Tsasashin ƙasa na girgizar ƙasa (girgizar ƙasa na Girka - girgizar ƙasa) sune yankuna iyaka tsakanin faranti na lithospheric, waɗanda ke da yanayin motsi da girgizar asa na yau da kullun, kuma sune wuraren maida hankali ga tsawan wutar volcanano. Tsawon yankuna yanki na dubunnan kilomita ne. Yankunan suna da alaƙa da lamuran ƙasa mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa, da kuma cikin teku zuwa tsakiyar tudun teku da rami mai zurfi A halin yanzu, an bambanta manyan bangarori biyu: latin tekun Bahar Rum-Trans-Asiya da kuma Yankin Pasifik. Yankin na Seismic ya yi daidai da wuraren da aka samu tsauni da tsawan dutse.Taikin Bahar Rum da bel din na Asiya sun hada da Bahar Rum da wasu tsaunukan da ke kewayen Kudancin Turai, Asiaan Asiya, Arewacin Afirka, da mafi yawan Asiya ta Tsakiya, Caucasus, Kun-Lun, da Himalayas. Wannan belin ya kai kusan 15% na duk girgizar asa a duniya, zurfin abin da yake tsaka-tsaki ne, amma ana iya samun bala'i mai lalacewa 80% girgizar asa na faruwa a cikin tekun Pacific, wanda ya mamaye tsibiran da mashigan-ruwa na tekun Pacific. Yankunan da ke da nasaba da tsibirin na Aleutian Islands, Alaska, tsibirin Kuril, Kamchatka, tsibirin Philippine, Japan, New Zealand, tsibirin Hawaii, da Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka suna cikin wannan bel ɗin a gefen kogin. Girgizar ƙasa sau da yawa ana faruwa a nan tare da abubuwanda ke haifar da tasiri, waɗanda ke haifar da mummunan sakamako, musamman, da ke haifar da girgizar tsunamis.Wannan reshe na gabashin tsibirin na Pacific ya samo asali ne daga gabashin tekun Kamchatka, wanda ke kewaye da tsibirin Aleutian, yana gudana a gabar yamma ta Arewa da Kudancin Amurka kuma ya ƙare tare da Kudin Antilles na Kudancin. Ana ganin mafi girman tashin hankali a arewacin yankin reshen Pacific da kuma yankin California na Amurka. Yankin girgizar kasa ba shi da masaniya a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, amma girgizar asa tashin hankali na iya faruwa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wadannan yankuna.Kogin Yammacin tekun Pacific na gabar teku yana tashi daga Philippines zuwa Moluccas, ya ratsa tekun Banda, Nicobar da tsibirin Sunda zuwa Andraman Archipelago. A cewar masana kimiyya, reshen yamma ta Burma yana da alaƙa da bel ɗin Trans-Asia. Da yawa daga cikin girgizar kasa girgizar kasa ana lura a cikin yankin na yammacin reshe na Pacific seismic bel. Yankunan zurfafawa suna ƙarƙashin Tekun Okhotsk kusa da tsibirin Japan da Kuril, sannan wani yanki mai zurfi ya haɗu zuwa kudu maso gabas, ya ƙetare Tekun Japan zuwa tsibirin Mariana Yankunann sashe na biyu na bambanta yankuna na biyu na tekun Atlantika, Tekun Atlantika, Yammacin Tekun Indiya, da Arctic. Kimanin 5% na duk girgizar asa suna faruwa a waɗannan yankuna. Yankin yanki na Tekun Atlantika ya samo asali ne daga Greenland, ya wuce kudu zuwa tsakiyar tekun Mid-Atlantic yana ƙarewa a tsibirin Tristan da Cugna. Ba a lura da tsauraran ƙaho anan ba. Bandungiyar maɓallin girgizar ƙasa a yammacin Tekun Indiya ta ratsa yankin Larabawa zuwa kudu, sannan zuwa kudu maso yamma tare da haɓakar ruwa zuwa Antarctica. Anan, kamar yadda yake a cikin yankin Arctic, ƙaramar girgizar ƙasa tare da ƙarancin masifa ta faru. Za a gano abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya ta hanyar daɗaɗɗen dunƙule na dunƙule - abubuwan da ke gudana a zamanin da. Wasu lokuta zasu iya shiga yankinsu. Kamar yadda aka tabbatar dashi, kasancewar bel din girgizar kasa yana da nasaba da kurakuran dunkulen duniya, na da da na zamani.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku game da bel ɗin Alpine-Himalayan, saboda duk tarihin samuwar yanayin ƙasa yana da alaƙa tare da ka'idar da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke rakiyar wannan girgizar ƙasa da girgizar ƙasa, sakamakon abin da yanzu nutsuwa ta girgizar ƙasa ta haifar ... Yunkurin sauƙaƙe faranti na tectonic yana tattare da rikice-rikice na filin filin ci gaba. 'Samarar ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da haifar da aiyukan tectonic da tsayayyen tsaunuka a ciki. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin dakatarwa da ke faruwa a cikin ɓoyayyen ƙasa ana kiransu ɓarna da gogewa, bi da bi wanda ke haifar da samar da mahayan dawakai. Yunkurin faranti na tectonic a karshe yana haifar da mummunan bayyanuwar girgizar kasa da tashin hankali na wutar lantarki. Akwai nau'ikan motsi na farantin karfe:
1. M filayen tectonic faranti ana tura su gaba da juna, suna haifar da jerin tsaunuka, cikin teku da kuma kasa.
2. Saduwa da farantin tectonic sun fada cikin tangaran, samar da mashigan tectonic a cikin ɓoyayyen ƙasa.
3. Motsa tefonic faranti suna jujjuyawa a tsakanin su, ta haka suna haifar da aiyukan canji.
Bel da adadin duniyan mafi girman girgizar kasa ya zo daidai da layin lamba na motsin tectonic masu motsawa. Akwai manyan bangarori guda biyu kamar haka:
1. Alpine - Himalayan seismic bel
2. Batun girgizar kasa a tekun Pacific.

