A cewar Radik Khayrullin, don cin nasarar sakewa da keɓaɓɓun nau'in dabbobi na d ancient a, ana buƙatar manufa ta gaske: “Rufe mammo don dalilan kimiyya abu ɗaya ne, kuma son sani wata aba ce. Amma duk da haka zai kasance wata gajiya, ba wacce ta rayu shekaru dubu 43 da suka gabata ba. Haka kuma, giciye zai kasance tare da giwa, wannan ba mammo bane. ”
A cewar kamfanin dillancin labarai na Yakutsk-Sakha, masana kimiyya sun yi nasarar ba kawai don samun DNA daga jinin mammoth da aka kiyaye ba, har ma don shirya kyallen takarda. Victoria Egorova, shugabar kwalejin nazarin kimiyya da kimiyya ta Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Jami'ar Tarayyar Arewa-maso-gabas ta ce. - Adana gawa, wanda ya fi shekaru dubu 43 girma, ya fi yadda mutumin da yake kwance a ƙasa na tsawon watanni shida. A kan tasoshin sashi mai kyau tare da kyakkyawan bango inda akwai jinin haila a bayyane bayyane. An fara gano ƙwayoyin jini a cikin su. An kuma adana nama mai tsoka da ƙwayar tsoka. Akwai ƙwayoyin sel masu ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙwayar lymphoid waɗanda ke da kyan gani, wanda kuma yake na musamman. ”
Masana kimiyya sun kira yanayin sanyi ɗaya daga cikin dalilan kyakkyawan kyakkyawan adana gawa na mammoth mammoth da aka samo a cikin Yakutia - jikin yana kwance ga dubunnan shekaru a cikin yanayin sanyi. Kari akan haka, akwai hasashen cewa jinin mammo na iya samun kyan halitta wanda zai ba dabbobi damar rayuwa cikin yanayin zafi har zuwa -60 ° C.
Masana kimiyya sun kira jinin mammoth da damuwa, wanda ke nuni da mutuwar dabba. "Ya mutu cikin azabar raunin, wanda ya kai awanni 16-18," in ji Radik Khairullin. "Wannan kuma an tabbatar da shi ta matsayin jiki - kafa na kafa yana da tsawo ba bisa ka'ida ba."
A cewar masana kimiyya, mammoth mace ta fada cikin ramin kankara, daga inda ta kasa fita.
Batun batun mammoth da dadewa yana addabar duniyar kimiyya. A cikin binciken Yakut, masana kimiyya daga Rasha sun kasance tare da kwararru daga kasashe biyar: Denmark, Ingila, Amurka, Korea, da Moldova.
Gano masana kimiyyar kasar Rasha na iya sanya a karshe su iya bambance nau'in halittun da ya mutu kusan shekaru 10 da suka gabata.
Haihuwa, Ba Mamaki ba
Masana kimiyya na kwalejin suna shakkar nasarar wannan gwajin, musamman lokacin amfani da giwayen.
"Da fari dai, ya zama dole a nemo wata mace da ta dace. Idan ana maganar mammo, ta iya zama saniya (wacce ta fi dacewa a kimiyyan halitta), amma koda a wannan yanayin, bambancin girman zai iya haifar da kin amincewa da haihuwa." In ji cibiyar.
Yiwuwar nasarar a cikin irin wannan gwajin bai wuce 1-5% ba.
Muhimmin abu na biyu shine kasancewar dukkanin sel mai yiwuwa. "Idan da akwai sel a jikin su, to yakamata a daskare su. Duk da haka, idan muka yi tunanin abin da ya faru da dabba, koda kuwa ta mutu daga tabar wiwi, za a dauki wani lokaci kafin sel su daskare." masana kimiyya.
"Koda ɗauka cewa ɗayan cikin dubun dubatar mai yuwuwa ne, tambayoyi masu amfani zasu iya tashi. Idan akai la'akari da cewa a matsakaici yana yiwuwa a sami sakamako mai ma'ana a cikin nau'ikan ɗabi'ar halittu cikin ɗaya daga cikin ɗari ɗari, kuma sel guda ɗaya daga cikin dubu ɗaya mai yiwuwa, zai zama dole a cire kusan dubu ɗari Kwayoyin, ”in ji su.
Charles Foster, abokin aiki a Green Templeton College, Oxford, ya fi kowa fata game da fatan gwajin.
"Manufar mammoth mammoths ba abin ba'a bane. Wata tambaya ita ce yaya amfrayo zai nuna hali?" - Foster abubuwan al'ajabi.
Kodayake yawancin lambar halittar jikin amfrayo za su zo wurin shi daga mammoth, wani sashi zai wuce daga kwai giwayen.
