Mulkin: | Dabbobi |
Nau'i: | Chordate |
Subtype: | Vertebrates |
Fasali: | Dabbobi masu shayarwa |
Infraclass: | Platin |
Squad: | Tsarkaka |
Suborder: | Psoobraznye |
Iyali: | Hannun bugawa |
Hannun bugawa (Otariidae) Shin dangin dabbobi masu shayarwa ne, an rarrabe su bisa ga dabarun zamani zuwa tsari na masu farauta, kuma tare tare da walrus kuma suna ɗaukar iyalai waɗanda ke haifar da nau'in halitta mafi girma. A baya, an yi hatimin hatimin, tare da hatimin ainihin, a matsayin dunƙulen mallaka. Iyalin sun sami sunan kimiyya a cikin 1825 daga masanin ilimin dabbobi na Ingila John Edward Gray. Girma da nauyiManya da manyan matsakaitan dabbobi: nauyi daga kilogiram 150 zuwa 1100. Yawan fasikanci halayyar mutum ne: maza sun manyanta sunfi girma sau 1.5 - 4 fiye da na mace. Namijin teku na New Zealand ya kai girman mil 2,5, yayin da tsawon jikin mace na seal din Galapagos fur 1 ne kawai .. Matsayi ya bambanta da nau'in jinsi da jinsi. WoolDangane da wasu alamu, hatimin da aka yi kama ya karkata zuwa wata ƙasa da taɓar raguna daga ƙungiyar kakanninsu - cuba bearan bears. Sun adana ƙananan ƙwayoyin katakoginous (suna suna ga dangi), an rufe su da gashi. Abun gyaran gashi yafi dacewa a cikin zakuna na teku da mai araha, mai yawa a tambarin fur. Launi, a matsayin mai mulkin, launin ruwan kasa, ba tare da ratsi da sauran alamomin masu bambantawa. Jikin 'yan baban giwa ya zama siriri, da elongated, tare da gajeren wutsiya da doguwar tsoka. Tsiya don sadarwaYaya za a bambanta hatimi da launin toka daga hatimi mai zobe? Bayan haka, har yanzu da yawa suna rikitar dasu. Ba zai zama laifi ba a kira hatimin hatimi, amma masana ba su ba da shawarar kiran hatimin hatimi ba. Koda yake, kawai kadan ne daga dabbobi masu dauke da tutocin da ke zaune a tekuna, tabkuna da tekun duniyarmu ake wakilta a yankin Baltic. Muna gaya muku dalilin da yasa sunan "pinnipeds" bai wanzu ba, yadda hatimin kukan fure suka sha banban da na ainihin, da kuma yadda adadin hatim ɗin suke zama a Rasha. Pinnipeds sun zama na zamani! Tabbas, a cikin al'ada, mu duka dabbobi masu tsalle-tsalle maimakon pawss ana kiransu pinnipeds - like fur, seals fur, har ma da walruses. Koyaya, masana kimiyya sun daɗe da fitar da wannan rukunin daga rarrabuwa na zamani. Dangane da manufofin zamani, waɗannan dabbobin suna da magabatan dabam. Alswararrun hatimi da walruses sun kasance mafi kusa ga bears - daga can ya zo da ƙaramin kai, fur mai launin shuɗi, da ƙananan auricles. An yi imanin cewa waɗannan dabbobin sun shiga cikin ruwa a tekun Pasifik, kodayake an samo ragowar farkon hatimin hatimi a Faransa, a cikin kwari na Atlantic. Kuma mafi kusa dangi na wanan hatimin sune cunyi. Daga can, jikin mutum mai gajeren zango da gajerun kafafu dangane da jiki. A karon farko, ainihin tambarin ya gangara zuwa cikin ruwa a arewacin tekun Atlantika. Insoƙarin zubin haƙiƙa na gaske da na doki, har da na walrus, waɗanda aka haɓaka su a layi daya - a hanyar juyin halitta: bayan haka, dabbobin da ke farautar ruwa ba su da dacewa. Yana cikin tsarin faifan tsummokaran cewa hatimun da aka sifa sun bambanta da waɗanda suke na gaske. Latterarshe ba zai iya tsayawa a kan flippers na baya ba, kuma lokacin da suke tafiya akan ƙasa sai kawai su ja su. Amma zakuna na teku na Steller - wanda kuma ake kira dangi masu tsayi - a hankali cikin ƙetare ƙwanƙolin gefen tekun: alongan gwiwansu na baya sun lanƙwasa gaba a gwiwar gwiwa kuma suna kama da ƙashin gwiwa! A ina ne hatim ɗin suke zaune? A Arewacin Hemisphere, hatimin hatimai masu kaɗaici suna zaune ne kawai a tekun Pacific. Kuma a Kudancin - ana samun su a ƙarshen ƙarshen Kudancin Amurka a tekun Atlantika, har ma da gefen kudu maso yammacin tekun Australia a cikin Tekun Indiya. Walruses suna zaune ne kawai a cikin Tekun Arctic da kuma kwarin gefen tekun Pacific da Atlantika - gaba