A ƙasa muna zaune a kan tsibirin Alpine-Himalayan, wanda ya tashi daga tsarin tsaunukan Spain zuwa Pamirs, gami da tsaunukan Faransa, manyan tsaunukan cibiyar da kudu na Turai, kudu maso gabas da gaba - Carpathians, Caucasus duwatsun da kuma Pamirs, da kuma bayyanannin dutse Iran, arewacin India, Turkiya da Burma. A wannan yanki na bayyanar da aiki na tafiyar matakai na tectonic, yawancin girgizar kasa na faruwa, wanda ke haifar da adadi mai yawa ga kasashen da suka fada cikin yankin Alpine - Himalayan seismic bel. Wannan mummunan bala'i a cikin ƙauyuka, da yawan raunin da ya faru, keta abubuwan jigilar kayayyaki da sauransu ... Don haka a China, a cikin 1566, aka yi girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi a lardunan Gansu da Shaanxi. A lokacin girgizar, mutane sama da dubu 800 suka mutu, kuma an lalata birane da yawa a gaban duniya. Calcutta a Indiya, 1737 - kusan mutane dubu 400 suka mutu. 1948 - Ashgabat (Turkmenistan, USSR). Wadanda abin ya shafa - sama da dubu 100. 1988, Armenia (USSR), biranen Spitak da Leninakan sun lalace gaba daya. An kashe mutane dubu 25. Kuna iya lissafa sauran girgizar asa mai ƙarfi a cikin Turkey, Iran, Romania, tare da babban rashi da raunin da ya faru. Kusan yau da kullun, sabis na kula da girgizar ƙasa yana rikodin girgizar ƙasa mai rauni a cikin ɗaukacin tekun Alpine-Himalayan. Sun nuna cewa ayyukan tectonic a cikin wadannan yankuna ba su tsayawa ko da na minti guda, motsi na tectonic faranti shima ba ya tsayawa, bayan wani girgizar kasa mai karfin gaske kuma duk da haka wani abin tashin hankali na kwantar da hankalin duniya, ya sake bunkasa zuwa matsanancin mahimmanci, wanda a nan gaba ko kuma daga baya - babu makawa, wani zazzabin murfin ƙasa zai faru, ya haifar da girgizar ƙasa.
Abin takaici, kimiyyar zamani ba zata iya tantance wurin da lokacin girgizar mai zuwa ba. A cikin bangarorin aiki na girgizar kasa, sun zama makawa, tunda aikin motsi na tectonic faranti ya ci gaba, sabili da haka ana ci gaba da tashin hankali a wuraren tuntuɓar hanyoyin motsawa. Tare da haɓaka fasahar dijital, tare da haɓaka tsarin kwamfyuta mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da sauri, tsarin seismology na zamani zai matso kusa da gaskiyar cewa zai iya yin ayyukan ƙididdigar lissafi na ayyukan tectonic a cikin, wanda zai ba da damar yin daidai da amincin ƙaddara abubuwan abubuwan girgizar ƙasa na gaba. Wannan, bi da bi, zai ba da zarafi ga ɗan adam don shirya irin wannan bala'i da taimako don kauce wa asarar rayuka masu yawa, kuma fasahar zamani da fasahar gini za ta rage ƙarshen lalacewa da girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Ya kamata a sani cewa wasu belun igiyar girgizar kasa a doron kasa sun hadu daidai da belinsu na ayyukan volcanic. Kimiyya ta tabbatar da cewa a mafi yawan lokuta ayyukan volcanic suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da ayyukan fitsari. Kamar girgizar asa, yawan tashin hankali yana haifar da barazana ga rayuwar mutane. Yawancin volcanoes suna cikin yankuna masu ɗumbin yawa, tare da masana'antu masu haɓaka. Duk wani fashewar volcanoes kwatsam yana kawo hadari ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankin volcanoes. Baya ga abubuwan da ke sama, girgizar asa a cikin teku da tekuna suna haifar da tsunamis, waɗanda ba ƙasa da lahani ga wuraren rairayin bakin teku fiye da girgizar asa da kansu. Saboda wannan ne aikin inganta hanyoyin sanya ido na girgizar kasa da ke faruwa a koda yaushe ya kasance mai dacewa.

Girgizar ƙasa a shimfiɗar duwatsu

Hatta mutane da basu da cikakkiyar masaniyar wannan matsalar sun san cewa akwai yankuna a duniyarmu wadanda suke sabawa girgizar asa koyaushe. Bari muyi la'akari da Rahoton Harshen Yanayi na Duniya wanda aka buga kowace shekara, wanda ke lissafin duk rikice-rikicen ƙasa na shekara kuma yana ba da halayen su. Nan da nan za mu iya yarda cewa a mafi yawan lokuta ana lura da girgizar ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe na tekun Pacific, da farko a Japan da Chile. Amma wannan jeri ba ya ba da cikakken hoto na yawan rikicewar girgizar kasa, tunda ba ya nuna girman girgizar kasa da na girgizar kasa, da manya da karami. A bayyane yake cewa a cikin wannan taƙaitaccen bayanin an bayyana zurfin girgizar ƙasa na ƙasashe masu haɓaka, tunda akwai ƙarin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ƙasa waɗanda ke ɗaukar ƙananan yanayin ƙasa.

Ko ta yaya, ba za a iya jayayya ba cewa shaidar rahoton game da yawan girgizar ƙasa a arewacin hemisphere idan aka kwatanta da kudu hemisphere ba gaskiya bane. Haka kuma, filinmu ne wanda yake wakiltar fagen manyan al'amuran kasa: Kashi 90 na bala'in bala'i na faruwa a arewa da digiri 30 a kudu.

Anan ne muke da shimfidar wuri, wanda shine tushen duk girgizar asa hade da cikin Rahoton Harkokin Yanayi na kasa da kasa na shekaru 22. An tabbatar da zatonmu: girgizar asa tana da matukar tasiri a wasu takamaiman wuraren karkara kuma basa shafar yawancin duniya.