“Ba mu san yadda wannan kwayoyin halittar za su iya zama tare da DNA ba,” masanin kimiyyar ya ce.
Wannan yana nufin cewa ko da nasara, clone zai kasance koyaushe, kuma ba ainihin mammoth ba.
Masana kimiyya za su yi kyanwa da kyan gani, sannan dinosaur
Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Harvard sun baiyana wa dukan duniya cewa sun shirya cikin shekaru biyu don gabatar wa jama'a da farko "farfadowa" mammoth. Farfesa Cocin George, daya daga cikin manyan masu bincike a wannan jami'a mai martaba, ya ba da tabbacin ga kafofin watsa labarai cewa mammoth za su sake tafiya cikin duniya nan da shekaru biyu zuwa uku masu zuwa. Kwararrun Harvard suna aiki don ƙirƙirar ƙwayar mammoth matasan da giwar Indiya. A lokaci guda, kamar yadda George Church ya tabbatar, ma'aikatan ƙungiyar kimiyyarsa sun sami damar haɓaka wasu keɓaɓɓiyar hanya, wanda yakamata ya ƙara nasarar wannan aikin. Nan gaba kadan, masana kimiyya za su yi maganin tashin wasu dabbobi da suka ragu, gami da abubuwan dinosaur, "don sake cika tsarin halittun duniyar su."
Yaya gaskiyar yake kuma ko yana da mahimmanci ko kaɗan, Free Press ya tambayi sanannen masanin kimiyya, cikakken memba na paleontological jama'a a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha, malami a VGI Alexandra Yarkova.
"Kirkirar mammoths gari"
A bayyane yake cewa waɗannan ba za su zama mammoths a “tsarkakakkiyar siffa” ba, amma wani nau'in salon ne. Sabili da haka, masana kimiyya Harvard sun kirkiro don dabba, wanda har yanzu ba a cikin yanayin ba, amma wanda suke da niyyar ƙirƙirar, sabon kalma: "mammophant", wanda aka fassara shi a zahiri - "mamoslon." Abin ban sha'awa shi ne, ma'aikatan Harvard ba wai kawai zasu dasa shuki ne don haifar da giwayen Indiya ba, amma don haɓaka shi a cikin wani “mahaifar wucin gadi”. Masana kimiyyar Harvard sun yi niyyar yin wadannan mu'ujizai na aikin injiniyan godiya ga dabarun CRISPR / Cas9. Gwajin da aka kirkira don samar da “mamoslon” ya fara ne a shekarar 2015, kuma a wannan lokacin, masana kimiyya, suna da'awar cewa, sun sami nasarar kara yawan halittar halittar mammoth da aka gabatar dasu cikin kwayar giwayen daga 15 zuwa 45
"Manufar rayar da mammo ba sabon abu bane." Don haka masanan kimiyyar Amurkawa ke fasa tallafi da kansu, - masanin binciken burbushin Rasha ya nuna shakku game da yuwuwar wannan aikin. Alexander Yarkov. - Dangane da ka’idar Khoja Nasreddin daga sanannen misalin: “Ko dai sultan zai mutu, ko jakin.” Wannan shine: zasu kashe kudin da aka kasaftawa, kuma idan gwajin ya kasa tsawan shekaru goma a jere, kowa zai manta da hakan.
Wane mummunan sakamako ne game da sararin samaniya baƙi sararin samaniya, koya "SP"
"SP": - Me yasa kuke shakkar nasarar wannan aikin na kimiyya?
- Saboda basu da kayan asalin - mammoth DNA da kanta. Gaskiyar ita ce duk kyallen mammoth da aka gano ya zuwa yanzu sun lalata kwayoyin. Yanayin ya canza fiye da sau ɗaya tun bayan lalata mammoth: gawawwakin dabbobi sun daskare, sannan sake sake sanyi. Permafrost ba haka bane har abada. Zai yuwu ayi nazarin jerin abubuwan halittar mammoths dangane da abubuwan da suka samo waɗanda suke saurin lalata, amma kuma ba zai yuwu ku sake shi ba.
"SP": - Amma wani lokaci da suka gabata, kafofin watsa labarai na Rasha sun ba da labari a matsayin abin mamaki na kimiya game da mammoth da aka samu a Yakutia, wanda aka adana shi a wani kankara mai tsananin kyau wanda har ya sami damar ware DNA daga kasusuwa ...