ɗaya, a kewayen Northan Arewa. Hakikanin hatimin ya fi son ruwa mai sanyi - a cikin ɗakunawar yanayi ko kuma yanayi mai ƙarfi. Iyakar abin da banda shi ne hatimin marubutan biri na ƙasar. Peungiyoyin wannan dabba suna zaune a Tekun Bahar Maliya da tekun Pacific kusa da tsibirin Hawaiian. Hakanan a cikin duniya akwai nau'ikan hatimin ruwa uku, kuma biyu daga cikinsu suna zaune a yankin Rasha. Wannan shi ne hatimin Baikal da kuɗin Ladoga na hatimin zoben. Alama ta uku ita ce hatimin zoben Saimaa, wanda ya shahara tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin Finland. A cewar masana, sake komawa cikin sabon ruwa ya faru kwatsam, kuma ana danganta shi da komawar daskararru. A da, alsan seabi suka zauna a cikin tekuna, kuma lokacin da glacier ya tafi, an ware su a cikin ruwa. Kuma an daidaita shi da ruwa mai tsarkak .wa. A hanyar, masana sun ce kawai hatimin Baikal za a iya ɗauka a matsayin ainihin ruwa mai tsarkakakken hatimi. Kuma hatimin Saimaa da Ladoga sune kawai sabbin hanyoyin ruwa a rufe. Menene hatimin? Gidan dangoran siran sun hada da janareto 7 kuma, bisa ga rarrabuwa daban, nau'ikan 14 ko 15. Abubuwan biyu ne kawai ke rayuwa a Rasha - zaki mai zaki, ko zaki na arewa, da hatimin fur na arewacin. Dukkan jinsunan an jera su duka biyu a cikin Rashanci da kuma Littattafai na Duniya baki daya. Ana ganin zaki a cikin haɗari, kuma hatimin furcin arewa wata itaciya ce mai haɗari, bisa ga rarrabuwa da IUCN. A cikin dangin ainihin hatimai - 13 suna haifar kuma daga nau'ikan 18 zuwa 24, bisa ga rarrabuwa daban-daban. Akwai jinsuna 9 a cikin Russia - largha, ko hatimi hatimi, hatimin launin toka, ko tevak, hatimin ringi, hatimin Caspian, hatimin Baikal, kumar teku, ko lakhtak, hatimin da aka rufe, hatimi hatimi, ko hatimin hatimi, da hatimin harp. An samo hatimin Monk, wanda har yanzu ya ke zaune a Tekun Bahar Rum cikin ƙarni ɗaya da rabi da suka wuce a gefen tekun Caucasus da Crimea, yanzu ba a samun su cikin ruwan Rasha da ƙasashen CIS. Kusan duk hatim ɗin an jera su a cikin Littafin Ruwan Raya na Rasha. An ba da izinin kama ƙwaryawar kifayen teku, bututun garaya, Baikal hatimin da larg. LimanFaƙƙarfan buɗe ido suna da yawa, sundare sosai (ba tare da ulu ba) kuma suna ƙare tare da ƙyalƙyallen fata-katalginous rim, wanda ke ƙarfafa gefen su kuma yana haɓaka farfaɗar jirgi. Fafaffan Hind suna dauke da fulogi, musamman ingantattu akan yatsun tsakiya. Babu wasu takun saka a jikin mabubbug ɗin gaba ko suna kan ƙuruciyarsu. Faifan gaban gabadaya manya-manya: tsawonsu ba kasa da kashi 25% na tsayin jikin mutum. A kan tudu, manyan goshin suna goyan bayan jikin, suna ta lankwashe a kusurwar dama a hannun. Ba kamar sassarfa na zahiri ba, a cikin ruɓanin ruɓaɓɓen ruɓi, murfin baya, lokacin motsawa tare da kanti mai wuya, shima ya lanƙwasa a cikin dunduniyar diddige, yana tallafawa jiki. A cikin ruwa, goshi ya zama gabobin loCotor, an yi amfani da mahimmin kafa da dama kamar rudders. YaɗaAn rarrabe shi a cikin yanayin yankuna na hemispheres biyu. A arewacin hemisphere, ana samun su ne kawai a cikin tekun Pacific, tare da iyakar Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka, Asiya (daga Tekun Bahar har zuwa Korea), kusa da New Zealand da wasu sauran tsibiran, gami da Galapagos. A Kudancin Amurka, ana samun su a bakin iyakar Kudancin Amurka (Kudancin Atlanta) da Southwest Australia (Indian Indian). Asalin gani da kwatancinHoto: aredaukacin Eared Zakin zaki na Steller, ko like na fure, sune dabbobin daji, dabbobi masu shayarwa mallakar dangin walrus (OTARIIDAE) na kashin kaji. Hannun hatimai dabbobi ne daɗaɗɗe. Iyalin hatimi sun tashi a lokacin Miocene na .asa. Yawan jama'a sun samo asali ne daga bakin gabar tekun Pacific na Arewacin Afirka. A wancan zamani, dabbobi sunada girma fiye da na zamani. Koyaya, yayin juyin halitta, dabbobi sun canza. Gidan