Yin nazarin waɗannan bangarorin girgizar girgizar ƙasa, da farko mun lura da tsiri (a gefen dama na taswira), wanda ya fara a Kamchatka, yana gudana tare da tsibirin Jafananci kuma yana gangarowa zuwa gabas, to, kifin da ke kan iyakar Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka ya kama idanunku (a kan taswira). Bandungiyoyi biyu, ɗaya Asiya, ɗayan Ba'amurke, yana gab da zuwa arewa, kusan ya kewaye Tekun Pacific. Wannan bel belun bakin teku ne. Dukkanin abubuwanda suka faru masu zurfi suna faruwa anan, mafi yawan rashin hankali da kuma rikicewar rikice-rikicen tsakiya.

Hoto 20. Rarraba manyan wuraren rikicewar girgizar kasa a 1913-1935 (a cewar Colon).

Wani yanki na ayyukan warwatse shine yanki wanda ya fara daga tsibirin Sulawesi. Ta tashi zuwa gaɓar tsibirin Indonesiya, daga gabas zuwa yamma, ta shafi Himalayas, daga nan ta ci gaba zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, Italiya, Gibraltar kuma ta zarce zuwa Azores. Ana kiran wannan bel ɗin Eurasian, ko Alpine, saboda an kera shi zuwa babban babban kwalejin, ɗayan hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo wanda ya samar da Alps. Duk manyan girgizar asa suna faruwa ko dai a kusa da Tekun Pacific, ko kuma tare da bel ɗin Eurasia.

Baya ga manyan guda biyun, an san kananan yankuna na girgizar asa inda kawai girgizar asa tare da rashin hankali ke faruwa. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan bangarorin ya yanke zuwa tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika ya isa Arctic, ɗayan ya shimfiɗa daga arewa zuwa kudu a Tekun Indiya.

Wannan tsari mai cike da rudani ya haifar da tambaya "Me yasa?"

Amsar bangare na farko da kallo ya bayar ne ta hanyar lura da Montessu de Ballore: bangarorin ayyukan seismic kusan ana iyakance su a ko dai tsaunuka ko kuma kwantan teku. Ana bayar da tabbaci game da wannan ne ta hanyar jigilar ruwan biranen tekun Pacific, wanda zurfin kogunan ke shimfidawa, ginin Tibet a cikin Himalayas ko Italiya da Girka, wanda ke kusa da zurfin Tekun Bahar Rum.

Kasance da masaniyar waɗannan abubuwan, bari muyi zurfin tunani a kan cewa manyan duwatsun duniya suna cikin mafi ƙarami. Me yasa? Haka ne, saboda yanayin yanayi bai riga ya yi nasarar hallaka su ba. Tabbas, Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies - duk sun bayyana ne a Makarantar Firamari, wato, bisa ga ma'aunin yanayin kasa, suna da alaƙa da jiya. Amma muna cewa waɗannan tsaunuka matasa ne, saboda haka mun yarda cewa suna kan ci gaba. Kuma wannan yana nufin cewa ba su bambanta da cikakkun sifofi da tuni sun lalace ba, kamar Vosges ko Central Massif, kuma har yanzu ana kan gina su. Yana iya ɗaukar miliyoyin shekaru kafin a kammala aikin su, amma hakan ba matsala. Babban abu shi ne cewa dukkanin tsararrun tsarukan - Alps, Himalayas, Andes da Rockies - har yanzu suna ci gaba da kasancewa. A tsohuwar geosynclines, inda ginin dutsen mai tsayi ya samo asali, gangarawar ta ci gaba da haɗuwa, kuma yadudduka sun yi lamuran cikin manyan sassan biyu.

Don haka, babu wani abin mamaki a cikin gaskiyar cewa yayin wannan ci gaba da ake ci gaba da rikice-rikice ana lura da lokaci zuwa lokaci, yadudduka na dutse, fuskantar tashin hankali da yawa, fashewa, fashe da girgizar ƙasa ke faruwa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wuraren da aka ci gaba ake nada hoto, wato, inda tsaunukan tsaunuka ko tayin ke tashi, suka zama fagen girgizar kasa da aka fi so.

Wannan yana bayanin ayyukan girgizar kasa ba wai kawai tare da babban tsauni ba, har ma da zurfin zurfin teku. Ka tuna cewa waɗannan baƙin cikin da ke cikin ruwa ba komai bane face geosynclines, ɗakunan wuraren da lalatattu ke gudana. Geosynclines yana ci gaba da lanƙwasa, da kuma lamuran da ke tarawa a cikin su gaba ɗaya, saboda rashin sarari, ana cukurkushewa kuma a dunƙule cikin babban fayil, yana samar da "Tushen" duwatsun nan gaba. Irin wannan tarawa da murƙushe cikin manyan duwatsun da ke kwance ba tare da damuwa da fashewa ba, wanda ke haifar da girgizar ƙasa.

Yankin Pacific seismic bel

Bakin tsibirin na Pasifik na samar da mafi yawan misalai da yawa na wannan aikin na karkashin ƙasa, wanda aka iyakance zuwa manyan tsaunuka ko manyan abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa. Shin haɗin haɗin wannan yanki tare da kuskure, fashe da kowane nau'i na abubuwan tectonic bai tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa ta zo daidai da zoben wuta na Pacific ba? Ka tuna jerin abubuwan wuta a tekun Pacific. A cikin ɓaure. Hoto na 21 yana nuna belin igiyar tekun Pacific gaba ɗaya, kuma zamuyi ƙoƙarin yin taƙaitaccen bayanin shi, fara daga kudu, a kowane lokaci.

Shin wannan bel ɗin ta tsage zuwa lean kudu kamar yadda aka nuna akan taswira? Babu wanda ya san wannan duk da haka, kodayake akwai yuwuwar girgizar ƙasa ta mamaye Antarctica, sannan ta isa tsibirin Macquarie da New Zealand, inda girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta taɓa faruwa sau da yawa. A shekara ta 1855, a cikin New Zealand, girgizar kasa ta ƙare tare da lahani mai nisan kilomita 140 a tsayin daka da kuma nisan mita 3. Girgizar asawar ƙasa ta 1929 da 1931 sun zurfafa wannan kuskuren kuma ya haifar da asara mai yawa.

