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ba su kadai bane, kamar yadda kuke zato, amma duk dangin bayan dan lokaci sun hade wani tudun tudun. Wato, a, sun nemi ziyartar, amma wannan ya faru ne a matakin iyali. Kuma, saboda haka, bayan an zuba su cikin tururuwar miliyan, ana asararmu garemu, duk da cewa dukkansu masu alama ne. Guda ɗaya, ba shakka, zai daɗe ba kuma tabbas yana da rikicewa kamar ɗaya Chimpanzee. Domin kuwa a shekarun 1920, wani mashahurin masanin ilimin gargajiya Robert Yerks ya ce chimpanzee daya ba chimpanzee bane kwata-kwata. Saboda haka, wataƙila mutum ɗaya zai iya, amma chimpanzee da tururuwa ɗaya, a'a, a'a.
Alexander Sokolov: godiya sosai. Marubucin mafi kyawun tambaya kawai ya karbi littafin Juyin Halitta. Nasarar ra'ayoyi "wanda Karl Zimmer ya bayar. Muna godiya a gare ku game da rahoto mai girma, kyauta - wannan mai shayarwa ne Jedi penguin wanda Pavel Krasnov ya gabatar.
Ina yake zama
A halin yanzu, jinsunan suna zaune a yankataccen yanki a kudu maso gabashin Papua New Guinea. Ana samunsa a nisan mil 155 a saman matakin teku a cikin gandun daji marasa kwanciyar hankali da ƙananan gorges a gefen kogunan lardin Oro kusa da kwarin Popondetta. Malam buɗe ido ya fi son cinye mafi yawan rayuwarsa a rawanin gado da kan gado, lokaci-lokaci yana gangara ƙasa. A baya can, an samo tsuntsu mai fikafikan ko da a cikin tsaunuka - a arewacin yankin Owen Stanley Range. A can ne a cikin Janairu 1906, a wani wuri mai kusan 1700 m sama da matakin teku, Albert Stuart Mick, mataimaki ɗan banki kuma masanin kimiyyar shiga ciki Walter Rothschild, ya fara kama wata mace daga cikin wannan jinsin.
Menene kamarsa
Sashin tsuntsu, ko kayan ado na Sarauniya Alexandra ita ce rana mafi girma a malam buɗe ido a duniya. Ana kiran dimorphism jima'i sosai - wani lokacin yana da wuya a yarda cewa mace da namiji sun kasance iri ɗaya ne. Mace suna da girma: tare da tsawon tsawon 8 cm, tsawon fikafikan su zagaye, ya kai santimita 28. Fuka-fukan fuka-fukai da ciki an shafe su da launin ruwan kasa da fari, cream ko rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Lowerasan ƙananan fuka-fukai suna da tsari mai kyau tare da yin ɗimbin yawa tare da jijiyoyi - shi ne ya sa ya yiwu ya bambanta mace ta wannan nau'in daga wasu nau'ikan ornithopter. Yawan nauyin malam buɗe ido na iya kaiwa g 12. Maza ƙasa da mata. Fuka fukafukinsu mai cike da shuɗi mai haske da shuɗi masu launin kore a cikin layin baƙar fata. Kama da tsohuwar cadearfin kwandon shara kuma mafi fiɗa daga sauran ornithopter, sun yi kama da furannin wata fure mai tsananin zafi. Kewayon ya kai 17-20 cm.
Rayuwa da Ilimin halitta
Tsarin ci gaban malam buɗe ido ya ɗauki tsawon watanni huɗu. Yaro yana zaune sama da watanni uku. A tsawon rayuwarsu, mace na sanya ƙwai 27 na launin shuɗi mai haske, wanda daga ciki sai futowa ya fito. Suna da launi mara launi iri-iri da madaidaiciya mai tsayi, ya kai 12 cm tsayi. Da farko suna ciyar da harsashi na qwai, sannan a kan ganyayyaki daban-daban na creepers (Aristolochia spp.), Wadanda ke dauke da sinadarai masu guba waɗanda suke da mutuƙar zazzabi. Yana tara waɗannan abubuwan, igiyar tana samun dandano mara dadi ga tsuntsaye da sauran masu ƙaddara abubuwa, wanda ke ba da damar kare kanta. Cok ɗin malam buɗe ido mai launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi ko tan tare da baƙar fata. Tsawonsa yakai 9 cm, kaurinsa yakai cm 3. Yana ɗaukar kimanin makonni shida daga matakin kwai zuwa samuwar pupa; canjin fenti daga cikin manya yana ɗaukar kusan wata daya ko fiye. Wani tsohuwar malam buɗe ido yawanci yakan bayyana a alfijir, lokacin da zafi yafi girma. Kafin rana ta yi sama kuma ta yi zafi sosai da bushewa, kwari ya ba da izinin shimfida fikafikan sa gaba ɗaya. Manya sun fi ciyar da manyan furanni, kamar hibiscus. Sukan tashi da kyau, sun fi aiki da sassafe ko a alfijir.
An fassara daga tsohuwar "hesthopter" ta Girka da ma'anar "tsuntsu". Malam buɗe ido ya sami suna a cikin 1907 godiya ga Ubangiji Walter Rothschild. Ya sanya mata suna cikin girmamawa ga matar Edward VII Alexandra na Denmark, Sarauniyar Burtaniya da Ireland, da kuma Sarauniyar Indiya.