iyayen girar zina sun sami suna a cikin 1825 saboda shahararren masanin binciken dabbobi John Edward Gray wanda ya karanci wannan nau'in. Babban iyali na hatimin like ne ya haɗu da 7 da kuma nau'ikan 14. Bayyanar fasali da fasaliHoto: Menene ma'amalar hatimi? Wararren hatimai sun bambanta da sauran ɓarnatattun ƙwayoyi daga gaban auricles. Aredaalsa sean yan uwansu suna da jikin na tsaye. Madadin yin paws, hatimin yana da ƙusoshin yatsunsu na hannu biyar, maƙalar a yatsun hannun. Yatsun suna sanye da bakin bakin ciki, wanda zai baka damar yin iyo da sauri cikin ruwa. Seals sauƙaƙe flippers daga ruwa da sauri tafiya mai nisa. Seals suna da tsarin hakoran haɓaka. A ƙananan muƙamuƙi akwai motsi 5, incisors 2 da canine. A saman muƙamuƙin dabbobi akwai molas 5, 3 incisors da 1 canine. Akwai hakora 34 masu kaifi a cikin muƙamuƙin hatimi. An haɓantar da hatimin da hakoran madara, bayan 'yan watanni ana maye gurbinsu da haƙoran haƙora saboda abin da hatimin za su iya cin kifaye, haƙora da haƙoran ƙasusuwa da ƙyallen. Guguwar hatim ɗin takaice ce, kwanyar hatimi na hatimin kwanyar tana kama da kwanyar bear. Fuskar tana da nau'i mai zagaye kadan elongated, wuya yana da tsawo. Kunnuwa biyu suna kan shugaban batancin. Abin da ya bambanta wannan nau'in daga like na al'ada. Bidiyo: aredaukacin CikakkeWool. Lokacin haihuwa, hatimai suna da farin gashi, wanda daga baya ya canza zuwa launin toka-launin toka-fari. A cikin aski na hatimin akwai wani lokacin farin ciki ƙasa mai laushi. Wanda ya ba daman hatimi su kasance da dumu ko da a yanayin zafi ne ba ƙarancin yanayi ba. Mayafin kanta na dattijo ne mai kauri mara nauyi. Launin rigar yana da launin ruwan kasa. Babu alamun launi ko ratsi a kan mayafin. Jikin 'yan boko haram ya kasance mai tsawo, tsoka da siriri tare da doguwar wuya da karamar wutsiya. Kodayake a kan ƙasa hatim ɗin suna da matukar kama da kyau kuma hatimin kwance yana kama da buhu, a cikin ruwa suna iyo da kyau da kyau. Saurin rufe bakin yayin yin iyo ya kai kilomita 17 a awa daya. Gefen hatimin yana da ban dariya, dabba ce da ke motsa ƙasa, tana ɗaga jikinta da ƙarfi, kamar dai tana girgizawa a kan ƙeƙe. A cikin ruwa, an ɗora bututun tare da tsummokoki suna motsawa daga ƙarshen jikin kamar ƙara. Hannun dabbobi ne manya-manyan dabbobi. Sealan matashin da ke da hatimin fata yana da tsayin tsayi ɗaya da rabi zuwa 3 kuma nauyin tsufa zai iya kaiwa 1 ton, gwargwadon nau'in. Mata yawanci galibi ne kanana fiye da maza. Matsakaicin rayuwar da aka samu na hatimin sheka daga shekara 24 zuwa 30, ya danganta ne da yanayin halittar wani mutum da mazaunin sa. RayuwaAredaukakar hatimai dabbobi ne masu yawan dabbobi. Suna ne geophiles na hali, rookeries (fallows) a cikin lokacin kiwo kuma molting kawai a bakin. Ice an kauce masa. Sukan yi hijabi a cikin teku. Aiki dare da rana. Suna ciyar da kifi, cephalopods, kuma ƙasa da kullun akan crustaceans. Kyakkyawan masu iyo sosai: saurin yin iyo na zaki na teku a ƙarƙashin ruwa yana iya kaiwa 17 km / h, hatimin furcin arewa - 26 km / h. A kan doron kasa, sun fi birgima, suna motsi, suna jingina da dukkan wata gabar jiki da kuma jujjuya wuya da karfi. Sakamakon furcin furcin arewa da na kudu yana halayyar ƙaura na yau da kullun. Ga yawancin, al'adar auren mata fiye da ɗaya halayya ce. A lokacin kiwo, maza sun bayyana akan rookeries sama da na mata kuma suna raba yankin sosai. Mace sunzo daga baya kuma sun kasu kashi uku zuwa mutum 3 zuwa 40, girman haila ya dogara da karfi da girman namiji. A bakin tekun, mace tana haihuwar san daga lokacin haihuwar da ta gabata kuma 'yan kwanaki bayan hakan ta shiga cikin estrus. Tsawan ciki na ciki saboda wani jinkiri a cikin kwai yakan fara ne daga kwanaki 250 zuwa 365. Namiji baya shiga cikin tarbiyyar 'ya'yan. Lactation a cikin mata yawanci yakanyi tsawon watanni 3-4. Ina ne amintaccen