Hoto 21. Tekun Pasifik kanta ita ce yankuna masu tsayawa na girgizar ƙasa, amma ana ɗaure shi da wani yanki mai cike da rashi (a cewar Gutenberg da Richter).

1 - yankuna masu tsayayyen yanki (tsayawa-tsayawa tsayayyu), 2 - mara zurfi, 3 - tsaka-tsaki, 4 - zurfafa.

Daga New Zealand, belin ya tashi zuwa tsibiran Tonga, sannan ya gangara yamma zuwa New Guinea. Anan, kusa da tsibirin Sulawesi, yana birgima, yana tashi zuwa arewa. Wani reshe yana zuwa tsibiran Caroline, Mariana da Bonin, ɗayan - zuwa tsibirin Philippine da Taiwan. Wannan ƙarshen yana nuna alamar taɓin teku mai zurfi, wanda mafi tsananin girgizar asa girgiza ƙasa. Wani reshe kuma ana kirkirar shi ta hanyar rafukan karkashin ruwa, kogunan da ke baje kolinsu a saman tsibirin Caroline, Marian da Bonin. Tsakanin waɗannan rassan biyu, Tekun Pacific kamar teku ne wanda ke da tushe, ƙasan teku wanda ya bambanta sosai da aikin teren da ke kewaye da shi. Ya isa a tuna da bala'in girgizar kasa da ya lalata Taiwan a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1906, inda aka kashe rayukan mutane 1,300 tare da lalata gine-gine 7,000, ko girgizar kasa a Filipinas a 1955, lokacin da ƙauyen duka suka ɓace a ƙarƙashin tafkin.

Dukkan rassan biyu suna haɗuwa a arewa kusa da tarin tsibirin Japan kuma suna shimfiɗawa tare da ƙetaren gabashi. An kuma sami zurfin rami a wurin, kuma bai kamata mu ma tuna da yawan ɓarkewar yanki na wannan yankin ba. Zamu ce kawai daga shekarar 1918 zuwa 1954 Gutenberg sun kirga girgizar kasa 122 na girman 7 ko mafi girma a wannan yanki (gami da arewa maso gabashin China, Taiwan da kuma kudu na tsibirin Kuril), 85 daga cikinsu ba su da hankali sosai kuma 17 suna da hankali sosai.

Ta hanyar tsibiran Kuril, tekun Pasifik ya wuce arewa. Tana rufe teku, ta wuce gabashin gabar Kamchatka da tsibirin Aleutian. Tsibiri na tsibiran yana cikin zurfin zurfin wuraren da girgizar ƙasa da tsunamis ta cika. Girgizar ƙasa kwanan nan (1957) ta ƙunshi jerin girgiza tare da girman 8. Waɗannan girgizar ba ta tsaya har tsawon wata shida ba. Tsibirin Aleutian ya haɗu da yanki mai ƙarfi na yanki na Asiya ba tare da wani yanki mai ƙarfi na Amurka ba game da wannan. Bari mu fara da Alaska. An lura da girgizar kasa a can a cikin Yakutat Bay a cikin 1899, wanda ba ya haifar da asara mai yawa, amma ya ba da misali mai kyau na canjin taimako. Wani sabon tsage (matsakaicin tsawo na mita 14) ya tashi a wannan yanki da layin bayyananne. Rashin girgizar kasa tare da girman 8.5 ya rubuta ta jerin tashoshin duk tashoshin duniya.

Daga Alaska zuwa Meksiko, belin yana gudana a yankin gabar teku, amma yana karkata zuwa ɗan teku, saboda haka girgizar ƙasa a nan, duk da cewa suna faruwa koyaushe, ba su da lalacewa kamar yadda aka zata. Ba za mu yi tunanin yadda wannan yanki ya ɓaci ba, musamman California, wanda aka riga aka faɗi abin da yawa, amma bari mu ga abin da ya faru a Meziko. Girgizar asa a Meziko na haifar da karancin hankali, duk da cewa hakan ba karamar mutuwa bace a wurin. Girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta faru a cikin Meksiko a cikin 1887 da kuma a 1912. A arewacin kasar (jihar Sonora) bayan girgizar asa, da yawa jerin lafuzza da kuma matsugunni suka bayyana, an lalata garuruwa da dama.

Mafi girma belun girgizar kasa

Wadancan wuraren duniyan da farantin lithospheric suka hadu da juna ana kiransu bel din wariyar launin fata.

Hoto na 1. Yankuna mafi girma na duniya. Author24 - musayar kan layi na ayyukan ɗalibai

Babban fasalin wadannan yankuna shine karuwar motsi, sakamakon tashe tashen hankali da tashe tashen hankali na wutar lantarki.

Wadannan yankuna suna da tsayi mai tsayi kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, shimfiɗa don dubun dubban kilomita.

An bambanta manyan belinsu biyu na girgizar ƙasa - ɗaya shimfiɗa a cikin latitude, ɗayan - tare da meridian, i.e. perpendicular zuwa na farko.

Ana kiran belin igiyar ruwan latiniya mai suna Bahar Rum-Trans-Asia kuma ta samo asali ne daga Tekun Bahar Rum, har ta kai matsanancin matsayi a tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika.

Yankin girgizar kasa ya mamaye Tekun Bahar Rum da kuma tsaunin da ke kusa da Kudancin Turai, ya wuce Arewacin Afirka da Minan Asiya. Ari, bel ɗin yana zuwa Caucasus da Iran kuma ta tsakiyar Asiya yana zuwa Himalayas.

An gama aiki a kan wani abu makamancin wannan

Seismically aiki a wannan yankin su ne Romania Carpathians, Iran, Balochistan.

Aikin ruwa na semicic yana cikin tekun Indiya da Atlantika, kuma wani ɓangaren ya shiga Tekun Arctic.

A cikin Tekun Atlantika, yanayin girgizar kasa ya ratsa Spain da Kogin Greenland, kuma a cikin Tekun Indiya sai ta bi ta Arebiya zuwa kudu da kudu maso gabas zuwa Antarctica.