An shigar da shi a cikin littafin Aljihu
A baya can, an gano sashin tsuntsaye na Sarauniya Alexandra a kusan duk gabashin yankin New Guinea. Dalilin rarrabewar jinsunan shine raguwa mai kauri ga mazauninsu na halitta. A cikin 1951, fashewar dutsen mai suna Lamington ya lalata kusan kilomita 250 daga cikin babban gidan wannan matattara mai ban mamaki, wanda ya shafi girmanta. Har ila yau, an hana fitar da wuraren dazuzzukan ruwa na wurare masu zafi don ƙirƙirar dasa bishiyoyin dabino a mako.
Dokar Kare Tsuntsayen daji da aka amince da ita a Papua New Guinea a shekarun 1970 ta hana cikakkiyar kwayar kwari, amma ba ta iya dakatar da farautar bautar ba. Sarauniyar tsuntsu Sarauniya Alexandra, saboda girmanta, har yanzu masu martaba suna da daraja sosai kuma tana kashe kuɗaɗe masu yawa a kasuwar baƙar fata.
Rarrabawa
Mulkin: dabbobi (Animalia).
Nau'i: arthropods (Arthropoda).
Fasali: kwari (Insecta).
Squad: Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera).
Iyali: jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu (Papilionidae).
Jinsi: ornithoptera (Ornithoptera).
Duba: Sarauniyar Sarauniya Alexandra (Ornithoptera alexandrae).
12.06.2015
Sarauniyar tsuntsu Sarauniya Alexandra (Latin Ornithoptera alexandrae Rothsild) tana daya daga cikin manyan manyan gobe a duniyarmu. Yana cikin gidan Sailboats (lat. Papilionidae). Shahararren ɗan banki kuma mashahurin mai baƙar fata Walter Rothschild sunanta ta girmamawa ga matar Sarkin Ingila, Edward VII Alexandra.
Atlas
Tun lokacin da Atlas Butterfly ke jagorantar rayuwarsa a cikin dare, yana da wani suna - Prince Duhu. A cikin danginsa, ƙwayar malam buɗe ido ta Atlas ita ce mafi girma. Fuka-fukin wannan kwari mai kyau yana iya kaiwa santimita.
Idan ka kalli malam buɗe ido na Atlas, zaka ga cewa launinta ya yi daidai da kan maciji. Wataƙila wannan shine ainihin abin da ya sa ya yiwu ya tsoratar da Sarkin Duhu daga mafarauta don cin ribar kansu. Wadannan baƙin ƙarfe suna rayuwa tsawon kwanaki goma.
Kiwo
Malam buɗe ido yana haɓaka sama da watanni huɗu. Matsakaicin rayuwar manya yana da iyakace zuwa uku daga cikinsu. Kwakwalwa suna cin nau'in kirkazona daban-daban.
Cikakken farar ruwan bera ya yi girma har zuwa cm 12 a tsayi, ya kai muraƙi uku zuwa cm 3 pupa ɗan itacen ya fi ƙarfin inci 8 cm da tsawon 9 cm.
Kama fuka-fukan tsuntsu yana da matukar wahala. Ta tashi sosai kuma ba ta fadi a ƙasa.
Kwaro yana samun abincinsa a cikin nau'in nectar a rawanin bishiyoyi daga furanni na aristocholia. Don jaraba ga wannan shuka, malam buɗe ido ya sami sunan tsuntsaye mai tsinkaye aristocholia.
Greta Butterfly
Wani halitta mai ban mamaki yana zaune a cikin gandun daji mai laima na Kudancin Amurka - gilashin malam buɗe ido Greta Oto. A kallo na farko a wannan kwaro wanda ba a san shi ba, nan da nan ya bayyana dalilin da yasa aka kira shi haka - fuka-fuki na malam buɗe ido, ban da maɗaurin jan kaya, gabaɗaya suke.
Duk da rashin ƙarfi na waje, waɗannan ƙwayoyin buɗe ido suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi. A yayin ƙaura, suna haɗuwa cikin ƙungiyoyi kuma suna tashi sama da kilomita ashirin a rana don neman rayuwa mafi kyau. A lokacin lokacin ma'aurata, mazan suna taruwa a wuri mai duhu suna shirya wani abu kamar amarya. Ba sa jin tsoron gasa mai adalci kuma suna fitar da abubuwan pheromones don jawo hankalin mata.
Sailboat Maak
Babban malam buɗe ido rana a Eurasia. Wanda ya fara gano ta shine mai ƙwaƙwalwar mai bincike Siberiya, Richard Maak, a wurin da aka girmama sunan ta.
A zamanin yau, ana iya ba da umarnin waɗannan kudan zuma daga ƙwararrun masana game da kiwo. A gida, jirgin ruwan Maak zai iya rayuwa har zuwa makonni uku. Kyakkyawan launuka masu kyau, waɗanda aka jefa tare da launuka iri iri, za su ba da kyawawan halaye masu ban sha'awa yayin sadarwa tare da dabbobi da ba a sani ba.
Birdwing na Zinare
Wannan saniyar halitta ta fito fili ne saboda girmanta da kuma hadewar sarauta da baki da rawaya. Kwakwalwa tana da ban sha'awa da gaske: namiji yana da 14 cm, kuma mace tana da kusan cm 16, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar ɗaukarta a matsayin mafi girma daga cikin abincin Asiya na rana.
A cikin jirginsa mai sauri da sauri, yana kama da tsuntsu, kuma godiya ga wannan ana kiranta "Birdwing".