hatimin yake zaune?Hoto: Dogon zango, zaki ne mai teku Gasar mazaunin sifar marairaice yana da faɗi sosai. Wannan ita ce bakin tekun Arctic Ocean, Tekun Indiya. Har ila yau, an hango ɓarayin roba a cikin yankin bakin teku na Kudancin Amurka. Seals suna zaune a adadi da yawa a gabar Tekun Atlantika. Har ila yau ana kwanto rookeries a tsibirin St. Helena, Easter Island a Costa Rica da Hawaii. Akwai ɗumbin alsan ɗabi'a guda ɗaya suna ziyartar arewacin arewacin New Zealand. Yanayin al'amuran yanayi yana birge shi saboda yawan abin da ya same shi. Dasa kankara ba shi da wahala ga hatimin da aka samu. Hakanan, ga hatimi, sarari mara abinci mara iyaka. A cikin duniyar yau, a cikin tekuna, yawan kifaye ya ragu sosai. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa tekuna da tekuna a duniya suna gurɓatar da hanzari kuma kifi ya mutu kawai. Bugu da kari, mutane sun kama kifaye da yawa kuma yawancin lokuta hatimin ba shi da abinci da ya rage ya ciyar da kansu. Saboda haka, hatimi suna zama a inda suke samun abinci. Seal hatimi dabbar dabba ce, hatimi yana farauta a ruwa. Bayan farauta, shahararrun mabubban suna zuwa bakin teku da kafa shinge. Abinci mai gina jikiA mafi yawan nau'ikan hatimin bambaro, abincin abincin yana da yawa. Banda shi ne murfin iskar 'Antarctic fur', wanda abincinsa kusan ya kunshi krill. A cikin sauran nau'in, abincin, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya ƙunshi ƙananan kifin makaranta, squid, da kuma wasu nau'ikan crustaceans. Wasu daga cikin zakin zaki suna ciyar da tsuntsayen, kamar su penguins ko ƙurucin ɗimbin lu'ulu'u. Har ila yau, duwatsun da aka haɗiye su wani lokacin sukan haɗu a ciki na siran siran fari, dalilin har yanzu ba a bayyana shi ba. Dangane da fasali daya, suna aiki a matsayin ballast, wanda ke ba da damar jujjuya dogon lokaci, kuma a cewar wani, suna kare narkewa daga tsutsotsi na parasitic. Abin da e hat hatimi ci?Hoto: aredaukacin Eared Abincin da aka samu na hatimin zaɓaɓɓu ne sosai. Wannan nau'in kifi ne na ƙananan dabbobi, squid da crustaceans, mollusks of plankton daban-daban. Wasu nau'in kuli na kuli za su iya jin daɗin tsuntsaye .. Akwai wasu lokuta sanannu da suka shafi kai harin akan matasa penguins, amma akwai wuyarsu. Furarin fata na fur ɗin Atlantika shine ɗayan mafi yawan wakilan wannan nau'in abincin da yafi son krill don abinci. Wasu lokuta, saboda yunwar, wasu nau'ikan siraran hatsi suna kaiwa fargaban penguins, kodayake wannan ba wuya bane. Sanannen abu ne cewa ana samun kananan duwatsun a cikin ciki na matattarar seals, ba a san yadda da kuma dalilin abin da yasa hatimi suke hadiye duwatsun ba. Don farauta, seals suna iyo cikin ruwa kuma sun kama kifi. Ba wuya a iya kama kifi da hatimi. Tare da taimakon jawansu, roan kuli-kuli suna iya gano kifayen ƙasa. Wani hatimi mai zurfi yana jin ƙoshin kifin da ke ɓoye a kan tekun da ke cikin teku. Wannan ba abin yarda ba ne, amma don neman hadarurruka da aka binne a cikin yashi a ƙasan hatimi, secondsan kaƙi kaɗan kawai suka isa. Irin wannan babbar dabba tana buƙatar abinci mai yawa, saboda haka hatimin yakan kashe yawancin lokacinsa don neman abinci. Hadarin halakaKodayake mutane daga farkon tarihin farauta fata da zakuna, barazanar hallaka ta bayyana a ƙarni da suka gabata. Yayin da aka ɓoye hatimin hatimin ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka ya fara a ƙarni na 16, amma lalacewar tsarin mulkin mallaka ya fara a ƙarni na 18. Tsakanin 1786 da 1867, kimanin miliyan 2.5 na lalata tambarin fur na Arewacin Afirka suka mutu, yayin da aka lalata kusan kuɗin Antarctic fur na ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 a tsibirin Pribylov a Tekun Bering. Zakin teku na Japan (Zalophus) ana ɗaukarsa ƙonewa. Siffofin hali da salon rayuwaHoto: Babban aredaukacin aredaukaka Seals suna jagoranci yanayin rayuwa mai