Baki na biyu na girgizar ƙasa shine Pasifik, wanda shine mafi yawan girgizar ƙasa kuma yake ɗaukar nauyin 80% na girgizar asa da tashin hankali na wutar lantarki.

Babban ɓangaren wannan bel ɗin yana ƙarƙashin ruwa, amma akwai wasu yankuna ƙasa, alal misali, tsibirin Hawaii, inda girgizar ƙasa ta kasance ta dindindin sakamakon rarrabuwar ƙasa.

Yankin tekun Pacific wanda ya hada da kananan belis na duniya - Kamchatka, tsibirin Aleutian.

Belin yana gudana a gabar yammacin yammacin Amurka kuma ya ƙare akan kudanci Antilles kuma duk yankunan da ke kan wannan layin suna da rawar jiki sosai.

A cikin wannan yanki, yankin Los Angeles na Amurka yana wurin.

Zones na seismicity sakandare suna zaune sosai a duniyar tamu, kuma a wasu wuraren ba a saurararsu ko kaɗan. Amma a wasu wurare echoes na iya isa iyakar su, amma wannan halayen ne ga wuraren da suke ƙarƙashin ruwa.

Zones na seismicity sakandare suna cikin tekun Atlantika da Pacific, suna cikin Arctic da wasu sassan Tekun Indiya.

Karfin firgici ya faru a gabashin dukkan ruwaye.

Gabatarwa

Ana kiransa belis na ƙasa na wurare inda litattafan litattafan almara na duniyar ke haɗuwa da juna. A cikin wadannan bangarorin, inda ake yin belis na girgizar kasa, akwai karuwar motsi na duniyan duniya, aikin wutar dutsen saboda aikin ginin dutse, wanda zai dauki tsawon mil.

Tsawon waɗannan belts yana da girma a hankali - belts ɗin suna buɗewa tsawon dubban kilomita.

Seismic Belt Characterization

Ana yin belis na seismic a lokacin da aka haɗa faranti na lithospheric.

Idiaukacin Tsibiri na Meridian shine ɗayan mafi girma, tare da tsawon tsayin daka wanda akwai babban adadin hawa tuddai.

Cibiyar tasiri anan shine amana ce, saboda haka ya bazu zuwa nesa nesa. Wannan gangar jikin meridian yana da reshe mai zurfi na yanki a yankin arewa.

Mahaɗan busa waɗanda ake gani a nan sun isa bakin tekun California. San Francisco da Los Angeles, suna cikin wannan yanki, suna da nau'in ci gaba mai hawa daya, kuma manyan gine-gine masu tsayi suna kawai a tsakiyar ɓangaren birane.

A cikin shugabanci na kudu maso gabas, guguwar reshen ya zama ƙasa kuma a gabar yamma ta gabar tekun Kudancin Amurka girgiza ta zama rauni. Amma, duk da haka, ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar subcortical har yanzu suna kiyaye su anan.

Ofaya daga cikin rassa na Tsarin Pacific shine Gabas, farawa daga tekun Kamchatka. Bayan haka, ta ratsa tsibirin Aleutian, ta zagaya Amurka sannan ta ƙare akan Falklands.

Taduwar da aka samar a wannan yankin ƙarami ne cikin ƙarfi, saboda haka, yankin ba mummunan abu bane.

Kasashen tsibirin da Caribbean sun riga sun kasance cikin yankin Antilles seismic loop, inda aka lura da girgizar ƙasa da yawa.

A zamaninmu, duniyar ta sami nutsuwa da rawar jiki da rawar jiki, a bayyane ake sauraro, ba wanda ya kawo hatsari ga rayuwa.

Lokacin da waɗannan belun na girgizar ƙasa ke tashe a taswirar, mutum na iya lura da yanayin jujjuyawar ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi masu zuwa - reshe na gabashin Ridasar Pacific Ridge yana gudana a gefen tsibirin yamma na Arewa da Kudancin Amurka, reshe na yamma yana farawa a tsibirin Kuril, yana ratsa Japan kuma an raba shi zuwa wasu rassa biyu. .

Abinda yake ta kama da shi shine cewa an zabi sunayen wadannan bangarorin seismic daidai akasin haka.

Hakanan ana kiran reshen da suka tashi daga Japan ana kiran su “Yammacin Turai” da “Gabas”, amma a wannan yanayin, haɗin asalinsu ya dace da ka'idodin da aka amince da su gaba ɗaya.

Yankin gabashin, kamar yadda aka zata, ya tafi gabas - zuwa New Guinea zuwa New Zealand, ya rufe gefen tsibirin Philippine, Burma, tsibiran kudu na Thailand kuma ya haɗu da kan tekun Bahar Rum-Trans-Asia.

Wannan yanki yana nunawa da rawar jiki mai ƙarfi, yawancin lokaci yanayi mai lalacewa.

Don haka, sunayen bangarorin girgizar kasa na duniya suna da alaƙa da yanayin yankinsu.

Yankin Yammacin Sahara na Yammacin-Sahara-Asiya

Belin yana gudana a tekun Bahar Rum da kuma gefen dutsen kudu maso gabashin Turai, da kuma tsaunukan Arewacin Afirka da Minan Asiya. Bugu da ari, ya wuce zuwa ga fadin Caucasus da Iran, ta Tsakiyar Asiya, Kush din Hindu zuwa Kuen-Lun da Himalayas.

Yankunan da suka fi karfi a yankin na Tekun Bahar Rum-Yankin Asiya sune yanki na Carpathians na Romania, Iran da Balochistan. Daga Balochistan, yankin yanki na girgizar ƙasa ya fara zuwa Burma. Sauƙaƙe ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi galibi suna cikin Kush ɗin Hindu.

Yankunan ayyukan ƙarƙashin ruwa na bel ɗin suna cikin tekun Atlantika da Indiya, da kuma ɓangare na Arctic. Yankin tekun Atlantika ya ratsa tekun Greenland da Spain tare da Yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Atlantic. Yankin aiki na Tekun Indiya ta hanyar yankin Larabawa wanda yake gudana zuwa tushe zuwa kudu da kudu maso yamma zuwa Antarctica.