- Ee, amma wannan yanayi ne na musamman. Kuma wata tambayar: Yaya wannan DNA ɗin zai kasance, yana iya sake tsara amfrayo? Haka kuma, ya bayyana cewa DNA guda ɗaya ta duniya "duka" yanzu tana cikin Russia, kuma ba a Amurka ba. An samo mammoth a Arewacin Amurka, kamar yadda dawakai suke a wurin kafin 'yan Spain su isa nahiyar, amma mammoth da farkon dawakai "marasa izini" sun mutu sama da shekaru dubu 10 da suka gabata. Haka kuma, mammoths na Arewacin Amurka ya zama dadaddu tun farkon mammoth akan nahiyarmu, wannan hujja ce ta kimiyya. Don haka, abu ne mawuyaci ga masana kimiya na Amurka su samu DNA duka.
"SP": - Me yasa mammoth ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani? Sun ce sau da yawa ana samun abinci marasa amfani a cikin cakulan masu daskarewa ...
- Ba su mutu ba kwatsam. Mafi yawancin masana kimiyya a yau sun yarda: mammoth ya lalata mutane yayin Ice Age. Dole ne a ci wani abu! Kodayake akwai tabbaci cewa wasu mammoth sun rayu ga al'adun tagulla, amma wannan ba tabbaci bane ingatacce. Me yasa suka sami abinci mara amfani a cikin kwakwalwar mammoth mutum da aka ɓace, wannan yana da ma'ana. Cro-Magnons sun kwace manyan ramuka don kamun mammoth. Shiga cikin wannan rami, cike da ruwa tare da ɓulle na kankara, mammoth yayi saurin rikicewa zuwa mutuwa, idan mafarautan basuyi nasarar samo shi cikin lokaci ba, ku ci shi. Wani lokaci mammoth ya fadi daga tsawan dutse: babu wanda ya aminta daga haɗari. Me yasa aka yarda cewa mammoth ya lalace kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata? Ni kaina na ga dukkanin kabarin mammoth, tarin kasusuwa a shafukan yanar gizon Cro-Magnons, wanda ya fara zuwa shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Waɗannan, mutum yana iya faɗi, halittar mammo masu tsara gari, yana ba da dama ga rayuwar dukkan ƙabilu. Amma a cikin wuraren ajiye motoci, waɗanda sun riga sun yi shekaru 8000, babu ƙasusuwan mammoth: sun riga sun shuɗe, kodayake al'adun mutane sun ci gaba da kasancewa kamar matakin - mashin silicon da gatura.
“DNA daga kasusuwan dinosaur wata tatsuniya ce”
"SP": - Idan yana da matukar wahala a nemo tsohuwar halittar halittar DNA, ta yaya masana kimiyya na Amurka zasuyi magana game da fatan da suke da shi na tonon sililin?
- Wannan ƙarya ce, ba shakka! Dinosaurs ya lalace kimanin shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kasusuwa, wanda yafi shekaru dubu 100 haihuwa, ya riga ya bace. Saboda haka, ba zai yiwu a ware DNA daga kashin dinosaur ba! Ni kaina na sami ragowar mososaur a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi. Kasusuwansa sunyi kama da sabo, amma har yanzu wannan baya nufin komai. Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin irin wannan kasusuwa na da daɗewa sun riga sun fashe kuma a hakika, ba ƙashi bane, amma dutse. Saboda ana kiransu "burbushin halittu."
Direbobi suna yin hasashen kan yadda inshorar zai adana motocin su
"SP": - Amma kai kanka kana son bugun mammo mai rai, kalli dinosaur a cikin shakatawa na ainihin Jurassic?
"Tabbas zan yarda." Har yanzu, dokin bishiyar da dokin Przhevalsky, wadanda ke gab da hallakarwa, a yau sun sami wata hanyar: suna kan dawo da adadi. Amma waɗannan nau'ikan halittu ne masu wuya waɗanda suke rayuwa a yau. Amma game da gaskiyar cewa zai yuwu a dawo da dabbobi da suka lalace ta hanyar DNA, ni a matsayina na masanin kimiyya ina da shakku. Ya kamata mu ceci waccan matattarar fauna wadda take cikin haɗari yanzu! Kun duba: kawai a cikin karni na 20, mutane sun lalata ƙyar Tasmania, saniya ta Steller, da kuma wasu kyawawan dabbobi da tsuntsaye. Sakamakon ayyukan mutane, ɗaruruwan halittu masu rai da kuma nau'ikan dabbobi a cikin teku sun mutu. A ganina: aiki A'a 1 shine don adana abubuwan da suke a duniyan duniyan. Kuma game da wannan, Ina matukar girmama aikin marubuci kuma masanin dabi'ar halitta Gerald Darrell, wanda ya shirya wurin shakatawa a cikin Jersey, Tsibirin Channel, wanda ya kware a kiyayewa da kuma shayar da nau'ikan dabbobi masu haɗari da burin haɗuwa da dabarun ƙirƙirar al'adun waɗannan nau'ikan. Ga hanyar da ya kamata mu bi!