nutsuwa. Alsa sean farin ƙarfe suna cinye mafi yawan lokaci a cikin ruwa a wurin, farauta kuma wani lokacin ma barci. Seals barci a cikin ruwa tare da flippers yada, hatimin ana riƙe a saman ruwa saboda kitsen subcutaneous. Wani lokaci hatimi na iya yin bacci a zurfin mita da yawa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, yana tashi daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, yana ɗaukar numfashi sau biyu tare da ruwa da baya. A wannan halin, dabba ba ta ma farkawa. Seals ne dabbobi masu kwanciyar hankali da lumana. Sakamakon girman girmanta, walruses ba shi da abokan gaba da gasa, kuma basu da abin damuwa. A lokacin kiwo da molting seals tafi bakin. Ba kamar walrus ba, giram ɗin da aka fi so su guje wa kankara kuma suna shirya tsegumi a bakin ruwa. Seals suna aiki da rana da dare. Aukakan hatimai sune dabbobi masu yawan aure. Suna ƙaunar zuriyarsu, sun sami damar yin aiki tare da sauran ɗabi'un.Kafin lokacin kiwo, maza sun raba yankin, kuma suna kiyaye shi daga shigar azaba daga baƙi zuwa wannan ƙasa. Alsa sean hatimin areaƙi ne kusan a kwantar da hankula, kuma suna nuna zalunci ne kawai idan akwai barazanar kai hari a kansu ko theiran uwansu. Dangane da mutane, eorayen hatimin hatimun suna da lafiya. Oalso doin ba ya kai hari ga mutane, har ma an san wasu lokuta cewa hatimin ya saci bawa a kan jiragen ruwa, ba tare da taɓawa ko bugawa mutane ba. Koyaya, wannan babban dabbar na iya cutar da mutum ko kuma ya murƙushe mutum, ko dabba kusa da ita. Wasu nau'in fur like da seals suna iya horo kuma suna iya kasancewa tare da mutane cikin sauƙi. Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwaHoto: Yarinyar Eaukakkun Yarinyar Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, sifofin shararrun garken dabbobi ne masu yawan yawa. Yawancin lokaci suna zaune a cikin manyan garken da ke shirya rookeries a bakin teku lokacin lokacin kiwo da lokacin molting. A lokacin kiwo, maza suna zuwa gabar da wuri fiye da mace, raba yanki da kare shi. Bayan mace tazo bakin teku. A kan iyakokin, maza suna lalata naman alade na musamman, wanda a ciki zai iya zama daga mata 3 zuwa 40. Seaalsan farin rufi ya kai ga balaga lokacin yana 3 years to shekaru 7, ya danganta da halittar wanda mutum nasa ne. An haifi hatimin a bakin. Nan da nan bayan haihuwar jarirai, dabbar ta dace. Seals suna da tsawon lokacin haihuwa wanda zai iya ɗaukar kusan shekara guda. Yayin haihuwa, mace wani lokaci tana haihuwar guda, wani lokacin kuma tana da biyu. An haife ƙaramar hatimin tun daga kan kai zuwa yatsa mai tsabta fari wani lokacin tare da ƙaramar saƙo da furfura mai kyau. Uwa tana ciyar da yara da madara. Lactation yana zuwa watanni uku, bayan mahaifiyar ta koyar da yara yadda ake kamun kifi. Lokacin haihuwa, hatimin yara suna da guda ɗaya na haƙoran jarirai, amma da wucewar lokaci hakoran jarirai za su fado kuma ƙanana da ƙanana sun bayyana a maimakon su. Wanda zai iya cin kifi da kifayen. Mace kaɗai ke tsintar cikin zuriya. Mahaifin da sauran membobin fakitin ba sa shiga cikin tarbiyyar yaran. Bayan haka, maza yayin da suke ciyar da thean mata, suna kiyaye yankin kuma kar su bar wasu maza su shiga yankinsu. Abokan halitta na sihiri sharar fataHoto: Babbar hatimin, ko zaki mai bakin teku Tunda hatimin da aka fi sani da dabbobi babbar dabba ce, suna da ƙarancin abokan gaba, amma har yanzu suna. Abokan gaba na siran siran sun hada da:
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsuHoto: Menene ma'amalar hatimi? An lasafta hatim ɗin buɗe ido a cikin Littafin Lissafi kuma suna da matsayin "Jinsuna tare da lambobin raguwa a cikin yawancin wuraren zama". An dabbobi musamman kariya kuma an haramta farauta. Hannun hatimai suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin halittun ruwa. Kasancewar wani nau'in halitta yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye bambancin halittu. An kiyaye wannan nau'in a cikin Koryaksky, Komandorsky, Kronetsnorsky reserve. An gurfanar da lalata dabbobi a cikin Tarayyar Rasha da wasu ƙasashe da yawa. An bayar da babbar tarar don kamawa da kuma kama ɗoran shaharar. Kawan kare Hadin kaiHoto: Rufaffen jan kafa Matakan da zasu kare wannan nau'in sun hada da:
Aredaƙar hatimi - Wannan hakika mu'ujiza ce ta zahiri. Manyan Kattai waɗanda dodannin ruwan teku sun ragu kaɗan. 'Yan adam yakamata su yi hankali sosai game da wannan nau'in saboda akwai ƙarancin seals ɗin da ya rage. Dole ne mu duka mu mai da hankali game da mazaunin dabbobi. Kada ku ƙazantar da tekuna da tafkunan domin kiyaye yanayi na tsawan ƙarni. Bayani da fasali na hatimin bokitinAredaƙar hatimi Yana ingantawa take da yawa jinsunan pinnipeds. Siffar halayyar da ke bambanta wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa daga sauran hatiminta ita ce kasancewar kananan kunnuwa. Gidan dangin girar da aka hada sun hada da nau'ikan fararen fur 9, nau'ikan zaki 4 na zaki da kuma zakoki na teku. Gaba ɗaya a ciki eared hatimi dangi Nau'ikan dabbobi 14 sun shigo. Dukkan wakilan ire-iren wadannan tsararraki ne. An samo abinci a ƙarƙashin ruwa, inda suke amfani da kyakkyawan ƙwarewar mafarauta. A kan ƙasa, hatimai suna da m, suna tafiya a hankali. Suna yin ayyukan iri ɗaya da dare da rana. Launi a bayyane yake, ba tare da wasu sifofi dabam dabam ba. Jawo hatimi Jawo Yana da launi mai launin toka tare da launin ruwan kasa, babu alamun alamu a jiki. Jawo na iya zama mai kauri da kauri, wannan halayyar fur ɗin fur ne, amma tana iya, akasin haka, ta manne da fata, ƙirƙirar murfin ci gaba, wannan fasalin yana kasancewa da murfin fur. Dukkanin hatimatun da aka yi da kwalliyar suna da girma sosai. Namiji koyaushe yana yawan girma fiye da mace. Thewararren balagaggu, gwargwadon nau'in, na iya zama daga kilogiram 200 zuwa 1800. Tsawon jiki kuma na iya zama daban-daban daga cm 100 zuwa 400. Jikin yana da siffar da elongated tare da gajeren wutsiya da dogon wuya. Fifikon fadakarwa sun sami ci gaba, tare da taimakon dabbobinsu suna tafiya a ƙasa. Ba ƙarancin ƙafafun kafaffu masu yawa da aikin su ba, amma suna sanye da kayan ƙarfi. Babu cikakkun bayanai a goshin, ko kuma, a'a, suna wanzuwa a matakin farko na primordia. Lokacin yin iyo, magin gwiwar farko suna yin babban aikin, ƙafafun hagun suna ba da damar daidaita alkibla. An haɓaka jaws na seals, yawan hakora shine 34-38, gwargwadon nau'in. An haifi hatimi na jariri tare da haƙoran madara, amma bayan watanni 3-4 sun faɗi kuma manyan motsi masu ƙarfi suna girma a wurin su. Kiwo da tsawon rai na hatimin hatimiKafin lokacin dabbar ta fara dacewa, hatimin kullen za su iya fita zuwa bangon na wani lokaci, amma a cikin ruwa koyaushe. A nan suna ciyar da kansu kuma suna shirya don mating. Lokacin da lokaci ya yi, mazan sune farkon waɗanda suka isa ƙasa da gudu zuwa wurin da aka haife su sau ɗaya. Daga lokacin da aka saki, mutanen da suka ci abinci sun fara yin gwagwarmaya don mafi kyawun yanki mafi girma na bakin teku. Dangane da bincike, an tabbatar da cewa hatimce a kowace shekara sukan mamaye wata ƙasa da aka santa da su. Bayan rarraba ƙasar, idan kowane namiji ya buga wa kansa wuri, mata suka fara bayyana a kan ƙasa. Alsosai suna ƙoƙarin tattara mata da yawa a kan yankin da aka ci nasara, sau da yawa tare da taimakon karfi suna jan matar cikin kayansu. Lokacin zabar mace, hatimin biki sun kasance abokan gaba ga abokan hamayya. Wani lokacin a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙungiyar mata, mace da kanta na iya wahala. Ta hanyar irin wannan rabuwa, ana iya tattara mata har 50 a cikin hatimin teku na maza. Abin mamaki shine, yawancin matayen da suka ci nasara har yanzu suna da juna biyu, bayan lokacin layyata ta ƙarshe. Cutar ciki tana daga