Seismic taguwar ruwa

Energyarfin kuzari yana rarrabewa daga asalin girgizar ƙasa ta kowane bangare - waɗannan sune raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa, yanayin yaduwa wanda ya dogara da girman da ƙarfin toka.

Da farko dai, raƙuman ruwa mai motsi na nesa suna bayyana akan teismogram, koyaya, raƙuman ruwa na tsaye suna rikodin farkon.

Dogon ruwa mai zurfi ya ratsa dukkan abubuwa - m, ruwa da mai ƙamshi kuma yana wakiltar madadin matsawa da wuraren fadada duwatsu.

Lokacin barin ƙwanƙolin ƙasa, an tura wani ɓangaren makamashin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya kuma mutane suna tsinkaye su kamar sautuka a yawancin mita fiye da 15 Hz. Daga cikin raƙuman jiki, su ne mafi sauri.

Canji mai rarrafe a cikin matsakaici na ruwa ba yaduwa, saboda ƙaryar maɗaukaki a cikin ruwa ba komai bane.

Yayin tafiyarsu, suna canza kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta a kusurwar dama zuwa ga hanyarsu. Kwatantawa da raƙuman ruwa na tsaye, yanayin tafiyar rakumar shekar yayi ƙasa da ƙasa yayin motsi sai su daskarar da ƙasa ƙasa da canza shi a tsaye da kwance.

Nau'i na biyu na raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa. Motsawar raƙuman ruwa a saman ƙasa, kamar raƙuman ruwa akan ruwa. Daga cikin taguwar ruwa ana rarrabe su:

Motsawar raƙuman ruwa na ƙauna suna kama da agwọinine, suna tura dutsen zuwa ga bangarorin a cikin jirgin sama wanda aka ɗauka yana da lalacewa.

A kekantaka tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai guda biyu, raƙuman ruwan Rayleigh sun tashi. Suna aiki akan barbashi na matsakaici kuma yana sa su motsa duka a tsaye da kuma kwance a cikin jirgin sama mai tsaye.

Idan aka kwatanta da raƙuman soyayya, raƙuman ruwan Rayleigh suna da ƙananan hanzari, kuma waɗanda suke da zurfi da nesa daga farfaɗar da ke lalace cikin sauri.

Hayewa ta kan duwatsu tare da kaddarori daban-daban, raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa suna bayyana daga gare su kamar hasken wuta.

Kwararru suna yin nazarin zurfin tsarin ƙasa, suna binciken yaduwar raƙuman ruwa. Tsarin aiki a nan abu ne mai sauki kuma ya ƙunshi cewa a wani wuri ana saka caji a cikin ƙasa kuma ana yin fashewar ƙasa.

Daga wurin fashewar, guguwar girgizar ƙasa tana yaduwa ta kowane bangare kuma ta kai matakai daban-daban a cikin sararin samaniya.

A iyakar kowane zangon da aka kai, raƙuman ruwa suna nunawa waɗanda suke komawa zuwa doron ƙasa kuma ana yin su a tashoshin girgizar ƙasa.

Yankin Pacific seismic bel

Fiye da 80% na duk girgizar asa a duniya suna faruwa a cikin bel na Pacific. Tana wucewa da tsaunin da ke kewaye da Tekun Pasifik, tare da ƙasan tekun kanta, har ma da tsibirin ɓangaren yamma da Indonesia.

Yankin gabashin gabas yana da faɗi sosai kuma ya tashi daga Kamchatka ta tsibirin Aleutian da kuma sassan yankin yammacin yamma na Americasashen Yamma zuwa Kudancin Antilles na Kudu. Yankin arewacin bel yana da babban aiki na girgizar ƙasa, wanda ake ji a cikin haɗin California, kazalika a yankin Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Yankin yamma daga Kamchatka da tsibirin Kuril ya ratsa zuwa Japan da gaba.

Bangaren gabas na belin cike yake da juzu'i masu kaifi. Ta samo asali ne a tsibirin Guam, ta wuce zuwa yamma da New Guinea kuma ta juya gabas zuwa tsibirin Tonga, daga nan ta kai kudu nesa. Abin da ke ɓacewa yankin kudu da girgizar ƙasa na tsibirin Pacific, to, a halin yanzu ba a yi nazarinsa sosai ba.

Bakin bel

Bakin tekun Pacific a birin zuwa tekun Pacific zuwa Indonesia. Sama da 80% na duk girgizar asa duniya suna faruwa a cikin yankinsa. Wannan belin ya ratsa tsibirin Aleutian, ya rufe gabar yammacin Amurka, duka Arewa da Kudu, ya isa tsibirin Japan da New Guinea. Yankin Pacific yana da rassa huɗu - yamma, arewa, gabas da kudanci. Ba a fahimci ma'anar ta ƙarshe ba. Ana jin motsin girgizar kasa a cikin wadannan wurare, wanda hakan ke haifar da bala'o'i.

Rum-Trans-Asia Belt

Farkon wannan girgizar kasa ta tekun Bahar Rum. Ta ratsa tsaunin tsaunin Kudancin Turai, ta hanyar Arewacin Afirka da Asiya ,arami, ta isa tsaunukan Himalayan. A cikin wannan yanki, bangarorin da suka fi aiki sune kamar haka:

• Romania Carpathians,
• Iranianasar Iran
• Balochistan
• Hindu Kush.

Game da aikin ruwa, an yi rikodin shi a cikin tekun Indiya da Atlantika, ya isa kudu maso yamma da Antarctica.

Orarancin Seismic Belts

Babban yanki na girgizar kasa shine Pacific da Rum-Trans-Asia. Sun kewaye wani yanki mai mahimmanci na duniyarmu, suna da shimfiɗa tsayi. Koyaya, wanda ya isa ya manta game da irin wannan sabon abu kamar yadda ake ɗaure belinsu na sakandare. Ana iya bambanta bangarori uku irin wannan:

• Yankin Arctic,
• a Tekun Atlantika, / li>
• a cikin Tekun Indiya. / li>

Sakamakon motsin faranti a cikin wadannan yankuna, abubuwan mamaki kamar girgizar asa, tsunamis da ambaliyar ruwa na faruwa. A wannan batun, yankuna kusa-kusa - nahiyoyi da tsibiran suna da haɗari ga bala'o'i.

Yankin yanki na Yankin Atlantika

Masana kimiyya suka gano yankin seismic a cikin Tekun Atlantika a shekarar 1950. Wannan yankin yana farawa daga gabar Greenland, yana kusa da tudun tekun Mid-Atlantic, ya ƙare a tsibirin Tristan da Cunha. An yi bayanin ayyukan wannan yanki ta hanyar kuskuren matasa na Tsakiyar Tsakiya, tunda har yanzu ana ci gaba da motsa abubuwa a nan.

Yankunan Seismic na Tekun Indiya

Yankin girgizar kasa a Tekun Indiya ya fara daga yankin Larabawa zuwa kudu, kuma ya kusan kaiwa Antarctica. Yankin girgizar kasa anan yana da alaƙa da Tsakiyar India. M girgizar asa mai sauƙi da tashin hankali na wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin ruwa yana faruwa a nan, ilimin bai da zurfi. Wannan shi ne saboda da yawa tectonic kuskure.

Yankunan yanki na Arctic

Ana lura da rikice-rikice a cikin yankin Arctic. Girgizar asa, fashewar laka, da sauran ayyukan lalacewa suna faruwa anan. Kwararru suna lura da manyan cibiyoyin girgizar asa a yankin. Wasu mutane sun yi imani cewa akwai aiki mara ƙarfi na riɓi, amma wannan ba haka bane. Lokacin da kake shirin kowane aiki anan, koyaushe kuna buƙatar kasancewa a faɗake kuma ku kasance cikin shiri don abubuwan da ke faruwa na wurare dabam dabam.

Alpine-Himalayan bakon fata

Alpine-Himalayan ya ratsa Afirka gaba daya da Turai.A gefenta, girgizar asa mafi hatsari da fashewar volcanic ya faru.

Misali, a kasar Sin a shekarar 1566, sama da mutane dubu 800 suka mutu sakamakon motsi, sannan mutane dubu 400 suka mutu a Indiya a shekarar 1737.

Alpine-Himalayan belin girgizar kasa ta mamaye wurare masu tsaunuka na kasashe sama da 30: Rasha, Indiya, China, Faransa, Turkiyya, Armenia, Romania da sauran su.

Tsarin yaduwar Seismic

Yanayin yaduwar raƙuman ruwa na girgizar ƙasa da farko ya dogara da naƙasasshe na roba da ƙarancin daskararrun faranti.

Dukkansu sun kasu kashi uku:

Tsawan Kairaƙuman ruwa - bayyana a cikin ruwa, mai kauri da abubuwa na gas. Suna haifar da ƙarami lahani ga halitta.

Jujjuyawa mai jujjuyawa - sun riga sun fi karfi saboda yawan su. Zai iya haifar da girgizar ƙasa na 2 da 3. Maɓallin jujjuyawar iska yana wuce ta abubuwa masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi kawai.

Raƙuman ruwa na sama - mafi hadarin girgizar kasa. Faruwa a cikin m ƙasa.

A cikin atlantic teku

Yankin tekun na tekun Atlantika ya fara daga Greenland, ya faɗa a gefen Tekun Atlantika har ya isa tarin tsibirin Tristan da Cunha. Wannan shine kawai wurin da motsi na farantin faranti yake gudana, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake yin aiki da yawa.

Sunaye na yanki na girgizar kasa

Akwai manyan belinsu na girgizar ƙasa biyu a duniyarmu: tekun Bahar Rum-Trans-Asia da Pacific.

Hoto 1. Batun girgizar kasa.

Rum-Trans-Asiya belin ya samo asali daga bakin Tekun Bahar Rum kuma ya ƙare a tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika. Ana kuma kiran wannan bel ɗin latitudinal, tunda yana shimfiɗa ɗaya da mai daidaitawa.

Bakin bel - hadewa, yana shimfidawa zuwa kan tekun Rum-Trans-Asia. A kan layin wannan bel ɗin ana samun matattakakkun dutsen mai aiki, wanda yawancin fashe-fashe suna faruwa ƙarƙashin layin ruwa na Tekun Pacific da kanta.

Idan ka zana bel din girgizar kasa a taswirar duniya, zaka sami zane mai ban sha'awa da ban mamaki. Belts, kamar dai iyakokin tsoffin hanyoyin ƙasa ne, kuma wani lokacin ana saka su a ciki. Suna da alaƙa da manyan lamuran abin ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa, da tsofaffi da ƙarami.

Me muka koya?

Don haka, girgizar asa ba ta faruwa a wurare ba a Duniya. Za a iya hango yanayin girgizar ƙasa ta ɓoye, tunda yawancin girgizar asa na faruwa a yankuna na musamman da ake kira belin ƙasa. Akwai guda biyu kacal a cikin duniyarmu: makamin ruwan tekun na Latitudinal Rum-Trans-Asia, wanda ya shimfiɗa layi ɗaya zuwa Equator da bel mai haɗaɗɗun tekun Pacific, wanda ke a cikin keɓaɓɓun zuwa latitudinal.

Morearin cikakken bayani game da wannan batun

Bayan an gama cin nasarar wannan darasi, ɗalibai za su iya. Yi bayanin yanayin da ke haifar da girgizar asa, gano wuraren da ke tattare da hadarin girgizar kasa a duniya, tattauna banbancin Kanada da Burtaniya Columbia, sannan kuma yi amfani da sigogi don auna girgizar asa, kamar girman girgizar kasa da karfin girgizar kasa. Ruwan motsi na girgizar kasa ne sakamakon sakin makamashi kwatsam. Girgizar kasa na faruwa lokacin da damuwa a cikin duhun duniyan aka saki kwatsam.