kwanaki 250 zuwa kwanaki 365. Bayan bayarwa, bayan kwanaki 3-4, mace kuma ta sake yin shiri don matsi. Eulla hatimi cub Haihuwar haihuwa tayi sauri, al'ada, tsari na dabi'a ba ya wuce minti 10-15. Aredaalsan farin sheki suna haihuwar ɗa guda ɗaya a kowace shekara. An haifi ƙaramin hatimi tare da duhu, kusan baƙi, gashi gashi. Bayan watanni 2-2.5, gashin gashi ya canza launi zuwa wuta mai sauƙi. Mako guda bayan haihuwar, dukkayen su sun taru su kwashe kusan lokaci a wannan hanyar, uwaye na iya ciyar da jarirai su bar jarirai lafiya. Lokacin da lokacin ciyarwa, kwafin mace, a ƙanshin, ya sami ɗanta, ya ciyar da ita da madara, sannan kuma ta sake komawa cikin sauran cuban sandunan. A matsakaita, mace tana ciyar da jarirai watanni 3-4. Nan da nan bayan hadi, namiji ba ya nuna sha'awar ga mace da zuriyarsa nan gaba. Uwa tana haihuwar 'ya'yan kwata kwata, uba ba ya wani bangare a cikin tarbiyyar. A ƙarshen lokacin ciyar, matasa like na iya iyo da kansu kuma su bar rookery don dawowa nan kawai shekara mai zuwa. Matsakaicin matsakaitan dan kwanon shine shekaru 25-30, matan wadannan dabbobin suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 5-6. An rubuta karar lokacin da hatimin launin toka ya rayu a zaman talala na tsawon shekaru 41, amma wannan sabon abu ne mai wuya. Shekaru na yau da kullun ilimin lissafi na seals ana ɗaukar su shekaru 45-50, amma ba su rayu har zuwa wannan lokacin saboda yawan dalilai masu dangantaka: yanayin, cututtuka daban-daban, da kasancewar barazanar waje. A ina pinnipeds suke zaune?Ana rarraba pinnipeds a cikin ruwan sanyi mai sanyi na Tekun Atlantika da Pacific, a Tekun Arctic, da kuma tekun Antarctic. Bugu da kari, suna zaune ne a cikin wasu jikkunan ruwa na cikin ruwa (Lake Baikal, Onega, Ladoga, Saimaa), da kuma cikin ruwan gishiri (Caskun Caspian). Lessarancin da yawa dangane da nau'in halittu a cikin ruwa mai sanyi a bakin tekun Afirka, Australia, Kudancin Amurka, a Tekun Bahar Rum. Gabaɗaya, wakilan zamani na tsarin pinnipeds sune mafi yawanci iyakance ga ruwayen ruwa masu haɓaka sosai a cikin tekuna, wanda yawan zafin jiki a kowane lokaci na shekara bai wuce 20 ° С. Suna kusan ɓoye cikin yankin Indo-Malay, inda zafin ruwa yake sosai. Wakilan nau'ikan halittar pinnipeds ɗaya ne kawai ba sa rayuwa cikin ruwan sanyi - waɗannan sifayen biri ne. Koyaya, daga cikin nau'ikan ukun waɗannan sanannun hatimai, adadin biyu (Rum da Hawaiian) a halin yanzu ya ragu sosai, kuma nau'in na uku, hatimin dodannin Caribbean, ya ƙare a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Hakikanin hatimiIyalin Phocidae sun haɗa da nau'ikan 18 na ɗabi'u da ɗabi'u. Wakilan wannan dangi suna da saukin rarrabewa: kafafunsu na baya (fuskoki) ba sa lanƙwanta ga jiki da kuma motsawar ƙasa, haka kuma cikin motsi kan kankara, ba sa shiga. M a kan ƙasa, ainihin hatimin suna da matukar tsufa cikin ruwa. Ba su kuma da isasshiyar wutar lantarki. Bugu da kari, duk wadannan tambarin suna da kauri mai kauri na subcutaneous mai. Alamar aure ta weddell a kan tsibiri mai dutse. Wannan mafi yawan kudancin kowane nau'in like yana da tsawo, ƙyallin faifai, halayyar duk ainihin hatimin kudancin. WalrusIyalin Odobenidae sun haɗa da jinsuna ɗaya - walrus. Wannan wakilin ƙungiyar masu pinniped ya haɗu da fasalulluka na haƙiƙan seals. Walrus yana da faifai mai siffa (trips) masu fasali (kamar zaren hatimi na ainihi) kuma yana iya jujjuya su a gaba (kamar sifofin da aka makala). Matan walrus tare da sand Kamar hatimin gaske, walrus bashi da isasshen magani. Bayan haka, sabanin sauran tsintsayen kwayoyi, wannan nau'in a yanzu babu murfin fur, wanda ya rage wa kowane gashin kansa warwatse ko'ina cikin jiki. Duk maza da mace suna da tsattsayen tsutsotsi (tsalle-tsalle). Siffofin bayyanar da kuma tsarin pinnipedsDukkanin abubuwan pinnipeds suna da tsararren jikin jiki