Karamin yanayin jujjuyawa

Girgizar kasar Wenchuan ta lalata wata mummunar hanya a babbar hanyar Dujianyan-Wenchuan. Hakan yana nufin an kuma toshe hanyar masu tseratarwar hanyar. An auna girgizar kasa har sau 5 a ma'aunin Richter, kuma a cikin watan an sami girgizar biyu biyu na girman 8 ko fiye da girman goma. Thearfin da girgizar ƙasar ta fitar tana da girma sosai har ta haifar da fashewar abubuwa masu fashewa guda shida, har ma sun ƙirƙiri sabbin abubuwa uku. Tsunami da girgizar kasa ta haifar ya mamaye tekun Pasifik a saurin kilomita 850 a cikin awa daya, wanda ya shafi wurare masu nisa daga Hawaii da Japan.

Hoto 3. Yankin Pacific seismic bel.

Mafi girman sashin wannan bel shine Gabas. Ya samo asali a Kamchatka, ya shimfiɗa ta tsibirin Aleutian da kuma sassan yankin yammacin gabar tekun na Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshen Kudancin Antilles.

Girgizar ta Wenchuan ta kasance mai matukar tayar da hankali, wacce aka kwatanta da matsanancin ƙarfi mai hallakarwa. Kamar yadda hoto ya nuna, har ma da haikalin da ke kan dutsen. Dutuan daga Mianyang ya fadi. Babban yanki na biyu na girgizar kasa shine yankin ruwan tekun Rum da Himalayan. Azores a Tekun Atlantika ita ce matsanancin yamma, daga inda ta bi ta tekun Atlantika, tekun Bahar Rum, har zuwa Myanmar, daga nan zuwa kudu, tana haɗawa da thearar Wuta a Indonesia.

Yankin Tekun Bahar Rum-Himalayan ya hada da manyan tsaunukan tsaunuka: daga yamma zuwa gabas, ya fada zuwa tsaunukan Alps da yankin Balkan da kuma shimfidawa daga arewa zuwa kudu, ta hanyar kogin Asiya da filayen Iran, daga karshe kuma Himalayas, dutsen mafi girma. tsararru. Babban tsaunuka a wannan yanki mai lalacewa shine ƙarami - a zahiri, sune ƙarami a duniya. A nan ne manyan girgizar asa na tsufa ya faru, wanda muka sani game da tsoffin bayanan.

Tsinkayen gabashi ba zai yiwu ba kuma ba'a fahimta ba. Tana cike da kaifin baki da murza leda.

Yankin arewacin belin yana aiki sosai, wanda mazaunan California ke ji koyaushe, da kuma Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka.

Yankin yamma na ƙawancen haɗin gwiwar ya samo asali ne a Kamchatka, daga Japan zuwa gaba.

Wadannan yankuna da keɓaɓɓun yanki suna da abu guda ɗaya gama-gari na ɗaukar nauyi. Matsayin tsaunin tsaunin ma yara ne, kuma wadannan dalilai guda biyu sune tushen dalilinda yasa ginin sashin jikin babban bangon kasa yake iya yin wannan karfi.

Girgizar ƙasa shine sakamakon motsi na farantin tectonic, kuma iyakokin da ke tsakanin farantin shine inda manyan girgizar ƙasa ke faruwa. Yankin da ke tsakanin faranti na Eurasi da Ostiraliya a yamma, farantin Amurka a gabas da farantin Antarctic a kudu sun zama ofarfin Wuta. Yankin tekun Rum-Himalayan shine iyaka tsakanin faranti na Eurasi, Afirka da Australiya.

Girgizar asa mafi ƙarfi na ƙarni na 20-21

Tun lokacin da aka ambaci girgizar Pacific na Gobarar kashi 80% na girgizar asa, babban bala'i dangane da iko da lalacewa ya faru a wannan yankin. Da farko dai, ya cancanci a ambaci Japan, wacce ta sha fama da girgizar asa. Mafi lalacewa, kodayake ba mafi ƙarfi ba game da girgizawa, shine girgizar ƙasa ta 1923, wacce ake kira Babban girgizar ƙasa ta Kanto. Dangane da alkalumma daban-daban, yayin da bayan sakamakon wannan masifar mutane dubu 174 suka mutu, ba a sami wasu dubu 545 ba, an kiyasta adadin wadanda suka mutu yakai miliyan 4. Girgizar ƙasa mafi ƙarfi ta Japan (tare da girman girma daga 9.0 zuwa 9.1) ita ce sanannen bala'i na 2011, lokacin da tsunami mai ƙarfi da ta faru sakamakon girgizar ruwa a gabar ruwan Japan ta haifar da lalacewa a biranen bakin teku, da kuma wata gobara a farfajiyar gidan gas da ke Sendai da haɗari kan Fokushima-1 NPPs ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar ga tattalin arzikin ƙasar da kanta da kuma kimiyyar lafiyar ƙasa baki ɗaya.

Mafi ƙarfi Daga cikin duk girgizar ƙasar da aka tsara, Girgizar Girma ta Chile wacce ke da girman har zuwa 9.5, wacce ta faru a shekarar 1960, ana la’akari da ita (idan ka kalli taswirar, hakan ya bayyana a sarari cewa ita ma ta faru a yankin girgizar ƙasa). Bala'in da ya salwantar da rayukan da suka fi yawa a karni na 21 shi ne girgizar kasa da ke faruwa a Tekun Indiya ta 2004, lokacin da tsunami mai karfi wanda ya zama sanadiyyar mutuwar kusan mutane dubu 300 daga kusan kasashe 20. A kan taswira, yankin girgizar ƙasa yana nufin ƙarshen yammacin ƙarar Pacific.

A cikin tekun Rum-Trans-Asiya bel, girgizar asa da yawa da yawa kuma sun faru. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan shine girgizar ƙasa ta 1976 a Tangshan, lokacin kawai bisa ga bayanan hukuma daga mutane PRC 242,419 suka mutu, amma bisa ga wasu rahotannin, adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya wuce 655,000, wanda ya sa wannan girgizar ƙasa ta zama mafi mutuwa a tarihin mutane.