mai fasalin jiki. Waɗannan manyan dabbobi ne. Tsawon zoological na mutane manya na nau'ikan nau'ikan sun yi girma daga mita 1.2 zuwa 6.5, kuma jimlar nauyin daga kilogiram 35 zuwa tan 6.5. Mafi karancin su shine silan fur, kuma mafi girma sune giwayen kudu. Hannun yatsun pinnipeds biyar-yatsu ne tare da yatsun haɓaka masu kyau waɗanda aka haɗa su ta cikin membranes na ruwa, an canza su zuwa ƙeƙe-ƙeƙai. Wutsiyar ƙarancin gajere ce, kuma cikin walruses da wuya a iya lura dashi kwata-kwata. Abun gyaran gashi na manya yawanci gajere ne, mai yawa, mai santsi. Gashi mai tsauri ne, dan an rarrabe shi cikin kashin baya da kuma bakin ruwa (ban da hatiman). An rufe yawancin murfin jariri cikin kauri da gashi. Haske gashi ya bambanta sosai. Kwanyar tana kwance cikin madaidaiciya, bangarorin zygomatic an yadu dasu sosai, sashin gaba yana gajera. Kwakwalwa tayi girma sosai, hemisphere tare da tashe-tashen hankula masu yawa, kusan gaba daya suna rufe cerebellum. Ikon kwakwalwa wajan tunani da aiki na hankali suna da girma sosai. Haɓaka hakora sun bambanta cikin incisors, canines da molars kuma ana amfani dasu ne musamman don kamawa da riƙe ganima. A wasu wakilai (walruses), tsummokin saman sun kasance mafi girma kuma an juye su da fale-falen. An kiyaye haƙosin hakora, musamman a waɗancan hatimin da suke ciyar da kifaye. A irin jinsunan da kwayoyin cuta suke ci, hakora da sauri suna lalacewa kuma suka fadi. Yawan hakora daga 19 zuwa 36. Yawancin wakilan pinnipeds suna halin da kasancewar adana abubuwa masu ƙarfi na kitse mai ƙyalli, suna aiki aikin rufin zafi. Theaƙƙarfan kitse mai ƙyalƙyali a lokacin mafi yawan dabbobi zai iya kaiwa ga cm 8 - tarawar kitsen mai yana faruwa ne a lokacin ciyarwa mai ƙarfi. Muhimmin sashi na karbuwa na pinnipeds zuwa rayuwar marine ya kasance canji a jikin gabobin. Haɓaka haɓaka dabbobi masu shayarwa, an mai da su don amfanin ƙasa. Koyaya, yanayin rayuwa da ɗabi'ar ya buƙaci kayan jikin mutum su zama daidai a cikin iska da ruwa. An buƙata sauye-sauye iri-iri na juyin halitta don gamsar da waɗannan buƙatu masu saɓani. Mafi mahimmancin bayani don hatimin shine gani. Idanunsu suna da girma tare da ɗakin kwana na ɗakin kwana da babban tabarau, wanda ke ƙara mayar da hankali ga abubuwan da ke cikin ido. Hangen nesa yana da kyau, musamman a ruwa, tunda ɗalibin yana da ikon fadadawa. Cornea da take a waje da ido tana kiyaye mafi sassanta na ciki. A koyaushe ana taushi da ruwa mai sa hawaye wanda ke tattare da cututtukan lacrimal kuma yana kare idanu daga yashi da gishiri. Idanun pinnipeds sun kuma riƙe ƙaramin adadin cones, suna da alhakin daidai tsinkaye launuka cikin haske mai haske. A sakamakon haka, akwai wasu tabbaci cewa hatimi da walrus suna da iyakataccen hangen nesa. Idanun pinnipeds sun dace sosai don bincika ganima ƙarƙashin ruwa Kokarin waje na waje basa cikin mafi yawan jinsin, duk da haka, wannan baya tasiri ga tsinkayen tsinkayen gani. Jiran pinnipeds yana da gamsarwa, kuma suna jin daɗin ruwa fiye da ƙasa. A ƙarƙashin ruwa, murfin kunne yana rufe ta hanyar kwanciyar hankali na tsokoki masu rauni. Dukkanin pinnipeds suna da haɓakaccen sirara - faifai, waɗanda aka shirya a cikin layuka a kwance tare da ɓangarorin biyu na mucks kuma suna da yawa sosai a lamba, tsayi da siffar. Vibrissas yana aiki mai ƙarfi. Zakin teku yana nuna tashinsa. Kowane gashin-baki yana cikin follicle da ke kewaye da kabin haɗin da ke da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin jijiya. Cibiyoyin zaitun na kwakwalwa hatimi ƙanana ne, kodayake, ƙanshin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar zamantakewarsu. Misali, wasu daga cikin pinnipeds suna gane zuriyarsu kawai da wari. A cikin ruwa, hancin ya rufe sosai, kuma wannan yana nuna cewa warin ƙanshi yana rasa aikinsa. Share
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